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Table of Contents

1. 711 relations: Abrahamic religions, Academic skepticism, Achaean League, Achaean War, Achaeans (tribe), Achaemenid Empire, Achaia (Roman province), Acropolis, Adriatic Sea, Aeacus, Aeschylus, Aetolian League, Afghanistan, Agathocles of Syracuse, Agde, Agnosticism, Agora, Agrianes, Ai-Khanoum, Al-Biruni, Alexander IV of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Alexandria, Alexandrian Pleiad, Alexandrian school, Algebra, Amulet, Anatolia, Ancient Carthage, Ancient drachma, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek coinage, Ancient Greek comedy, Ancient Greek literature, Ancient Greek religion, Ancient Greek sculpture, Ancient Olympic Games, Ancient Rome, Andragoras (Seleucid satrap), Andriscus, Angelos Chaniotis, Antigenes (general), Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Antigonus II Gonatas, Antigonus III Doson, Antikythera mechanism, Antioch, Antiochus Hierax, Antiochus III the Great, ... Expand index (661 more) » « Shrink index

Abrahamic religions

The Abrahamic religions are a grouping of three of the major religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) together due to their historical coexistence and competition; it refers to Abraham, a figure mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Quran, and is used to show similarities between these religions and put them in contrast to Indian religions, Iranian religions, and the East Asian religions (though other religions and belief systems may refer to Abraham as well).

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Academic skepticism

Academic skepticism refers to the skeptical period of the Academy dating from around 266 BCE, when Arcesilaus became scholarch, until around 90 BCE, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, although individual philosophers, such as Favorinus and his teacher Plutarch, continued to defend skepticism after this date.

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Achaean League

The Achaean League (League of Achaeans) was a Hellenistic-era confederation of Greek city-states on the northern and central Peloponnese.

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Achaean War

The Achaean War of 146 BC was fought between the Roman Republic and the Greek Achaean League, an alliance of Achaean and other Peloponnesian states in ancient Greece.

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Achaeans (tribe)

The Achaeans (Akhaioí) were one of the four major tribes into which Herodotus divided the Greeks, along with the Aeolians, Ionians and Dorians.

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Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

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Achaia (Roman province)

Achaia (Ἀχαΐα), sometimes spelled Achaea, was a province of the Roman Empire, consisting of the Peloponnese, Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, the Cyclades and parts of Phthiotis, Aetolia and Phocis.

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Acropolis

An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense.

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Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula.

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Aeacus

Aeacus (also spelled Eacus; Ancient Greek: Αἰακός) was a king of the island of Aegina in Greek mythology.

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Aeschylus

Aeschylus (Αἰσχύλος; /524 – /455 BC) was an ancient Greek tragedian often described as the father of tragedy.

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Aetolian League

The Aetolian (or Aitolian) League (Κοινὸν τῶν Αἰτωλῶν) was a confederation of tribal communities and cities in ancient Greece centered in Aetolia in Central Greece.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Agathocles of Syracuse

Agathocles (Ἀγαθοκλῆς, Agathoklḗs; 361–289 BC) was a Greek tyrant of Syracuse (317–289 BC) and self-styled king of Sicily (304–289 BC).

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Agde

Agde is a commune in the Hérault department in Southern France.

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Agnosticism

Agnosticism is the view or belief that the existence of God, the divine, or the supernatural is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.

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Agora

The agora (ἀγορά, romanized:, meaning "market" in Modern Greek) was a central public space in ancient Greek city-states.

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Agrianes

The Agrianes (Ancient Greek: Ἀγρίανες, Agrianes or Ἀγρίαι Agriai) or Agrianians, were a tribe whose country was centered at Upper Strymon, in present-day central Western Bulgaria as well as southeasternmost Serbia, at the time situated north of the Dentheletae.

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Ai-Khanoum

Ai-Khanoum (meaning Lady Moon; Oyxonim) is the archaeological site of a Hellenistic city in Takhar Province, Afghanistan.

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Al-Biruni

Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (ابوریحان بیرونی; أبو الريحان البيروني; 973after 1050), known as al-Biruni, was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age.

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Alexander IV of Macedon

Alexander IV (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος; 323/322– 309 BC), sometimes erroneously called Aegus in modern times, was the son of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) and Princess Roxana of Bactria.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

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Alexandrian Pleiad

The Alexandrian Pleiad is the name given to a group of seven Alexandrian poets and tragedians in the 3rd century BC (Alexandria was at that time the literary center of the Mediterranean) working in the court of Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

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Alexandrian school

The Alexandrian school is a collective designation for certain tendencies in literature, philosophy, medicine, and the sciences that developed in the Hellenistic cultural center of Alexandria, Egypt during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

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Algebra

Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies algebraic structures and the manipulation of statements within those structures.

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Amulet

An amulet, also known as a good luck charm or phylactery, is an object believed to confer protection upon its possessor.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Ancient Carthage

Ancient Carthage (𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕) was an ancient Semitic civilisation based in North Africa.

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Ancient drachma

In ancient Greece, the drachma (drachmḗ,; pl. drachmae or drachmas) was an ancient currency unit issued by many city-states during a period of ten centuries, from the Archaic period throughout the Classical period, the Hellenistic period up to the Roman period.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

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Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

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Ancient Greek coinage

The history of ancient Greek coinage can be divided (along with most other Greek art forms) into four periods: the Archaic, the Classical, the Hellenistic and the Roman.

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Ancient Greek comedy

Ancient Greek comedy was one of the final three principal dramatic forms in the theatre of classical Greece (the others being tragedy and the satyr play).

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Ancient Greek literature

Ancient Greek literature is literature written in the Ancient Greek language from the earliest texts until the time of the Byzantine Empire.

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Ancient Greek religion

Religious practices in ancient Greece encompassed a collection of beliefs, rituals, and mythology, in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices.

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Ancient Greek sculpture

The sculpture of ancient Greece is the main surviving type of fine ancient Greek art as, with the exception of painted ancient Greek pottery, almost no ancient Greek painting survives.

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Ancient Olympic Games

The ancient Olympic Games (τὰ Ὀλύμπια, ta Olympia.

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Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

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Andragoras (Seleucid satrap)

Andragoras (Ἀνδραγόρας; died 238 BC) was an Iranian satrap of the Seleucid provinces of Parthia and Hyrcania under the Seleucid rulers Antiochus I Soter and Antiochus II Theos.

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Andriscus

Andriscus (Ἀνδρίσκος, Andrískos; 154/153 BC – 146 BC), also often referenced as Pseudo-Philip, was a Greek pretender who became the last independent king of Macedon in 149 BC as Philip VI (Φίλιππος, Philipos), based on his claim of being Philip, a now-obscure son of the last legitimate Macedonian king, Perseus.

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Angelos Chaniotis

Angelos Chaniotis (Άγγελος Χανιώτης; born November 8, 1959) is a Greek historian and Classics scholar, known for original and wide-ranging research in the cultural, religious, legal and economic history of the Hellenistic period and the Byzantine Empire.

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Antigenes (general)

Antigenes (Ἀντιγένης; died 316 BC) served as an officer under Philip II of Macedon and continued his service, rising to the rank of general, under Alexander the Great.

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Antigonus I Monophthalmus

Antigonus I Monophthalmus (Ἀντίγονος Μονόφθαλμος, "Antigonus the One-Eyed"; 382 – 301 BC) was a Macedonian Greek general and successor of Alexander the Great.

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Antigonus II Gonatas

Antigonus II Gonatas (Ἀντίγονος Γονατᾶς,; – 239 BC) was a Macedonian ruler who solidified the position of the Antigonid dynasty in Macedon after a long period defined by anarchy and chaos and acquired fame for his victory over the Gauls who had invaded the Balkans.

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Antigonus III Doson

Antigonus III Doson (Ἀντίγονος Δώσων, 263–221 BC) was king of Macedon from 229 BC to 221 BC.

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Antikythera mechanism

The Antikythera mechanism is an Ancient Greek hand-powered orrery (model of the Solar System), described as the oldest known example of an analogue computer used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses decades in advance.

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Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.

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Antiochus Hierax

Antiochus (Ἀντίoχoς; killed c. 226 BC), called Hierax (Ἱέραξ, "Hawk") for his grasping and ambitious character, was the younger son of Antiochus II and Laodice I and separatist leader in the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom, who ruled as king of Syria during his brother's reign.

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Antiochus III the Great

Antiochus III the Great (Ἀντίοχος ὁ Μέγας; 3 July 187 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire, reigning from 223 to 187 BC.

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Antipater

Antipater (Ἀντίπατρος|translit.

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Apamea (Euphrates)

Apamea or Apameia (Απάμεια, ܐܦܡܝܐ) was a Hellenistic city on the left (viz., the eastern) bank of the Euphrates, opposite the famous city of Zeugma, at the end of a bridge of boats (Greek: Ζεῦγμα zeugma) connecting the two, founded by Seleucus I Nicator (Pliny, v.

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Apatheia

In Stoic philosophy, apatheia (ἀπάθεια) refers to a state of mind in which one is not disturbed by the passions.

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Aphrodite

Aphrodite is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretized Roman goddess counterpart Venus, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory.

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Aphrodite of Knidos

The Aphrodite of Knidos (or Cnidus) was an Ancient Greek sculpture of the goddess Aphrodite created by Praxiteles of Athens around the 4th century BC.

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Apollo

Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology.

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Apollodorus (physician)

Apollodorus (Ἀπολλόδωρος) is the name of two physicians mentioned by Pliny the Elder, one of whom was a native of Citium (modern Kition), in Cyprus, the other of Tarentum (modern Taranto).

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Apollonius of Perga

Apollonius of Perga (Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Περγαῖος) was an ancient Greek geometer and astronomer known for his work on conic sections.

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Apollonius of Rhodes

Apollonius of Rhodes (Ἀπολλώνιος Ῥόδιος Apollṓnios Rhódios; Apollonius Rhodius; fl. first half of 3rd century BC) was an ancient Greek author, best known for the Argonautica, an epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece.

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Apotheosis

Apotheosis, also called divinization or deification, is the glorification of a subject to divine levels and, commonly, the treatment of a human being, any other living thing, or an abstract idea in the likeness of a deity.

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Appian

Appian of Alexandria (Appianòs Alexandreús; Appianus Alexandrinus) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who prospered during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius.

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Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

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Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

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Arachosia

Arachosia (Greek), or Harauvatis (label), was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Aratus of Sicyon

Aratus of Sicyon (Ancient Greek: Ἄρατος ὁ Σικυώνιος; 271–213 BC) was a politician and military commander of Hellenistic Greece.

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Arcesilaus

Arcesilaus (Ἀρκεσίλαος; 316/5–241/0 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic philosopher.

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Archaeology of Northern Europe

The archaeology of Northern Europe studies the prehistory of Scandinavia and the adjacent North European Plain, roughly corresponding to the territories of modern Sweden, Norway, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland and the Netherlands.

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Archaic Greece

Archaic Greece was the period in Greek history lasting from to the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, following the Greek Dark Ages and succeeded by the Classical period.

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Archimedes

Archimedes of Syracuse was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily.

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Archimedes' screw

The Archimedes' screw, also known as the Archimedean screw, hydrodynamic screw, water screw or Egyptian screw, is one of the earliest hydraulic machines named after Greek mathematician Archimedes who first described it around 234 BC, although the device had been used in Ancient Egypt.

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Architecture

Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction.

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Archytas

Archytas (Ἀρχύτας; 435/410–360/350 BC) was an Ancient Greek mathematician, music theorist, statesman, and strategist from the ancient city of Taras (Tarentum) in Southern Italy.

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Ardiaei

The Ardiaei were an Illyrian people who resided in the territory of present-day Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia between the Adriatic coast on the south, Konjic on the north, along the Neretva river and its right bank on the west, and extending to Lake Shkodra to the southeast.

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Argead dynasty

The Argead dynasty (Argeádai), also known as the Temenid dynasty (Τημενίδαι, Tēmenídai) was an ancient Macedonian royal house of Dorian Greek provenance.

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Argonautica

The Argonautica (translit) is a Greek epic poem written by Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BC.

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Argos, Peloponnese

Argos (Άργος; Ἄργος) is a city and former municipality in Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, and one of the oldest in Europe.

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Ariana

Ariana was a general geographical term used by some Greek and Roman authors of the ancient period for a district of wide extent between Central Asia and the Indus River, comprising the eastern provinces of the Achaemenid Empire that covered the whole of modern-day Afghanistan, as well as the easternmost part of Iran and up to the Indus River in Pakistan.

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Aristarchus of Samos

Aristarchus of Samos (Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ Σάμιος, Aristarkhos ho Samios) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the universe, with the Earth revolving around the Sun once a year and rotating about its axis once a day.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Arnaldo Momigliano

Arnaldo Dante Momigliano, KBE, FBA (5 September 1908 – 1 September 1987) was an Italian historian of classical antiquity, known for his work in historiography, and characterised by Donald Kagan as "the world's leading student of the writing of history in the ancient world".

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Arrhidaeus

Arrhidaeus or Arrhidaios (Ἀρριδαῖoς lived 4th century BC), one of Alexander the Great's generals, was entrusted by Ptolemy to bring Alexander's body to Egypt in 323 BC, contrary to the wishes of Perdiccas who wanted the body sent to Macedonia.

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Arrian

Arrian of Nicomedia (Greek: Ἀρριανός Arrianos; Lucius Flavius Arrianus) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period.

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Arsaces I of Parthia

Arsaces I (from Ἀρσάκης; in 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊 Aršak) was the first king of Parthia, ruling from 247 BC to 217 BC, as well as the founder and eponym of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia.

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Arsaces II of Parthia

Arsaces II (from Ἀρσάκης; in 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊 Aršak, اشک Ašk), was the Arsacid king of Parthia from 217 BC to 191 BC.

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Art history

Art history is, briefly, the history of art—or the study of a specific type of objects created in the past.

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Artaxiad dynasty

The Artaxiad dynasty (also Artashesian) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 189 BC until their overthrow by the Romans in 12 AD.

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Artaxias I

Artaxias I (from Άρταξίας) was the founder of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia, ruling from 189 BC to 160 BC.

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Artemis

In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Artemis (Ἄρτεμις) is the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, nature, vegetation, childbirth, care of children, and chastity.

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Asceticism

Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals.

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Asia

Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.

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Assyria

Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.

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Astrolabe

An astrolabe (ἀστρολάβος,; ٱلأَسْطُرلاب; ستاره‌یاب) is an astronomical instrument dating to ancient times.

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Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Medieval Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.

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Ataraxia

In Ancient Greek philosophy, (Greek:, from ἀ- indicating negation or absence and ταραχ- with the abstract noun suffix -ία), generally translated as,,, or, is a lucid state of robust equanimity characterized by ongoing freedom from distress and worry.

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Atargatis

Atargatis (known as Derceto by the Greeks) was the chief goddess of northern Syria in Classical antiquity.

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Athenian democracy

Athenian democracy developed around the 6th century BC in the Greek city-state (known as a polis) of Athens, comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica.

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Athenian military

The Athenian military was the old main force of Athens, one of the major city-states (poleis) of Ancient Greece.

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Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Atomism

Atomism (from Greek ἄτομον, atomon, i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms.

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Attalus I

Attalus I (Ἄτταλος), surnamed Soter (Σωτήρ,; 269–197 BC), was the ruler of the Greek polis of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey) and the larger Pergamene Kingdom from 241 BC to 197 BC.

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Attic Greek

Attic Greek is the Greek dialect of the ancient region of Attica, including the polis of Athens.

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Attis

Attis (Ἄττις, also Ἄτυς, Ἄττυς, Ἄττης) was the consort of Cybele, in Phrygian and Greek mythology.

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Augustan poetry

In Latin literature, Augustan poetry is the poetry that flourished during the reign of Caesar Augustus as Emperor of Rome, most notably including the works of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid.

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Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

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Autarky

Autarky is the characteristic of self-sufficiency, usually applied to societies, communities, states, and their economic systems.

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Babylon

Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.

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Babylonia

Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).

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Babylonian astronomy

Babylonian astronomy was the study or recording of celestial objects during the early history of Mesopotamia.

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Bactria

Bactria (Bactrian: βαχλο, Bakhlo), or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern Amu Darya) and north of the mountains of the Hindu Kush, an area within the north of modern Afghanistan.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Ballista

The ballista (Latin, from Greek βαλλίστρα ballistra and that from βάλλω ballō, "throw"), plural ballistae, sometimes called bolt thrower, was an ancient missile weapon that launched either bolts or stones at a distant target.

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Barbarian

A barbarian is a person or tribe of people that is perceived to be primitive, savage and warlike.

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Baroque

The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.

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Bas of Bithynia

Bas (Βᾶς; c. 397 BC – 326) was the first independent ruler of Bithynia.

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Basileus

Basileus (βασιλεύς) is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs throughout history.

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Battle of Actium

The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between Octavian's maritime fleet, led by Marcus Agrippa, and the combined fleets of both Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

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Battle of Asculum

The Battle of Asculum took place near Asculum (modern Ascoli Satriano) in 279 BC between the Roman Republic under the command of the consuls Publius Decius Mus and Publius Sulpicius Saverrio, and the forces of King Pyrrhus of Epirus.

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Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)

The Battle of Beneventum (275 BC) was the last battle of the Pyrrhic War.

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Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)

The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between Macedonia under Philip II and an alliance of city-states led by Athens and Thebes.

See Hellenistic period and Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)

Battle of Corupedium

The Battle of Corupedium, also called Koroupedion, Corupedion or Curupedion (Κύρουπεδίον or Κόρουπεδίον, "the plain of Kyros or Koros") was the last battle between the Diadochi, the rival successors to Alexander the Great.

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Battle of Cynoscephalae

The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V, during the Second Macedonian War.

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Battle of Gaza (312 BC)

The Battle of Gaza of 312 BC, was fought between the invading army of Ptolemy I Soter and his ally Seleucus I Nicator and the defending army of Demetrius I of Macedon, son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus.

See Hellenistic period and Battle of Gaza (312 BC)

Battle of Heraclea

The Battle of Heraclea took place in 280 BC between the Romans under the command of consul Publius Valerius Laevinus, and the combined forces of Greeks from Epirus, Tarentum, Thurii, Metapontum, and Heraclea under the command of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.

See Hellenistic period and Battle of Heraclea

Battle of Ipsus

The Battle of Ipsus (Ἱψός) was fought between some of the Diadochi (the successors of Alexander the Great) in 301 BC near the town of Ipsus in Phrygia.

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Battle of Leuctra

The Battle of Leuctra (Λεῦκτρα) was fought on 6 July 371 BC between the Boeotians led by the Thebans, and the Spartans along with their allies amidst the post–Corinthian War conflict.

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Battle of Magnesia

The Battle of Magnesia took place in either December 190 or January 189 BC.

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Battle of Raphia

The Battle of Raphia, also known as the Battle of Gaza, was fought on 22 June 217 BC near modern Rafah between the forces of Ptolemy IV Philopator, king and pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt and Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire during the Syrian Wars.

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Battle of Salamis (306 BC)

The naval Battle of Salamis in 306 BC took place off Salamis, Cyprus between the fleets of Ptolemy I of Egypt and Antigonus I Monophthalmus, two of the Diadochi, the generals who, after the death of Alexander the Great, fought each other for control of his empire.

See Hellenistic period and Battle of Salamis (306 BC)

Battle of Sellasia

The Battle of Sellasia took place during the summer of 222 BC between Macedon and the Achaean League, led by Antigonus III Doson, and Sparta under the command of King Cleomenes III.

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Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.

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Biblical Aramaic

Biblical Aramaic is the form of Aramaic that is used in the books of Daniel and Ezra in the Hebrew Bible.

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Biblical Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew (rtl ʿīḇrîṯ miqrāʾîṯ or rtl ləšôn ham-miqrāʾ), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanitic branch of the Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Bibliotheca historica

Bibliotheca historica (Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική) is a work of universal history by Diodorus Siculus.

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Bithynia

Bithynia (Bithynía) was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Bodyguard

A bodyguard (or close protection officer/operative) is a type of security guard, government law enforcement officer, or servicemember who protects a person or a group of people — usually witnesses, high-ranking public officials or officers, wealthy people, and celebrities — from danger: generally theft, assault, kidnapping, assassination, harassment, loss of confidential information, threats, or other criminal offences.

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Boeotia

Boeotia, sometimes Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia (Βοιωτία; modern:; ancient) is one of the regional units of Greece.

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Bosporan Kingdom

The Bosporan Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus (Basileía tou Kimmerikou Bospórou; Regnum Bospori), was an ancient Greco-Scythian state located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus, centered in the present-day Strait of Kerch.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Burgundy

Burgundy (Bourgogne; Burgundian: bourguignon) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Byzantium

Byzantium or Byzantion (Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Thracian settlement and later a Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and which is known as Istanbul today.

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Calas (general)

Calas or Callas (Greek Κάλας or Κάλλας; lived 4th century BC) was an ancient Greek, son of Harpalus of Elimiotis and first cousin to Antigonus, king of Asia.

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Callimachus

Callimachus was an ancient Greek poet, scholar and librarian who was active in Alexandria during the 3rd century BC.

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Cannon

A cannon is a large-caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant.

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Cappadocia

Cappadocia (Kapadokya, Greek: Καππαδοκία) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

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Cappadocia (satrapy)

Cappadocia (from Old Persian 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 Katpatuka) was a satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Empire located in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey).

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Caria

Caria (from Greek: Καρία, Karia; Karya) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia.

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Carthage

Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia.

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Cassander

Cassander (Kássandros; c. 355 BC – 297 BC) was king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 305 BC until 297 BC, and de facto ruler of southern Greece from 317 BC until his death.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Cataphract

A cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalry that originated in Persia and was fielded in ancient warfare throughout Eurasia and Northern Africa.

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Cavarus

Copper coin of Cavarus Cavarus was a Celtic king in Thrace and the last king of Tylis.

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Celtic coinage

Celtic coinage was minted by the Celts from the late 4th century BC to the mid 1st century AD.

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Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe

Gallic groups, originating from the various La Tène chiefdoms, began a southeastern movement into the Balkans from the 4th century BC.

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Celts

The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.

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Chalcedon

Chalcedon (Χαλκηδών||; sometimes transliterated as Khalqedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor.

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Chersonesus

Chersonesus, contracted in medieval Greek to Cherson (Χερσών), was an ancient Greek colony founded approximately 2,500 years ago in the southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula.

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Chiaroscuro

In art, chiaroscuro is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition.

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Chremonidean War

The Chremonidean War (267–261 BC) was fought by a coalition of some Greek city-states and Ptolemaic Egypt against Antigonid Macedonian domination.

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Christian philosophy

Christian philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Christians, or in relation to the religion of Christianity.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.

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Cilicia

Cilicia is a geographical region in southern Anatolia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Circle of latitude

A circle of latitude or line of latitude on Earth is an abstract east–west small circle connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring elevation) at a given latitude coordinate line.

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City-state

A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.

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Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.

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Classical Greece

Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece,The "Classical Age" is "the modern designation of the period from about 500 B.C. to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C." (Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece, Yale University Press, 1996, p.

See Hellenistic period and Classical Greece

Cleomenes III

Cleomenes III (Κλεομένης) was one of the two kings of Sparta from 235 to 222 BC.

See Hellenistic period and Cleomenes III

Cleopatra

Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Κλεοπάτρα Θεά ΦιλοπάτωρThe name Cleopatra is pronounced, or sometimes in British English, see, the same as in American English.. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology);Also "Thea Neotera", lit.

See Hellenistic period and Cleopatra

Cleopatra of Macedon

Cleopatra of Macedonia (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα της Μακεδονίας; 355/354 BC – 308 BC), or Cleopatra of Epirus (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα της Ηπείρου) was an ancient Macedonian princess and later queen regent of Epirus.

See Hellenistic period and Cleopatra of Macedon

Cleopatra of Pontus

Cleopatra of Pontus (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα; 110 BC – after 58 BC) was a Pontian princess and a queen consort of Armenia.

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Clothing in ancient Greece

Clothing in ancient Greece refers to clothing starting from the Aegean bronze age (3000 BCE) to the Hellenistic period (31 BCE).

See Hellenistic period and Clothing in ancient Greece

Coele-Syria

Coele-Syria (Κοίλη Συρία, Koílē Syría, 'Hollow Syria') was a region of Syria in classical antiquity.

See Hellenistic period and Coele-Syria

Colchis

In classical antiquity and Greco-Roman geography, Colchis was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi (ეგრისი) located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia.

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Colonies in antiquity

Colonies in antiquity were post-Iron Age city-states founded from a mother-city or metropolis rather than a territory-at-large.

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Colossus of Rhodes

The Colossus of Rhodes (ho Kolossòs Rhódios; Kolossós tes Rhódou) was a statue of the Greek sun god Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC.

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Comedy of manners

In English literature, the term comedy of manners (also anti-sentimental comedy) describes a genre of realistic, satirical comedy of the Restoration period (1660–1710) that questions and comments upon the manners and social conventions of a greatly sophisticated, artificial society.

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Commagene

Commagene (Κομμαγηνή) was an ancient Greco-Iranian kingdom ruled by a Hellenized branch of the Iranian Orontid dynasty that had ruled over Armenia.

See Hellenistic period and Commagene

Comontorius

Comontorius was a Celtic king in Thrace who in 278 BC founded the kingdom of Tylis, imposing a tribute on the city of Byzantium.

See Hellenistic period and Comontorius

Companion cavalry

The Companions (ἑταῖροι,, hetairoi) were the elite cavalry of the Macedonian army from the time of King Philip II of Macedon, achieving their greatest prestige under Alexander the Great, and regarded as the first or among the first shock cavalry used in Europe.

See Hellenistic period and Companion cavalry

Compressed air

Compressed air is air kept under a pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure.

See Hellenistic period and Compressed air

Conic section

A conic section, conic or a quadratic curve is a curve obtained from a cone's surface intersecting a plane.

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Constantine the Great

Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Corinth

Corinth (Kórinthos) is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece.

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Craterus

Craterus or Krateros (Κρατερός; 370 BC – 321 BC) was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi.

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Crateuas (physician)

Crateuas (111–64), also known as Cratevas (Latin), Krateuas, or Kratevas (Κρατεύας), was a Greek doctor and pharmacologist.

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Cretan War (205–200 BC)

The Cretan War (205–200 BC) was fought by King Philip V of Macedon, the Aetolian League, many Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna were the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens, and Knossos.

See Hellenistic period and Cretan War (205–200 BC)

Crucifixion

Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death.

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Ctesibius

Ctesibius or Ktesibios or Tesibius (Κτησίβιος; BCE) was a Greek inventor and mathematician in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt.

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Culture and Anarchy

Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism is a series of periodical essays by Matthew Arnold, first published in Cornhill Magazine 1867–68 and collected as a book in 1869.

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Culture of Greece

The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Minoan and later in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, while influencing the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire.

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Cupronickel

Cupronickel or copper–nickel (CuNi) is an alloy of copper with nickel, usually along with small quantities of other elements added for strength, such as iron and manganese.

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Curtius Rufus

Curtius Rufus was a Roman professional magistrate of senatorial rank mentioned by Tacitus and Pliny the Younger for life events occurring during the reigns of the emperors Tiberius and Claudius.

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Cybele

Cybele (Phrygian: Matar Kubileya/Kubeleya "Kubileya/Kubeleya Mother", perhaps "Mountain Mother"; Lydian Kuvava; Κυβέλη Kybele, Κυβήβη Kybebe, Κύβελις Kybelis) is an Anatolian mother goddess; she may have a possible forerunner in the earliest neolithic at Çatalhöyük.

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Cyclades

The Cyclades (Kykládes) are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece.

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Cynicism (philosophy)

Cynicism (κυνισμός) is a school of thought in ancient Greek philosophy, originating in the Classical period and extending into the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial periods.

See Hellenistic period and Cynicism (philosophy)

Cyprus

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

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Cyrenaics

The Cyrenaics or Kyrenaics (Kyrēnaïkoí), were a sensual hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BCE, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger.

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Dalmatae

The Delmatae, alternatively Dalmatae, during the Roman period, were a group of Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia, contemporary southern Croatia and western Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

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Dardanelles

The Dardanelles (lit; translit), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli (after the Gallipoli peninsula) and in Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (Helle), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey.

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De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

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De Natura Deorum

De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) is a philosophical dialogue by Roman Academic Skeptic philosopher Cicero written in 45 BC.

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Death of Alexander the Great

The death of Alexander the Great and subsequent related events have been the subjects of debates.

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Delos

Delos (Δήλος; Δῆλος, Δᾶλος), is a small Greek island near Mykonos, close to the centre of the Cyclades archipelago.

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Demeter

In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Demeter (Attic: Δημήτηρ Dēmḗtēr; Doric: Δαμάτηρ Dāmā́tēr) is the Olympian goddess of the harvest and agriculture, presiding over crops, grains, food, and the fertility of the earth.

See Hellenistic period and Demeter

Demetrius I of Bactria

Demetrius I Anicetus (Dēmētrios Anikētos, "Demetrius the unconquered"), also called Damaytra was a Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek king (Yona in Pali language, "Yavana" in Sanskrit) (reigned c. 200–167 BC), who ruled areas from Bactria to ancient northwestern India.

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Demetrius I Poliorcetes

Demetrius I Poliorcetes (Δημήτριος Πολιορκητής) was a Macedonian Greek nobleman and military leader who became king of Asia between 306 – 301 BC and king of Macedon between 294–288 BC.

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Demetrius II Aetolicus

Demetrius II (Greek: Δημήτριος, romanized: Demetrios; 275 - 229 BC), also known as Demetrius Aetolicus, was king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 239 until his death in 229 BC.

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Demetrius of Phalerum

Demetrius of Phalerum (also Demetrius of Phaleron or Demetrius Phalereus; Δημήτριος ὁ Φαληρεύς; c. 350 – c. 280 BC) was an Athenian orator originally from Phalerum, an ancient port of Athens.

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Diadem

A diadem is a type of crown, specifically an ornamental headband worn by monarchs and others as a badge of royalty.

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Diadochi

The Diadochi (singular: Diadochos; from Successors) were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC.

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Diodorus Siculus

Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Diódōros; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian.

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Diodotus I

Diodotus I Soter (Greek: Διόδοτος Σωτήρ, Diódotos Sōtḗr; c. 300 BC – c. 235 BC) was the first Hellenistic king of Bactria.

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Diogenes

Diogenes (Diogénēs), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός) or Diogenes of Sinope, was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynicism.

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Diogenes Laertius

Diogenes Laërtius (Διογένης Λαέρτιος) was a biographer of the Greek philosophers.

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Dionysus

In ancient Greek religion and myth, Dionysus (Διόνυσος) is the god of wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, festivity, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, and theatre.

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Dogma

Dogma, in its broadest sense, is any belief held definitively and without the possibility of reform.

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Dogmatic school

The Dogmatic school of medicine (Dogmatics, or Dogmatici, Δογματικοί) was a school of medicine in ancient Greece and Rome.

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Drangiana

Drangiana or Zarangiana (Δραγγιανή, Drangianē; also attested in Old Western Iranian as 𐏀𐎼𐎣, Zraka or Zranka, was a historical region and administrative division of the Achaemenid Empire. This region comprises territory around Hamun Lake, wetlands in endorheic Sistan Basin on the Iran-Afghan border, and its primary watershed Helmand river in what is nowadays southwestern region of Afghanistan.

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Dura-Europos

Dura-Europos was a Hellenistic, Parthian, and Roman border city built on an escarpment above the southwestern bank of the Euphrates river.

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Durance

The Durance (Durença in the Occitan classical norm or Durènço in the Mistralian norm) is a major river in Southeastern France.

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Duris of Samos

Duris of Samos (or Douris) (Δοῦρις ὁ Σάμιος; BCafter 281BC) was a Greek historian and was at some period tyrant of Samos.

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Dying Gaul

The Dying Gaul, also called The Dying Galatian (Galata Morente) or The Dying Gladiator, is an ancient Roman marble semi-recumbent statue now in the Capitoline Museums in Rome.

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Dyskolos

Dyskolos (Δύσκολος,, translated as The Grouch, The Misanthrope, The Curmudgeon, The Bad-tempered Man or Old Cantankerous) is an Ancient Greek comedy by Menander, the only one of his plays, and of the whole New Comedy, that has survived in nearly complete form.

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Early Islamic philosophy

Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE).

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Earth's circumference

Earth's circumference is the distance around Earth.

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Ecbatana

Ecbatana (translit or, literally "the place of gathering" according to Darius the Great's inscription at Bisotun; هگمتانه; 𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭; translit; 𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡|translit.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Egyptian language

The Egyptian language, or Ancient Egyptian, is an extinct branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages that was spoken in ancient Egypt.

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Egyptians

Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt.

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Elite

In political and sociological theory, the elite (élite, from eligere, to select or to sort out) are a small group of powerful people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill in a group.

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Empúries

Empúries (Empúries) was an ancient city on the Mediterranean coast of Catalonia, Spain.

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Empiric school

The Empiric school of medicine (Empirics, Empiricists, or Empirici, Ἐμπειρικοί) was a school of medicine founded in Alexandria the middle of the third century BC.

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Encyclopaedia Biblica

Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religion History, the Archeology, Geography and Natural History of the Bible (1899), edited by Thomas Kelly Cheyne and J. Sutherland Black, is a critical encyclopedia of the Bible.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is the company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia.

See Hellenistic period and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia (American English) or encyclopaedia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline.

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Ephor

The ephors were a board of five magistrates in ancient Sparta.

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Epicureanism

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BCE based upon the teachings of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher.

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Epicurus

Epicurus (Ἐπίκουρος; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and sage who founded Epicureanism, a highly influential school of philosophy.

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Epigram

An epigram is a brief, interesting, memorable, sometimes surprising or satirical statement.

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Epirote League

The Epirote League (Epirote: Κοινὸν Ἀπειρωτᾶν, Koinòn Āpeirōtân; Attic: Κοινὸν Ἠπειρωτῶν, Koinòn Ēpeirōtôn) was an ancient Greek coalition, or koinon, of Epirote tribes.

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Epirus

Epirus is a geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now shared between Greece and Albania.

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Epirus (ancient state)

Epirus (Epirote Greek: Ἄπειρος,; Attic Greek: Ἤπειρος) was an ancient Greek kingdom, and later republic, located in the geographical region of Epirus, in parts of north-western Greece and southern Albania. Home to the ancient Epirotes, the state was bordered by the Aetolian League to the south, Ancient Thessaly and Ancient Macedonia to the east, and Illyrian tribes to the north.

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Epithet

An epithet, also a byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) commonly accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a real or fictitious person, place, or thing.

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Epitome

An epitome (ἐπιτομή, from ἐπιτέμνειν epitemnein meaning "to cut short") is a summary or miniature form, or an instance that represents a larger reality, also used as a synonym for embodiment.

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Epyllion

Villa Corsini.) In classical studies the term epyllion (Ancient Greek: ἐπύλλιον, plural: ἐπύλλια) refers to a comparatively short narrative poem (or discrete episode within a longer work) that shows formal affinities with epic, but betrays a preoccupation with themes and poetic techniques that are not generally or, at least, primarily characteristic of epic proper.

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Erasistratus

Erasistratus (Ἐρασίστρατος; c. 304 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria.

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Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Ἐρατοσθένης; –) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.

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Erythrae

Erythrae or Erythrai (Ἐρυθραί) later Litri, was one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor, situated 22 km north-east of the port of Cyssus (modern name: Çeşme), on a small peninsula stretching into the Bay of Erythrae, at an equal distance from the mountains Mimas and Corycus, and directly opposite the island of Chios.

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Escapism

Escapism is mental diversion from unpleasant aspects of daily life, typically through activities involving imagination or entertainment.

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Ethos

Ethos is a Greek word meaning 'character' that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology; and the balance between caution, and passion.

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Euclid

Euclid (Εὐκλείδης; BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician.

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Euclid's Elements

The Elements (Στοιχεῖα) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid 300 BC.

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Eudaimonia

Eudaimonia (εὐδαιμονία), sometimes anglicized as eudaemonia or eudemonia, is a Greek word literally translating to the state or condition of 'good spirit', and which is commonly translated as 'happiness' or 'welfare'.

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Eudoxus of Cnidus

Eudoxus of Cnidus (Εὔδοξος ὁ Κνίδιος, Eúdoxos ho Knídios) was an ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, doctor, and lawmaker.

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Euhemerism

Euhemerism is an approach to the interpretation of mythology in which mythological accounts are presumed to have originated from real historical events or personages.

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Eumenes

Eumenes (Εὐμένης) was a Greek general and satrap.

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Euphrates

The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

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Euripides

Euripides was a tragedian of classical Athens.

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Euthydemus I

Euthydemus I (Greek: Εὐθύδημος, Euthýdēmos: from εὐθύς (“straight or genuine”) and δῆμος (“people”); – 200/195 BC) was a Greco-Bactrian king and founder of the Euthydemid dynasty.

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Exact sciences

The exact sciences or quantitative sciences, sometimes called the exact mathematical sciences, are those sciences "which admit of absolute precision in their results"; especially the mathematical sciences.

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F. M. Cornford

Francis Macdonald Cornford (27 February 1874 – 3 January 1943) was an English classical scholar and translator known for work on ancient philosophy, notably Plato, Parmenides, Thucydides, and ancient Greek religion.

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F. W. Walbank

Frank William Walbank, (10 December 1909 – 23 October 2008) was a scholar of ancient history, particularly the history of Polybius.

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Faiyum

Faiyum (el-Fayyūm) is a city in Middle Egypt.

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Farnese Atlas

The Farnese Atlas is a 2nd-century AD Roman marble sculpture of Atlas holding up a celestial globe.

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Federated state

A federated state (also state, province, region, canton, land, governorate, oblast, emirate, or country) is a territorial and constitutional community forming part of a federation.

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Federation

A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a federal government (federalism).

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First Macedonian War

The First Macedonian War (214–205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) against Carthage.

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First Punic War

The First Punic War (264–241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC.

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Foreign policy

Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities.

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G. E. R. Lloyd

Sir Geoffrey Ernest Richard Lloyd (born 25 January 1933), usually cited as G. E. R. Lloyd, is a historian of ancient science and medicine at the University of Cambridge.

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Galatia

Galatia (Γαλατία, Galatía, "Gaul") was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey.

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Galatia (Roman province)

Galatia was the name of a province of the Roman Empire in Anatolia (modern central Turkey).

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Galatians (people)

The Galatians (Galátai; Galatae, Galati, Gallograeci; lit) were a Celtic people dwelling in Galatia, a region of central Anatolia in modern-day Turkey surrounding Ankara during the Hellenistic period.

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Gandhara

Gandhara was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan.

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Gaul

Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.

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Gaza City

Gaza, also called Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip.

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Gear

A gear or gearwheel is a rotating machine part typically used to transmit rotational motion and/or torque by means of a series of teeth that engage with compatible teeth of another gear or other part.

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Gedrosia

Gedrosia (Γεδρωσία or گِد رۏچ) is the Hellenized name of the part of coastal Balochistan that roughly corresponds to today's Makran.

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Geography of Greece

Greece is a country in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Giants (Greek mythology)

In Greek and Roman mythology, the Giants, also called Gigantes (Greek: Γίγαντες, Gígantes, Γίγας, Gígas), were a race of great strength and aggression, though not necessarily of great size.

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Glassblowing

Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten glass into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a blowpipe (or blow tube).

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Gnaeus Manlius Vulso (consul 189 BC)

Gnaeus Manlius Vulso (fl. 189 BC) was a Roman consul for the year 189 BC, together with Marcus Fulvius Nobilior.

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Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus

Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus also anglicized as was a Gallo-Roman historian from the Celtic Vocontii tribe in Narbonese Gaul who lived during the reign of the emperor Augustus.

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God king

God king, or God-King, is a term for a deified ruler or a pagan deity that is venerated in the guise of a king.

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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (lit) was a Greek state of the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia.

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Greco-Buddhism

Greco-Buddhism or Graeco-Buddhism denotes a supposed cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism developed between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD in Gandhara, in present-day Pakistan and parts of north-east Afghanistan.

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Greco-Roman world

The Greco-Roman civilization (also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans.

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Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.

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Greek art

Greek art began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization, and gave birth to Western classical art in the subsequent Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods (with further developments during the Hellenistic Period).

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Greek mathematics

Greek mathematics refers to mathematics texts and ideas stemming from the Archaic through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly from the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD, around the shores of the Mediterranean.

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Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..

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Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul

The Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul have a significant history of settlement, trade, cultural influence, and armed conflict in the Celtic territory of Gaul (modern France), starting from the 6th century BC during the Greek Archaic period.

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Gymnasium (ancient Greece)

The gymnasium (gymnásion) in Ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games.

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Hadad

Hadad (𐎅𐎄|translit.

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Han dynasty

The Han dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu.

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Hannibal

Hannibal (translit; 247 – between 183 and 181 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in their battle against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War.

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Hanukkah

Hanukkah (Ḥănukkā) is a Jewish festival commemorating the recovery of Jerusalem and subsequent rededication of the Second Temple at the beginning of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BCE.

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Hasmonean dynasty

The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BCE to 37 BCE.

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Hebraism

Hebraism is a lexical item, usage or trait characteristic of the Hebrew language.

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Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.

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Hedonism

Hedonism refers to the prioritization of pleasure in one's lifestyle, actions, or thoughts.

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Hegemony

Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.

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Helepolis

Helepolis (ἑλέπολις, meaning: "Taker of Cities") is the Greek name for a movable siege tower.

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Heliocentrism

Heliocentrism (also known as the heliocentric model) is a superseded astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe.

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Heliocles I

Heliocles I (Helioklēs meaning "glory of Helios"; reigned 145–120 BC) was a Greco-Bactrian king, brother and successor of Eucratides the Great, and considered (along with his co-ruler and son/nephew Heliocles II) the last Greek king to reign over the Bactrian country.

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Hellenic studies

Hellenic studies (also Greek studies) is an interdisciplinary scholarly field that focuses on the language, literature, history and politics of post-classical Greece.

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Hellenism (neoclassicism)

Neoclassical Hellenism is a term introduced primarily during the European Romantic era by Johann Joachim Winckelmann.

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Hellenistic art

Hellenistic art is the art of the Hellenistic period generally taken to begin with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and end with the conquest of the Greek world by the Romans, a process well underway by 146 BC, when the Greek mainland was taken, and essentially ending in 30 BC with the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt following the Battle of Actium.

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Hellenistic astrology

Hellenistic astrology is a tradition of horoscopic astrology that was developed and practiced in the late Hellenistic period in and around the Mediterranean Basin region, especially in Egypt.

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Hellenistic fortifications

Hellenistic fortifications are defense structures constructed during the Hellenistic Period in the eastern Mediterranean and into West Asia (323 - ca. 30 B.C.E.) by the states which succeeded Alexander the Great.

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Hellenistic glass

Hellenistic glass was glass produced during the Hellenistic period (4th century BC – 5th century AD) in the Mediterranean, Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.

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Hellenistic influence on Indian art

Hellenistic influence on Indian art and architecture reflects the artistic and architectural influence of the Greeks on Indian art following the conquests of Alexander the Great, from the end of the 4th century BCE to the first centuries of the common era.

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Hellenistic Judaism

Hellenistic Judaism was a form of Judaism in classical antiquity that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Hellenistic culture.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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Hellenistic philosophy

Hellenistic philosophy is Ancient Greek philosophy corresponding to the Hellenistic period in Ancient Greece, from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC to the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

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Hellenistic sculpture

Hellenistic sculpture represents one of the most important expressions of Hellenistic culture, and the final stage in the evolution of Ancient Greek sculpture.

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Hellenistic-era warships

From the 4th century BC on, new types of oared warships appeared in the Mediterranean Sea, superseding the trireme and transforming naval warfare.

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Hellenization

Hellenization (also spelled Hellenisation) or Hellenism is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language, and identity by non-Greeks.

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Heraclea Pontica

Heraclea Pontica (Hērákleia Pontikḗ), known in Byzantine and later times as Pontoheraclea (Pontohērakleia), was an ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asia Minor, at the mouth of the river Lycus.

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Heracles

Heracles (glory/fame of Hera), born Alcaeus (Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios) or Alcides (Ἀλκείδης, Alkeidēs), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.

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Herat

Herāt (Pashto, هرات) is an oasis city and the third-largest city in Afghanistan.

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Hero of Alexandria

Hero of Alexandria (Ἥρων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς,, also known as Heron of Alexandria; probably 1st or 2nd century AD) was a Greek mathematician and engineer who was active in Alexandria in Egypt during the Roman era.

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Herod Archelaus

Herod Archelaus (Hērōidēs Archelaos; 23 BC &ndash) was the ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, including the cities Caesarea and Jaffa, for nine years.

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Herod the Great

Herod I or Herod the Great was a Roman Jewish client king of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea.

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Herodian architecture

Herodian architecture is a style of classical architecture characteristic of the numerous building projects undertaken during the reign (37–4 BC) of Herod the Great, the Roman client king of Judea.

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Herodian kingdom

The Herodian kingdom was a client state of the Roman Republic ruled from 37 to 4 BCE by Herod the Great, who was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate.

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Herodotus

Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.

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Herophilos

Herophilos (Ἡρόφιλος; 335–280 BC), sometimes Latinised Herophilus, was a Greek physician regarded as one of the earliest anatomists.

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Hieronymus of Cardia

Hieronymus of Cardia (Ἱερώνυμος ὁ Καρδιανός) was a Greek general and historian from Cardia in Thrace, and a contemporary of Alexander the Great (356–323 BC).

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High Priest of Israel

In Judaism, the High Priest of Israel (lit) was the head of the Israelite priesthood.

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Hipparchus

Hipparchus (Ἵππαρχος, Hipparkhos; BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician.

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Hispania Citerior

Hispania Citerior (English: "Hither Iberia", or "Nearer Iberia") was a Roman province in Hispania during the Roman Republic.

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Historian

A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it.

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History of Athens

Athens is one of the oldest named cities in the world, having been continuously inhabited for perhaps 5,000 years.

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History of France

The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.

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History of Spain

The history of Spain dates to contact between the pre-Roman peoples of the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula made with the Greeks and Phoenicians.

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History of Taranto

The origin of the city of Taranto dates from the 8th century BC when it was founded as a Greek colony, known as Taras.

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History of the Jews in Alexandria

The history of the Jews in Alexandria dates back to the founding of the city by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE.

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History of the Mediterranean region

The history of the Mediterranean region and of the cultures and people of the Mediterranean Basin is important for understanding the origin and development of the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Carthaginian, Minoan, Greek, Persian, Illyrian, Thracian, Etruscan, Iberian, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Arab, Berber, Ottoman, Christian and Islamic cultures.

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Homer

Homer (Ὅμηρος,; born) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature.

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Horace

Quintus Horatius Flaccus (8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8 BC),Suetonius,. commonly known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as the only Latin lyrics worth reading: "He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words."Quintilian 10.1.96.

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Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and agency of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.

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Iambus (genre)

Iambus or iambic poetry was a genre of ancient Greek poetry that included but was not restricted to the iambic meter and whose origins modern scholars have traced to the cults of Demeter and Dionysus.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

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Illyria

In classical and late antiquity, Illyria (Ἰλλυρία, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís; Illyria, Illyricum) was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyrians.

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Illyrian type helmet

The Illyrian type helmet (or Greco-Illyrian type helmet) is a style of bronze helmet, which in its later variations covered the entire head and neck, and was open-faced in all of its forms.

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Incense trade route

The incense trade route was an ancient network of major land and sea trading routes linking the Mediterranean world with eastern and southern sources of incense, spices and other luxury goods, stretching from Mediterranean ports across the Levant and Egypt through Northern East Africa and Arabia to India and beyond.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Individualism

Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the individual.

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Indo-Greek Kingdom

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom (also Yavanarajya after the word Yona, which comes from Ionians), was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India.

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Indo-Scythians

The Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the present-day South Asian regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Eastern Iran and northern India.

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Indus River

The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.

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Interpretatio graeca

Greek translation, or "interpretation by means of Greek ", refers to the tendency of the ancient Greeks to identify foreign deities with their own gods.

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Ionia

Ionia was an ancient region on the western coast of Anatolia, to the south of present-day İzmir, Turkey.

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Iphicrates

Iphicrates (Ιφικράτης) was an Athenian general, who flourished in the earlier half of the 4th century BC.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Iranian Plateau

The Iranian Plateau or Persian Plateau is a geological feature spanning parts of the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia. It makes up part of the Eurasian Plate, and is wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate. The plateau is situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Köpet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus Mountains to the northwest, the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf to the south, and the Indian subcontinent to the east.

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Isis

Isis was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world.

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Italian Jews

Italian Jews (ebrei italiani; yehudim italkim) or Roman Jews (ebrei romani; yehudim romim) can be used in a broad sense to mean all Jews living in or with roots in Italy, or, in a narrower sense, to mean the Italkim, an ancient community living in Italy since the Ancient Roman era, who use the Italian liturgy (or "Italian Rite") as distinct from those Jewish communities in Italy dating from medieval or modern times who use the Sephardic liturgy or the Nusach Ashkenaz.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Jewish philosophy

Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism.

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Johann Gustav Droysen

Johann Gustav Bernhard Droysen (6 July 180819 June 1884) was a German historian.

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Judaea (Roman province)

Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.

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Judaism

Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.

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Judas Maccabeus

Judah Maccabee (or Judas Maccabaeus, also spelled Maccabeus) was a Jewish priest (kohen) and a son of the priest Mattathias.

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Judea

Judea or Judaea (Ἰουδαία,; Iudaea) is a mountainous region of the Levant.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Justin (historian)

Justin (Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus; fl. century) was a Latin writer and historian who lived under the Roman Empire.

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Khan Academy

Khan Academy is an American non-profit educational organization created in 2006 by Sal Khan.

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Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.

See Hellenistic period and Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

Kingdom of Bithynia

The Kingdom of Bithynia (Βιθυνία) was a Hellenistic kingdom centred in the historical region of Bithynia, which seems to have been established in the fourth century BC.

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Kingdom of Pergamon

The Kingdom of Pergamon, Pergamene Kingdom, or Attalid kingdom was a Greek state during the Hellenistic period that ruled much of the Western part of Asia Minor from its capital city of Pergamon.

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Kingdom of Pontus

Pontus (Πόντος) was a Hellenistic kingdom centered in the historical region of Pontus in modern-day Turkey, and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin, which may have been directly related to Darius the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty.

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Koine Greek

Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.

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Kos

Kos or Cos (Κως) is a Greek island, which is part of the Dodecanese island chain in the southeastern Aegean Sea.

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Kushan Empire

The Kushan Empire (– AD) was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century.

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L'Escala

L'Escala is a municipality in the ''comarca'' of the Alt Empordà in Girona, Catalonia, Spain.

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La Tène culture

The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture.

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Lamian War

The Lamian War, or the Hellenic War, (323–322 BC) was an unsuccessful attempt by Athens and a large coalition of Greek states to end the hegemony of Macedonia over Greece just after the death of Alexander the Great.

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Landscape painting

Landscape painting, also known as landscape art, is the depiction in painting of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, rivers, trees, and forests, especially where the main subject is a wide view—with its elements arranged into a coherent composition.

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Laocoön and His Sons

The statue of Laocoön and His Sons, also called the Laocoön Group (Gruppo del Laocoonte), has been one of the most famous ancient sculptures since it was excavated in Rome in 1506 and put on public display in the Vatican Museums, where it remains today.

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Latin literature

Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language.

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League of Corinth

The League of Corinth, also referred to as the Hellenic League (koinòn tõn Hellḗnōn; or simply, the Héllēnes), was a federation of Greek states created by Philip IIDiodorus Siculus, Book 16, 89.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

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League of the Islanders

The League of the Islanders (to koinon tōn nēsiōtōn) or Nesiotic League was a federal league (koinon) of ancient Greek city-states encompassing the Cyclades islands in the Aegean Sea.

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Leap year

A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year that contains an additional day (or, in the case of a lunisolar calendar, a month) compared to a common year.

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Leonnorius

Leonnorius was one of the leaders of the Celts in their invasion of Macedonia and the adjoining countries.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

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Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.

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Library of Alexandria

The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world.

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Library of Pergamum

The Library of Pergamum (Βιβλιοθήκη τουΠέργαμον) is an ancient Greek building in Pergamon, Anatolia, today located nearby the modern town of Bergama, in the İzmir Province of western Turkey.

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Light cavalry

Light cavalry comprised lightly armed and armored cavalry troops mounted on fast horses, as opposed to heavy cavalry, where the mounted riders (and sometimes the warhorses) were heavily armored.

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Lingua franca

A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.

See Hellenistic period and Lingua franca

List of ancient tribes in Illyria

This is a list of ancient tribes in the ancient territory of Illyria (Ἰλλυρία; Illyria).

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List of Greek mythological figures

The following is a list of gods, goddesses, and many other divine and semi-divine figures from ancient Greek mythology and ancient Greek religion.

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List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world

The following is a list of inventions, discoveries and scientific advancements made in the medieval Islamic world, especially during the Islamic Golden Age,George Saliba (1994), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, pp.

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List of rulers of Bithynia

This is a list of kings of Bithynia, an ancient kingdom in northwestern Anatolia.

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Literary criticism

A genre of arts criticism, literary criticism or literary studies is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature.

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Literature

Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, plays, and poems.

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Livy

Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy, was a Roman historian.

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Logos

Logos (lit) is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology and rhetoric, as well as religion (notably Christianity); among its connotations is that of a rational form of discourse that relies on inductive and deductive reasoning.

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Longitude

Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body.

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Louvre

The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world.

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Lucio Russo

Lucio Russo (born 22 November 1944) is an Italian physicist, mathematician and historian of science.

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Lucius Mummius Achaicus

Lucius Mummius (2nd century BC) was a Roman statesman and general.

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Lyceum (classical)

The Lyceum (Lykeion) was a temple in Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus ("Apollo the wolf-god").

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Lysimachia (Thrace)

Lysimachia (Λυσιμάχεια) was an important Hellenistic Greek town on the north-western extremity of the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Gallipoli peninsula) in the neck where the peninsula joins the mainland in what is now the European part of Turkey, not far from the bay of Melas (the modern Gulf of Saros).

See Hellenistic period and Lysimachia (Thrace)

Lysimachus

Lysimachus (Greek: Λυσίμαχος,meaning: "the one that terminates the battle". Lysimachos; c. 360 BC – 281 BC) was a Thessalian officer and successor of Alexander the Great, who in 306 BC, became king of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon.

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Maccabean Revolt

The Maccabean Revolt (מרד החשמונאים) was a Jewish rebellion led by the Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire and against Hellenistic influence on Jewish life.

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Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.

See Hellenistic period and Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macedonian phalanx

The Macedonian phalanx (Μακεδονική φάλαγξ) was an infantry formation developed by Philip II from the classical Greek phalanx, of which the main innovation was the use of the sarissa, a 6-metre pike.

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Macedonian Wars

The Macedonian Wars (214–148 BC) were a series of conflicts fought by the Roman Republic and its Greek allies in the eastern Mediterranean against several different major Greek kingdoms.

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Magic in the Greco-Roman world

Magic in the Greco-Roman world—that is, ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and the other cultures with which they interacted, especially ancient Egypt—comprises supernatural practices undertaken by individuals, often privately, that were not under the oversight of official priesthoods attached to the various state, community, and household cults and temples as a matter of public religion.

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Magna Graecia

Magna Graecia is a term that was used for the Greek-speaking areas of Southern Italy, in the present-day Italian regions of Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania and Sicily; these regions were extensively populated by Greek settlers starting from the 8th century BC.

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Magnesia Prefecture

Magnesia Prefecture (Νομός Μαγνησίας) was one of the prefectures of Greece.

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Mahabharata

The Mahābhārata (महाभारतम्) is one of the two major Smriti texts and Sanskrit epics of ancient India revered in Hinduism, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa.

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Makhaira

The makhaira is a type of Ancient Greek bladed weapon and tool, generally a large knife or sword, similar in appearance to the modern day machete, with a single cutting edge.

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Marcus Licinius Crassus

Marcus Licinius Crassus (115 – 53 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

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Margiana

Margiana (Μαργιανή Margianḗ, Old Persian: Marguš, Middle Persian: Marv) is a historical region centred on the oasis of Merv and was a minor satrapy within the Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, and a province within its successors, the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian empires.

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Mark Antony

Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autocratic Roman Empire.

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Marseille

Marseille or Marseilles (Marseille; Marselha; see below) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

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Material culture

Material culture is the aspect of culture manifested by the physical objects and architecture of a society.

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Mathematics

Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.

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Matthew Arnold

Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic.

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Maurya Empire

The Maurya Empire (Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑁂, Māgadhe) was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia based in Magadha (present day Bihar).

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Measurement of a Circle

Measurement of a Circle or Dimension of the Circle (Greek: Κύκλουμέτρησις, Kuklou metrēsis) is a treatise that consists of three propositions, probably made by Archimedes, ca.

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Medes

The Medes (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭; Akkadian: 13px, 13px; Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia in the vicinity of Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan).

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Media (region)

Media (Māda, Middle Persian: Mād) is a region of north-western Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Medes.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.

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Medieval philosophy

Medieval philosophy is the philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century until after the Renaissance in the 13th and 14th centuries.

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Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

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Megalopolis, Greece

Megalopoli (Μεγαλόπολη) is a town in the southwestern part of the regional unit of Arcadia, southern Greece.

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Meleager (general)

Meleager (Mελέαγρος, Meléagros; died 323 BC) was a Macedonian officer who served under Alexander the Great.

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Menander

Menander (Μένανδρος Menandros; c. 342/41 – c. 290 BC) was a Greek dramatist and the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy.

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Menander I

Menander I Soter (Ménandros Sōtḗr,; italic; sometimes called Menander the Great) was a Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek King (reigned /155Bopearachchi (1998) and (1991), respectively. The first date is estimated by Osmund Bopearachchi and R. C. Senior, the other Boperachchi –130 BC) who administered a large territory in the Northwestern regions of the Indian Subcontinent and Central Asia.

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Mercenary

A mercenary, also called a merc, soldier of fortune, or hired gun, is a private individual who joins an armed conflict for personal profit, is otherwise an outsider to the conflict, and is not a member of any other official military.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Method of exhaustion

The method of exhaustion is a method of finding the area of a shape by inscribing inside it a sequence of polygons whose areas converge to the area of the containing shape.

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Metrodorus of Scepsis

Metrodorus of Scepsis (Μητρόδωρος ὁ Σκήψιος) (c. 145 BCE – 70 BCE), from the town of Scepsis in ancient Mysia, was a friend of Mithridates VI of Pontus and celebrated in antiquity for the excellence of his memory.

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Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City.

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Michael Rostovtzeff

Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzeff, or Rostovtsev (Михаи́л Ива́нович Росто́вцев; – October 20, 1952), was a Russian historian whose career straddled the 19th and 20th centuries and who produced important works on ancient Roman and Greek history.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Mithridates I of Pontus

Mithridates I Ctistes (Mιθριδάτης Kτίστης; reigned 281–266 BC), also known as Mithridates III of Cius, was a Persian nobleman and the founder (this is the meaning of the word Ctistes, literally Builder) of the Kingdom of Pontus in Anatolia.

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Mithridates VI Eupator

Mithridates or Mithradates VI Eupator (-->Μιθριδάτης; 135–63 BC) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus in northern Anatolia from 120 to 63 BC, and one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and determined opponents.

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Mithridatic Wars

The Mithridatic Wars were three conflicts fought by the Roman Republic against the Kingdom of Pontus and its allies between 88 – 63 BCE.

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Mleccha

Mleccha (from) is a Sanskrit term, referring to those of an incomprehensible speech, foreign or barbarous invaders as distinguished from the Vedic tribes.

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Molossians

The Molossians were a group of ancient Greek tribes which inhabited the region of Epirus in classical antiquity.

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Moon

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite.

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Moses Hadas

Moses Hadas (June 25, 1900, Atlanta, Georgia – August 17, 1966) was an American teacher, a classical scholar, and a translator of numerous works from Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and German.

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Mounted archery

Mounted archery is a form of archery that involves shooting arrows while on horseback.

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Music

Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise expressive content.

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Nabataean Kingdom

The Nabataean Kingdom (Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢕𐢃𐢋𐢈 Nabāṭū), also named Nabatea, was a political state of the Nabataeans during classical antiquity.

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Name of Greece

The name of Greece differs in Greek compared with the names used for the country in other languages and cultures, just like the names of the Greeks.

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Natural History (Pliny)

The Natural History (Naturalis Historia) is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder.

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Near East

The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt.

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Nervous system

In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.

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New Testament

The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.

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Nicanor (satrap)

Nicanor (Nικάνωρ Nīkā́nōr) was a Macedonian officer of distinction who served as satrap of Media under Antigonus (possibly Nicanor of Stageira, who served under Alexander the Great).

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Nice

Nice (Niçard: Niça, classical norm, or Nissa, Mistralian norm,; Nizza; Nissa; Νίκαια; Nicaea) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France.

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Nicomedes IV of Bithynia

Nicomedes IV Philopator (Νικομήδης Φιλοπάτωρ) was the king of Bithynia from c. 94 BC to 74 BC.

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Nicomedia

Nicomedia (Νικομήδεια, Nikomedeia; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey.

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Nino Luraghi

Nino Luraghi (born 30 November 1964) is an Italian historian of ancient Greece, who holds the Wykeham Professorship of Ancient History at Oxford University.

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Noble savage

In Western anthropology, philosophy, and literature, the noble savage is a stock character who is uncorrupted by civilization.

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Northeast Africa

Northeast Africa, or Northeastern Africa, or Northern East Africa as it was known in the past, is a geographic regional term used to refer to the countries of Africa situated in and around the Red Sea.

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Nudity

Nudity is the state of being in which a human is without clothing.

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Numismatics

Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals and related objects.

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Odrysian kingdom

The Odrysian kingdom (Ancient Greek: Βασίλειον Ὀδρυσῶν) was an ancient Thracian state that thrived between the early 5th century BC and the early 3rd / late 1st century BC.

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Odyssey

The Odyssey (Odýsseia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

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Official

An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless of whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either their own or that of their superior or employer, public or legally private).

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Oligarchy

Oligarchy is a conceptual form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.

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Olympias

Olympias (Ὀλυμπιάς; c. 375–316 BC) was a Greek princess of the Molossians, the eldest daughter of king Neoptolemus I of Epirus, the sister of Alexander I of Epirus, the fourth wife of Philip II, the king of Macedonia and the mother of Alexander the Great.

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Oracle

An oracle is a person or thing considered to provide insight, wise counsel or prophetic predictions, most notably including precognition of the future, inspired by deities.

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Orontid dynasty

The Orontid dynasty, also known as the Eruandids or Eruandunis, ruled the Satrapy of Armenia until 330 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia from 321 BC to 200 BC.

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Ovid

Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid, was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus.

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Paeonia (kingdom)

In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia (Paionía) was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians or Paionians (Paíones).

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Pamir Mountains

The Pamir Mountains are a range of mountains between Central Asia and South Asia.

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Pangaion Hills

The Pangaion Hills (Homeric Greek: Nysa; also called Pangaeon, Pangaeum) are a mountain range in Greece, approximately 40 km from Kavala.

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Pantograph

A pantograph (from their original use for copying writing) is a mechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms so that the movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen.

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Paphlagonia

Paphlagonia (Paphlagonía, modern translit. Paflagonía; Paflagonya) was an ancient region on the Black Sea coast of north-central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia to the west and Pontus to the east, and separated from Phrygia (later, Galatia) by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus.

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Papyrology

Papyrology is the study of manuscripts of ancient literature, correspondence, legal archives, etc., preserved on portable media from antiquity, the most common form of which is papyrus, the principal writing material in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

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Parabola

In mathematics, a parabola is a plane curve which is mirror-symmetrical and is approximately U-shaped.

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Parallel Lives

The Parallel Lives (Βίοι Παράλληλοι, Bíoi Parállēloi; Vītae Parallēlae) is a series of 48 biographies of famous men written by the Greco-Roman philosopher, historian, and Apollonian priest Plutarch, probably at the beginning of the second century.

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Parchment

Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats.

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Parni

The Parni (Πάρνοι, Parnoi), Aparni (Ἄπαρνοι, Aparnoi) or Parnians were an East Iranian people who lived around the Ochus (Ὧχος Okhos) (Tejen) River, southeast of the Caspian Sea.

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Paropamisadae

Paropamisadae or Parapamisadae (Παροπαμισάδαι or Παροπανισάδαι) was a satrapy of the Alexandrian Empire in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan, which largely coincided with the Achaemenid province of Parupraesanna.

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Parthia

Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.

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Parthian art

Parthian art was Iranian art made during the Parthian Empire from 247 BC to 224 AD, based in the Near East.

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Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.

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Parthian language

The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is an extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language once spoken in Parthia, a region situated in present-day northeastern Iran and Turkmenistan.

See Hellenistic period and Parthian language

Partition of Babylon

The Partition of Babylon was the first of the conferences and ensuing agreements that divided the territories of Alexander the Great.

See Hellenistic period and Partition of Babylon

Partition of Triparadisus

The Partition of Triparadisus was a power-sharing agreement passed at Triparadisus in 321 BC between the generals (Diadochi) of Alexander the Great, in which they named a new regent and arranged the repartition of the satrapies of Alexander's empire among themselves.

See Hellenistic period and Partition of Triparadisus

Pastoral

The pastoral genre of literature, art, or music depicts an idealised form of the shepherd's lifestyle – herding livestock around open areas of land according to the seasons and the changing availability of water and pasture.

See Hellenistic period and Pastoral

Pathos

Pathos (πάθος||suffering or experience) appeals to the emotions and ideals of the audience and elicits feelings that already reside in them.

See Hellenistic period and Pathos

Patras

Patras (Pátra; Katharevousa and Πάτραι; Patrae) is Greece's third-largest city and the regional capital and largest city of Western Greece, in the northern Peloponnese, west of Athens.

See Hellenistic period and Patras

Peiraikos

Peiraikos, or Piraeicus or Peiraeicus (Πειραϊκός), was an Ancient Greek painter of uncertain date and location.

See Hellenistic period and Peiraikos

Peithon

Peithon or Pithon (Greek: Πείθων or Πίθων, 355 – 314 BC) was the son of Crateuas, a nobleman from Eordaia in western Macedonia.

See Hellenistic period and Peithon

Pella

Pella (Πέλλα) is an ancient city located in Central Macedonia, Greece.

See Hellenistic period and Pella

Peloponnese

The Peloponnese, Peloponnesus (Pelopónnēsos) or Morea (Mōrèas; Mōriàs) is a peninsula and geographic region in Southern Greece, and the southernmost region of the Balkans.

See Hellenistic period and Peloponnese

Peloponnesian War

The Peloponnesian War (translit) (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies for the hegemony of the Greek world.

See Hellenistic period and Peloponnesian War

Peltast

A peltast (πελταστής) was a type of light infantry originating in Thrace and Paeonia and named after the kind of shield he carried.

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Perdiccas

Perdiccas (Περδίκκας, Perdikkas; 355 BC – 321/320 BC) was a general of Alexander the Great.

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Pergamon

Pergamon or Pergamum (or; Πέργαμον), also referred to by its modern Greek form Pergamos, was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Aeolis.

See Hellenistic period and Pergamon

Pergamon Altar

The Pergamon Altar was a monumental construction built during the reign of the Ancient Greek King Eumenes II in the first half of the 2nd century BC on one of the terraces of the acropolis of Pergamon in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey).

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Peripatetic school

The Peripatetic school was a philosophical school founded in 335 BC by Aristotle in the Lyceum in Ancient Athens.

See Hellenistic period and Peripatetic school

Persepolis

Persepolis (Pārsa) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.

See Hellenistic period and Persepolis

Perseus of Macedon

Perseus (Perséus; – 166 BC) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 179 until 168BC.

See Hellenistic period and Perseus of Macedon

Persis

Persis (Περσίς, Persís; Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿, Parsa; پارس, Pârs), also called Persia proper, is the Fars region, located in southwest Iran, now a province.

See Hellenistic period and Persis

Peter Green (historian)

Peter Morris Green (born 22 December 1924), Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series.

See Hellenistic period and Peter Green (historian)

Petra

Petra (Al-Batrāʾ; Πέτρα, "Rock"), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu (Nabataean: or, *Raqēmō), is a historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan.

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Pharaoh

Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.

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Philetaerus

Philetaerus (Φιλέταιρος, Philétairos, c. 343 –263 BC) was the founder of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon in Anatolia.

See Hellenistic period and Philetaerus

Philhellenism

Philhellenism ("the love of Greek culture") was an intellectual movement prominent mostly at the turn of the 19th century.

See Hellenistic period and Philhellenism

Philinus of Cos

Philinus of Cos (Φιλῖνος ὁ Κῷος; 3rd century BC) was a Greek physician.

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Philip (satrap)

Philip (Φίλιππος; died 318 BC) was satrap of Sogdiana.

See Hellenistic period and Philip (satrap)

Philip II of Macedon

Philip II of Macedon (Φίλιππος; 382 BC – October 336 BC) was the king (basileus) of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC.

See Hellenistic period and Philip II of Macedon

Philip III of Macedon

Philip III Arrhidaeus (Phílippos Arrhidaîos; BC – 317 BC) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 323 until his execution in 317 BC.

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Philip V of Macedon

Philip V (Philippos; 238–179 BC) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 221 to 179 BC.

See Hellenistic period and Philip V of Macedon

Philosophical skepticism

Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a family of philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge.

See Hellenistic period and Philosophical skepticism

Phocaea

Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, Phókaia; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia.

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Phoenicia

Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.

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Phrygia

In classical antiquity, Phrygia (Φρυγία, Phrygía) was a kingdom in the west-central part of Anatolia, in what is now Asian Turkey, centered on the Sangarios River.

See Hellenistic period and Phrygia

Phylarchus

Phylarchus (Φύλαρχoς, Phylarkhos; fl. 3rd century BC) was a Greek historical writer whose works have been lost, but not before having been considerably used by other historians whose works have survived.

See Hellenistic period and Phylarchus

Phyle

Phyle (phulē,; pl. phylai, φυλαί; derived from Greek φύεσθαι, phyesthai) is an ancient Greek term for tribe or clan.

See Hellenistic period and Phyle

Pi

The number (spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14159.

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Pinakes

The Pinakes (Πίνακες 'tables', plural of πίναξ pinax) is a lost bibliographic work composed by Callimachus (310/305–240 BCE) that is popularly considered to be the first library catalog in the West; its contents were based upon the holdings of the Library of Alexandria during Callimachus's tenure there during the third century BCE.

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Piracy

Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods.

See Hellenistic period and Piracy

Piraeus

Piraeus (Πειραιάς; Πειραιεύς; Ancient:, Katharevousa) is a port city within the Athens-Piraeus urban area, in the Attica region of Greece.

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Piston pump

A piston pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal reciprocates with the piston.

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Planet

A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself.

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Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.

See Hellenistic period and Plato

Platonic Academy

The Academy (Akadēmía), variously known as Plato's Academy, the Platonic Academy, and the Academic School, was founded at Athens by Plato circa 387 BC.

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Platonic solid

In geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex, regular polyhedron in three-dimensional Euclidean space.

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Platonism

Platonism is the philosophy of Plato and philosophical systems closely derived from it, though contemporary Platonists do not necessarily accept all doctrines of Plato.

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Pliny the Elder

Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.

See Hellenistic period and Pliny the Elder

Plutarch

Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos;; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.

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Polis

Polis (πόλις), plural poleis (πόλεις), means ‘city’ in ancient Greek.

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Polybius

Polybius (Πολύβιος) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period.

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Polybolos

The polybolos (the name means "multi-thrower" in Greek) was an ancient Greek repeating ballista, reputedly invented by Dionysius of Alexandria (a 3rd-century BC Greek engineer at the Rhodes arsenal) and used in antiquity.

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Polymath

A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.

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Polyperchon

Polyperchon (sometimes written Polysperchon; Πολυπέρχων; b. between 390–380 BC – d. after 304 BC,Heckel, W., 'The Marshals of Alexander's Empire' (1992), p. 204 possibly into 3rd century BC),Billows, R., 'Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State' (1990), p.

See Hellenistic period and Polyperchon

Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.

See Hellenistic period and Pompey

Praxagoras

Praxagoras (Πραξαγόρας ὁ Κῷος) was a figure of medicine in ancient Greece.

See Hellenistic period and Praxagoras

Praxiteles

Praxiteles (Πραξιτέλης) of Athens, the son of Cephisodotus the Elder, was the most renowned of the Attica sculptors of the 4th century BC.

See Hellenistic period and Praxiteles

Precession

Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body.

See Hellenistic period and Precession

Primary source

In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.

See Hellenistic period and Primary source

Proconsul

A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul.

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Proof by contradiction

In logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition, by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction.

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Proskynesis

Proskynesis, also called proscynesis or proskinesis, was a solemn gesture of respect towards gods and people in many societies.

See Hellenistic period and Proskynesis

Provence

Provence is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

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Prusias I of Bithynia

Prusias I Cholus (Lame; c. 243 – 182 BC) was a king of Bithynia, who reigned from c. 228 to 182 BC.

See Hellenistic period and Prusias I of Bithynia

Pseudo-Scymnus

Pseudo-Scymnus is the name given by Augustus Meineke to the unknown author of a work on geography written in Classical Greek, the Periodos to Nicomedes.

See Hellenistic period and Pseudo-Scymnus

Ptolemaic dynasty

The Ptolemaic dynasty (Πτολεμαῖοι, Ptolemaioi), also known as the Lagid dynasty (Λαγίδαι, Lagidai; after Ptolemy I's father, Lagus), was a Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

See Hellenistic period and Ptolemaic dynasty

Ptolemaic Kingdom

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

See Hellenistic period and Ptolemaic Kingdom

Ptolemais Hermiou

Ptolemais Hermiou, or Ptolemais in the Thebaid, was a city and metropolitan archbishopric in Greco-Roman Egypt and remains a Catholic titular see.

See Hellenistic period and Ptolemais Hermiou

Ptolemy Ceraunus

Ptolemy Ceraunus (Πτολεμαῖος Κεραυνός; c. 319 BC – January/February 279 BC) was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty and briefly king of Macedon.

See Hellenistic period and Ptolemy Ceraunus

Ptolemy I Soter

Ptolemy I Soter (Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaîos Sōtḗr "Ptolemy the Savior"; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a Macedonian Greek general, historian, and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the Ptolemaic Kingdom centered on Egypt and led by his progeny from 305 BC – 30 BC.

See Hellenistic period and Ptolemy I Soter

Punic people

The Punic people, usually known as the Carthaginians (and sometimes as Western Phoenicians), were a Semitic people who migrated from Phoenicia to the Western Mediterranean during the Early Iron Age.

See Hellenistic period and Punic people

Punjab

Punjab (also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb), also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India.

See Hellenistic period and Punjab

Pyrrhic victory

A Pyrrhic victory is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat.

See Hellenistic period and Pyrrhic victory

Pyrrhonism

Pyrrhonism is an Ancient Greek school of philosophical skepticism which rejects dogma and advocates the suspension of judgement over the truth of all beliefs.

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Pyrrhus of Epirus

Pyrrhus (Πύρρος; 319/318–272 BC) was a Greek king and statesman of the Hellenistic period.

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Pythagorean theorem

In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle.

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Quadrature of the Parabola

Quadrature of the Parabola (Τετραγωνισμὸς παραβολῆς) is a treatise on geometry, written by Archimedes in the 3rd century BC and addressed to his Alexandrian acquaintance Dositheus.

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Quarter (urban subdivision)

A quarter is a part of an urban settlement.

See Hellenistic period and Quarter (urban subdivision)

Realism (arts)

Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative and supernatural elements.

See Hellenistic period and Realism (arts)

Regent

In a monarchy, a regent is a person appointed to govern a state for the time being because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Rhône

The Rhône is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea.

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Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of persuasion.

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Rhodes

Rhodes (translit) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and is their historical capital; it is the ninth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Richard Berthold

Richard Martin Berthold (born 1946) is an American classical historian, an associate professor emeritus at the University of New Mexico.

See Hellenistic period and Richard Berthold

Rococo

Rococo, less commonly Roccoco, also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, and trompe-l'œil frescoes to create surprise and the illusion of motion and drama.

See Hellenistic period and Rococo

Roman emperor

The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC.

See Hellenistic period and Roman emperor

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman province

The Roman provinces (pl.) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire.

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Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

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Roman Senate

The Roman Senate (Senātus Rōmānus) was the highest and constituting assembly of ancient Rome and its aristocracy.

See Hellenistic period and Roman Senate

Roman–Parthian Wars

The Roman–Parthian Wars (54 BC – 217 AD) were a series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.

See Hellenistic period and Roman–Parthian Wars

Roman–Seleucid war

The Roman–Seleucid war (192–188 BC), also called the Aetolian war, Antiochene war, Syrian war, and Syrian-Aetolian war was a military conflict between two coalitions, one led by the Roman Republic and the other led by the Seleucid king Antiochus III.

See Hellenistic period and Roman–Seleucid war

Romanization

In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Roxana

Roxana (dead 310 BC, Ῥωξάνη; Old Iranian: *Raṷxšnā- "shining, radiant, brilliant") sometimes known as Roxanne, Roxanna and Roxane was a Sogdian or a Bactrian princess whom Alexander the Great married after defeating Darius, ruler of the Achaemenid Empire, and invading Persia.

See Hellenistic period and Roxana

Rump state

A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state, left with a greatly reduced territory in the wake of secession, annexation, occupation, decolonization, or a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

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Sant Martí d'Empúries

Sant Martí d'Empúries is an entity of the town of L'Escala.

See Hellenistic period and Sant Martí d'Empúries

Sardis

Sardis or Sardes (Lydian: 𐤳𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣, romanized:; Sárdeis; script) was an ancient city best known as the capital of the Lydian Empire.

See Hellenistic period and Sardis

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

See Hellenistic period and Sasanian Empire

Satrap

A satrap was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.

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Science in the Renaissance

During the Renaissance, great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy and engineering.

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Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.

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Screw press

A screw press is a type of machine press in which the ram is driven up and down by a screw.

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Scythians

The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.

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Second Macedonian War

The Second Macedonian War (200–197 BC) was fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon, and Rome, allied with Pergamon and Rhodes.

See Hellenistic period and Second Macedonian War

Second Punic War

The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC.

See Hellenistic period and Second Punic War

Second Temple

The Second Temple was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem, in use between and its destruction in 70 CE.

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Selcë e Poshtme

Selcë e Poshtme ("Lower Selcë") is a village located in the Mokra area, Korçë County, Albania.

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Seleucia

Seleucia (Σελεύκεια), also known as or or Seleucia ad Tigrim, was a major Mesopotamian city, located on the west bank of the Tigris River within the present-day Baghdad Governorate in Iraq.

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Seleucid dynasty

The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae (Σελευκίδαι, Seleukídai, "descendants of Seleucus") was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Seleucid Empire based in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

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Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

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Seleucid–Parthian Wars

The Seleucid–Parthian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Seleucid Empire and the Parthian Empire which resulted in the ultimate expulsion of the Seleucids from the Iranian Plateau and the surrounding regions.

See Hellenistic period and Seleucid–Parthian Wars

Seleucis of Syria

Seleucis of Syria (Σελευκίς τῆς Συρίας) was a region of the Seleucid Empire located in northern Syria.

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Seleucus I Nicator

Seleucus I Nicator (Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ) was a Macedonian Greek general, officer and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the eponymous Seleucid Empire, led by the Seleucid dynasty.

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Septuagint

The Septuagint, sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta), and often abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew.

See Hellenistic period and Septuagint

Serapis

Serapis or Sarapis is a Graeco-Egyptian god.

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Settler

A settler is a person who has immigrated to an area and established a permanent residence there.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

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Siege

A siege (lit) is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault.

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Siege engine

A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent heavy castle doors, thick city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare.

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Siege of Massilia

The siege of Massilia, including two naval engagements, was an episode of Caesar's Civil War, fought in 49 BC between forces loyal to the Optimates and a detachment of Caesar's army.

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Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC)

The Siege of Rhodes in 305–304 BC was one of the most notable sieges of antiquity, when Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus I, besieged Rhodes in an attempt to make it abandon its neutrality and end its close relationship with Ptolemy I. The attempt ultimately proved unsuccessful, but the scale of the siege, along with the logistical, strategic, and engineering efforts of Demetrius Poliorcetes, cemented his reputation as a military engineer and city conqueror.

See Hellenistic period and Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC)

Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.

See Hellenistic period and Silk Road

Sinai Peninsula

The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (سِينَاء; سينا; Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia.

See Hellenistic period and Sinai Peninsula

Sinop, Turkey

Sinop, historically known as Sinope (Σινώπη), is a city on the isthmus of İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince) and on the Boztepe Peninsula, near Cape Sinope (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the northernmost edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey.

See Hellenistic period and Sinop, Turkey

Smarthistory

Smarthistory is a free resource for the study of art history created by art historians Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.

See Hellenistic period and Smarthistory

Social War (220–217 BC)

The Social War, also War of the Allies and the Aetolian War, was fought from 220 BC to 217 BC between the Hellenic League under Philip V of Macedon and the Aetolian League, Sparta and Elis.

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Sogdia

Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

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Somatophylakes

Somatophylakes (Σωματοφύλακες; singular: somatophylax, σωματοφύλαξ) were the bodyguards of high-ranking people in ancient Greece.

See Hellenistic period and Somatophylakes

Sophene

Sophene (translit or Չորրորդ Հայք,; translit) was a province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia, located in the south-west of the kingdom, and of the Roman Empire.

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Sophist

A sophist (sophistēs) was a teacher in ancient Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE.

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Sophocles

Sophocles (497/496 – winter 406/405 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41.

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South Asia

South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.

See Hellenistic period and South Asia

Southern France

Southern France, also known as the south of France or colloquially in French as le Midi, is a defined geographical area consisting of the regions of France that border the Atlantic Ocean south of the Marais Poitevin,Louis Papy, Le midi atlantique, Atlas et géographie de la France moderne, Flammarion, Paris, 1984.

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Southern Italy

Southern Italy (Sud Italia,, or Italia meridionale,; 'o Sudde; Italia dû Suddi), also known as Meridione or Mezzogiorno (Miezojuorno; Menzujornu), is a macroregion of Italy consisting of its southern regions.

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Sparta

Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece.

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Spartan hegemony

Spartan hegemony refers to the period of dominance by Sparta in Greek affairs from 404 to 371 BC.

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Sphere of influence

In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity.

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Spread of Islam

The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years.

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Steppe

In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.

See Hellenistic period and Steppe

Still life

A still life (still lifes) is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, etc.). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greco-Roman art, still-life painting emerged as a distinct genre and professional specialization in Western painting by the late 16th century, and has remained significant since then.

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Stoicism

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

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Strabo

StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.

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Strato III

Strato III Philopator (Στράτων Γ΄ Φιλοπάτωρ; epithet means "the Father-loving") was an Indo-Greek king who ruled c. 25 BCE to 10 CE.

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Suda

The Suda or Souda (Soûda; Suidae Lexicon) is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas (Σούδας) or Souidas (Σουίδας).

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Sulla

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.

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Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.

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Susa

Susa (Middle translit; Middle and Neo-translit; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid translit; Achaemenid translit; شوش; שׁוּשָׁן; Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ; 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 or 𐭱𐭥𐭮; 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran.

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Susa weddings

The Susa weddings were arranged by Alexander the Great in 324 BCE, shortly after he conquered the Achaemenid Empire.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

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Sympoliteia

A sympoliteia (joint citizenship), anglicized as sympolity, was a type of treaty for political organization in ancient Greece.

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Synagogue

A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans.

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Syracuse, Sicily

Syracuse (Siracusa; Sarausa) is a historic city on the Italian island of Sicily, the capital of the Italian province of Syracuse.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Syria (region)

Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant.

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Syrian Wars

The Syrian Wars were a series of six wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, successor states to Alexander the Great's empire, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC over the region then called Coele-Syria, one of the few avenues into Egypt.

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Talent (measurement)

The talent (Ancient Greek: τάλαντον, talanton, Latin talentum) was a unit of weight used in the ancient world, often used for weighing gold and silver, but also mentioned in connection with other metals, ivory, and frankincense.

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Temple of Artemis

The Temple of Artemis or Artemision (Ἀρτεμίσιον; Artemis Tapınağı), also known as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to an ancient, localised form of the goddess Artemis (equalized to Diana, a Roman goddess).

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Tessarakonteres

Tessarakonteres (τεσσαρακοντήρης, "forty-rowed"), or simply "forty", was a very large catamaran galley reportedly built in the Hellenistic period by Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt.

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Teuta

Teuta (Illyrian: *Teutana, 'mistress of the people, queen'; Τεύτα; Teuta) was the queen regent of the Ardiaei tribe in Illyria, who reigned approximately from 231 BC to 228/227 BC.

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The Bacchae

The Bacchae (Βάκχαι, Bakkhai; also known as The Bacchantes) is an ancient Greek tragedy, written by the Athenian playwright Euripides during his final years in Macedonia, at the court of Archelaus I of Macedon.

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The Histories (Polybius)

Polybius' Histories (Ἱστορίαι Historíai) were originally written in 40 volumes, only the first five of which are extant in their entirety.

See Hellenistic period and The Histories (Polybius)

Theaetetus (mathematician)

Theaetetus of Athens (Θεαίτητος Theaítētos; c. 417 – c. 369 BCE), possibly the son of Euphronius of the Athenian deme Sunium, was a Greek mathematician.

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Theatre of ancient Greece

A theatrical culture flourished in ancient Greece from 700 BC.

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Thebaid

The Thebaid or Thebais (Θηβαΐς, Thēbaïs) was a region in ancient Egypt, comprising the 13 southernmost nomes of Upper Egypt, from Abydos to Aswan.

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Theban hegemony

The Theban hegemony lasted from the Theban victory over the Spartans at Leuctra in 371 BC to their defeat of a coalition of Peloponnesian armies at Mantinea in 362 BC, though Thebes sought to maintain its position until finally eclipsed by the rising power of Macedon in 346 BC.

See Hellenistic period and Theban hegemony

Themistius

Themistius (Θεμίστιος; 317 – c. 388 AD), nicknamed Euphrades (Εὐφραδής, "eloquent"), was a statesman, rhetorician and philosopher.

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Theocritus

Theocritus (Θεόκριτος, Theokritos; born c. 300 BC, died after 260 BC) was a Greek poet from Sicily, Magna Graecia, and the creator of Ancient Greek pastoral poetry.

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Theodorus of Cyrene

Theodorus of Cyrene (Theódōros ho Kyrēnaîos) was an ancient Greek mathematician who lived during the 5th century BC.

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Theophrastus

Theophrastus (Θεόφραστος||godly phrased) was a Greek philosopher and the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school.

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Thessaly

Thessaly (translit; ancient Thessalian: Πετθαλία) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name.

See Hellenistic period and Thessaly

Third Macedonian War

The Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC) was a war fought between the Roman Republic and King Perseus of Macedon.

See Hellenistic period and Third Macedonian War

Thorakitai

The thorakitai (θωρακίται;: θωρακίτης, thorakites) were a type of soldier in Hellenistic armies similar to the thureophoroi.

See Hellenistic period and Thorakitai

Thrace

Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.

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Thracians

The Thracians (translit; Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Southeast Europe in ancient history.

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Thyreophoroi

The thyreophoroi or thureophoroi (θυρεοφόροι;: thureophoros/thyreophoros, θυρεοφόρος) were a type of infantry soldier, common in the 3rd to 1st centuries BC, who carried a large oval shield called a thyreos which had a type of metal strip boss and a central spine.

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Thyreos

A thyreos or thureos (θυρεός) was a large oval shield which was commonly used in Hellenistic armies from the 3rd century BC onwards.

See Hellenistic period and Thyreos

Tigranes the Great

Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great (Tigran Mets in Armenian; Τιγράνης ὁ Μέγας,; Tigranes Magnus; 140 – 55 BC), was a king of Armenia.

See Hellenistic period and Tigranes the Great

Tigris

The Tigris (see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.

See Hellenistic period and Tigris

Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys

Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs and surveys.

See Hellenistic period and Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys

Titus Quinctius Flamininus

Titus Quinctius Flamininus (229 – 174 BC) was a Roman politician and general instrumental in the Roman conquest of Greece.

See Hellenistic period and Titus Quinctius Flamininus

Tium

Tium (Τῖον) was an ancient settlement, also known as Filyos (Φίλειος), on the south coast of the Black Sea at the mouth of the river Billaeus in present-day Turkey.

See Hellenistic period and Tium

Tobiads

The Tobiads were a Jewish dynasty in Ammon with origins possibly rooted in the First Temple Period, both literary and archaeological evidence point to their prominence during the rule of the Ptolemaic dynasty and at the beginning of the Hasmonean period.

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Trapezus (Arcadia)

Trapezus or Trapezous (Τραπεζοῦς), also known as Trapezuntus or Trapezountos (Τραπεζοῦντος), was a town of ancient Arcadia, in the district Parrhasia, a little to the left of the river Alpheius.

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Treaty of Apamea

The Treaty of Apamea was a peace treaty conducted in 188 BC between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III, ruler of the Seleucid Empire.

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Triangle

A triangle is a polygon with three corners and three sides, one of the basic shapes in geometry.

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Trigonometry

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with relationships between angles and side lengths of triangles.

See Hellenistic period and Trigonometry

Trireme

A trireme (derived from trirēmis, "with three banks of oars"; cf. Ancient Greek: triērēs, literally "three-rower") was an ancient vessel and a type of galley that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the Mediterranean Sea, especially the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and Romans.

See Hellenistic period and Trireme

Tunisia

Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa.

See Hellenistic period and Tunisia

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.

See Hellenistic period and Turkmenistan

Tyche

Tyche (Ancient Greek: Τύχη Túkhē, 'Luck',,; Roman equivalent: Fortuna) was the presiding tutelary deity who governed the fortune and prosperity of a city, its destiny.

See Hellenistic period and Tyche

Tylis

Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis Tylis (Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC.

See Hellenistic period and Tylis

Tyre, Lebanon

Tyre (translit; translit; Týros) or Tyr, Sur, or Sour is a city in Lebanon, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, though in medieval times for some centuries by just a small population.

See Hellenistic period and Tyre, Lebanon

Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر, shortened to الصعيد,, locally) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel N. It thus consists of the entire Nile River valley from Cairo south to Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan High Dam).

See Hellenistic period and Upper Egypt

Varāhamihira

Varāhamihira (6th century CE, possibly 505 – 587), also called Varāha or Mihira, was an astrologer-astronomer who lived in or around Ujjain in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Vassal

A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe.

See Hellenistic period and Vassal

Venus de Milo

The Venus de Milo or Aphrodite of Melos is an ancient Greek marble sculpture that was created during the Hellenistic period.

See Hellenistic period and Venus de Milo

Vergina

Vergina (Βεργίνα, Vergína) is a small town in Northern Greece, part of Veria municipality in Imathia, Central Macedonia.

See Hellenistic period and Vergina

Vimana

Vimāna are mythological flying palaces or chariots described in Hindu texts and Sanskrit epics.

See Hellenistic period and Vimana

Virgil

Publius Vergilius Maro (traditional dates 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period.

See Hellenistic period and Virgil

Virtue

A virtue (virtus) is a trait of excellence, including traits that may be moral, social, or intellectual.

See Hellenistic period and Virtue

War elephant

A war elephant was an elephant that was trained and guided by humans for combat.

See Hellenistic period and War elephant

Wars of Alexander the Great

The wars of Alexander the Great (Greek: Πόλεμοι τουΜεγάλουΑλεξάνδρου) were a series of conquests that were carried out by Alexander III of Macedon from 336 BC to 323 BC.

See Hellenistic period and Wars of Alexander the Great

Wars of the Diadochi

The Wars of the Diadochi (Πόλεμοι τῶν Διαδόχων, literally War of the Crown Princes), or Wars of Alexander's Successors, were a series of conflicts fought between the generals of Alexander the Great, known as the Diadochi, over who would rule his empire following his death.

See Hellenistic period and Wars of the Diadochi

Water clock

A water clock or clepsydra is a timepiece by which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel, and where the amount of liquid can then be measured.

See Hellenistic period and Water clock

Water organ

The water organ or hydraulic organ (ὕδραυλις) (early types are sometimes called hydraulos, hydraulus or hydraula) is a type of pipe organ blown by air, where the power source pushing the air is derived by water from a natural source (e.g. by a waterfall) or by a manual pump.

See Hellenistic period and Water organ

Watermill

A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower.

See Hellenistic period and Watermill

West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

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William Woodthorpe Tarn

Sir William Woodthorpe Tarn (26 February 1869 – 7 November 1957) was a British classical scholar and writer.

See Hellenistic period and William Woodthorpe Tarn

Winged Victory of Samothrace

The Winged Victory of Samothrace, or the Niké of Samothrace, is a votive monument originally found on the island of Samothrace, north of the Aegean Sea.

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Yona

The word Yona in Pali and the Prakrits, and the analogue Yavana in Sanskrit and Yavanar in Tamil, were words used in Ancient India to designate Greek speakers.

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Yuezhi

The Yuezhi were an ancient people first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC. After a major defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu in 176 BC, the Yuezhi split into two groups migrating in different directions: the Greater Yuezhi (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) and Lesser Yuezhi (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏).

See Hellenistic period and Yuezhi

Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium (Ζήνων ὁ Κιτιεύς,; c. 334 – c. 262 BC) was a Hellenistic philosopher from Citium (Κίτιον), Cyprus.

See Hellenistic period and Zeno of Citium

Zeuxis (painter)

Zeuxis (Ζεῦξις) (of Heraclea) was a late 5th-century- early 4th-century BCE Greek artist famed for his ability to create images that appeared highly realistic.

See Hellenistic period and Zeuxis (painter)

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

See Hellenistic period and Zoroastrianism

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period

Also known as Alexandrian age, Ellinistic, Greek world, Hellenic Empire, Hellenic period, Hellenism (Greek culture), Hellenistic, Hellenistic Age, Hellenistic Central Asia, Hellenistic East, Hellenistic Empire, Hellenistic Kingdoms, Hellenistic Near East, Hellenistic Orient, Hellenistic World, Hellenistic civilisation, Hellenistic civilizaiton, Hellenistic civilization, Hellenistic culture, Hellenistic empires, Hellenistic epoch, Hellenistic era, Hellenistic science, Hellenistic-era, Hellenists, Hellenized East, Hellinistic, History of Greece (323 BC–146 BC), History of Hellenistic Greece.

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