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Table of Contents

1. 381 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid Revolution, Abd al-Ilah, Abdul Latif Rashid, Abdul Rahman Arif, Abdul Salam Arif, Abdul-Karim Qasim, Abu Ghraib, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Achaemenid Empire, Ad-Dawr, Adiabene, Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Akkadian Empire, Akkadian language, Al Anbar Governorate, Al-Askari Shrine, Al-Hira, Al-Musta'sim, Al-Qa'im (town), Al-Qaeda, Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Al-Wathbah uprising, Alexander the Great, Allies of World War I, Amida (Mesopotamia), Amorites, Anbar (town), Anbar campaign (2013–2014), Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Near East, Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930, Anglo-Iraqi War, Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, Anushtegin dynasty, Aq Qoyunlu, Arab Federation, Arab League, Arabian Peninsula, Arabs, Aramaic, Ashur (god), Ashurbanipal, Asoristan, Assur, Assyria, Assyrian people, Assyrians in Iraq, Ba'ath Party, ... Expand index (331 more) » « Shrink index

2. History of the Levant

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See History of Iraq and Abbasid Caliphate

Abbasid Revolution

The Abbasid Revolution, also called the Movement of the Men of the Black Raiment (حركة رجال الثياب السوداء ḥaraka rijāl ath-thiyāb as-sawdāʾ), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517 CE).

See History of Iraq and Abbasid Revolution

Abd al-Ilah

Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz, (عبد الإله; also written Abdul Ilah or Abdullah; 14 November 1913 – 14 July 1958) was a cousin and brother-in-law of King Ghazi of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and was regent for his nephew King Faisal II, from 4 April 1939 to 23 May 1953, when Faisal came of age.

See History of Iraq and Abd al-Ilah

Abdul Latif Rashid

Abdul Latif Rashid (born 10 August 1944), also known as Latif Rashid, is an Iraqi British politician and the ninth president of Iraq, following the 2022 Iraqi presidential election.

See History of Iraq and Abdul Latif Rashid

Abdul Rahman Arif

Hajj ʿAbdul Rahman Mohammed ʿArif al-Jumayli (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿĀrif; 14 April 191624 August 2007) was an Iraqi military officer and politician who served as the third president of Iraq from 16 April 1966 to 17 July 1968.

See History of Iraq and Abdul Rahman Arif

Abdul Salam Arif

Abdul Salam Mohammed ʿArif al-Jumayli (عبد السلاممحمد عارف الجميلي; 21 March 1921 – 13 April 1966) was the second president of Iraq from 1963 until his death in a plane crash in 1966.

See History of Iraq and Abdul Salam Arif

Abdul-Karim Qasim

Abdul-Karim Qasim Muhammad Bakr al-Fadhli al-Zubaidi (عبد الكريمقاسم; 21 November 1914 – 9 February 1963) was an Iraqi military officer and nationalist who came to power in 1958 when the Iraqi monarchy was overthrown during the 14 July Revolution.

See History of Iraq and Abdul-Karim Qasim

Abu Ghraib

Abu Ghraib (أبو غريب, Abū Ghurayb) is a city in the Baghdad Governorate of Iraq, located just west of Baghdad's city center, or northwest of Baghdad International Airport.

See History of Iraq and Abu Ghraib

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (أَبُو مُصْعَبٍ ٱلزَّرْقَاوِيُّ,, Father of Musab, from Zarqa;; October 30, 1966 – June 7, 2006), born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Khalayleh (أَحْمَدُ فَضِيلِ ٱلنَّزَالِ ٱلْخَلَايْلَةَ), was a Jordanian jihadist who ran a terrorist training camp in Afghanistan.

See History of Iraq and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

See History of Iraq and Achaemenid Empire

Ad-Dawr

Ad-Dawr (الدور) is a small agricultural town in Saladin Governorate, Iraq, near Tikrit.

See History of Iraq and Ad-Dawr

Adiabene

Adiabene (Greek: Αδιαβηνή) was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria.

See History of Iraq and Adiabene

Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr

Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (1 July 1914 – 4 October 1982) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fourth president of Iraq, from 17 July 1968 to 16 July 1979.

See History of Iraq and Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr

Akkadian Empire

The Akkadian Empire was the first known ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer.

See History of Iraq and Akkadian Empire

Akkadian language

Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.

See History of Iraq and Akkadian language

Al Anbar Governorate

Al Anbar Governorate (محافظة الأنبار; muḥāfaẓat al-’Anbār), or Anbar Province, is the largest governorate in Iraq by area.

See History of Iraq and Al Anbar Governorate

Al-Askari Shrine

Al-Askari Shrine, the Askariyya Shrine, or Al-Askari Mosque is a Shia Muslim mosque and mausoleum in the Iraqi city of Samarra from Baghdad.

See History of Iraq and Al-Askari Shrine

Al-Hira

Al-Hira (translit Middle Persian: Hērt) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located south of what is now Kufa in south-central Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Al-Hira

Al-Musta'sim

Abu Ahmad Abdallah ibn al-Mustansir bi'llah, better known by his regnal title Al-Mustaʿṣim bi-llāh (المستعصمبالله; 1213 – 20 February 1258), was the 37th and last caliph from the Abbasid dynasty ruling from Baghdad.

See History of Iraq and Al-Musta'sim

Al-Qa'im (town)

Al-Qa'im (القائم, Kurdish: قائیم) is an Iraqi border town located nearly 400 km (248 mi) northwest of Baghdad near the Syrian border and situated along the Euphrates River, and located in the Al Anbar Governorate.

See History of Iraq and Al-Qa'im (town)

Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a pan-Islamist militant organization led by Sunni Jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global Islamist revolution to unite the Muslim world under a supra-national Islamic caliphate.

See History of Iraq and Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda in Iraq

Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (two rivers), more commonly known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), was a Salafi jihadist organization affiliated with Al-Qaeda.

See History of Iraq and Al-Qaeda in Iraq

Al-Wathbah uprising

The Al-Wathbah uprising (انتفاضة الوثبة) or simply Al-Wathbah (الوثبة), which means The Leap in Arabic, was the term that came to be used for the urban unrest in Baghdad in January 1948.

See History of Iraq and Al-Wathbah uprising

Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

See History of Iraq and Alexander the Great

Allies of World War I

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

See History of Iraq and Allies of World War I

Amida (Mesopotamia)

Amida (Ἄμιδα, ܐܡܝܕ, Amed) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located where modern Diyarbakır, Turkey now stands.

See History of Iraq and Amida (Mesopotamia)

Amorites

The Amorites (author-link, Pl. XXVIII e+i|MAR.TU; Amurrūm or Tidnum Tidnum; ʾĔmōrī; Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Northwest Semitic-speaking Bronze Age people from the Levant.

See History of Iraq and Amorites

Anbar (town)

Anbar (al-Anbār, Anbar) was an ancient and medieval town in central Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Anbar (town)

Anbar campaign (2013–2014)

Beginning in December 2012, Sunnis in Iraq protested against the Maliki government.

See History of Iraq and Anbar campaign (2013–2014)

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

See History of Iraq and Ancient Egypt

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

See History of Iraq and Ancient Greece

Ancient Near East

The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, and northeastern Syria), ancient Egypt, ancient Persia (Elam, Media, Parthia, and Persis), Anatolia and the Armenian highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern Iran, southern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus) and the Arabian Peninsula.

See History of Iraq and Ancient Near East

Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930

The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 was a treaty of alliance between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the British-Mandate-controlled administration of the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930

Anglo-Iraqi War

The Anglo-Iraqi War was a British-led Allied military campaign during the Second World War against the Kingdom of Iraq, then ruled by Rashid Gaylani who had seized power in the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état with assistance from Germany and Italy.

See History of Iraq and Anglo-Iraqi War

Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran

The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran or Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941.

See History of Iraq and Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran

Anushtegin dynasty

The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids (English:, خاندان انوشتکین), also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty (خوارزمشاهیان) was a PersianateC. E. Bosworth:.

See History of Iraq and Anushtegin dynasty

Aq Qoyunlu

The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Ağqoyunlular) was a culturally Persianate,Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep).

See History of Iraq and Aq Qoyunlu

Arab Federation

The Hashemite Arab Federation was a short-lived confederation that lasted from 14 February to 2 August 1958, between the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan.

See History of Iraq and Arab Federation

Arab League

The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization in the Arab world.

See History of Iraq and Arab League

Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

See History of Iraq and Arabian Peninsula

Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

See History of Iraq and Arabs

Aramaic

Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.

See History of Iraq and Aramaic

Ashur (god)

Ashur, Ashshur, also spelled Ašur, Aššur (𒀭𒊹|translit.

See History of Iraq and Ashur (god)

Ashurbanipal

Ashurbanipal (𒀸𒋩𒆕𒀀|translit.

See History of Iraq and Ashurbanipal

Asoristan

Asoristan (𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭 Asōristān, Āsūristān) was the name of the Sasanian province of Assyria and Babylonia from 226 to 637.

See History of Iraq and Asoristan

Assur

Aššur (𒀭𒊹𒆠 AN.ŠAR2KI, Assyrian cuneiform: Aš-šurKI, "City of God Aššur"; ܐܫܘܪ Āšūr; 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼 Aθur, آشور Āšūr; אַשּׁוּר, اشور), also known as Ashur and Qal'at Sherqat, was the capital of the Old Assyrian city-state (2025–1364 BC), the Middle Assyrian Empire (1363–912 BC), and for a time, of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC).

See History of Iraq and Assur

Assyria

Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.

See History of Iraq and Assyria

Assyrian people

Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.

See History of Iraq and Assyrian people

Assyrians in Iraq

Iraqi Assyrians (ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ, آشوريو العراق) are an ethnic and linguistic minority group, indigenous to Upper Mesopotamia.

See History of Iraq and Assyrians in Iraq

Ba'ath Party

The Arab Socialist Baʿth Party (also anglicized as Ba'ath in loose transcription; البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was a political party founded in Syria by Mishel ʿAflaq, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Bīṭār, and associates of Zakī al-ʾArsūzī.

See History of Iraq and Ba'ath Party

Babylon

Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.

See History of Iraq and Babylon

Babylonia

Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).

See History of Iraq and Babylonia

Babylonian astronomy

Babylonian astronomy was the study or recording of celestial objects during the early history of Mesopotamia.

See History of Iraq and Babylonian astronomy

Babylonian law

Babylonian law is a subset of cuneiform law that has received particular study due to the large amount of archaeological material that has been found for it.

See History of Iraq and Babylonian law

Babylonian mathematics

Babylonian mathematics (also known as Assyro-Babylonian mathematics) is the mathematics developed or practiced by the people of Mesopotamia, as attested by sources mainly surviving from the Old Babylonian period (1830–1531 BC) to the Seleucid from the last three or four centuries BC.

See History of Iraq and Babylonian mathematics

Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

See History of Iraq and Baghdad

Baghdad vilayet

The Vilayet of Baghdad (ولاية بغداد; 'Vilâyet-i Bagdad; Modern Turkish: Bağdat Vilâyeti) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire in modern-day central Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Baghdad vilayet

Bakr Sidqi

Bakr Sidqi al-Askari (1890 – 11 August 1937) was an Iraqi general of Kurdish origin, born in 1890 and assassinated on 11 August 1937, in Mosul.

See History of Iraq and Bakr Sidqi

Barbed wire

Roll of modern agricultural barbed wire Barbed wire, also known as barb wire, is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strands.

See History of Iraq and Barbed wire

Barham Salih

Barham Salih (Berhem Salih; برهمصالح; born 12 September 1960) is an Iraqi Kurdish politician who served as the eighth president of Iraq from 2018 to 2022.

See History of Iraq and Barham Salih

Basra

Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Basra

Basra vilayet

The Basra Vilayet (Vilâyet-i Basra) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.

See History of Iraq and Basra vilayet

Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (Maʿrakah al-Qādisīyah; Nabard-e Qâdisiyeh) was an armed conflict which took place in 636 CE between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire.

See History of Iraq and Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

Battle of Mount Handrin

The Battle of Mount Handrin, which took place in May 1966, stands as a significant event within the context of the First Iraqi-Kurdish War.

See History of Iraq and Battle of Mount Handrin

Before Present

Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s.

See History of Iraq and Before Present

British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

See History of Iraq and British Empire

Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.

See History of Iraq and Bronze Age

Burial

Burial, also known as interment or inhumation, is a method of final disposition whereby a dead body is placed into the ground, sometimes with objects.

See History of Iraq and Burial

Buyid dynasty

The Buyid dynasty (Âl-i Bōya), also spelled Buwayhid (Al-Buwayhiyyah), was a Zaydi and, later, Twelver Shia dynasty of Daylamite origin, which mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062.

See History of Iraq and Buyid dynasty

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

See History of Iraq and Byzantine Empire

Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

See History of Iraq and Caliphate

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

See History of Iraq and Cambridge University Press

Central Powers

The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).

See History of Iraq and Central Powers

Central Treaty Organization

The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), formerly known as the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) and also known as the Baghdad Pact, was a military alliance of the Cold War.

See History of Iraq and Central Treaty Organization

Chaldea

Chaldea was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia.

See History of Iraq and Chaldea

Chaldean dynasty

The Chaldean dynasty, also known as the Neo-Babylonian dynasty and enumerated as Dynasty X of Babylon, was the ruling dynasty of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling as kings of Babylon from the ascent of Nabopolassar in 626 BC to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC.

See History of Iraq and Chaldean dynasty

Chemical weapon

A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans.

See History of Iraq and Chemical weapon

Cimmerians

The Cimmerians were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, part of whom subsequently migrated into West Asia.

See History of Iraq and Cimmerians

City-state

A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.

See History of Iraq and City-state

Civilization

A civilization (civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems and graphic arts).

See History of Iraq and Civilization

Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.

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Columbia University

Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.

See History of Iraq and Columbia University

Constitution of Iraq

The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq (دستور جمهورية العراق Kurdish: دەستووری عێراق) is the fundamental law of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Constitution of Iraq

Council of Representatives of Iraq

The Council of Representatives (Majlis an-Nuwwāb al-ʿIrāqiyy; ئه‌نجومه‌نی نوێنه‌ران, Encûmena Nûnerên Iraqê), usually referred to simply as the Parliament, is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Council of Representatives of Iraq

Cradle of civilization

A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was developed independent of other civilizations in other locations.

See History of Iraq and Cradle of civilization

Ctesiphon

Ctesiphon (𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭, Tyspwn or Tysfwn; تیسفون; Κτησιφῶν,; ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢThomas A. Carlson et al., “Ctesiphon — ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified July 28, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/58.) was an ancient Mesopotamian city, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and about southeast of present-day Baghdad.

See History of Iraq and Ctesiphon

Cuneiform

Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East.

See History of Iraq and Cuneiform

Cyrus the Great

Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

See History of Iraq and Cyrus the Great

December 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 15 December 2005, following the approval of a new constitution in a referendum of 15 October.

See History of Iraq and December 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election

December 2014 Sinjar offensive

The Sinjar offensive was a combination of operations of Kurdish Peshmerga, PKK and People's Protection Units forces in December 2014, to recapture regions formerly lost to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in their August offensive.

See History of Iraq and December 2014 Sinjar offensive

Diyarbakır

Diyarbakır (local pronunciation: Dikranagerd), formerly Diyarbekir, is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey.

See History of Iraq and Diyarbakır

Early Christianity

Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

See History of Iraq and Early Christianity

East Syriac Rite

The East Syriac Rite, or East Syrian Rite (also called the Edessan Rite, Assyrian Rite, Persian Rite, Chaldean Rite, Nestorian Rite, Babylonian Rite or Syro-Oriental Rite), is an Eastern Christian liturgical rite that employs the Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari and utilizes the East Syriac dialect as its liturgical language.

See History of Iraq and East Syriac Rite

Ebla

Ebla (Sumerian: eb₂-la, إبلا., modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria.

See History of Iraq and Ebla

Economic sanctions

Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals.

See History of Iraq and Economic sanctions

Elam

Elam (Linear Elamite: hatamti; Cuneiform Elamite:; Sumerian:; Akkadian:; עֵילָם ʿēlām; 𐎢𐎺𐎩 hūja) was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Elam

Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

See History of Iraq and Encyclopædia Britannica

Eyalet

Eyalets (ایالت), also known as beylerbeyliks or pashaliks, were the primary administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire.

See History of Iraq and Eyalet

Faisal I of Iraq

Faisal I bin al-Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi (فيصل الأول بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, Fayṣal al-Awwal bin al-Ḥusayn bin ʻAlī al-Hāshimī; 20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) was King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 until his death in 1933.

See History of Iraq and Faisal I of Iraq

Fall of Babylon

The fall of Babylon was the decisive event that marked the total defeat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BCE.

See History of Iraq and Fall of Babylon

Fallujah

Fallujah (ٱلْفَلُّوجَة) is a city in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Fallujah

Federal government of Iraq

The federal government of Iraq is defined under the current Constitution, approved in 2005, as an Islamic, democratic, federal parliamentary republic.

See History of Iraq and Federal government of Iraq

First Fitna

The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community.

See History of Iraq and First Fitna

First Iraqi–Kurdish War

The First Iraqi–Kurdish WarMichael G. Lortz.

See History of Iraq and First Iraqi–Kurdish War

Francis Humphrys

Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Henry Humphrys, (24 April 1879 – 28 August 1971) was a British cricketer, colonial administrator and diplomat.

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Funeral

A funeral is a ceremony connected with the final disposition of a corpse, such as a burial or cremation, with the attendant observances.

See History of Iraq and Funeral

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970.

See History of Iraq and Gamal Abdel Nasser

Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Golden Square (Iraq)

The Golden Square (المربع الذهبي, al-Murabbaʿ al-dhahabī), also known as the Four Colonels (العقداء الأربعة, al-ʿiqdā' al-arbaʿa), was a cabal of pro-fascist and pro-Nazi army officers of the Iraqi armed forces who played a part in Iraqi politics throughout the 1930s and early 1940s.

See History of Iraq and Golden Square (Iraq)

Government of Kurdistan Region

The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) (حکوومەتی هەرێمی کوردستان, Hikûmetî Herêmî Kurdistan; حكومة إقليمكردستان, Ḥukūmat ʾIqlīm Kurdistān) is the official executive body of the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region in northern Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Government of Kurdistan Region

Green Zone

The Green Zone (translit) is the most common name for the International Zone of Baghdad.

See History of Iraq and Green Zone

Gulf War

The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States.

See History of Iraq and Gulf War

Gutian rule in Mesopotamia

The Gutian dynasty (Sumerian:, gu-ti-umKI) was a line of kings, originating among the Gutian people.

See History of Iraq and Gutian rule in Mesopotamia

Hadrian

Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.

See History of Iraq and Hadrian

Hammurabi

Hammurabi (𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉|translit.

See History of Iraq and Hammurabi

Hans Blix

Hans Martin Blix (born 28 June 1928) is a Swedish diplomat and politician for the Liberal People's Party.

See History of Iraq and Hans Blix

Hashemites

The Hashemites (al-Hāshimiyyūn), also House of Hashim, are the royal family of Jordan, which they have ruled since 1921, and were the royal family of the kingdoms of Hejaz (1916–1925), Syria (1920), and Iraq (1921–1958).

See History of Iraq and Hashemites

Hatra

Hatra (الحضر; ܚܛܪܐ) was an ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia located in present-day eastern Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Hatra

Hellenistic Greece

Hellenistic Greece is the historical period of the country following Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the annexation of the classical Greek Achaean League heartlands by the Roman Republic.

See History of Iraq and Hellenistic Greece

Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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High commissioner

High commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment.

See History of Iraq and High commissioner

History of Asia

The history of Asia can be seen as the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions such as East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe.

See History of Iraq and History of Asia

History of Baghdad

The city of Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد Baġdād) was established by the Abbasid dynasty as its capital in the 8th century, marking a new era in Islamic history after their defeat of the Umayyad Caliphate.

See History of Iraq and History of Baghdad

History of Iraq (2011–present)

The departure of US troops from Iraq in 2011 ended the period of occupation that had begun with the U.S.-led invasion in March 2003.

See History of Iraq and History of Iraq (2011–present)

History of the Middle East

The Middle East, also known as the Near East, is home to one of the Cradles of Civilization and has seen many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations.

See History of Iraq and History of the Middle East

Hulegu Khan

Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulaguᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ|lit.

See History of Iraq and Hulegu Khan

Human wave attack

A human wave attack, also known as a human sea attack, is an offensive infantry tactic in which an attacker conducts an unprotected frontal assault with densely concentrated infantry formations against the enemy line, intended to overrun and overwhelm the defenders by engaging in melee combat.

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Hussein of Jordan

Hussein bin Talal (translit; 14 November 1935 – 7 February 1999) was King of Jordan from 11 August 1952 until his death in 1999.

See History of Iraq and Hussein of Jordan

Ibrium

Ibrium (2322–2302 BC), also spelt Ebrium, was the vizier of Ebla for king Irkab-Damu and his successor Isar-Damu.

See History of Iraq and Ibrium

Ilkhanate

The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate, ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (translit), and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus, was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire.

See History of Iraq and Ilkhanate

Indo-Greek Kingdom

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom (also Yavanarajya after the word Yona, which comes from Ionians), was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India.

See History of Iraq and Indo-Greek Kingdom

Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

See History of Iraq and Iran

Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War, also known as the First Gulf War, was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988.

See History of Iraq and Iran–Iraq War

Iranian Intermezzo

Iranian Intermezzo, or Persian Renaissance, was a period in Iranian history which saw the rise of various native Iranian Muslim dynasties in the Iranian Plateau, after the 7th-century Arab Muslim conquest and the fall of the Sasanian Empire.

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Iranian Revolution

The Iranian Revolution (انقلاب ایران), also known as the 1979 Revolution and the Islamic Revolution (label), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

See History of Iraq and Iraq

Iraq Levies

The Assyrian Levies (also known as the Iraq Levies) were the first Iraqi military force established by the British in British controlled Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Iraq Levies

Iraq Liberation Act

The Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 is a United States Congressional statement of policy stating that "It should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq." It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton, and states that it is the policy of the United States to support democratic movements within Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Iraq Liberation Act

Iraq–Syria border

The Iraqi–Syrian border is the border between Syria and Iraq and runs for a total length of across Upper Mesopotamia and the Syrian desert, from the tripoint with Jordan in the south-west to the tripoint with Turkey in the north-east.

See History of Iraq and Iraq–Syria border

Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)

The Iraqi civil war was an armed conflict from 2006 to 2008 between various sectarian Shia and Sunni armed groups, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Mahdi Army, in addition to the Iraqi government alongside American-led coalition forces.

See History of Iraq and Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)

Iraqi Ground Forces

The Iraqi Ground Forces (Arabic: القوات البرية العراقية), also referred to as the Iraqi Army (Arabic: الجيش العراقي), is the ground force component of the Iraqi Armed Forces.

See History of Iraq and Iraqi Ground Forces

Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)

An Iraqi insurgency began shortly after the 2003 American invasion deposed longtime leader Saddam Hussein.

See History of Iraq and Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)

Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)

The Iraqi insurgency was an insurgency that began in late 2011 after the end of the Iraq War and the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as low-level sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups.

See History of Iraq and Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)

Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait began on 2 August 1990 and marked the beginning of the Gulf War.

See History of Iraq and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

Iraqi no-fly zones conflict

The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.

See History of Iraq and Iraqi no-fly zones conflict

Iraqi Turkmen

The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled as Turkoman and Turcoman; Irak Türkmenleri), also referred to as Iraqi Turks, Turkish-Iraqis, the Turkish minority in Iraq, and the Iraqi-Turkish minority (translitIrāq; Irak Türkleri) are Iraq's third largest ethnic group.

See History of Iraq and Iraqi Turkmen

Iraqis

Iraqis (العراقيون) are people who originate from the country of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Iraqis

Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.

See History of Iraq and Iron Age

Ishbi-Erra

Ishbi-Erra (Akkadian: diš-bi-ir₃-ra) was the founder of the dynasty of Isin, reigning from c. 2017 — c. 1986 BC on the middle chronology or 1953 BC — c. 1920 BC on the short chronology.

See History of Iraq and Ishbi-Erra

Isin

Isin (modern Arabic: Ishan al-Bahriyat) is an archaeological site in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq which was the location of the Ancient Near East city of Isin, occupied from the late 4th millennium Uruk period up until at least the late 1st millennium BC Neo-Babylonian period.

See History of Iraq and Isin

Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.

See History of Iraq and Islamic Golden Age

Islamic State

The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.

See History of Iraq and Islamic State

Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)

The Islamic State insurgency in Iraq is an ongoing low-intensity insurgency that began in 2017 after the Islamic State (IS) lost its territorial control in the War in Iraq, during which IS and allied White Flags fought the Iraqi military (largely backed by the United States, United Kingdom and other countries conducting airstrikes against IS) and allied paramilitary forces (largely backed by Iran).

See History of Iraq and Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)

Islamic State of Iraq

The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI; دولة العراق الإسلامية) was a Salafi jihadist militant organization that fought the forces of the U.S.-led coalition during the Iraqi insurgency.

See History of Iraq and Islamic State of Iraq

Isma'ilism

Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.

See History of Iraq and Isma'ilism

Jalairs

Jalair (Жалайр), also Djalair, Yyalair, Jalayir, is one of the Darliqin Mongol tribes according to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's Jami' al-tawarikh.

See History of Iraq and Jalairs

Jalayirid Sultanate

The Jalayirid Sultanate was a dynasty of Mongol Jalayir origin, which ruled over modern-day Iraq and western Iran after the breakup of the Mongol khanate of Persia in the 1330s.

See History of Iraq and Jalayirid Sultanate

Janissary

A janissary (yeŋiçeri) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.

See History of Iraq and Janissary

January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 30 January 2005 to elect the new National Assembly, alongside governorate elections and a parliamentary election in Kurdistan Region.

See History of Iraq and January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election

Jay Garner

Jay Montgomery Garner (born April 15, 1938) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who in 2003 was appointed as Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, making him the immediate replacement of Saddam Hussein as the de facto head of state of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Jay Garner

John Negroponte

John Dimitri Negroponte (born July 21, 1939) is an American diplomat.

See History of Iraq and John Negroponte

Kassites

The Kassites were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire and until (short chronology).

See History of Iraq and Kassites

Khalid ibn al-Walid

Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (died 642) was a 7th-century Arab military commander.

See History of Iraq and Khalid ibn al-Walid

Khanaqin

Khanaqin (خانقين; translit) is the central city of Khanaqin District in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, near the Iranian border (8 km) on the Alwand tributary of the Diyala River.

See History of Iraq and Khanaqin

Khosrow I

Khosrow I (also spelled Khosrau, Khusro or Chosroes; 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩; New Persian: خسرو), traditionally known by his epithet of Anushirvan (انوشيروان "the Immortal Soul"), was the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 531 to 579.

See History of Iraq and Khosrow I

Khosrow II

Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; Husrō and Khosrau), commonly known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year.

See History of Iraq and Khosrow II

Khuzestan province

Khuzestan Province (استان خوزستان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

See History of Iraq and Khuzestan province

Kingdom of Iraq

The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq (translit) was a state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958.

See History of Iraq and Kingdom of Iraq

Kufa

Kufa (الْكُوفَة), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf.

See History of Iraq and Kufa

Kurdistan Region

Kurdistan Region (KRI; Herêmî Kurdistan; Herêma Kurdistanê; Iqlīm Kurdistān) is an autonomous administrative entity within the Republic of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Kurdistan Region

Kurds

Kurds or Kurdish people (rtl, Kurd) are an Iranic ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.

See History of Iraq and Kurds

Kurds in Iraq

The Iraqi Kurds (translit) are the second largest ethnic group of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Kurds in Iraq

Kuwait

Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia.

See History of Iraq and Kuwait

Lakhmid kingdom

The Lakhmid Kingdom (translit), also referred to in Arabic as al-Manādhirah (المناذرة, romanized as) or Banu Lakhm (بنو لخم, romanized as) was an Arab kingdom in Southern Iraq and Eastern Arabia, with al-Hirah as their capital, from the late 3rd century to 602 AD/CE.

See History of Iraq and Lakhmid kingdom

Larsa

Larsa (𒌓𒀕𒆠|translit.

See History of Iraq and Larsa

League of Nations mandate

A League of Nations mandate represented a legal status under international law for specific territories following World War I, involving the transfer of control from one nation to another.

See History of Iraq and League of Nations mandate

Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

See History of Iraq and Levant

List of Assyrian kings

The king of Assyria (Akkadian:, later) was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom of Assyria, which was founded in the late 21st century BC and fell in the late 7th century BC.

See History of Iraq and List of Assyrian kings

List of kings of Babylon

The king of Babylon (Akkadian:, later also) was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon and its kingdom, Babylonia, which existed as an independent realm from the 19th century BC to its fall in the 6th century BC.

See History of Iraq and List of kings of Babylon

List of kings of Iraq

The king of Iraq (Malik al-‘Irāq) was Iraq's head of state and monarch from 1921 to 1958.

See History of Iraq and List of kings of Iraq

List of languages by first written account

This is a list of languages arranged by age of the oldest existing text recording a complete sentence in the language.

See History of Iraq and List of languages by first written account

List of presidents of Iraq

This is a list of presidents of Iraq since the formation of the Iraqi Republic in 1958.

See History of Iraq and List of presidents of Iraq

List of prime ministers of Iraq

This is a list of prime ministers of Iraq since 1920.

See History of Iraq and List of prime ministers of Iraq

List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the organ of the United Nations charged with maintaining peace and security among nations.

See History of Iraq and List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq

Lower Paleolithic

The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

See History of Iraq and Lower Paleolithic

Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)

The Mamluk dynasty of Mesopotamia (Mamālīk al-ʻIrāq) was a dynasty of Georgian Mamluk origin which ruled over Iraq in the 18th and early 19th centuries.

See History of Iraq and Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)

Mandaeans

Mandaeans (المندائيون), also known as Mandaean Sabians (الصابئة المندائيون) or simply as Sabians (الصابئة), are an ethnoreligious group who are followers of Mandaeism.

See History of Iraq and Mandaeans

Mandaeism

Mandaeism (Classical Mandaic), sometimes also known as Nasoraeanism or Sabianism, is a Gnostic, monotheistic and ethnic religion with Greek, Iranian, and Jewish influences. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enos, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet.

See History of Iraq and Mandaeism

Mandate for Mesopotamia

The Mandate for Mesopotamia (al-Intidāb ʿalā Bilād mā bayn an-Nahrayn) was a proposed League of Nations mandate to cover Ottoman Iraq (Mesopotamia).

See History of Iraq and Mandate for Mesopotamia

Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; al-intidāb al-faransīalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon. History of Iraq and mandate for Syria and the Lebanon are history of the Levant.

See History of Iraq and Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

Mandatory Iraq

The Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, or Mandatory Iraq (al-Intidāb al-Brīṭānī ʿalā l-ʿIrāq), was created in 1921, following the 1920 Iraqi Revolution against the proposed British Mandate of Mesopotamia, and enacted via the 1922 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty and a 1924 undertaking by the United Kingdom to the League of Nations to fulfil the role as Mandatory Power.

See History of Iraq and Mandatory Iraq

Mari, Syria

Mari (Cuneiform:, ma-riki, modern Tell Hariri; تل حريري) was an ancient Semitic city-state in modern-day Syria.

See History of Iraq and Mari, Syria

Marsh Arabs

The Marsh Arabs (عرب الأهوار ʻArab al-Ahwār "Arabs of the Marshlands"), also referred to as Ahwaris, the Maʻdān (معدان "dweller in the plains") or Shroog (label "those from the east")—the latter two often considered derogatory in the present day—are Arab inhabitants of the Mesopotamian marshlands in the modern-day south Iraq, as well as in the Hawizeh Marshes straddling the Iraq-Iran border.

See History of Iraq and Marsh Arabs

Möngke Khan

Möngke Khan (also Möngke Khagan or Möngke; 11 January 1209 – 11 August 1259) was the fourth khagan of the Mongol Empire, ruling from 1 July 1251, to 11 August 1259.

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Medes

The Medes (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭; Akkadian: 13px, 13px; Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia in the vicinity of Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan).

See History of Iraq and Medes

Melinda A. Zeder

Melinda A. Zeder is an American archaeologist and Curator Emeritus in the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

See History of Iraq and Melinda A. Zeder

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

See History of Iraq and Mesopotamia

Mesopotamian campaign

The Mesopotamian campaign or Mesopotamian front (Turkish) was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the Allies represented by the British Empire, troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from British Raj, against the Central Powers, mostly the Ottoman Empire.

See History of Iraq and Mesopotamian campaign

Middle Assyrian Empire

The Middle Assyrian Empire was the third stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of Assyria from the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC and the rise of Assyria as a territorial kingdom to the death of Ashur-dan II in 912 BC.

See History of Iraq and Middle Assyrian Empire

Middle East Review of International Affairs

Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) was a quarterly, peer-reviewed, journal on Middle East issues founded by the late Barry Rubin and edited by Jonathan Spyer.

See History of Iraq and Middle East Review of International Affairs

Military campaign

A military campaign is large-scale long-duration significant military strategy plan incorporating a series of interrelated military operations or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war.

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Mithridates I of Parthia

Mithridates I (also spelled Mithradates I or Mihrdad I; 𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕 Mihrdāt), also known as Mithridates I the Great, was king of the Parthian Empire from 165 BC to 132 BC.

See History of Iraq and Mithridates I of Parthia

Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani

Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani (محمد شياع السوداني; born 1970) is an Iraqi politician who has been the Prime Minister of Iraq since 27 October 2022.

See History of Iraq and Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani

Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.

See History of Iraq and Monarchy

Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.

See History of Iraq and Mongol Empire

Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire

Between 1219 and 1221, the Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invaded the lands of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia.

See History of Iraq and Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire

Mongol invasions and conquests

The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia.

See History of Iraq and Mongol invasions and conquests

Mongols

The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.

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Mosul

Mosul (al-Mawṣil,,; translit; Musul; Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate.

See History of Iraq and Mosul

Mosul vilayet

The Mosul Vilayet (ولاية الموصل; Vilâyet-i Musul) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.

See History of Iraq and Mosul vilayet

Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)

The Mujahideen Shura Council (translit, MSC), was an umbrella organization of at least six Sunni Islamist insurgent groups taking part in the Iraqi insurgency against U.S.-led Coalition and Iraqi forces.

See History of Iraq and Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)

Multi-National Force – Iraq

The Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF–I), often referred to as the Coalition forces, was a military command during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and much of the ensuing Iraq War, led by the United States of America (Operation Iraqi Freedom), United Kingdom (Operation Telic), Australia, Italy (Operation Ancient Babylon), Spain and Poland, responsible for conducting and handling military operations.

See History of Iraq and Multi-National Force – Iraq

Muqtada al-Sadr

Muqtada al-Sadr (Muqtadā aṣ-Ṣadr; born 4 August 1974) is an Iraqi Shia Muslim cleric, politician and militia leader.

See History of Iraq and Muqtada al-Sadr

Muslim conquest of Persia

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.

See History of Iraq and Muslim conquest of Persia

Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

See History of Iraq and Muslims

Mustafa Al-Kadhimi

Mustafa Abdul Latif Mishatat (مصطفى عبد اللطيف مشتت; born 5 July 1967), known as Mustafa al-Kadhimi, alternatively spelt Mustafa al-Kadhimy, is an Iraqi politician, lawyer and bureaucrat and former intelligence officer who served as the Prime Minister of Iraq from May 2020 to October 2022.

See History of Iraq and Mustafa Al-Kadhimi

Mustafa Barzani

Mustafa Barzani (Mistefa Barzanî; 14 March 1903 – 1 March 1979), also known as Mullah Mustafa (مەلا مستەفا; Mela Mistefa), was a Kurdish leader, general and one of the most prominent political figures in modern Kurdish politics.

See History of Iraq and Mustafa Barzani

Mustard gas

Mustard gas or sulfur mustard are names commonly used for the organosulfur chemical compound bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, which has the chemical structure S(CH2CH2Cl)2, as well as other species.

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Nabonidus

Nabonidus (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-naʾid, meaning "May Nabu be exalted" or "Nabu is praised") was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from 556 BC to the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenian Empire under Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.

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Nabopolassar

Nabopolassar (𒀭𒉺𒀀𒉽|translit.

See History of Iraq and Nabopolassar

Naplanum

Naplanum was the first independent king of the ancient Near Eastern city-state of Larsa ca.

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Nation

A nation is a large type of social organization where a collective identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, territory or society.

See History of Iraq and Nation

Neanderthal

Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.

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Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.

See History of Iraq and Neo-Assyrian Empire

Neo-Babylonian Empire

The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.

See History of Iraq and Neo-Babylonian Empire

Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.

See History of Iraq and Neolithic Revolution

Nineveh

Nineveh (𒌷𒉌𒉡𒀀, URUNI.NU.A, Ninua; נִינְוֵה, Nīnəwē; نَيْنَوَىٰ, Naynawā; ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ, Nīnwē), also known in early modern times as Kouyunjik, was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day city of Mosul in northern Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Nineveh

No man's land

No man's land is waste or unowned land or an uninhabited or desolate area that may be under dispute between parties who leave it unoccupied out of fear or uncertainty.

See History of Iraq and No man's land

Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)

Between 1 and 15 August 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) expanded territory in northern Iraq under their control.

See History of Iraq and Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)

Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)

The Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) began on 4 June 2014, when the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant, assisted by various insurgent groups in the region, began a major offensive from its territory in Syria into Iraq against Iraqi and Kurdish forces, following earlier clashes that had begun in December 2013 involving guerillas.

See History of Iraq and Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)

November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état

The November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état took place between November 13 and November 18, 1963, when, following internal party divisions, pro-Nasserist Iraqi officers led a military coup within the Ba'ath Party.

See History of Iraq and November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état

Nuri al-Said

Nuri Pasha al-Said CH (نوري السعيد; December 1888 – 15 July 1958) was an Iraqi politician during the Mandatory Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Nuri al-Said

Nusaybin

Nusaybin is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.

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Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)

The Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011) was characterized by a large United States military deployment on Iraqi territory, beginning with the US-led invasion of the country in March 2003 which overthrew the Ba'ath Party government of Saddam Hussein and ending with the departure of US troops from the country in 2011.

See History of Iraq and Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)

Oghuz Turks

The Oghuz Turks (Middle Turkic: ٱغُز, Oγuz) were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.

See History of Iraq and Oghuz Turks

Oil-for-Food Programme

The Oil-for-Food Programme (OIP) was established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs for ordinary Iraqi citizens without allowing Iraq to boost its military capabilities.

See History of Iraq and Oil-for-Food Programme

Old Babylonian Empire

The Old Babylonian Empire, or First Babylonian Empire, is dated to, and comes after the end of Sumerian power with the destruction of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the subsequent Isin-Larsa period.

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Oligarchy

Oligarchy is a conceptual form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people.

See History of Iraq and Oligarchy

Online platforms of The New York Times

The online platforms of The New York Times encompass the established applications, websites, and other online services developed by The New York Times for its operations.

See History of Iraq and Online platforms of The New York Times

Osama bin Laden

Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (translit; 10 March 19572 May 2011) was a Saudi Arabian-born Islamist dissident and militant leader who was the founder and first general emir of al-Qaeda from 1988 until his death in 2011.

See History of Iraq and Osama bin Laden

Osroene

Osroene or Osrhoene (Ὀσροηνή) was an ancient region and state in Upper Mesopotamia.

See History of Iraq and Osroene

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

See History of Iraq and Ottoman Empire

Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)

The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.

See History of Iraq and Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)

Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)

The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623–1639 was a conflict fought between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia.

See History of Iraq and Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)

Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.

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Paul Bremer

Lewis Paul Bremer III (born September 30, 1941) is a retired American diplomat.

See History of Iraq and Paul Bremer

People's Defense Units

The People's Defense Units (YPG), also called People's Protection Units, is a Kurdish militant group in Syria and the primary component of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).

See History of Iraq and People's Defense Units

Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.

See History of Iraq and Persian Gulf

Persians

The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.

See History of Iraq and Persians

Peshmerga

The Peshmerga (پێشمەرگه) comprise the standing military of Kurdistan Region, an autonomous political entity within the Republic of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Peshmerga

Politics of Iraq

Iraq is a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic.

See History of Iraq and Politics of Iraq

President of Iraq

The president of the Republic of Iraq (Ra'īs Jumhūriyat al-Irāq; سەرۆککۆماری عێراق / Serokkomarê Îraqê) is the head of state of Iraq and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution".

See History of Iraq and President of Iraq

Prime minister

A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system.

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Prime Minister of Iraq

The Prime Minister of Iraq is the head of government of Iraq and the commander-in-chief of the Iraqi Armed Forces.

See History of Iraq and Prime Minister of Iraq

Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

See History of Iraq and Prisoner of war

Qara Qoyunlu

The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (Qaraqoyunlular,; قره قویونلو), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman "Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468." "Better known as Turkomans...

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Ralph Solecki

Ralph Stefan Solecki (October 15, 1917 – March 20, 2019) was a Polish archaeologist.

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Ramadan Revolution

The Ramadan Revolution, also referred to as the 8 February Revolution and the February 1963 coup d'état in Iraq, was a military coup by the Iraqi branch of the Ba'ath Party which overthrew the Prime Minister of Iraq, Abdul-Karim Qasim in 1963.

See History of Iraq and Ramadan Revolution

Ramadi

Ramadi (ٱلرَّمَادِي Ar-Ramādī; also formerly rendered as Rumadiyah or Rumadiya) is a city in central Iraq, about west of Baghdad and west of Fallujah.

See History of Iraq and Ramadi

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (Al-Gailani)in Arab standard pronunciation Rashid Aali al-Kaylani; also transliterated as Sayyid Rashid Aali al-Gillani, Sayyid Rashid Ali al-Gailani or sometimes Sayyad Rashid Ali el Keilany ("Sayyad" serves to address higher standing male persons) (رشيد عالي الکَيلاني) (1892 – 28 August 1965) was an Iraqi politician who served as Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Iraq on three occasions: from March to November 1933, from March 1940 to February 1941 and from April to May 1941.

See History of Iraq and Rashid Ali al-Gaylani

Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See History of Iraq and Rashidun Caliphate

Referendum

A referendum (referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue.

See History of Iraq and Referendum

Regime change

Regime change is the partly forcible or coercive replacement of one government regime with another.

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Republic

A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.

See History of Iraq and Republic

Republican Guard (Iraq)

The Iraqi Republican Guard (Ḥaras al-ʿIrāq al-Jamhūrīy) was a branch of the Iraqi military from 1969 to 2003, which existed primarily during the presidency of Saddam Hussein.

See History of Iraq and Republican Guard (Iraq)

Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)

The Revolutionary Command Council was established after the military coup in 1968, and was the ultimate decision-making body in Iraq before the American-led invasion in 2003.

See History of Iraq and Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)

Richard Butler (diplomat)

Richard William Butler, (born 13 May 1942) is a retired Australian public servant, United Nations weapons inspector, and a former Governor of Tasmania.

See History of Iraq and Richard Butler (diplomat)

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman Syria

Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.

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Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas

Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhri (translit) was an Arab Muslim commander.

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Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.

See History of Iraq and Saddam Hussein

Sadrist Movement

The Sadrist Movement (التيار الصدري) is an Iraqi Shi'a Islamic national movement and political party, led by Muqtada al-Sadr.

See History of Iraq and Sadrist Movement

Safavid dynasty

The Safavid dynasty (Dudmâne Safavi) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736.

See History of Iraq and Safavid dynasty

Saffarid dynasty

The Saffarid dynasty (safāryān) was a Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian origin that ruled over parts of Persia, Greater Khorasan, and eastern Makran from 861 to 1002.

See History of Iraq and Saffarid dynasty

Saladin Governorate

The Saladin, Salah ad Din, or Salah Al-Din Governorate (محافظة صلاح الدين) is one of Iraq's 19 governorates, north of Baghdad.

See History of Iraq and Saladin Governorate

Sallarid dynasty

The Sallarid dynasty (سالاریان), (also known as the Musafirids or Langarids) was a Muslim dynasty of Daylami origin, which ruled in Tarom, Samiran, Daylam, Gilan and subsequently Azerbaijan, Arran, and some districts in Eastern Armenia in the 2nd half of the 10th century.

See History of Iraq and Sallarid dynasty

Samanid Empire

The Samanid Empire (Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids, was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin.

See History of Iraq and Samanid Empire

Samarra

Samarra (سَامَرَّاء) is a city in Iraq.

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Sasanian dynasty

The Sasanian dynasty (also known as the Sassanids or the House of Sasan) was the house that founded the Sasanian Empire of Iran, ruling this empire from 224 to 651 AD.

See History of Iraq and Sasanian dynasty

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries. History of Iraq and Sasanian Empire are history of the Levant.

See History of Iraq and Sasanian Empire

Scythians

The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.

See History of Iraq and Scythians

Second Iraqi–Kurdish War

The Second Iraqi–Kurdish War was the second chapter of the Barzani rebellion, initiated by the collapse of the Kurdish autonomy talks and the consequent Iraqi offensive against rebel KDP troops of Mustafa Barzani during 1974–1975. The war came in the aftermath of the First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970), as the 1970 peace plan for Kurdish autonomy had failed to be implemented by 1974.

See History of Iraq and Second Iraqi–Kurdish War

Seleucia

Seleucia (Σελεύκεια), also known as or or Seleucia ad Tigrim, was a major Mesopotamian city, located on the west bank of the Tigris River within the present-day Baghdad Governorate in Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Seleucia

Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

See History of Iraq and Seleucid Empire

Seljuk dynasty

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire." or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia.

See History of Iraq and Seljuk dynasty

Seljuk Empire

The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks.

See History of Iraq and Seljuk Empire

September 11 attacks

The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001.

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Shah

Shah (شاه) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Indian and Iranian monarchies.

See History of Iraq and Shah

Shamshi-Adad I

Shamshi-Adad (Šamši-Adad; Amorite: Shamshi-Addu), ruled 1808–1776 BC, was an Amorite warlord and conqueror who had conquered lands across much of Syria, Anatolia, and Upper Mesopotamia.

See History of Iraq and Shamshi-Adad I

Shanidar Cave

Shanidar Cave (Eşkewtî Şaneder) is an archaeological site on Bradost Mountain, within the Zagros Mountains in the Erbil Governorate of Kurdistan Region in northern Iraq.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

See History of Iraq and Shia Islam

Siege of Baghdad

The siege of Baghdad took place in early 1258 at Baghdad, the historic capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.

See History of Iraq and Siege of Baghdad

Siege of Kut

The Siege of Kut Al Amara (7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916), also known as the First Battle of Kut, was the besieging of an 8,000 strong British Army garrison in the town of Kut, south of Baghdad, by the Ottoman Army.

See History of Iraq and Siege of Kut

Significance (magazine)

Significance, established in 2004, is a bimonthly print and digital magazine published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Statistical Society (RSS), the Statistical Society of Australia (SSA) and the American Statistical Association (ASA).

See History of Iraq and Significance (magazine)

Simele massacre

The Simele massacre, also known as the Assyrian affair, was committed by the Kingdom of Iraq, led by Bakr Sidqi, during a campaign systematically targeting the Assyrians in and around Simele in August 1933. The number of deaths was estimated by British officials at 600. Some Assyrian estimates are higher positing that as many as 6,000 were killed and over 100 Assyrian villages were destroyed and looted.

See History of Iraq and Simele massacre

Sinjar

Sinjar (Sinjār; translit, Shingar) is a town in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Sinjar

Six-Day War

The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967.

See History of Iraq and Six-Day War

South Arabia

South Arabia is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it has also historically included Najran, Jizan, Al-Bahah, and 'Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and Dhofar of present-day Oman.

See History of Iraq and South Arabia

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

See History of Iraq and Soviet Union

State (polity)

A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory.

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Status quo ante bellum

The term status quo ante bellum is a Latin phrase meaning "the situation as it existed before the war".

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Sumer

Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.

See History of Iraq and Sumer

Sumerian literature

Sumerian literature constitutes the earliest known corpus of recorded literature, including the religious writings and other traditional stories maintained by the Sumerian civilization and largely preserved by the later Akkadian and Babylonian empires.

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Sumu-abum

Sumu-Abum (also Su-abu) was an Amorite, and the first King of the First Dynasty of Babylon (the Amorite Dynasty).

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Sunni Triangle

The Sunni Triangle is a densely populated region of Iraq to the north and west of Baghdad inhabited mostly by Sunni Muslim Arabs.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

See History of Iraq and Syria

Syriac Christianity

Syriac Christianity (ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ / Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto or Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā) is a branch of Eastern Christianity of which formative theological writings and traditional liturgies are expressed in the Classical Syriac language, a variation of the old Aramaic language.

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Syrian civil war

The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors.

See History of Iraq and Syrian civil war

Tahirid dynasty

The Tahirid dynasty (Tâheriyân) was an Arabized Sunni Muslim dynasty of Persian dehqan origin that ruled as governors of Khorasan from 821 to 873 as well as serving as military and security commanders in Abbasid Baghdad until 891.

See History of Iraq and Tahirid dynasty

Territorial dispute

A territorial dispute or boundary dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of territories (land, water or airspace) between two or more political entities.

See History of Iraq and Territorial dispute

Third Dynasty of Ur

The Third Dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire, refers to a 22nd to 21st century BC (middle chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state which some historians consider to have been a nascent empire.

See History of Iraq and Third Dynasty of Ur

Thomas T. Allsen

Thomas Theodore Allsen (February 16, 1940 – February 18, 2019) was an American historian specializing in Mongolian studies.

See History of Iraq and Thomas T. Allsen

Tigris–Euphrates river system

The Tigris–Euphrates river system is a large river system in Western Asia that flows into the Persian Gulf.

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Tikrit

Tikrit (تِكْرِيت Tikrīt) is a city in Iraq, located northwest of Baghdad and southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River.

See History of Iraq and Tikrit

Tim Cross

Major General Timothy Cross, CBE (born 19 April 1951) is a retired British Army officer and military logistics expert.

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Timeline of Baghdad

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Timeline of Baghdad

Timeline of Basra

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Basra, Iraq.

See History of Iraq and Timeline of Basra

Timur

Timur, also known as Tamerlane (8 April 133617–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.

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Trajan

Trajan (born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, adopted name Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.

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Trench warfare

Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied lines largely comprising military trenches, in which combatants are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.

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Troop

A troop is a military sub-subunit, originally a small formation of cavalry, subordinate to a squadron.

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Tudiya

Tudiya or Tudia (Ṭu-di-ia) was according to the Assyrian King List (AKL) the first Assyrian monarch, ruling in Assyria's early period, though he is not attested in any known contemporary artefacts.

See History of Iraq and Tudiya

Tughril I

Abu Talib Muhammad Tughril ibn Mika'il (ابوطالبْ محمد طغرل بن میکائیل), better known as Tughril (طغرل / طغریل; also spelled Toghril / Tughrul), was a Turkoman"The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire.

See History of Iraq and Tughril I

Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

See History of Iraq and Turkey

Turkmens

Turkmens (Türkmenler, italic,,; historically "the Turkmen") are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, living mainly in Turkmenistan, northern and northeastern regions of Iran and north-western Afghanistan.

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Ubaid period

The Ubaid period (c. 5500–3700 BC) is a prehistoric period of Mesopotamia.

See History of Iraq and Ubaid period

Umayyad dynasty

The Umayyad dynasty (Sons of Umayya) or Umayyads (al-Umawiyyūn) was an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe who were the ruling family of the Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of al-Andalus between 756 and 1031.

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UNICEF

UNICEF, originally the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, officially United Nations Children's Fund since 1953, is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 is a United Nations Security Council resolution adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on 8 November 2002, offering Iraq under Saddam Hussein "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" that had been set out in several previous resolutions (Resolutions 660, 661, 678, 686, 687, 688, 707, 715, 986, and 1284).

See History of Iraq and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441

United Nations Security Council Resolution 598

United Nations Security Council resolution 598 S/RES/0598 (1987), (UNSC resolution 598) adopted unanimously on 20 July 1987, after recalling Resolution 582 and 588, called for an immediate ceasefire between Iran and Iraq and the repatriation of prisoners of war, and for both sides to withdraw to the international border.

See History of Iraq and United Nations Security Council Resolution 598

United Nations Security Council Resolution 661

In United Nations Security Council resolution 661, adopted on 6 August 1990, reaffirming Resolution 660 (1990) and noting Iraq's refusal to comply with it and Kuwait's right of self-defence, the Council took steps to implement international sanctions on Iraq under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.

See History of Iraq and United Nations Security Council Resolution 661

United Nations Security Council Resolution 678

United Nations Security Council Resolution 678, adopted on 29 November 1990, after reaffirming resolutions 660, 661, 662, 664, 665, 666, 667, 669, 670, 674 and 677 (all 1990), the council noted that despite all the United Nations efforts, Iraq continued to defy the Security Council.

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 687

United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 was adopted on 3 April 1991.

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United Nations Special Commission

United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created by the United Nations to ensure Iraq's compliance with policies concerning Iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the Gulf War.

See History of Iraq and United Nations Special Commission

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress.

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United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War

United States support for Ba'athist Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War, in which it fought against post-revolutionary Iran, included several billion dollars' worth of economic aid, the sale of dual-use technology, military intelligence, and special operations training.

See History of Iraq and United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War

Upper Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia constitutes the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.

See History of Iraq and Upper Mesopotamia

Urartu

Urartu (Ուրարտու; Assyrian:,Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament (1885), p. 65. Babylonian: Urashtu, אֲרָרָט Ararat) was an Iron Age kingdom centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands.

See History of Iraq and Urartu

Uruk

Uruk, known today as Warka, was an ancient city in the Near East, located east of the current bed of the Euphrates River, on an ancient, now-dried channel of the river.

See History of Iraq and Uruk

Uruk period

The Uruk period (c. 4000 to 3100 BC; also known as Protoliterate period) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, after the Ubaid period and before the Jemdet Nasr period.

See History of Iraq and Uruk period

Ushpia

Ushpia (Uš-pi-a) was according to the Assyrian King List (AKL) the 16th Assyrian monarch, ruling in Assyria's early period, though he is not attested in any known contemporary artefacts.

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Vilayet

A vilayet (lang, "province"), also known by various other names, was a first-order administrative division of the later Ottoman Empire.

See History of Iraq and Vilayet

War in Iraq (2013–2017)

The War in Iraq (2013–2017) was an armed conflict between Iraq and its allies and the Islamic State.

See History of Iraq and War in Iraq (2013–2017)

Weapon of mass destruction

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.

See History of Iraq and Weapon of mass destruction

West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

See History of Iraq and West Asia

Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)

The withdrawal of the United States troops from Iraq began in December 2007 with the end of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 and was mostly completed by December 2011, bringing an end to the Iraq War.

See History of Iraq and Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

See History of Iraq and World War I

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See History of Iraq and World War II

Yarsanism

Yarsanism (translit), Ahl-e Haqq (script; اهل حق), or Kaka'i, is an inherited, syncretic religion founded by Sultan Sahak in the late 14th century in western Iran.

See History of Iraq and Yarsanism

Yazdegerd III

Yazdegerd III (𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩; also Romanized Yazdgerd, Yazdgird) was the last Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 632 to 651.

See History of Iraq and Yazdegerd III

Yazidis

Yazidis, also spelled Yezidis (translit), are a Kurdish-speaking endogamous religious group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran.

See History of Iraq and Yazidis

Yemen

Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.

See History of Iraq and Yemen

14 July Revolution

The 14 July Revolution, also known as the 1958 Iraqi military coup, was a coup d'état that took place on 14 July 1958 in Iraq which resulted in the toppling of King Faisal II and the overthrow of the Hashemite-led Kingdom of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and 14 July Revolution

17 July Revolution

The 17 July Revolution was a bloodless coup in Iraq in 1968 led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, and Abd ar-Rahman al-Dawud that ousted President Abdul Rahman Arif and Prime Minister Tahir Yahya and brought the Iraqi Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power.

See History of Iraq and 17 July Revolution

1935 Yazidi revolt

The 1935 Yazidi revolt took place in Iraq in October 1935.

See History of Iraq and 1935 Yazidi revolt

1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts

The 1935 Rumaytha and Diwaniyya revolt or the 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts consisted of a series of Shia tribal uprisings in the mid-Euphrates region against the Sunni dominated authority of the Kingdom of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts

1936 Iraqi coup d'état

The 1936 Iraqi coup d'état, also known as the Bakr Sidqi coup, was initiated by general Bakr Sidqi in order to overthrow Prime Minister Yasin al-Hashimi of the Kingdom of Iraq.

See History of Iraq and 1936 Iraqi coup d'état

1941 Iraqi coup d'état

The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état (ثورة رشيد عالي الكيلاني, Thawrah Rašīd ʿAlī al-Kaylānī), also called the Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup or the Golden Square coup, was a nationalist coup d'état in Iraq on 1 April 1941 that overthrew the pro-British regime of Regent 'Abd al-Ilah and his Prime Minister Nuri al-Said and installed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as Prime Minister.

See History of Iraq and 1941 Iraqi coup d'état

1948 Arab–Israeli War

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the civil war in Mandatory Palestine as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war.

See History of Iraq and 1948 Arab–Israeli War

1975 Algiers Agreement

The 1975 Algiers Agreement, also known as the Algiers Accord and the Algiers Declaration, was signed between Iran and Iraq to settle any outstanding territorial disputes along the Iran–Iraq border.

See History of Iraq and 1975 Algiers Agreement

1979 Ba'ath Party Purge

The 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge (تطهير حزب البعث)`, also called the Comrades Massacre (مجزرة الرفاق), was a public purge of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party orchestrated on 22 July 1979 by then-president Saddam Hussein six days after his arrival to the presidency of the Iraqi Republic on 16 July 1979.

See History of Iraq and 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge

1991 Iraqi uprisings

The 1991 Iraqi uprisings were ethnic and religious uprisings against Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq that were led by Shia Arabs and Kurds.

See History of Iraq and 1991 Iraqi uprisings

2003 invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War.

See History of Iraq and 2003 invasion of Iraq

2015–2018 Iraqi protests

As sequel to protests in 2011, 2012 and 2013, Iraqi citizens have also in 2015 up until 2018 often and massively protested against the corruption and incompetence in their government which according to analysts and protesters had led to long-running problems in electricity supplies, clean water availability, Iranian interference in Iraqi politics, high unemployment, and a stagnant economy.

See History of Iraq and 2015–2018 Iraqi protests

2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

The 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, also known as the Kirkuk crisis, was a conflict in which the Iraqi government retook disputed territories in Iraq which had been held by the Peshmerga since ISIL's Northern Iraq offensive in 2014.

See History of Iraq and 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum

An independence referendum for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq was held on 25 September 2017, with preliminary results showing approximately 92.73 percent of votes cast in favour of independence.

See History of Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum

2021 Iraqi parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 10 October 2021.

See History of Iraq and 2021 Iraqi parliamentary election

2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis

Between the parliamentary election in October 2021 and October 2022, there was a political crisis in Iraq, with members of the Council of Representatives of Iraq being unable to form a stable coalition government, or elect a new President.

See History of Iraq and 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis

3rd century

The 3rd century was the period from AD 201 (represented by the Roman numerals CCI) to AD 300 (CCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar.

See History of Iraq and 3rd century

3rd Division (Iraq)

The 3rd Division was a formation of the Iraqi Army.

See History of Iraq and 3rd Division (Iraq)

See also

History of the Levant

• 1033 Jordan Valley earthquake
• Ancient Levant
• Archaeology of Israel
• Ayyubid dynasty
• Early Muslim conquests
• Great Syrian Revolt
• History of Iraq
• History of Israel
• History of Jordan
• History of Lebanon
• History of Palestine
• History of Palestine (region)
• History of Phoenicia
• History of Syria
• History of the State of Palestine
• History of the ancient Levant
• Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon
• List of Syrian monarchs
• List of archaeological periods (Levant)
• Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
• Muslim conquest of the Levant
• On Weights and Measures
• Onomasticon (Eusebius)
• Palmyrene Empire
• Prehistory of the Levant
• Sasanian Empire
• Southern Syria
• Syria (region)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iraq

Also known as 21st century history of Iraq, Bronze Age Iraq, History of Iraq (2003-present), History of Mandatory Iraq, Independence of Iraq, Iraqi history, Medieval Iraq, Prehistory of Iraq.

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Zeder, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian campaign, Middle Assyrian Empire, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Military campaign, Mithridates I of Parthia, Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani, Monarchy, Mongol Empire, Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire, Mongol invasions and conquests, Mongols, Mosul, Mosul vilayet, Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq), Multi-National Force – Iraq, Muqtada al-Sadr, Muslim conquest of Persia, Muslim world, Muslims, Mustafa Al-Kadhimi, Mustafa Barzani, Mustard gas, Nabonidus, Nabopolassar, Naplanum, Nation, Neanderthal, Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, Neolithic, Neolithic Revolution, Nineveh, No man's land, Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014), Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014), November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état, Nuri al-Said, Nusaybin, Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011), Oghuz Turks, Oil-for-Food Programme, Old Babylonian Empire, Oligarchy, Online platforms of The New York Times, Osama bin Laden, Osroene, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555), Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639), Parthian Empire, Paul Bremer, People's Defense Units, Persian Gulf, Persians, Peshmerga, Politics of Iraq, President of Iraq, Prime minister, Prime Minister of Iraq, Prisoner of war, Qara Qoyunlu, Ralph Solecki, Ramadan Revolution, Ramadi, Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, Rashidun Caliphate, Referendum, Regime change, Republic, Republican Guard (Iraq), Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq), Richard Butler (diplomat), Roman Empire, Roman Syria, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Saddam Hussein, Sadrist Movement, Safavid dynasty, Saffarid dynasty, Saladin Governorate, Sallarid dynasty, Samanid Empire, Samarra, Sasanian dynasty, Sasanian Empire, Scythians, Second Iraqi–Kurdish War, Seleucia, Seleucid Empire, Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Empire, September 11 attacks, Shah, Shamshi-Adad I, Shanidar Cave, Shia Islam, Siege of Baghdad, Siege of Kut, Significance (magazine), Simele massacre, Sinjar, Six-Day War, South Arabia, Soviet Union, State (polity), Status quo ante bellum, Sumer, Sumerian literature, Sumu-abum, Sunni Islam, Sunni Triangle, Syria, Syriac Christianity, Syrian civil war, Tahirid dynasty, Territorial dispute, Third Dynasty of Ur, Thomas T. Allsen, Tigris–Euphrates river system, Tikrit, Tim Cross, Timeline of Baghdad, Timeline of Basra, Timur, Trajan, Trench warfare, Troop, Tudiya, Tughril I, Turkey, Turkmens, Ubaid period, Umayyad dynasty, UNICEF, United Kingdom, United Nations, United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, United Nations Security Council Resolution 661, United Nations Security Council Resolution 678, United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, United Nations Special Commission, United States, United States House of Representatives, United States Senate, United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War, Upper Mesopotamia, Urartu, Uruk, Uruk period, Ushpia, Vilayet, War in Iraq (2013–2017), Weapon of mass destruction, West Asia, Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011), World War I, World War II, Yarsanism, Yazdegerd III, Yazidis, Yemen, 14 July Revolution, 17 July Revolution, 1935 Yazidi revolt, 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts, 1936 Iraqi coup d'état, 1941 Iraqi coup d'état, 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 1975 Algiers Agreement, 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge, 1991 Iraqi uprisings, 2003 invasion of Iraq, 2015–2018 Iraqi protests, 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum, 2021 Iraqi parliamentary election, 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis, 3rd century, 3rd Division (Iraq).

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