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Table of Contents

1. 464 relations: Achaemenid Empire, Afanasievo culture, Afghanistan, Afrikaans, Afroasiatic languages, Age of Discovery, Ainu languages, Akkadian language, Albanian dialects, Albanian language, Albanoid, Altaic languages, Anatolia, Anatolian languages, Ancient Belgian language, Ancient Greek, Ancient Macedonian language, Andaman Islands, Antoine Meillet, Aorist, Arabization, Areal feature, Armenian dialects, Armenian hypothesis, Armenian language, Askunu language, Assamese language, Assyria, August Schleicher, Australia, Avestan, Babylonia, Bagnolo stele, Balkan sprachbund, Balochi language, Baltic languages, Balto-Slavic languages, Bangladesh, Basque language, Behistun Inscription, Belarusian language, Bengali language, BioRxiv, Borean languages, Bosnian language, Boukólos rule, Breathy voice, Breton language, Brittonic languages, Bronze Age, ... Expand index (414 more) » « Shrink index

Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

See Indo-European languages and Achaemenid Empire

Afanasievo culture

The Afanasievo culture, or Afanasevo culture (Afanasevan culture) (Афанасьевская культура Afanas'yevskaya kul'tura), is an early archaeological culture of south Siberia, occupying the Minusinsk Basin and the Altai Mountains during the eneolithic era, 3300 to 2500 BCE.

See Indo-European languages and Afanasievo culture

Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Afghanistan

Afrikaans

Afrikaans is a West Germanic language, spoken in South Africa, Namibia and (to a lesser extent) Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

See Indo-European languages and Afrikaans

Afroasiatic languages

The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic, sometimes Afrasian), also known as Hamito-Semitic or Semito-Hamitic, are a language family (or "phylum") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. Indo-European languages and Afroasiatic languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Afroasiatic languages

Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was part of the early modern period and largely overlapping with the Age of Sail.

See Indo-European languages and Age of Discovery

Ainu languages

The Ainu languages, sometimes known as Ainuic, are a small language family, often regarded as a language isolate, historically spoken by the Ainu people of northern Japan and neighboring islands. Indo-European languages and Ainu languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Ainu languages

Akkadian language

Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.

See Indo-European languages and Akkadian language

Albanian dialects

The Albanian language is composed of many dialects, divided into two major groups: Gheg and Tosk.

See Indo-European languages and Albanian dialects

Albanian language

Albanian (endonym: shqip, gjuha shqipe, or arbërisht) is an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid branch, which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group.

See Indo-European languages and Albanian language

Albanoid

Albanoid or Albanic is a branch or subfamily of the Indo-European (IE) languages, of which Albanian language varieties are the only surviving representatives.

See Indo-European languages and Albanoid

Altaic languages

Altaic is a controversial proposed language family that would include the Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families and possibly also the Japonic and Koreanic languages.

See Indo-European languages and Altaic languages

Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

See Indo-European languages and Anatolia

Anatolian languages

The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia, part of present-day Turkey.

See Indo-European languages and Anatolian languages

Ancient Belgian language

Ancient Belgian is a hypothetical extinct Indo-European language, spoken in Belgica (northern Gaul) in late prehistory.

See Indo-European languages and Ancient Belgian language

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

See Indo-European languages and Ancient Greek

Ancient Macedonian language

Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians which was either a dialect of Ancient Greek or a separate Hellenic language. It was spoken in the kingdom of Macedonia during the 1st millennium BC and belonged to the Indo-European language family. It gradually fell out of use during the 4th century BC, marginalized by the use of Attic Greek by the Macedonian aristocracy, the Ancient Greek dialect that became the basis of Koine Greek, the lingua franca of the Hellenistic period.

See Indo-European languages and Ancient Macedonian language

Andaman Islands

The Andaman Islands are an archipelago, made up of 200 islands, in the northeastern Indian Ocean about southwest off the coasts of Myanmar's Ayeyarwady Region.

See Indo-European languages and Andaman Islands

Antoine Meillet

Paul Jules Antoine Meillet (11 November 1866 – 21 September 1936) was one of the most important French linguists of the early 20th century.

See Indo-European languages and Antoine Meillet

Aorist

Aorist (abbreviated) verb forms usually express perfective aspect and refer to past events, similar to a preterite.

See Indo-European languages and Aorist

Arabization

Arabization or Arabicization (translit) is a sociological process of cultural change in which a non-Arab society becomes Arab, meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Arabic language, culture, literature, art, music, and ethnic identity as well as other socio-cultural factors.

See Indo-European languages and Arabization

Areal feature

In geolinguistics, areal features are elements shared by languages or dialects in a geographic area, particularly when such features are not descended from a proto-language, i.e. a common ancestor language.

See Indo-European languages and Areal feature

Armenian dialects

The Armenian language has two standardized forms: Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian.

See Indo-European languages and Armenian dialects

Armenian hypothesis

The Armenian hypothesis, also known as the Near Eastern model, is a theory of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, initially proposed by linguists Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov in the early 1980s, which suggests that the Proto-Indo-European language was spoken during the 5th–4th millennia BC in "eastern Anatolia, the southern Caucasus, and northern Mesopotamia".

See Indo-European languages and Armenian hypothesis

Armenian language

Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.

See Indo-European languages and Armenian language

Askunu language

Âṣkuňu (Saňu-vīri) is a language of Afghanistan spoken by the Ashkun people – also known as the Âṣkun, Ashkun, Askina, Saňu, Sainu, Yeshkun, Wamas, or Grâmsaňâ – from the region of the central Pech Valley around Wâmâ and in some eastern tributary valleys of the upper Alingar River in Afghanistan's Nuristan Province.

See Indo-European languages and Askunu language

Assamese language

Assamese or Asamiya (অসমীয়া) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the north-eastern Indian state of Assam, where it is an official language.

See Indo-European languages and Assamese language

Assyria

Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.

See Indo-European languages and Assyria

August Schleicher

August Schleicher (19 February 1821 – 6 December 1868) was a German linguist.

See Indo-European languages and August Schleicher

Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.

See Indo-European languages and Australia

Avestan

Avestan is an umbrella term for two Old Iranian languages, Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd to 1st millennium BC) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BC).

See Indo-European languages and Avestan

Babylonia

Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).

See Indo-European languages and Babylonia

Bagnolo stele

The Bagnolo steles are two stone boulders found in Ceresolo-Bagnolo, Malegno commune, Brescia province, Lombardia, Northern Italy, at the base of Monte Mignone, at an altitude of ca.

See Indo-European languages and Bagnolo stele

Balkan sprachbund

The Balkan sprachbund or Balkan language area is an ensemble of areal features—similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—among the languages of the Balkans.

See Indo-European languages and Balkan sprachbund

Balochi language

Balochi (rtl, romanized) is a Northwestern Iranian language, spoken primarily in the Balochistan region of Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan.

See Indo-European languages and Balochi language

Baltic languages

The Baltic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively or as a second language by a population of about 6.5–7.0 million people mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Europe.

See Indo-European languages and Baltic languages

Balto-Slavic languages

The Balto-Slavic languages form a branch of the Indo-European family of languages, traditionally comprising the Baltic and Slavic languages.

See Indo-European languages and Balto-Slavic languages

Bangladesh

Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Bangladesh

Basque language

Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.

See Indo-European languages and Basque language

Behistun Inscription

The Behistun Inscription (also Bisotun, Bisitun or Bisutun; بیستون, Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual Achaemenid royal inscription and large rock relief on a cliff at Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran, established by Darius the Great.

See Indo-European languages and Behistun Inscription

Belarusian language

Belarusian (label) is an East Slavic language.

See Indo-European languages and Belarusian language

Bengali language

Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Bengali language

BioRxiv

bioRxiv (pronounced "bio-archive") is an open access preprint repository for the biological sciences co-founded by John Inglis and Richard Sever in November 2013.

See Indo-European languages and BioRxiv

Borean languages

Borean (also Boreal or Boralean) is a hypothetical (i.e. proposed) linguistic macrofamily that encompasses almost all language families worldwide except those native to the Americas, Africa, Oceania, and the Andaman Islands.

See Indo-European languages and Borean languages

Bosnian language

Bosnian (bosanski / босански), sometimes referred to as Bosniak language, is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by ethnic Bosniaks.

See Indo-European languages and Bosnian language

Boukólos rule

The boukólos rule is a phonological rule of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE).

See Indo-European languages and Boukólos rule

Breathy voice

Breathy voice (also called murmured voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like sound.

See Indo-European languages and Breathy voice

Breton language

Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language group spoken in Brittany, part of modern-day France.

See Indo-European languages and Breton language

Brittonic languages

The Brittonic languages (also Brythonic or British Celtic; ieithoedd Brythonaidd/Prydeinig; yethow brythonek/predennek; and yezhoù predenek) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family; the other is Goidelic.

See Indo-European languages and Brittonic languages

Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.

See Indo-European languages and Bronze Age

Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

See Indo-European languages and Buddhism

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian (bŭlgarski ezik) is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe, primarily in Bulgaria.

See Indo-European languages and Bulgarian language

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

See Indo-European languages and Byzantine Empire

Calvert Watkins

Calvert Watkins (/ˈwɒtkɪnz/; March 13, 1933 – March 20, 2013) was an American linguist and philologist, known for his book How to Kill a Dragon.

See Indo-European languages and Calvert Watkins

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

See Indo-European languages and Cambridge University Press

Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

See Indo-European languages and Caucasus

Celtiberian language

Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula between the headwaters of the Douro, Tagus, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebro river.

See Indo-European languages and Celtiberian language

Celtic languages

The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from Proto-Celtic.

See Indo-European languages and Celtic languages

Celts

The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.

See Indo-European languages and Celts

Centum and satem languages

Languages of the Indo-European family are classified as either centum languages or satem languages according to how the dorsal consonants (sounds of "K", "G" and "Y" type) of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) developed.

See Indo-European languages and Centum and satem languages

Chain shift

In historical linguistics, a chain shift is a set of sound changes in which the change in pronunciation of one speech sound (typically, a phoneme) is linked to, and presumably causes, a change in pronunciation of other sounds.

See Indo-European languages and Chain shift

Chinese language

Chinese is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in China.

See Indo-European languages and Chinese language

Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages

The Chukotko-Kamchatkan or Chukchi–Kamchatkan languages are a language family of extreme northeastern Siberia. Indo-European languages and Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages

Cimmerians

The Cimmerians were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, part of whom subsequently migrated into West Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Cimmerians

Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.

See Indo-European languages and Classical antiquity

Classical Armenian

Classical Armenian (meaning "literary "; also Old Armenian or Liturgical Armenian) is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language.

See Indo-European languages and Classical Armenian

Classical Latin

Classical Latin is the form of Literary Latin recognized as a literary standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire.

See Indo-European languages and Classical Latin

Close vowel

A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in U.S. terminology), is any in a class of vowel sounds used in many spoken languages.

See Indo-European languages and Close vowel

Colonialism

Colonialism is the pursuing, establishing and maintaining of control and exploitation of people and of resources by a foreign group.

See Indo-European languages and Colonialism

Common Era

Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.

See Indo-European languages and Common Era

Comparative linguistics

Comparative linguistics is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.

See Indo-European languages and Comparative linguistics

Comparative method

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor.

See Indo-European languages and Comparative method

Conrad Malte-Brun

Conrad Malte-Brun (born Malthe Conrad Bruun; 12 August 177514 December 1826), sometimes referred to simply as Malte-Brun, was a Dano-French geographer and journalist.

See Indo-European languages and Conrad Malte-Brun

Conservative and innovative language

In linguistics, a conservative form, variety, or feature of a language is one that has changed relatively little across the language's history, or which is relatively resistant to change.

See Indo-European languages and Conservative and innovative language

Content word

Content words, in linguistics, are words that possess semantic content and contribute to the meaning of the sentence in which they occur.

See Indo-European languages and Content word

Cornish language

Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family.

See Indo-European languages and Cornish language

Courland

Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia.

See Indo-European languages and Courland

Croatian language

Croatian (hrvatski) is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats.

See Indo-European languages and Croatian language

Czech language

Czech (čeština), historically also known as Bohemian (lingua Bohemica), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See Indo-European languages and Czech language

Dacian language

Dacian is an extinct language generally believed to be a member of the Indo-European language family that was spoken in the ancient region of Dacia.

See Indo-European languages and Dacian language

Danish language

Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about six million people, principally in and around Denmark.

See Indo-European languages and Danish language

Daughter language

In historical linguistics, a daughter language, also known as descendant language, is a language descended from another language, its mother language, through a process of genetic descent.

See Indo-European languages and Daughter language

Digital object identifier

A digital object identifier (DOI) is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify various objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

See Indo-European languages and Digital object identifier

Donald Ringe

Donald Ringe is an American linguist and Indo-Europeanist.

See Indo-European languages and Donald Ringe

Dravidian languages

The Dravidian languages (sometimes called Dravidic) are a family of languages spoken by 250 million people, mainly in southern India, north-east Sri Lanka, and south-west Pakistan, with pockets elsewhere in South Asia. Indo-European languages and Dravidian languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Dravidian languages

Dual (grammatical number)

Dual (abbreviated) is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural.

See Indo-European languages and Dual (grammatical number)

Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

See Indo-European languages and Dutch language

Dutch people

The Dutch (Dutch) are an ethnic group native to the Netherlands.

See Indo-European languages and Dutch people

Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.

See Indo-European languages and Early Middle Ages

Early modern Europe

Early modern Europe, also referred to as the post-medieval period, is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the mid 15th century to the late 18th century.

See Indo-European languages and Early modern Europe

Early modern period

The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.

See Indo-European languages and Early modern period

Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

See Indo-European languages and Early Muslim conquests

East Asia

East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

See Indo-European languages and East Asia

East Baltic languages

The East Baltic languages are a group of languages that along with the extinct West Baltic languages belong to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and East Baltic languages

Eastern Iranian languages

The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, having emerged during the Middle Iranian era (4th century BC to 9th century AD).

See Indo-European languages and Eastern Iranian languages

Edicts of Ashoka

The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of more than thirty inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, attributed to Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire who ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from 268 BCE to 232 BCE.

See Indo-European languages and Edicts of Ashoka

Egyptian language

The Egyptian language, or Ancient Egyptian, is an extinct branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages that was spoken in ancient Egypt.

See Indo-European languages and Egyptian language

Elam

Elam (Linear Elamite: hatamti; Cuneiform Elamite:; Sumerian:; Akkadian:; עֵילָם ʿēlām; 𐎢𐎺𐎩 hūja) was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.

See Indo-European languages and Elam

Elamo-Dravidian languages

The Elamo-Dravidian language family is a hypothesised language family that links the Elamite language of ancient Elam (present-day southwestern Iran, and southeastern Iraq) to the Dravidian languages of South Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Elamo-Dravidian languages

Elfdalian

Elfdalian or Övdalian (övdalsk or övdalską, in Elfdalian, älvdalska or älvdalsmål in Swedish) is a North Germanic language spoken by up to 3,000 people who live or have grown up in the locality of Älvdalen (Övdaln), which is located in the southeastern part of Älvdalen Municipality in northern Dalarna, Sweden.

See Indo-European languages and Elfdalian

Elymian language

Elymian is the extinct language of the ancient Elymian people of western Sicily.

See Indo-European languages and Elymian language

Elymians

The Elymians (Elymī) were an ancient tribal people who inhabited the western part of Sicily during the Bronze Age and Classical antiquity.

See Indo-European languages and Elymians

English as a lingua franca

English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a global means of inter-community communication" and can be understood as "any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option".

See Indo-European languages and English as a lingua franca

English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

See Indo-European languages and English language

Eric P. Hamp

Eric Pratt Hamp (November 16, 1920 – February 17, 2019) was an American linguist widely respected as a leading authority on Indo-European linguistics, with particular interests in Celtic languages and Albanian.

See Indo-European languages and Eric P. Hamp

Eskaleut languages

The Eskaleut, Eskimo–Aleut or Inuit–Yupik–Unangan languages are a language family native to the northern portions of the North American continent, and a small part of northeastern Asia. Indo-European languages and Eskaleut languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Eskaleut languages

Ethnologue

Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. Indo-European languages and Ethnologue are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Ethnologue

Eurasia

Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Eurasia

Eurasian nomads

The Eurasian nomads were groups of nomadic peoples living throughout the Eurasian Steppe, who are largely known from frontier historical sources from Europe and Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Eurasian nomads

Eurasiatic languages

Eurasiatic is a hypothetical and controversial language macrofamily proposal that would include many language families historically spoken in northern, western, and southern Eurasia.

See Indo-European languages and Eurasiatic languages

Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

See Indo-European languages and Europe

Evangelia Adamou

Evangelia Adamou is a senior researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, specializing in language contact and endangered languages.

See Indo-European languages and Evangelia Adamou

Evliya Çelebi

Dervish Mehmed Zillî (25 March 1611 – 1682), known as Evliya Çelebi (اوليا چلبى), was an Ottoman explorer who travelled through the territory of the Ottoman Empire and neighboring lands during the empire's cultural zenith.

See Indo-European languages and Evliya Çelebi

Extinct language

An extinct language is a language with no living descendants that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers.

See Indo-European languages and Extinct language

Faliscan language

The Faliscan language is the extinct Italic language of the ancient Falisci, who lived in Southern Etruria at Tiber Valley.

See Indo-European languages and Faliscan language

Faroese language

Faroese is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of which 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere.

See Indo-European languages and Faroese language

Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure (26 November 185722 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist, semiotician and philosopher.

See Indo-European languages and Ferdinand de Saussure

Filippo Sassetti

Filippo Sassetti (1540–1588) was a traveller and merchant from a long-established Florentine mercantile family, who was born in Florence in 1540.

See Indo-European languages and Filippo Sassetti

Finnish language

Finnish (endonym: suomi or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language of the Uralic language family, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland.

See Indo-European languages and Finnish language

First language

A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.

See Indo-European languages and First language

Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

See Indo-European languages and Florence

Franz Bopp

Franz Bopp (14 September 1791 – 23 October 1867) was a German linguist known for extensive and pioneering comparative work on Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Franz Bopp

French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

See Indo-European languages and French language

Fricative

A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

See Indo-European languages and Fricative

Frisian languages

The Frisian languages are a closely related group of West Germanic languages, spoken by about 400,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany.

See Indo-European languages and Frisian languages

Front vowel

A front vowel is a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would otherwise make it a consonant.

See Indo-European languages and Front vowel

Fusional language

Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use single inflectional morphemes to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.

See Indo-European languages and Fusional language

Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux

Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux (Cœurdoux; 18 December 1691, Bourges, France – 15 June 1779, Pondicherry, French India) was a French Jesuit missionary in South India and a noteworthy Indologist.

See Indo-European languages and Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux

Gatha (Zoroaster)

The Gathas are 17 Avestan hymns traditionally believed to have been composed by the prophet Zarathushtra (Zoroaster).

See Indo-European languages and Gatha (Zoroaster)

German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

See Indo-European languages and German language

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.

See Indo-European languages and Germanic languages

Germanic parent language

The Germanic parent language (GPL), also known as Pre-Germanic Indo-European (PreGmc) or Pre-Proto-Germanic (PPG), is the stage of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family that was spoken, after the branch had diverged from Proto-Indo-European but before it evolved into Proto-Germanic during the First Germanic Sound Shift.

See Indo-European languages and Germanic parent language

Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.

See Indo-European languages and Germanic peoples

Goa

Goa is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats.

See Indo-European languages and Goa

Goidelic languages

The Goidelic or Gaelic languages (teangacha Gaelacha; cànanan Goidhealach; çhengaghyn Gaelgagh) form one of the two groups of Insular Celtic languages, the other being the Brittonic languages.

See Indo-European languages and Goidelic languages

Gothic language

Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.

See Indo-European languages and Gothic language

Graeco-Armenian

Graeco-Armenian (or Helleno-Armenian) is the hypothetical common ancestor of Greek (or Hellenic) and Armenian branches that postdates Proto-Indo-European language.

See Indo-European languages and Graeco-Armenian

Graeco-Aryan

Graeco-Aryan, or Graeco-Armeno-Aryan, is a hypothetical clade within the Indo-European family that would be the ancestor of Hellenic, Armenian, and the Indo-Iranian languages, which spans Southern Europe, Armenian highlands and Southern Asian regions of Eurasia.

See Indo-European languages and Graeco-Aryan

Graeco-Phrygian

Graeco-Phrygian is a proposed subgroup of the Indo-European language family which comprises the Hellenic and Phrygian languages.

See Indo-European languages and Graeco-Phrygian

Grammatical conjugation

In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (alteration of form according to rules of grammar).

See Indo-European languages and Grammatical conjugation

Grassmann's law

Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration.

See Indo-European languages and Grassmann's law

Great Britain

Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.

See Indo-European languages and Great Britain

Greater Iran

Greater Iran or Greater Persia (ایران بزرگ), also called the Iranosphere or the Persosphere, is an expression that denotes a wide socio-cultural region comprising parts of West Asia, the South Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia (specifically Xinjiang)—all of which have been affected, to some degree, by the Iranian peoples and the Iranian languages.

See Indo-European languages and Greater Iran

Greater Magadha

Greater Magadha is a theory in the studies of the early history of India, introduced by Johannes Bronkhorst.

See Indo-European languages and Greater Magadha

Greek Dark Ages

The Greek Dark Ages (1200–800 BC), were earlier regarded as two continuous periods of Greek history: the Postpalatial Bronze Age (c. 1200–1050 BC) and the Prehistoric Iron Age or Early Iron Age (c. 1050–800 BC), which included all the ceramic phases from the Protogeometric to the Middle Geometric I and lasted until the beginning of the Protohistoric Iron Age around 800 BC.

See Indo-European languages and Greek Dark Ages

Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

See Indo-European languages and Greek language

Grimm's law

Grimm's law, also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift, is a set of sound laws describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the first millennium BC, first discovered by Rasmus Rask but systematically put forward by Jacob Grimm.

See Indo-European languages and Grimm's law

Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen

Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (German for "Outline of the comparative grammar of the Indo-Germanic languages") is a major work of historical linguistics by Karl Brugmann and Berthold Delbrück, published in two editions between 1886 and 1916.

See Indo-European languages and Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen

Gujarati language

Gujarati (label) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people.

See Indo-European languages and Gujarati language

Gupta Empire

The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire on the Indian subcontinent which existed from the mid 3rd century CE to mid 6th century CE.

See Indo-European languages and Gupta Empire

Habitual aspect

In linguistics, the aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state.

See Indo-European languages and Habitual aspect

Hallstatt culture

The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Western and Central European archaeological culture of the Late Bronze Age (Hallstatt A, Hallstatt B) from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and Early Iron Age Europe (Hallstatt C, Hallstatt D) from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century BC (Late Bronze Age) and followed in much of its area by the La Tène culture.

See Indo-European languages and Hallstatt culture

Harold C. Fleming

Harold Crane Fleming (December 23, 1926 – April 29, 2015) was an American anthropologist and historical linguist specializing in the cultures and languages of the Horn of Africa.

See Indo-European languages and Harold C. Fleming

Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

See Indo-European languages and Harvard University Press

Hellenic languages

Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek.

See Indo-European languages and Hellenic languages

Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

See Indo-European languages and Hellenistic period

Helmut Rix

Helmut Rix (4 July 1926, in Amberg – 3 December 2004, in Colmar) was a German linguist and professor of the Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar of Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany.

See Indo-European languages and Helmut Rix

Hindi

Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script.

See Indo-European languages and Hindi

Hindu Kush

The Hindu Kush is an mountain range on the Iranian Plateau in Central and South Asia to the west of the Himalayas.

See Indo-European languages and Hindu Kush

Hindustani grammar

Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.

See Indo-European languages and Hindustani grammar

Hindustani language

Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India, Pakistan and the Deccan and used as the official language of India and Pakistan. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic).

See Indo-European languages and Hindustani language

Historical linguistics

Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time.

See Indo-European languages and Historical linguistics

History of colonialism

independence. The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time.

See Indo-European languages and History of colonialism

History of Greek

Greek is an Indo-European language, the sole surviving descendant of the Hellenic sub-family.

See Indo-European languages and History of Greek

Hittite inscriptions

The corpus of texts written in the Hittite language is indexed by the Catalogue des Textes Hittites (CTH, since 1971).

See Indo-European languages and Hittite inscriptions

Hittite language

Hittite (𒌷𒉌𒅆𒇷|translit.

See Indo-European languages and Hittite language

Hittite phonology

Hittite phonology is the description of the reconstructed phonology or pronunciation of the Hittite language.

See Indo-European languages and Hittite phonology

Hittites

The Hittites were an Anatolian Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of Bronze Age West Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Hittites

Homer

Homer (Ὅμηρος,; born) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature.

See Indo-European languages and Homer

Hungarians

Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a Central European nation and an ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary) who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language.

See Indo-European languages and Hungarians

I.B. Tauris

I.B. Tauris is an educational publishing house and imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing.

See Indo-European languages and I.B. Tauris

Icelandic language

Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland, where it is the national language.

See Indo-European languages and Icelandic language

Iliad

The Iliad (Iliás,; " about Ilion (Troy)") is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

See Indo-European languages and Iliad

Illyrian language

The Illyrian language was an Indo-European language or group of languages spoken by the Illyrians in Southeast Europe during antiquity.

See Indo-European languages and Illyrian language

Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

See Indo-European languages and Indian subcontinent

Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-Aryan languages

Indo-Aryan migrations

The Indo-Aryan migrations were the migrations into the Indian subcontinent of Indo-Aryan peoples, an ethnolinguistic group that spoke Indo-Aryan languages.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-Aryan migrations

Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni

Some loanwords in the variant of the Hurrian language spoken in Mitanni during the 2nd millennium BCE are identifiable as originating in an Indo-Aryan language; these are considered to constitute an Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni (or in Mitanni Hurrian).

See Indo-European languages and Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni

Indo-European ablaut

In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (from German Ablaut) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE).

See Indo-European languages and Indo-European ablaut

Indo-European copula

A feature common to all Indo-European languages is the presence of a verb corresponding to the English verb to be.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-European copula

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Indo-European languages and Indo-European languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-European languages

Indo-European migrations

The Indo-European migrations are hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which took place approx.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-European migrations

Indo-European sound laws

As the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) broke up, its sound system diverged as well, as evidenced in various sound laws associated with the daughter Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-European sound laws

Indo-European studies

Indo-European studies (Indogermanistik) is a field of linguistics and an interdisciplinary field of study dealing with Indo-European languages, both current and extinct.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-European studies

Indo-Greek Kingdom

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom (also Yavanarajya after the word Yona, which comes from Ionians), was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-Greek Kingdom

Indo-Hittite

In Indo-European linguistics, the term Indo-Hittite (also Indo-Anatolian) is Edgar Howard Sturtevant's 1926 hypothesis that the Anatolian languages split off a Pre-Proto-Indo-European language considerably earlier than the separation of the remaining Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-Hittite

Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-Iranian languages (also known as Indo-Iranic languages or collectively the Aryan languages) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-Iranian languages

Indo-Semitic languages

The Indo-Semitic hypothesis maintains that a genetic relationship exists between Indo-European and Semitic languages, and that the Indo-European and the Semitic language families both descend from a common root ancestral language.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-Semitic languages

Indo-Uralic languages

Indo-Uralic is a highly controversial linguistic hypothesis proposing a genealogical family consisting of Indo-European and Uralic.

See Indo-European languages and Indo-Uralic languages

Internal reconstruction

Internal reconstruction is a method of reconstructing an earlier state in a language's history using only language-internal evidence of the language in question.

See Indo-European languages and Internal reconstruction

Iranian languages

The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.

See Indo-European languages and Iranian languages

Iranian peoples

The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.

See Indo-European languages and Iranian peoples

Iranian Plateau

The Iranian Plateau or Persian Plateau is a geological feature spanning parts of the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia. It makes up part of the Eurasian Plate, and is wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate. The plateau is situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Köpet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus Mountains to the northwest, the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf to the south, and the Indian subcontinent to the east.

See Indo-European languages and Iranian Plateau

Irish language

Irish (Standard Irish: Gaeilge), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language group, which is a part of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Irish language

Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.

See Indo-European languages and Iron Age

Iron Age in India

In the prehistory of the Indian subcontinent, the Iron Age succeeded Bronze Age India and partly corresponds with the megalithic cultures of India.

See Indo-European languages and Iron Age in India

ISBN

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier that is intended to be unique.

See Indo-European languages and ISBN

Isogloss

An isogloss, also called a heterogloss, is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or the use of some morphological or syntactic feature.

See Indo-European languages and Isogloss

Italic languages

The Italic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken on the Italian Peninsula in the first millennium BC.

See Indo-European languages and Italic languages

Italo-Celtic

In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others.

See Indo-European languages and Italo-Celtic

Jainism

Jainism, also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion.

See Indo-European languages and Jainism

Japanese language

is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people.

See Indo-European languages and Japanese language

Jerzy Kuryłowicz

Jerzy Kuryłowicz (26 August 189528 January 1978) was a Polish linguist who studied Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Jerzy Kuryłowicz

Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

See Indo-European languages and Jesuits

Jochem Schindler

Jochem "Joki" Schindler (8 November 1944 – 24 December 1994) was an Austrian Indo-Europeanist.

See Indo-European languages and Jochem Schindler

John Colarusso

John Colarusso is a linguist specializing in Caucasian languages.

See Indo-European languages and John Colarusso

Joseph Greenberg

Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages.

See Indo-European languages and Joseph Greenberg

Journal of Indo-European Studies

The Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) is a peer-reviewed academic journal of Indo-European studies.

See Indo-European languages and Journal of Indo-European Studies

Kalasha-ala

Waigali (Kalaṣa-alâ), also known as Nuristani Kalasha, is a language spoken by about 10,000 Nuristani people of the Waigal Valley in the Nuristan Province of Afghanistan.

See Indo-European languages and Kalasha-ala

Kamkata-vari language

Kamkata-vari (Kâmkata-vari), also known as Katë or Kati, is the largest Nuristani language.

See Indo-European languages and Kamkata-vari language

Karl Brugmann

Karl Brugmann (16 March 1849 – 29 June 1919) was a German linguist.

See Indo-European languages and Karl Brugmann

Kartvelian languages

The Kartvelian languages (tr; also known as South Caucasian, Kartvelic, and Iberian languagesBoeder (2002), p. 3) are a language family indigenous to the South Caucasus and spoken primarily in Georgia. Indo-European languages and Kartvelian languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Kartvelian languages

Kashmiri language

Kashmiri or Koshur (Kashmiri) is a Dardic Indo-Aryan language spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region, primarily in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian-administrated union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, over half the population of that territory.

See Indo-European languages and Kashmiri language

Kashubian language

Kashubian or Cassubian (kaszëbsczi jãzëk, język kaszubski) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup.

See Indo-European languages and Kashubian language

Kültepe

Kültepe (Turkish: ash-hill), also known as Kanesh or Nesha, is an archaeological site in Kayseri Province, Turkey, inhabited from the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, in the Early Bronze Age.

See Indo-European languages and Kültepe

Khoekhoe language

Khoekhoe (Khoekhoegowab), also known by the ethnic terms Nama (Namagowab), Damara (ǂNūkhoegowab), or Nama/Damara and formerly as Hottentot, is the most widespread of the non-Bantu languages of Southern Africa that make heavy use of click consonants and therefore were formerly classified as Khoisan, a grouping now recognized as obsolete.

See Indo-European languages and Khoekhoe language

Koiné language

In linguistics, a koine or koiné language or dialect (pronounced) is a standard or common dialect that has arisen as a result of the contact, mixing, and often simplification of two or more mutually intelligible varieties of the same language.

See Indo-European languages and Koiné language

Konkani language

Konkani (Devanagari: sc, Romi: sc, Kannada: sc, Malayalam: sc, Perso-Arabic: sc, IAST) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people, primarily in the Konkan region, along the western coast of India.

See Indo-European languages and Konkani language

Kurdish language

Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria.

See Indo-European languages and Kurdish language

Kurgan hypothesis

The Kurgan hypothesis (also known as the Kurgan theory, Kurgan model, or steppe theory) is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and parts of Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Kurgan hypothesis

Labial consonant

Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.

See Indo-European languages and Labial consonant

Labialized velar consonant

A labialized velar or labiovelar is a velar consonant that is labialized, with a -like secondary articulation.

See Indo-European languages and Labialized velar consonant

Language (journal)

Language is a peer-reviewed quarterly academic journal published by the Linguistic Society of America since 1925.

See Indo-European languages and Language (journal)

Language contact

Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other.

See Indo-European languages and Language contact

Language death

In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker.

See Indo-European languages and Language death

Language family

A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family. Indo-European languages and language family are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Language family

Languages of Asia

Asia is home to hundreds of languages comprising several families and some unrelated isolates.

See Indo-European languages and Languages of Asia

Languages of Europe

There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Languages of Europe

Languages of India

Languages spoken in the Republic of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians; both families together are sometimes known as Indic languages.

See Indo-European languages and Languages of India

Languages of the Caucasus

The Caucasian languages comprise a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

See Indo-European languages and Languages of the Caucasus

Languages used on the Internet

Slightly over half of the homepages of the most visited websites on the World Wide Web are in English, with varying amounts of information available in many other languages.

See Indo-European languages and Languages used on the Internet

Laryngeal theory

The laryngeal theory is a theory in historical linguistics positing that the Proto-Indo-European language included a number of laryngeal consonants that are not reconstructable by direct application of the comparative method to the Indo-European family.

See Indo-European languages and Laryngeal theory

Late antiquity

Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.

See Indo-European languages and Late antiquity

Late Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500.

See Indo-European languages and Late Middle Ages

Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Latin

Latino-Faliscan languages

The Latino-Faliscan or Latinian languages form a group of the Italic languages within the Indo-European family.

See Indo-European languages and Latino-Faliscan languages

Latvian language

Latvian (latviešu valoda), also known as Lettish, is an East Baltic language belonging to the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Latvian language

Lepontic language

Lepontic is an ancient Alpine Celtic languageJohn T. Koch (ed.) Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia ABC-CLIO (2005) that was spoken in parts of Rhaetia and Cisalpine Gaul (now Northern Italy) between 550 and 100 BC.

See Indo-European languages and Lepontic language

Lexico

Lexico was a dictionary website that provided a collection of English and Spanish dictionaries produced by Oxford University Press (OUP), the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See Indo-European languages and Lexico

Liburnian language

The language spoken by the Liburnians in classical times is basically unattested and unclassified.

See Indo-European languages and Liburnian language

Ligurian (ancient language)

The Ligurian language was spoken in pre-Roman times and into the Roman era by an ancient people of north-western Italy and current south-eastern France known as the Ligures.

See Indo-European languages and Ligurian (ancient language)

Lingua franca

A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.

See Indo-European languages and Lingua franca

Linguistic reconstruction

Linguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of an unattested ancestor language of one or more given languages.

See Indo-European languages and Linguistic reconstruction

Linguistic typology

Linguistic typology (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison.

See Indo-European languages and Linguistic typology

Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

See Indo-European languages and Linguistics

List of Indo-European languages

This is a list of languages in the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and List of Indo-European languages

List of languages by total number of speakers

This is a list of languages by total number of speakers.

See Indo-European languages and List of languages by total number of speakers

Lithuanian language

Lithuanian is an East Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Lithuanian language

Low German

Low German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands.

See Indo-European languages and Low German

Luri language

Luri (لری, لری) is a Southwestern Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lurs, an Iranian people native to Western Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Luri language

Lusitanian language

Lusitanian (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was an Indo-European Paleohispanic language.

See Indo-European languages and Lusitanian language

Luwian language

Luwian, sometimes known as Luvian or Luish, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Luwian language

Lycian language

The Lycian language (𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊍𐊆)Bryce (1986) page 30.

See Indo-European languages and Lycian language

Lydian language

Lydian is an extinct Indo-European Anatolian language spoken in the region of Lydia, in western Anatolia (now in Turkey).

See Indo-European languages and Lydian language

Macedonian language

Macedonian (македонски јазик) is an Eastern South Slavic language.

See Indo-European languages and Macedonian language

Mahajanapadas

The Mahājanapadas were sixteen kingdoms and aristocratic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period.

See Indo-European languages and Mahajanapadas

Mahavira

Mahavira (Devanagari: महावीर), also known as Vardhamana (Devanagari: वर्धमान), the 24th Tirthankara (Supreme Teacher) of Jainism.

See Indo-European languages and Mahavira

Maldives

The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, and historically known as the Maldive Islands, is a country and archipelagic state in South Asia in the Indian Ocean.

See Indo-European languages and Maldives

Maldivian language

Dhivehi or Divehi (ދިވެހި), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the South Asian island country of Maldives and on Minicoy Island, Lakshadweep, a union territory of India.

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Manuscript

A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way.

See Indo-European languages and Manuscript

Manx language

Manx (Gaelg or Gailck, or), also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Gaelic language of the insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Manx language

Marathi language

Marathi (मराठी) is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

See Indo-European languages and Marathi language

Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn

Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn (August 28, 1612 – October 3, 1653) was a Dutch scholar (his Latinized name was Marcus Zuerius Boxhornius).

See Indo-European languages and Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn

Maurya Empire

The Maurya Empire (Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑁂, Māgadhe) was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia based in Magadha (present day Bihar).

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Median language

Median (also Medean or Medic) was the language of the Medes.

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Mekhitarist Monastery, Vienna

The Mekhitarist Monastery of Vienna (Wiener Mechitaristenkloster; Վիեննայի Մխիթարեան վանք, Viennayi Mkhit′arean vank′) is one of the two monasteries of the Armenian Catholic Mekhitarist (Mechitharist) Congregation, located in Vienna, Austria.

See Indo-European languages and Mekhitarist Monastery, Vienna

Messapic language

Messapic (also known as Messapian; or as Iapygian) is an extinct Indo-European Paleo-Balkanic language of the southeastern Italian Peninsula, once spoken in Salento by the Iapygian peoples of the region: the Calabri and Salentini (known collectively as the Messapii), the Peucetians and the Daunians.

See Indo-European languages and Messapic language

Metre (poetry)

In poetry, metre (Commonwealth spelling) or meter (American spelling; see spelling differences) is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse.

See Indo-European languages and Metre (poetry)

Michiel de Vaan

Michiel Arnoud Cor de Vaan (born 1973) is a Dutch linguist and Indo-Europeanist.

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Middle East

The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.

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Migration Period

The Migration Period (circa 300 to 600 AD), also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms.

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Mikhail Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (ləmɐˈnosəf|a.

See Indo-European languages and Mikhail Lomonosov

Minicoy

Minicoy, locally known as Maliku, is an island in Lakshadweep, India.

See Indo-European languages and Minicoy

Modern Greek

Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά, Néa Elliniká, or Κοινή Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα, Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (Ελληνικά, italic), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the language sometimes referred to as Standard Modern Greek.

See Indo-European languages and Modern Greek

Montenegrin language

Montenegrin (crnogorski, црногорски) is a normative variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Montenegrins and is the official language of Montenegro.

See Indo-European languages and Montenegrin language

Morpheme

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression.

See Indo-European languages and Morpheme

Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

See Indo-European languages and Moscow

Multilingualism

Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers.

See Indo-European languages and Multilingualism

Mycenaean Greece

Mycenaean Greece (or the Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age in ancient Greece, spanning the period from approximately 1750 to 1050 BC.

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Mycenaean Greek

Mycenaean Greek is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, on the Greek mainland and Crete in Mycenaean Greece (16th to 12th centuries BC), before the hypothesised Dorian invasion, often cited as the terminus ad quem for the introduction of the Greek language to Greece.

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Nanda Empire

The Nanda dynasty was the Third ruling dynasty of Magadha in the northern Indian subcontinent during the fourth century BCE and possibly also during the fifth.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

See Indo-European languages and Nationalism

Near East

The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt.

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Neogrammarian

The Neogrammarians were a German school of linguists, originally at the University of Leipzig, in the late 19th century who proposed the Neogrammarian hypothesis of the regularity of sound change.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Nepali language

Nepali is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Himalayas region of South Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Nepali language

New Guinea

New Guinea (Hiri Motu: Niu Gini; Papua, fossilized Nugini, or historically Irian) is the world's second-largest island, with an area of.

See Indo-European languages and New Guinea

Nivkh languages

Nivkh (occasionally also Nivkhic; self-designation: Нивхгу диф, Nivxgu dif), or Gilyak, or Amuric, is a small language family, often portrayed as a language isolate, of two or three mutually unintelligible languages spoken by the Nivkh people in Russian Manchuria, in the basin of the Amgun (a tributary of the Amur), along the lower reaches of the Amur itself, and on the northern half of Sakhalin. Indo-European languages and Nivkh languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Nivkh languages

Nordic Bronze Age

The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age, or Scandinavian Bronze Age) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from.

See Indo-European languages and Nordic Bronze Age

Nordwestblock

The Nordwestblock (German, "Northwest Block") is a hypothetical Northwestern European cultural region that some scholars propose as a prehistoric culture in the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, far-northern France, and northwestern Germany, in an area approximately bounded by the Somme, Oise, Meuse and Elbe rivers, possibly extending to the eastern part of what is now England, during the Bronze and Iron Ages from the 3rd to the 1st millennia BCE, up to the onset of historical sources, in the 1st century BCE.

See Indo-European languages and Nordwestblock

North Africa

North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.

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North Asia

North Asia or Northern Asia is the northern region of Asia, which is defined in geographical terms and consists of three federal districts of Russia: Ural, Siberian, and the Far Eastern.

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North Germanic languages

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.

See Indo-European languages and North Germanic languages

North India

North India, also called Northern India, is a geographical and broad cultural region comprising the northern part of India (or historically, the Indian subcontinent) wherein Indo-Aryans form the prominent majority population.

See Indo-European languages and North India

Northwest Caucasian languages

The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhazo-Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages, is a family of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region,Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) chiefly in three Russian republics (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia), the disputed territory of Abkhazia, Georgia, and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East. Indo-European languages and northwest Caucasian languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Northwest Caucasian languages

Nostratic languages

Nostratic is a hypothetical language macrofamily including many of the language families of northern Eurasia first proposed in 1903.

See Indo-European languages and Nostratic languages

Nuristani languages

The Nuristani languages, also known as Kafiri languages, are one of the three groups within the Indo-Iranian language family, alongside the much larger Indo-Aryan and Iranian groups.

See Indo-European languages and Nuristani languages

Oceania

Oceania is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.

See Indo-European languages and Oceania

Odia language

Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ, ISO:,; formerly rendered as Oriya) is an Indo-Aryan classical language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha.

See Indo-European languages and Odia language

Odyssey

The Odyssey (Odýsseia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

See Indo-European languages and Odyssey

Ogham inscription

Roughly 400 known ogham inscriptions are on stone monuments scattered around the Irish Sea, the bulk of them dating to the fifth and sixth centuries.

See Indo-European languages and Ogham inscription

Old Church Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic is the first Slavic literary language.

See Indo-European languages and Old Church Slavonic

Old English

Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

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Old High German

Old High German (OHG; Althochdeutsch (Ahdt., Ahd.)) is the earliest stage of the German language, conventionally identified as the period from around 500/750 to 1050.

See Indo-European languages and Old High German

Old Irish

Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic (Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; Sean-Ghaeilge; Seann-Ghàidhlig; Shenn Yernish or Shenn Ghaelg), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive written texts.

See Indo-European languages and Old Irish

Old Latin

Old Latin, also known as Early, Archaic or Priscan Latin (Classical lit), was the Latin language in the period roughly before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin.

See Indo-European languages and Old Latin

Old Norse

Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages.

See Indo-European languages and Old Norse

Old Persian

Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire).

See Indo-European languages and Old Persian

Old Prussian language

Old Prussian is an extinct West Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European languages, which was once spoken by the Old Prussians, the Baltic peoples of the Prussian region.

See Indo-European languages and Old Prussian language

Old Welsh

Old Welsh (Hen Gymraeg) is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh.

See Indo-European languages and Old Welsh

Oral tradition

Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication in which knowledge, art, ideas and culture are received, preserved, and transmitted orally from one generation to another.

See Indo-European languages and Oral tradition

Ordos culture

The Ordos culture was a material culture occupying a region centered on the Ordos Loop (corresponding to the region of Suiyuan, including Baotou to the north, all located in modern Inner Mongolia, China) during the Bronze and early Iron Age from c. 800 BCE to 150 BCE.

See Indo-European languages and Ordos culture

Oscan language

Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy.

See Indo-European languages and Oscan language

Osco-Umbrian languages

The Osco-Umbrian, Sabellic or Sabellian languages are an extinct group of Italic languages, the Indo-European languages that were spoken in Central and Southern Italy by the Osco-Umbrians before being replaced by Latin, as the power of Ancient Rome expanded.

See Indo-European languages and Osco-Umbrian languages

Ossetian language

Ossetian, commonly referred to as Ossetic and rarely as Ossete (iron ӕvzag southern; northern), is an Eastern Iranian language that is spoken predominantly in Ossetia, a region situated on both sides of the Greater Caucasus.

See Indo-European languages and Ossetian language

Paeonian language

Paeonian, sometimes spelled Paionian, is a poorly attested, extinct language spoken by the ancient Paeonians until late antiquity.

See Indo-European languages and Paeonian language

Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Pakistan

Palatalization (sound change)

Palatalization is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel.

See Indo-European languages and Palatalization (sound change)

Paleo-Balkan languages

The Paleo-Balkan languages are a geographical grouping of various Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans and surrounding areas in ancient times.

See Indo-European languages and Paleo-Balkan languages

Paleo-European languages

The Paleo-European languages, or Old European languages, are the mostly unknown languages that were spoken in Europe prior to the spread of the Indo-European and Uralic families caused by the Bronze Age invasion from the Eurasian steppe of pastoralists whose descendant languages dominate the continent today.

See Indo-European languages and Paleo-European languages

Paleo-Siberian languages

The Paleo-Siberian languages are several language isolates and small language families spoken in parts of Siberia.

See Indo-European languages and Paleo-Siberian languages

Paleohispanic languages

The paleo-Hispanic languages are the languages of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, excluding languages of foreign colonies, such as Greek in Emporion and Phoenician in Qart Hadast.

See Indo-European languages and Paleohispanic languages

Periphrasis

In linguistics and literature, periphrasis is the use of a larger number of words, with an implicit comparison to the possibility of using fewer.

See Indo-European languages and Periphrasis

Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Persian language

Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources.

See Indo-European languages and Philology

Phonation

The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.

See Indo-European languages and Phonation

Phrygian language

The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, spoken in Anatolia (modern Turkey), during classical antiquity (c. 8th century BCE to 5th century CE).

See Indo-European languages and Phrygian language

Phrygians

The Phrygians (Greek: Φρύγες, Phruges or Phryges) were an ancient Indo-European speaking people who inhabited central-western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) in antiquity.

See Indo-European languages and Phrygians

Plosive

In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

See Indo-European languages and Plosive

Polish language

Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.

See Indo-European languages and Polish language

Pontic languages

Pontic is a proposed language family or macrofamily, comprising the Indo-European and Northwest Caucasian language families, with Proto-Pontic being its reconstructed proto-language.

See Indo-European languages and Pontic languages

Pontic–Caspian steppe

The Pontic–Caspian Steppe is a steppe extending across Eastern Europe to Central Asia, formed by the Caspian and Pontic steppes.

See Indo-European languages and Pontic–Caspian steppe

Population growth

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group.

See Indo-European languages and Population growth

Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

See Indo-European languages and Portuguese language

Prakrit

Prakrit is a group of vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE.

See Indo-European languages and Prakrit

Pre-Christian Slavic writing

Pre-Christian Slavic writing is a hypothesized writing system that may have been used by the Slavs prior to Christianization and the introduction of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets.

See Indo-European languages and Pre-Christian Slavic writing

Pre-Indo-European languages

The pre-Indo-European languages are any of several ancient languages, not necessarily related to one another, that existed in Prehistoric Europe, Asia Minor, Ancient Iran and Southern Asia before the arrival of speakers of Indo-European languages. Indo-European languages and pre-Indo-European languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Pre-Indo-European languages

Present tense

The present tense (abbreviated or) is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in the present time.

See Indo-European languages and Present tense

Pronoun

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (glossed) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.

See Indo-European languages and Pronoun

Proto-Armenian language

Proto-Armenian is the earlier, unattested stage of the Armenian language which has been reconstructed by linguists.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Armenian language

Proto-Celtic language

Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the hypothetical ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Celtic language

Proto-Germanic language

Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Germanic language

Proto-Greek language

The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) is the Indo-European language which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean Greek, the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic, Ionic, Aeolic, Doric, Arcadocypriot, and ancient Macedonian—either a dialect or a closely related Hellenic language) and, ultimately, Koine, Byzantine and Modern Greek (along with its variants).

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Greek language

Proto-Indo-European homeland

The Proto-Indo-European homeland was the prehistoric linguistic homeland of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE).

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-European homeland

Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European mythology

Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, speakers of the hypothesized Proto-Indo-European language.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-European mythology

Proto-Indo-European nominals

Proto-Indo-European nominals include nouns, adjectives, and pronouns.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-European nominals

Proto-Indo-European phonology

The phonology of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) has been reconstructed by linguists, based on the similarities and differences among current and extinct Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-European phonology

Proto-Indo-European root

The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic parts of words to carry a lexical meaning, so-called morphemes.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-European root

Proto-Indo-European society

Proto-Indo-European society is the reconstructed culture of Proto-Indo-Europeans, the ancient speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, ancestor of all modern Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-European society

Proto-Indo-European verbs

Proto-Indo-European verbs reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the substantive, with verbs categorized according to their aspect, using multiple grammatical moods and voices, and being conjugated according to person, number and tense.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-European verbs

Proto-Indo-Europeans

The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical prehistoric ethnolinguistic group of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-Europeans

Proto-Indo-Iranian language

Proto-Indo-Iranian, also called Proto-Indo-Iranic or Proto-Aryan, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Indo-Iranian language

Proto-Italic language

The Proto-Italic language is the ancestor of the Italic languages, most notably Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Italic language

Proto-language

In the tree model of historical linguistics, a proto-language is a postulated ancestral language from which a number of attested languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-language

Proto-Slavic language

Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages.

See Indo-European languages and Proto-Slavic language

PubMed

PubMed is a free database including primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics.

See Indo-European languages and PubMed

PubMed Central

PubMed Central (PMC) is a free digital repository that archives open access full-text scholarly articles that have been published in biomedical and life sciences journals.

See Indo-European languages and PubMed Central

Punjab

Punjab (also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb), also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India.

See Indo-European languages and Punjab

Punjabi language

Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.

See Indo-European languages and Punjabi language

Recorded history

Recorded history or written history describes the historical events that have been recorded in a written form or other documented communication which are subsequently evaluated by historians using the historical method.

See Indo-European languages and Recorded history

Rigveda

The Rigveda or Rig Veda (ऋग्वेद,, from ऋच्, "praise" and वेद, "knowledge") is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns (sūktas).

See Indo-European languages and Rigveda

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

See Indo-European languages and Roman Empire

Romance languages

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.

See Indo-European languages and Romance languages

Root (linguistics)

A root (or root word or radical) is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements.

See Indo-European languages and Root (linguistics)

Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

See Indo-European languages and Routledge

Ruki sound law

The ruki sound law, also known as the ruki rule or iurk rule, is a historical sound change that took place in the satem branches of the Indo-European language family, namely in Balto-Slavic, Armenian, and Indo-Iranian.

See Indo-European languages and Ruki sound law

Rune

A rune is a letter in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets native to the Germanic peoples.

See Indo-European languages and Rune

Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.

See Indo-European languages and Russian language

Rusyn language

Rusyn (translit; translit)http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf, p. 8.

See Indo-European languages and Rusyn language

Samogitian language

Samogitian (žemaitiu kalba or sometimes žemaitiu rokunda, žemaitiu šnekta or žemaitiu ruoda; žemaičių tarmė, žemaičių kalba), often considered a dialect of Lithuanian, is an Eastern Baltic language spoken primarily in Samogitia.

See Indo-European languages and Samogitian language

Sanskrit

Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Indo-European languages and Sanskrit

Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.

See Indo-European languages and Scandinavia

Scots language

ScotsThe endonym for Scots is Scots.

See Indo-European languages and Scots language

Scottish Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic (endonym: Gàidhlig), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland.

See Indo-European languages and Scottish Gaelic

Scythian languages

The Scythian languages (or or) are a group of Eastern Iranic languages of the classical and late antique period (the Middle Iranic period), spoken in a vast region of Eurasia by the populations belonging to the Scythian cultures and their descendants.

See Indo-European languages and Scythian languages

Scythians

The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.

See Indo-European languages and Scythians

Scytho-Siberian world

The Scytho-Siberian world was an archaeological horizon that flourished across the entire Eurasian Steppe during the Iron Age, from approximately the 9th century BC to the 2nd century AD.

See Indo-European languages and Scytho-Siberian world

Semitic languages

The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

See Indo-European languages and Semitic languages

Serbian language

Serbian (српски / srpski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs.

See Indo-European languages and Serbian language

Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian – also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.

See Indo-European languages and Serbo-Croatian

Sergei Starostin

Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin (Серге́й Анато́льевич Ста́ростин; March 24, 1953 – September 30, 2005) was a Russian historical linguist and philologist, perhaps best known for his reconstructions of hypothetical proto-languages, including his work on the controversial Altaic theory, the formulation of the Dené–Caucasian hypothesis, and the proposal of a Borean language of still earlier date.

See Indo-European languages and Sergei Starostin

Shakha

A shakha (Sanskrit, "branch" or "limb") is a Hindu theological school that specializes in learning certain Vedic texts, or else the traditional texts followed by such a school.

See Indo-European languages and Shakha

Sibilant

Sibilants (from sībilāns: 'hissing') are fricative consonants of higher amplitude and pitch, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth.

See Indo-European languages and Sibilant

Siculian

Siculian (or Sicel) is an extinct Indo-European language spoken in central and eastern Sicily by the Sicels.

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Silesian language

Silesian, occasionally called Upper Silesian, is an ethnolect of the Lechitic group spoken by part of people in Upper Silesia.

See Indo-European languages and Silesian language

Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.

See Indo-European languages and Silk Road

Sindhi language

Sindhi (or सिन्धी) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official status.

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Sinhala language

Sinhala (Sinhala: සිංහල), sometimes called Sinhalese, is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken by the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka, who make up the largest ethnic group on the island, numbering about 16 million.

See Indo-European languages and Sinhala language

Slavic languages

The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.

See Indo-European languages and Slavic languages

Slavs

The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.

See Indo-European languages and Slavs

Slovak language

Slovak (endonym: slovenčina or slovenský jazyk), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See Indo-European languages and Slovak language

Slovene language

Slovene or Slovenian (slovenščina) is a South Slavic language of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Slovene language

Sogdia

Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

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Sogdian language

The Sogdian language was an Eastern Iranian language spoken mainly in the Central Asian region of Sogdia (capital: Samarkand; other chief cities: Panjakent, Fergana, Khujand, and Bukhara), located in modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan; it was also spoken by some Sogdian immigrant communities in ancient China.

See Indo-European languages and Sogdian language

Sonorant

In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages.

See Indo-European languages and Sonorant

Sorbian languages

The Sorbian languages (serbska rěč, serbska rěc) are the Upper Sorbian language and Lower Sorbian language, two closely related and partially mutually intelligible languages spoken by the Sorbs, a West Slavic ethno-cultural minority in the Lusatia region of Eastern Germany.

See Indo-European languages and Sorbian languages

Sound change

A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language.

See Indo-European languages and Sound change

South Asia

South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.

See Indo-European languages and South Asia

Southern Russia

Southern Russia or the South of Russia (p) is a colloquial term for the southernmost geographic portion of European Russia generally covering the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasian Federal District.

See Indo-European languages and Southern Russia

Spanish language

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

See Indo-European languages and Spanish language

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Sri Lanka

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa, Subsahara, or Non-Mediterranean Africa is the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara.

See Indo-European languages and Sub-Saharan Africa

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive (also known as conjunctive in some languages) is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it.

See Indo-European languages and Subjunctive mood

Suffix

In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.

See Indo-European languages and Suffix

Swedish language

Swedish (svenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family, spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland.

See Indo-European languages and Swedish language

Synthetic language

A synthetic language is a language that is statistically characterized by a higher morpheme-to-word ratio.

See Indo-European languages and Synthetic language

Tajikistan

Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Tajikistan

Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze

Tamaz Valerianis dze Gamkrelidze (თამაზ ვალერიანის ძე გამყრელიძე; 23 October 1929 – 10 February 2021) was a Georgian linguist, orientalist public benefactor and Hittitologist, Academic (since 1974) and President (2005–2013) of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Doctor of Sciences (1963), Professor (1964).

See Indo-European languages and Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze

Tandy Warnow

Tandy Warnow is an American computer scientist and Grainger Distinguished Chair in Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

See Indo-European languages and Tandy Warnow

The Asiatic Society

The Asiatic Society is a Government of India organisation founded during the Company rule in India to enhance and further the cause of "Oriental research" (in this case, research into India and the surrounding regions).

See Indo-European languages and The Asiatic Society

The Buddha

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha ('the awakened'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.

See Indo-European languages and The Buddha

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World is a 2007 book by the anthropologist David W. Anthony, in which the author describes his "revised Kurgan theory." He explores the origins and spread of the Indo-European languages from the Pontic–Caspian steppe throughout Western Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia.

See Indo-European languages and The Horse, the Wheel, and Language

Thematic vowel

In Indo-European studies, a thematic vowel or theme vowel is the vowel or from ablaut placed before the ending of a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word.

See Indo-European languages and Thematic vowel

Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)

Thomas Stephens (c. 1549 – 1619) was an English Jesuit priest, missionary, writer, and linguist of Marathi and Konkani in Portuguese India.

See Indo-European languages and Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)

Thomas Young (scientist)

Thomas Young FRS (13 June 177310 May 1829) was a British polymath who made notable contributions to the fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology.

See Indo-European languages and Thomas Young (scientist)

Thracian language

The Thracian language is an extinct and poorly attested language, spoken in ancient times in Southeast Europe by the Thracians.

See Indo-European languages and Thracian language

Tocharian languages

The Tocharian (sometimes Tokharian) languages, also known as the Arśi-Kuči, Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean languages, are an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians.

See Indo-European languages and Tocharian languages

Tocharians

The Tocharians or Tokharians were speakers of the Tocharian languages, Indo-European languages known from around 7,600 documents from around AD 400 to 1200, found on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (modern-day Xinjiang, China).

See Indo-European languages and Tocharians

Tree model

In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species.

See Indo-European languages and Tree model

Tregami language

Tregami (Trigami), or Katar Gambiri, is a language spoken in the villages of Gambir, Kaṭâr, and Devoz in the Tregâm Valley off the lower Pech River in the Watapur District of Kunar Province in Afghanistan.

See Indo-European languages and Tregami language

Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia. Indo-European languages and Turkic languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Turkic languages

Turkic migration

The Turkic migrations were the spread of Turkic tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia between the 4th and 11th centuries.

See Indo-European languages and Turkic migration

Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.

See Indo-European languages and Turkic peoples

Turkification

Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization (Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity.

See Indo-European languages and Turkification

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

See Indo-European languages and Ukraine

Ukrainian language

Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.

See Indo-European languages and Ukrainian language

Umbrian language

Umbrian is an extinct Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italian region of Umbria.

See Indo-European languages and Umbrian language

University of California Press

The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

See Indo-European languages and University of California Press

University of Texas at Austin

The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas.

See Indo-European languages and University of Texas at Austin

Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.

See Indo-European languages and Ural Mountains

Uralic languages

The Uralic languages, sometimes called the Uralian languages, form a language family of 42 languages spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia. Indo-European languages and Uralic languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Uralic languages

Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia.

See Indo-European languages and Urdu

Urnfield culture

The Urnfield culture was a late Bronze Age culture of Central Europe, often divided into several local cultures within a broader Urnfield tradition.

See Indo-European languages and Urnfield culture

Uyghur Khaganate

The Uyghur Khaganate (also Uyghur Empire or Uighur Khaganate, self defined as Toquz-Oghuz country; Nine clan people, Tang-era names, with modern Hanyu Pinyin: or) was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries.

See Indo-European languages and Uyghur Khaganate

Vedic chant

The oral tradition of the Vedas consists of several pathas, "recitations" or ways of chanting the Vedic mantras.

See Indo-European languages and Vedic chant

Vedic period

The Vedic period, or the Vedic age, is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (–900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation, which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain BCE.

See Indo-European languages and Vedic period

Vedic Sanskrit

Vedic Sanskrit, also simply referred as the Vedic language, is an ancient language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family.

See Indo-European languages and Vedic Sanskrit

Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (also known as the "velum").

See Indo-European languages and Velar consonant

Venetic language

Venetic is an extinct Indo-European language, usually classified into the Italic subgroup, that was spoken by the Veneti people in ancient times in northeast Italy (Veneto and Friuli) and part of modern Slovenia, between the Po Delta and the southern fringe of the Alps, associated with the Este culture.

See Indo-European languages and Venetic language

Verner's law

Verner's law describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby consonants that would usually have been the voiceless fricatives *f, *þ, *s, *h, *hʷ, following an unstressed syllable, became the voiced fricatives *β, *ð, *z, *ɣ, *ɣʷ.

See Indo-European languages and Verner's law

Viking Age

The Viking Age (about) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonising, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America.

See Indo-European languages and Viking Age

Voice (phonetics)

Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).

See Indo-European languages and Voice (phonetics)

Voicelessness

In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.

See Indo-European languages and Voicelessness

Vowel length

In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration.

See Indo-European languages and Vowel length

Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)

Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov (Вячесла́в Все́володович Ива́нов, 21 August 1929 – 7 October 2017) was a prominent Soviet/Russian philologist, semiotician and Indo-Europeanist probably best known for his glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism and for placing the Indo-European urheimat in the area of the Armenian Highlands and Lake Urmia.

See Indo-European languages and Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)

Wasi-wari

Wasi-wari (Vâsi-vari, Vâsi-veri) is the language of the Wasi people, spoken in a few villages in the Pārūn Valley (Prasun Valley) in Afghanistan.

See Indo-European languages and Wasi-wari

Wave model

In historical linguistics, the wave model or wave theory (Wellentheorie) is a model of language change in which a new language feature (innovation) or a new combination of language features spreads from its region of origin, being adopted by a gradually expanding cluster of dialects.

See Indo-European languages and Wave model

Welsh language

Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people.

See Indo-European languages and Welsh language

West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

See Indo-European languages and West Asia

West Germanic languages

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages).

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

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Western Hemisphere

The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian—which crosses Greenwich, London, England—and east of the 180th meridian.

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Wiley (publisher)

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.

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William Jones (philologist)

Sir William Jones (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was a British philologist, orientalist and a puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, and a scholar of ancient India.

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Word stem

In linguistics, a word stem is a part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning.

See Indo-European languages and Word stem

World History Encyclopedia

World History Encyclopedia (formerly Ancient History Encyclopedia) is a nonprofit educational company created in 2009 by Jan van der Crabben.

See Indo-European languages and World History Encyclopedia

Yamnaya culture

The Yamnaya culture or the Yamna culture, also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BCE.

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Yaron Matras

Yaron Matras (born October 24, 1963) is a linguist at the University of Manchester specializing in Romani and other languages, including Middle Eastern languages.

See Indo-European languages and Yaron Matras

Yiddish

Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish or idish,,; ייִדיש-טײַטש, historically also Yidish-Taytsh) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews.

See Indo-European languages and Yiddish

Yukaghir languages

The Yukaghir languages (or; also Yukagir, Jukagir) are a small family of two closely related languages—Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir—spoken by the Yukaghir in the Russian Far East living in the basin of the Kolyma River. Indo-European languages and Yukaghir languages are language families.

See Indo-European languages and Yukaghir languages

Zemiaki language

Zemiaki (Zamyaki) is a Nuristani language spoken by some 400–500 people in the Kunar Province of Afghanistan.

See Indo-European languages and Zemiaki language

Zoroaster

Zarathushtra Spitama more commonly known as Zoroaster or Zarathustra, was an Iranian religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary Ancient Iranian religion, becoming the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism.

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2nd millennium BC

The 2nd millennium BC spanned the years 2000 BC to 1001 BC.

See Indo-European languages and 2nd millennium BC

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages

Also known as Balto-Slavo-Germanic, Balto-Slavo-Germanic languages, Classification of Indo-European language, History of Indo-European linguistics, I-E family, I. E. family, I.-E. family, I.E. family, IE Group, IE Language Family, IE Languages, IE family, ISO 639:ine, Indo European, Indo European language, Indo European languages, Indo europian languages, Indo-European, Indo-European family, Indo-European family of languages, Indo-European language, Indo-European language family, Indo-European languages family, Indo-European languages language, Indo-European linguistic group, Indo-European people, Indo-European peoples, Indo-Europeans, Indo-Germanic, Indo-Germanic language, Indo-Germanic languages, Indo-european language group, Indoeuropean languages, Indogermanic, North Indo-European, Spread of Indo-European languages.

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