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301 relations: Abdominal pain, Adamantane, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Adverse effect, Airborne disease, Alcohol, Alcoholic drink, Allergy, Amantadine, Anorexia (symptom), Antibiotic, Antibody, Antigen, Antigen-presenting cell, Antigenic drift, Antigenic shift, Antiviral drug, Arctic, Aspirin, Asthma, Astrology, Autoimmunity, Avian influenza, Bacteria, Bacterial pneumonia, Biopharmaceutical, Bird, Black Death, Bleach, Bleeding, Border control, Bronchitis, Camel, Cancer, Canine influenza, Capsid, Cardiovascular disease, Case fatality rate, Cat, Cat flu, Cell (biology), Cell culture, Cell nucleus, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Health Protection, Chamberland filter, Chemokine, Chest pain, Chicken, Chills, ..., Cholera, Christopher Columbus, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Common cold, Confusion, Coronary artery disease, Cortisol, Cough, Croup, Culling, Cyanosis, Cytokine, Cytokine release syndrome, Cytoplasm, Cytotoxicity, Decision analysis, Diabetes mellitus, Diarrhea, Disease, Dizziness, Dog, Drug resistance, Ear pain, Economy of the United States, Edema, Emergency management, Endemic (epidemiology), Endocytosis, Endosome, Epidemic, Epidemiology, Epithelium, Epizootic, Equine influenza, Etiology, European colonization of the Americas, Evolution, Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, Fatigue, Feline calicivirus, Feline viral rhinotracheitis, Ferret, Fever, Flu season, Flushing (physiology), Francis Adams (translator), Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Gastroenteritis, Gastrointestinal tract, Gene, Genome, Genomics, Genus, George W. Bush, Ghent University, Global spread of H5N1, Glycoprotein, Golgi apparatus, Gross domestic product, Guillain–Barré syndrome, Hand washing, Headache, Heart failure, Hemagglutinin, Hemagglutinin (influenza), Hippocrates, Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine, HIV, HIV/AIDS, Hoarse voice, Hoffmann-La Roche, Horse, Host (biology), Human parainfluenza viruses, Humidity, Immune response, Immune system, Immunity (medical), Immunogenicity, Immunosuppression, Indirect costs, Infection, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Inflammation, Influenza, Influenza A virus, Influenza A virus subtype H10N7, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1, Influenza A virus subtype H1N2, Influenza A virus subtype H2N2, Influenza A virus subtype H3N2, Influenza A virus subtype H3N8, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza A virus subtype H6N1, Influenza A virus subtype H7N2, Influenza A virus subtype H7N3, Influenza A virus subtype H7N7, Influenza A virus subtype H7N9, Influenza A virus subtype H9N2, Influenza Genome Sequencing Project, Influenza pandemic, Influenza vaccine, Influenza virus nucleoprotein, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus C, Intensive farming, Interferon, Ion channel, Italian language, Laninamivir, Lectin, Lipid bilayer, List of childhood diseases and disorders, Liver, Lung, Lymphocyte, Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator, M1 protein, M2 proton channel, Macrophage, Measles, Medical Research Council (United Kingdom), Messenger RNA, Metabolic pathway, Micrometre, Microtubule, Mink, Molecular virology, Mortality rate, Mucous membrane, Mutation, Mutation rate, Myalgia, Nanometre, Nasal congestion, National Influenza Centers, Nausea, Neuraminidase, Neuraminidase inhibitor, New England, Nobel Foundation, Northern Hemisphere, NS1 influenza protein, Nucleic acid, Nucleotide, Orthomyxoviridae, Oseltamivir, Otitis, Oxford English Dictionary, Pacific Islands, Pandemic, Pandemic severity index, Paracetamol, Paramyxoviridae, Paranasal sinuses, Particulates, Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, Patrick Laidlaw, Peramivir, Petechia, Peter Palese, Pharmaceutical industry, Pig, Pinniped, Pneumonia, Polymerase chain reaction, Poultry, President of the United States, Prevalence, Productivity, Proofreading (biology), Protease, Protein, Proteolysis, Proton, Quaternary ammonium cation, Rapid influenza diagnostic test, Reassortment, Recession, Recombinant DNA, Research, Respiratory disease, Respiratory tract, Reye syndrome, Rhinorrhea, Rhinovirus, Richard Shope, Rimantadine, Risk factor, RNA, RNA virus, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson, Sense (molecular biology), Sensitivity and specificity, Serotype, Shortness of breath, Sialic acid, Sinusitis, Smithsonian Institution, Sneeze, Social distancing, Sore throat, Southeast Asia, Southern Hemisphere, Spanish flu, Sputum, Surgical mask, Swine influenza, Symptom, Tears, The New York Times, Thomas Francis Jr., Tobacco mosaic virus, Tobacco smoking, Translation (biology), Transmission and infection of H5N1, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Turkey (bird), Ultraviolet, United Kingdom, United States Army, United States Congress, United States dollar, University of Michigan, Vaccine, Variable cost, Viral culture, Viral envelope, Viral neuraminidase, Viral pneumonia, Virulence, Virus, Virus classification, Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections, Vomiting, Walter Fiers, Weight loss, Wendell Meredith Stanley, Whale, Whooping cough, World Health Organization, World Organisation for Animal Health, World War I, Xavier Saelens, Zanamivir, Zoonosis, 1889–90 flu pandemic, 1968 flu pandemic, 2009 flu pandemic. 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Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues.
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Adamantane
Adamantane is a colorless, crystalline chemical compound with a camphor-like odor.
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, also adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin) is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
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Adverse effect
In medicine, an adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery.
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Airborne disease
An airborne disease is any disease that is caused by pathogens that can be transmitted through the air.
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Alcohol
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.
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Alcoholic drink
An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Amantadine
Amantadine (trade name Symmetrel, by Endo Pharmaceuticals) is a medication that has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use both as an antiviral and an antiparkinsonian medication.
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Anorexia (symptom)
Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is the decreased sensation of appetite.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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Antigen-presenting cell
An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation.
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Antigenic drift
Antigenic drift is a mechanism for variation in viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites.
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Antigenic shift
Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains.
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Antiviral drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections rather than bacterial ones.
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Arctic
The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth.
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Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.
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Asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
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Astrology
Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events.
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Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues.
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Avian influenza
Avian influenza—known informally as avian flu or bird flu is a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacterial pneumonia
Bacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infection.
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Biopharmaceutical
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biologic(al) medical product, biological, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Black Death
The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague, the Black Plague, or simply the Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.
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Bleach
Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product which is used industrially and domestically to whiten clothes, lighten hair color and remove stains.
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Bleeding
Bleeding, also known as hemorrhaging or haemorrhaging, is blood escaping from the circulatory system.
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Border control
Border controls are measures taken by a country to monitor or regulate its borders.
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Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs.
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Camel
A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Canine influenza
Canine influenza (dog flu) is influenza occurring in canine animals.
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Capsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Case fatality rate
In epidemiology, a case fatality rate (CFR)—or case fatality risk, case fatality ratio or just fatality rate—is the proportion of deaths within a designated population of "cases" (people with a medical condition) over the course of the disease.
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Cat
The domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus or Felis catus) is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal.
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Cat flu
Cat flu is the common name for a feline upper respiratory tract disease.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell culture
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.
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Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.
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Centre for Health Protection
The Centre for Health Protection is an agency under the Department of Health in Hong Kong and responsible for health and safety.
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Chamberland filter
A Chamberland filter, also known as a Pasteur–Chamberland filter, is a porcelain water filter invented by Charles Chamberland in 1884.
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Chemokine
Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.
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Chest pain
Chest pain is pain in any region of the chest.
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Chicken
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
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Chills
Chills is a feeling of coldness occurring during a high fever, but sometimes is also a common symptom which occurs alone in specific people.
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Cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
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Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 145120 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.
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Common cold
The common cold, also known simply as a cold, is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose.
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Confusion
Confusion (from Latin confusĭo, -ōnis, from confundere: "to pour together;" "to mingle together;" "to confuse") is the state of being bewildered or unclear in one’s mind about something.
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Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of diseases which includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.
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Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.
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Cough
A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring, protective reflex, which helps to clear the large breathing passages from fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes.
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Croup
Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus.
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Culling
In biology, culling is the process of segregating organisms from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics.
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Cyanosis
Cyanosis is defined as the bluish or purplish discolouration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen saturation.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Cytokine release syndrome
Cytokine release syndrome is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome that arises as a complication of some diseases or infections, and is also an adverse effect of some monoclonal antibody drugs, as well as adoptive T-cell therapies.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.
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Decision analysis
Decision analysis (DA) is the discipline comprising the philosophy, theory, methodology, and professional practice necessary to address important decisions in a formal manner.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Disease
A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.
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Dizziness
Dizziness is an impairment in spatial perception and stability.
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Dog
The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the gray wolf or Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus Canis (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore.
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Drug resistance
Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or condition.
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Ear pain
Ear pain, also known as earache or otalgia, is pain in the ear.
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Economy of the United States
The economy of the United States is a highly developed mixed economy.
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Edema
Edema, also spelled oedema or œdema, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, located beneath the skin and in the cavities of the body, which can cause severe pain.
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Emergency management
Emergency management or disaster management is the organization and management of the resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies (preparedness, response, and recovery).
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Endemic (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic (from Greek ἐν en "in, within" and δῆμος demos "people") in a population when that infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs.
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Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a form of bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.
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Endosome
In cell biology, an endosome is a membrane-bound compartment inside eukaryotic cells.
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Epidemic
An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.
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Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
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Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
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Epizootic
In epizoology, an epizootic (from Greek: epi- upon + zoon animal) is a disease event in a nonhuman animal population, analogous to an epidemic in humans.
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Equine influenza
Equine influenza (horse flu) is the disease caused by strains of influenza A that are enzootic in horse species.
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Etiology
Etiology (alternatively aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation, or origination.
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European colonization of the Americas
The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by most of the naval powers of Europe.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research
Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of pharmacoeconomics.
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Fatigue
Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness that has a gradual onset.
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Feline calicivirus
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a virus of the family Caliciviridae that causes disease in cats.
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Feline viral rhinotracheitis
Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) is an upper respiratory or pulmonary infection of cats caused by feline herpesvirus 1, of the family Herpesviridae.
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Ferret
The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is the domesticated form of the European polecat, a mammal belonging to the same genus as the weasel, Mustela of the family Mustelidae.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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Flu season
Flu season is an annually recurring time period characterized by the prevalence of outbreaks of Influenza (flu).
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Flushing (physiology)
For a person to flush is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions.
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Francis Adams (translator)
Francis Adams (1796 – 26 February 1861) was a Scottish medical doctor and translator of Greek medical works.
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Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, (3 September 1899 – 31 August 1985), usually known as Macfarlane or Mac Burnet, was an Australian virologist best known for his contributions to immunology.
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Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea, is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract -- the stomach and small intestine.
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Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genomics
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.
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Genus
A genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.
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Ghent University
Ghent University (Universiteit Gent, abbreviated as UGent) is a public research university located in Ghent, Belgium.
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Global spread of H5N1
The global spread of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.
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Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.
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Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
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Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.
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Guillain–Barré syndrome
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system.
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Hand washing
Hand washing, also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms.
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Headache
Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck.
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Heart failure
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
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Hemagglutinin
Hemagglutinin or haemagglutinin (British English)p refers to a substance that causes red blood cells (RBCs) to agglutinate.
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Hemagglutinin (influenza)
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or haemagglutininp (British English) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kṓos), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
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Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine
Since 1999, the World Health Organization has issued annual recommendations for influenza vaccine formulations.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Hoarse voice
A hoarse voice, also known as hoarseness or dysphonia, is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy, raspy, or strained, or is softer in volume or lower in pitch.
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Hoffmann-La Roche
F.
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Horse
The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''.
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Host (biology)
In biology and medicine, a host is an organism that harbours a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont), the guest typically being provided with nourishment and shelter.
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Human parainfluenza viruses
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza.
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Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air.
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Immune response
The Immune response is the body's response caused by its immune system being activated by antigens.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Immunity (medical)
In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
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Immunogenicity
Immunogenicity is the ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human and other animal.
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Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.
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Indirect costs
Indirect costs are costs that are, but not necessarily, not directly accountable to a cost object (such as a particular project, facility, function or product).
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Infectious disease (medical specialty)
Infectious disease, also known as infectious diseases, infectious medicine, infectious disease medicine or infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.
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Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of influenza virus A genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses.
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Influenza A virus subtype H10N7
H10N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus).
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Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu.
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Influenza A virus subtype H1N2
H1N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus).
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Influenza A virus subtype H2N2
H2N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus.
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Influenza A virus subtype H3N2
Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu).
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Influenza A virus subtype H3N8
H3N8 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus that is endemic in birds, horses and dogs.
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Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species.
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Influenza A virus subtype H6N1
Influenza A virus subtype H6N1, also known as H6N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus.
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Influenza A virus subtype H7N2
H7N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus.
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Influenza A virus subtype H7N3
H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus).
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Influenza A virus subtype H7N7
H7N7 is a subtype of Influenza A virus, a genus of Orthomyxovirus, the viruses responsible for influenza.
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Influenza A virus subtype H7N9
H7N9 is a bird flu strain of the species Influenza virus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus).
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Influenza A virus subtype H9N2
H9N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (bird flu virus).
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Influenza Genome Sequencing Project
The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project (IGSP), initiated in early 2004, seeks to investigate influenza evolution by providing a public data set of complete influenza genome sequences from collections of isolates representing diverse species distributions.
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Influenza pandemic
An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads on a worldwide scale and infects a large proportion of the world population.
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Influenza vaccine
Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots or flu jabs, are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses.
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Influenza virus nucleoprotein
Influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is a structural protein which encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA.
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Influenzavirus B
Influenzavirus B is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae.
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Influenzavirus C
Influenza virus C is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which includes the viruses that cause influenza.
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Intensive farming
Intensive farming involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area.
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Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.
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Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
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Italian language
Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.
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Laninamivir
Laninamivir (CS-8958) is a neuraminidase inhibitor which is being researched for the treatment and prophylaxis of Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus B. It is currently in Phase III clinical trials.
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Lectin
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, macromolecules that are highly specific for sugar moieties of other molecules.
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Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
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List of childhood diseases and disorders
The term childhood disease refers to disease that is contracted or becomes symptomatic before the age of 18 years old.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Lung
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator
Lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator (LTCI) is an immune regulating polypeptide which is a potent regulator of CD-4 lymphocyte production and function.
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M1 protein
The M1 protein is a matrix protein of the influenza virus.
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M2 proton channel
The Matrix-2 (M2) protein is a proton-selective ion channel protein, integral in the viral envelope of the influenza A virus.
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Macrophage
Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).
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Measles
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus.
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Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)
The Medical Research Council (MRC) is responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
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Micrometre
The micrometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is an SI derived unit of length equaling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
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Microtubule
Microtubules are tubular polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton that provides the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and some bacteria with structure and shape.
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Mink
Mink are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera Neovison and Mustela, and part of the family Mustelidae which also includes weasels, otters and ferrets.
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Molecular virology
Molecular virology is the study of viruses on a molecular level.
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Mortality rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
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Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Mutation rate
In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene or organism over time.
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Myalgia
Myalgia, or muscle pain, is a symptom of many diseases and disorders.
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Nanometre
The nanometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre (m).
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Nasal congestion
Nasal congestion is the blockage of the nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed blood vessels.
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National Influenza Centers
National Influenza Centers (also called National Influenza Centres) are institutions which are formally recognized as such by the World Health Organization (WHO).
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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Neuraminidase
Neuraminidase enzymes are glycoside hydrolase enzymes that cleave the glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids.
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Neuraminidase inhibitor
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are a class of drugs which block the neuraminidase enzyme.
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New England
New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeastern United States: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.
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Nobel Foundation
The Nobel Foundation (Nobelstiftelsen) is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.
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Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator.
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NS1 influenza protein
The NS1 influenza protein (NS1) is a viral nonstructural protein encoded by the NS gene segments of type A, B and C influenza viruses.
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Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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Orthomyxoviridae
The Orthomyxoviruses (ὀρθός, orthós, Greek for "straight"; μύξα, mýxa, Greek for "mucus") are a family of RNA viruses that includes seven genera: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, Influenza virus C, Influenza virus D, Isavirus, Thogotovirus and Quaranjavirus.
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Oseltamivir
Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B (flu).
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Otitis
Otitis is a general term for inflammation or infection of the ear, in both humans and other animals.
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Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the main historical dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press.
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Pacific Islands
The Pacific Islands are the islands of the Pacific Ocean.
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Pandemic
A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan "all" and δῆμος demos "people") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide.
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Pandemic severity index
The pandemic severity index (PSI) is a proposed classification scale for reporting the severity of influenza pandemics in the United States.
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Paracetamol
--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.
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Paramyxoviridae
Paramyxoviridae is a family of viruses in the order Mononegavirales.
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Paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses are a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity.
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Particulates
Atmospheric aerosol particles, also known as atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter (PM), particulates, or suspended particulate matter (SPM) are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in Earth's atmosphere.
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Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of a disease is the biological mechanism (or mechanisms) that leads to the diseased state.
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Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology or physiopathology is a convergence of pathology with physiology.
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Patrick Laidlaw
Sir Patrick Playfair Laidlaw (1881–1940) was a British virologist.
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Peramivir
Peramivir (trade name Rapivab) is an antiviral drug developed by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of influenza.
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Petechia
A petechia, plural petechiae, is a small (1–2 mm) red or purple spot on the skin, caused by a minor bleed from broken capillary blood vessels.
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Peter Palese
Peter Palese is a United States microbiologist and Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, and an expert in the field of RNA viruses.
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Pharmaceutical industry
The pharmaceutical industry (or medicine industry) is the commercial industry that discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as different types of medicine and medications.
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Pig
A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae.
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Pinniped
Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals.
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.
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Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
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Poultry
Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their feathers.
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President of the United States
The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.
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Prevalence
Prevalence in epidemiology is the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use).
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Productivity
Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production.
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Proofreading (biology)
The term proofreading is used in genetics to refer to the error-correcting processes, first proposed by John Hopfield and Jacques Ninio, involved in DNA replication, immune system specificity, enzyme-substrate recognition among many other processes that require enhanced specificity.
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Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.
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Proton
| magnetic_moment.
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Quaternary ammonium cation
Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged polyatomic ions of the structure, R being an alkyl group or an aryl group.
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Rapid influenza diagnostic test
A rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) tells whether a person has a current influenza infection by detecting the influenza viral nucleoprotein antigen.
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Reassortment
Reassortment is the mixing of the genetic material of a species into new combinations in different individuals.
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Recession
In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction which results in a general slowdown in economic activity.
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
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Research
Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.
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Respiratory disease
Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing.
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Respiratory tract
In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system involved with the process of respiration.
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Reye syndrome
Reye syndrome is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy.
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Rhinorrhea
Rhinorrhea or rhinorrhoea is a condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucus fluid.
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Rhinovirus
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold.
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Richard Shope
Richard Edwin Shope (December 25, 1901 – October 2, 1966) was an American virologist who at the Rockefeller Institute identified influenzavirus A in pigs in 1931.
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Rimantadine
Rimantadine (INN, sold under the trade name Flumadine) is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, influenzavirus A infection.
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Risk factor
In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA virus
An RNA virus is a virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as its genetic material.
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RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), (RDR), or RNA replicase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template.
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Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson
Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson (1908 – 5 July 2003) was a general practitioner.
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Sense (molecular biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of nucleic acid molecules (often DNA or RNA) is the nature of their roles and their complementary molecules' nucleic acid units' roles in specifying amino acids.
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Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as a classification function.
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Serotype
A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals.
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Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea, is the feeling that one cannot breathe well enough.
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Sialic acid
Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone.
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Sinusitis
Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection or rhinosinusitis, is inflammation of the sinuses resulting in symptoms.
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Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, established on August 10, 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States.
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Sneeze
A sneeze, or sternutation, is a semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth, usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa.
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Social distancing
Social distancing is a term applied to certain nonpharmaceutical infection control actions that are taken by public health officials to stop or slow down the spread of a highly contagious disease.
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Sore throat
Sore throat, also known as throat pain, is pain or irritation of the throat.
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Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia.
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Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the Equator.
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Spanish flu
The Spanish flu (January 1918 – December 1920), also known as the 1918 flu pandemic, was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus.
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Sputum
Sputum is mucus and is the name used for the coughed-up material (phlegm) from the lower airways (trachea and bronchi).
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Surgical mask
A surgical mask, also known as a procedure mask, is intended to be worn by health professionals during surgery and during nursing to catch the bacteria shed in liquid droplets and aerosols from the wearer's mouth and nose.
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Swine influenza
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses.
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Symptom
A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease.
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Tears
Tearing, lacrimation, or lachrymation is the secretion of tears, which often serves to clean and lubricate the eyes in response to an irritation of the eyes.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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Thomas Francis Jr.
Thomas Francis Jr. (July 15, 1900 October 1, 1969) was an American physician, virologist, and epidemiologist.
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Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, genus tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.
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Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoking is the practice of smoking tobacco and inhaling tobacco smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases).
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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Transmission and infection of H5N1
Transmission and infection of H5N1 from infected avian sources to humans has been a concern since the first documented case of human infection in 1997, due to the global spread of H5N1 that constitutes a pandemic threat.
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
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Turkey (bird)
The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, which is native to the Americas.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces.
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United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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University of Michigan
The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, or UMich), often simply referred to as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
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Variable cost
Variable costs are costs that change in proportion to the good or service that a business produces.
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Viral culture
Viral culture is a laboratory test in which samples are placed with a cell type that the virus being tested for is able to infect.
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Viral envelope
Some viruses (e.g. HIV and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids.
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Viral neuraminidase
Viral neuraminidase is a type of neuraminidase found on the surface of influenza viruses that enables the virus to be released from the host cell.
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Viral pneumonia
Viral pneumonia is a pneumonia caused by a virus.
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Virulence
Virulence is a pathogen's or microbe's ability to infect or damage a host.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Virus classification
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system.
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Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections
A link between vitamin D and respiratory tract infections has been hypothesised.
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Vomiting
Vomiting, also known as emesis, puking, barfing, throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.
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Walter Fiers
Walter Fiers (born 1931 in Ypres, West Flanders) is a Belgian molecular biologist.
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Weight loss
Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue.
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Wendell Meredith Stanley
Wendell Meredith Stanley (16 August 1904 – 15 June 1971) was an American biochemist, virologist and Nobel laureate.
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Whale
Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals.
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Whooping cough
Whooping cough (also known as pertussis or 100-day cough) is a highly contagious bacterial disease.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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World Organisation for Animal Health
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is an intergovernmental organization coordinating, supporting and promoting animal disease control.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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Xavier Saelens
Xavier Saelens (born 1965) is a Belgian scientist and currently his main research interest is finding a universal influenza vaccine.
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Zanamivir
Zanamivir is a medication used to treat and prevent influenza caused by influenza A and B viruses.
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Zoonosis
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.
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1889–90 flu pandemic
The 1889–1890 flu pandemic (October 1889 – December 1890, with recurrences March – June 1891, November 1891 – June 1892, winter 1893–1894 and early 1895) was a deadly influenza pandemic that killed about 1 million people worldwide.
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1968 flu pandemic
The 1968 flu pandemic was a category 2 flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people worldwide.
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2009 flu pandemic
The 2009 flu pandemic or swine flu was an influenza pandemic, and the second of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus (the first of them being the 1918 flu pandemic), albeit in a new version.
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Redirects here:
Annual flu, Common flu, Consequencies of the spanish flu, Flu, Grippe, Human flu, Human influenza, Influenza (Flu), Influenza (flu), Influenza symptoms, Influenza w/ other respiratory manifestations, Influenza w/ pneumonia, Influenza, human, La Grippe, La grip, La grippe, Le grippe, Regular flu, Symptoms of influenza, The Flu, The flu, The grip, The grippe, Viral fever.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
