Communication

444 relations: Abenaki, Adriaen van der Donck, Agrimonia gryposepala, Akwesasne, Alan Taylor (historian), Albany Plan, Alexander Spotswood, Algonquian languages, Algonquian peoples, Algonquian–Basque pidgin, Algonquin language, Alice Lee Jemison, Allegheny River, Allium tricoccum, American Civil War, American eel, American Heritage (magazine), American Revolution, American Revolutionary War, Anarcho-communism, Anishinaabe, Anne, Queen of Great Britain, Anthropologist, Anthropology, Appalachian Mountains, Articles of Confederation, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic Seaboard fall line, August Schellenberg, Auriesville, New York, Basque language, Battle of Fort Bull, Battle of Lake George, Bear, Beaver, Beaver Wars, Benjamin Franklin, Billy Two Rivers, Blue Ridge Mountains, Brantford, British colonization of the Americas, Brothertown Indians, Bruce E. Johansen, Buffalo River (New York), Buffalo, New York, Busycotypus canaliculatus, Cadwallader Colden, Calico, California, Canada, ..., Canadian Martyrs, Canadian Shield, Canasatego, Cannibalism, Carex oligosperma, Carya ovata, Catholic Church, Cayuga Lake, Cayuga language, Cayuga Nation of New York, Cayuga people, Central government, Central New York, Charles Stewart (Canadian politician), Chelidonium, Cherokee, Cherokee language, Cherry Valley massacre, Chicory, Chief John Big Tree, Christianity, Clan, Clan Mother, Cleveland, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Connecticut River, Consensus decision-making, Consensus government, Continental Army, Cornelius Hill, Cornell University, Cornplanter, Covenant Chain, Daniel Brodhead IV, David Cusick, Decoction, Deer, Delaware, Deskaheh, Diana Muir, Dismissal (employment), Donald A. Grinde Jr., Duncan Campbell Scott, Dunvegan Provincial Park, Dutch people, E. Pauline Johnson, Eagle, Echinacea purpurea, Economy of the Iroquois, Eleazer Williams, Ely S. Parker, Engie Energy International, England, English language, English people, Epidemic, Epigaea repens, Erie people, False Face Society, Federation of International Lacrosse, Finger Lakes, Finlay River, First Nations, First Nations Lacrosse Association, Florida, Flying Head, Fort Frontenac, Fort Orange (New Netherland), Fortification, Four Mohawk Kings, François-Joseph Bressani, France, Francis Jennings, Francis Parkman, Frederick Alexcee, French and Indian War, French language, French people, Funeral, Fur trade, Galley, Ganienkeh, Ganondagan State Historic Site, Gary Farmer, Genesee River, George Clinton (vice president), George Mason University, George Washington, German Empire, Gideon Hawley, Government of the United Kingdom, Governor Blacksnake, Governor of New France, Graham Greene (actor), Grand River (Ontario), Gray wolf, Great Indian Warpath, Great Lakes, Great Law of Peace, Great Peace of Montreal, Great Peacemaker, Great Spirit, Guerrilla warfare, Guy Carlton, Haldimand Proclamation, Handsome Lake, Hard clam, Hawk, Henry Armstrong, Heritage Minutes, Heron, Hiawatha, Hillary Clinton, Historiography, History of New York (state), History of Ontario, Ho-Chunk, Horatio Hale, Horticulture, House concurrent resolution 108, Hudson River, Illinois Country, Immunity (medical), Indian Act, Indian Claims Commission, Indian reserve, Indian termination policy, Indian Territory, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, Indigenous peoples, Infection, Infusion, Innu language, Interior ministry, Irondequoit Bay, Iroquoian languages, Iroquois, Iroquois men's national lacrosse team, Iroquois mythology, Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario, Isaac Jogues, Ives Goddard, Jack N. Rakove, Jacques Cartier, Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville, James Adair (historian), Jamestown, Virginia, Jasper, Alberta, Jay Silverheels, Jean de Lalande, Jesse Cornplanter, Jigonhsasee, Joanne Shenandoah, Johannes Megapolensis, John Arthur Gibson, John Deseronto, John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt, John Norton (Mohawk chief), John Smoke Johnson, John Sullivan (general), John Verelst, Joseph Brant, Joseph Louis Cook, Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, Kahnawake, Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38, Kanatsiohareke, Kanesatake, Kateri Tekakwitha, Kelly Lake, British Columbia, Kentucky, Ki Longfellow, King Philip's War, King William's War, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Kingston, Ontario, Klamath people, Knobbed whelk, Lachine, Quebec, Lacrosse, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Laura Cornelius Kellogg, League of Nations, Lenape, Lewis H. Morgan, Libertarian socialism, Library and Archives Canada, Lillie Rosa Minoka Hill, Little Beard, Longhouse, Longhouse Religion, Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Lower Canada, Mahican, Maize, Malecite-Passamaquoddy language, Manahoac, Maple, Maple syrup, Marseille, Matrilineality, Mattawoman, Métis, Métis in Alberta, Métis in Canada, Menominee, Metacomet, Mi'kmaq, Michel Band, Mingo, Mississippi River, Moccasin, Mohawk Chapel, Mohawk hairstyle, Mohawk language, Mohawk people, Mohawk River, Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte First Nation, Molly Brant, Montreal, Mosopelea, Muslin, Nanfan Treaty, National Organization for Women, Native Americans in the United States, Nazi Germany, Neutral Nation, New Brunswick, New France, New Netherland, New York (state), Nine Years' War, North American fur trade, North Carolina, North West Company, Northeastern United States, Ohio Country, Ohio River, Oka Crisis, Oneida Carry, Oneida Indian Nation, Oneida Lake, Oneida language, Oneida Nation of the Thames, Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, Oneida people, Onondaga Lake, Onondaga language, Onondaga people, Onondaga Reservation, Ontario, Oral tradition, Oren Lyons, Orenda, Osmunda claytoniana, Palisade, Pantalettes, Patriarchy, Patriation, Philip Mazzei, Piedmont (United States), Piedmont region of Virginia, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial, Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, Pierre-Esprit Radisson, Pieter Schuyler, Pinus strobus, Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory, Polly Cooper, Potawatomi, Potentilla canadensis, Pouce Coupe, Powhatan, Proto-Iroquoian language, Province of Maryland, Province of Quebec (1763–1791), Quapaw, Queen Anne's War, Ranunculus acris, Red Jacket, Reflections in Bullough's Pond, René Goupil, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, Rhizome, Right of conquest, Robbie Robertson, Robert Bourassa, Robert Hunter (governor), Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Royal Proclamation of 1763, Sachem, Saint Lawrence River, Sainte Marie among the Iroquois, Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, Samuel de Champlain, Sandpiper, Sanford Plummer, Sayenqueraghta, Scottish people, Secretary of state, Selvage, Seneca Lake (New York), Seneca language, Seneca Nation of New York, Seneca people, Seneca-Cayuga Nation, Senna hebecarpa, September 11 attacks, Seven Nations of Canada, Seven Years' War, Shelley Niro, Shenandoah Valley, Simcoe County, Simon Le Moyne, Sinistrofulgur, Sinistrofulgur perversum, Siouan languages, Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet, Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, Six Nations of the Grand River, Skenandoa, Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, Smallpox, Snipe, Snow snake, Society of Jesus, Solar eclipse, Solidago rugosa, St. Lawrence Iroquoians, St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, Stan Jonathan, Stanford University, Stockbridge-Munsee Community, Sullivan Expedition, Susquehanna River, Susquehannock, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae, Syracuse, New York, Tadodaho, Tanacharison, Texas, The Band, The Economist, The Lone Ranger (TV series), The Man-Eating Myth, Thirteen Colonies, Three Sisters (agriculture), Tom Longboat, Tonto, Torture, Town Destroyer, Treaty of Canandaigua, Treaty of Fort Stanwix, Treaty of Lancaster, Tree of Peace, Tribal chief, Trois-Rivières, Tsimshian, Turtle, Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, Tuscarora language, Tuscarora people, Tuscarora Reservation, Tutelo, Two Row Wampum Treaty, Ulysses S. Grant, Union Army, United Kingdom, United States, United States Bill of Rights, United States Congress, United States Constitution, United States Department of the Interior, Upper Canada, Upstate New York, Urban Indian, Vomiting, Voyageurs, Wahta Mohawks, Wampum, War of 1812, War of the Spanish Succession, Western New York, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Winston Churchill, Wisconsin, World War I, World War II, Wyandot language, Wyandot people, 1960s, 2000 United States Census, 2010 World Lacrosse Championship. Expand index (394 more) » « Shrink index

Abenaki

The Abenaki (Abnaki, Abinaki, Alnôbak) are a Native American tribe and First Nation.

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Adriaen van der Donck

Adriaen Cornelissen van der Donck (16181655) was a lawyer and landowner in New Netherland after whose honorific Jonkheer the city of Yonkers, New York is named.

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Agrimonia gryposepala

Agrimonia gryposepala (commonly known as tall hairy agrimony, Retrieved 2010-03-13. common agrimony, hooked agrimony, or tall hairy grooveburr) is a small perennial flowering plant of the rose family (Rosaceae), which is native to North America.

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Akwesasne

The Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne (alternate spelling Ahkwesáhsne) is a Mohawk Nation (Kanien'kehá:ka) territory that straddles the intersection of international (United States and Canada) borders and provincial (Ontario and Quebec) boundaries on both banks of the St. Lawrence River.

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Alan Taylor (historian)

Alan Shaw Taylor (born June 17, 1955) is an American historian specializing in early United States history.

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Albany Plan

The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 48) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York.

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Alexander Spotswood

Alexander Spotswood (1676 – 6 June 1740) was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the British Army and a noted Lieutenant Governor of Virginia.

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Algonquian languages

The Algonquian languages (or; also Algonkian) are a subfamily of Native American languages which includes most of the languages in the Algic language family.

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Algonquian peoples

The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups.

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Algonquian–Basque pidgin

The Algonquian–Basque pidgin was a pidgin spoken by the Basque whalers and various Algonquian peoples.

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Algonquin language

Algonquin (also spelled Algonkin; in Algonquin: Anicinàbemowin or Anishinàbemiwin) is either a distinct Algonquian language closely related to the Ojibwe language or a particularly divergent Ojibwe dialect.

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Alice Lee Jemison

Alice Mae Lee Jemison (1901–1964) was a Seneca political activist and journalist.

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Allegheny River

The Allegheny River is a principal tributary of the Ohio River; it is located in the Eastern United States.

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Allium tricoccum

Allium tricoccum (commonly known as ramp, ramps, spring onion, ramson, wild leek, wood leek, and wild garlic) is a North American species of wild onion widespread across eastern Canada and the eastern United States.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.

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American eel

The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is a facultative catadromous fish found on the eastern coast of North America.

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American Heritage (magazine)

American Heritage is a magazine dedicated to covering the history of the United States of America for a mainstream readership.

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American Revolution

The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783.

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American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775 led to open combat. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne's defeat had drastic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a "Southern strategy" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive,Brooks, Richard (editor). Atlas of World Military History. HarperCollins, 2000, p. 101 "Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war." but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes.

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Anarcho-communism

Anarcho-communism (also known as anarchist communism, free communism, libertarian communism and communist anarchism) is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, wage labour and private property (while retaining respect for personal property) in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs".

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Anishinaabe

Anishinaabe (or Anishinabe, plural: Anishinaabeg) is the autonym for a group of culturally related indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States that are the Odawa, Ojibwe (including Mississaugas), Potawatomi, Oji-Cree, and Algonquin peoples.

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Anne, Queen of Great Britain

Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland between 8 March 1702 and 1 May 1707.

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Anthropologist

An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology.

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Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.

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Appalachian Mountains

The Appalachian Mountains (les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America.

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Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution.

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Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about.

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Atlantic Seaboard fall line

The Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, or Fall Zone, is a escarpment where the Piedmont and Atlantic coastal plain meet in the eastern United States.

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August Schellenberg

August Werner Schellenberg (July 25, 1936August 15, 2013) was a Canadian-born actor.

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Auriesville, New York

Auriesville is a hamlet in the northeastern part of the Town of Glen in Montgomery County, New York, United States, along the south bank of the Mohawk River and west of Fort Hunter.

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Basque language

Basque (euskara) is a language spoken in the Basque country and Navarre. Linguistically, Basque is unrelated to the other languages of Europe and, as a language isolate, to any other known living language. The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. The Basque language is spoken by 28.4% of Basques in all territories (751,500). Of these, 93.2% (700,300) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.8% (51,200) are in the French portion. Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the three "ancient provinces" in France. Gipuzkoa, most of Biscay, a few municipalities of Álava, and the northern area of Navarre formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen the language. By contrast, most of Álava, the western part of Biscay and central and southern areas of Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of Spanish, either because Basque was replaced by Spanish over the centuries, in some areas (most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it was possibly never spoken there, in other areas (Enkarterri and southeastern Navarre). Under Restorationist and Francoist Spain, public use of Basque was frowned upon, often regarded as a sign of separatism; this applied especially to those regions that did not support Franco's uprising (such as Biscay or Gipuzkoa). However, in those Basque-speaking regions that supported the uprising (such as Navarre or Álava) the Basque language was more than merely tolerated. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was developed by the Euskaltzaindia in the late 1960s. Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are Biscayan, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese in Spain, and Navarrese–Lapurdian and Souletin in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media, literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school. A language isolate, Basque is believed to be one of the few surviving pre-Indo-European languages in Europe, and the only one in Western Europe. The origin of the Basques and of their languages is not conclusively known, though the most accepted current theory is that early forms of Basque developed prior to the arrival of Indo-European languages in the area, including the Romance languages that geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Basque has adopted a good deal of its vocabulary from the Romance languages, and Basque speakers have in turn lent their own words to Romance speakers. The Basque alphabet uses the Latin script.

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Battle of Fort Bull

The Battle of Fort Bull was a French attack on the British-held Fort Bull on 27 March 1756, early in the French and Indian War.

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Battle of Lake George

The Battle of Lake George was fought on 8 September 1755, in the north of the Province of New York.

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Bear

Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae.

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Beaver

The beaver (genus Castor) is a large, primarily nocturnal, semiaquatic rodent.

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Beaver Wars

The Beaver Wars, also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars, encompass a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th and 18th centuries in eastern North America.

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Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Billy Two Rivers

Billy Two Rivers (Mohawk name Kaientaronkwen), born May 5, 1935, is a retired Canadian professional wrestler.

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Blue Ridge Mountains

The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range.

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Brantford

Brantford (2016 population 97,496; CMA population 134,203) is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, founded on the Grand River.

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British colonization of the Americas

The British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas.

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Brothertown Indians

The Brothertown Indians (also Brotherton), located in Wisconsin, are a Native American tribe formed in the late eighteenth century from communities so-called "praying Indians" (or Moravian Indians), descended from Christianized Pequot and Mohegan (Algonquian-speaking) tribes of southern New England and eastern Long Island, New York.

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Bruce E. Johansen

Bruce Elliott Johansen (born January 30, 1950) is an American academic and author.

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Buffalo River (New York)

The Buffalo River drains a watershed in New York state, emptying into the eastern end of Lake Erie at the City of Buffalo.

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Buffalo, New York

Buffalo is the second largest city in the state of New York and the 81st most populous city in the United States.

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Busycotypus canaliculatus

The channeled whelk, Busycotypus canaliculatus, previously known as Busycon canaliculatum, is a very large predatory sea snail, a marine prosobranch gastropod, a busycon whelk, belonging to the family Busyconidae.

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Cadwallader Colden

Cadwallader Colden (7 February 1688 – 28 September 1776) was a physician, natural scientist, a lieutenant governor and acting Governor for the Province of New York.

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Calico

Calico (in British usage since 1505) is a plain-woven textile made from unbleached and often not fully processed cotton.

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California

California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.

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Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.

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Canadian Martyrs

The Canadian Martyrs, also known as the North American Martyrs, were eight Jesuit missionaries from Sainte-Marie among the Hurons.

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Canadian Shield

The Canadian Shield, also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier canadien (French), is a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks (geological shield) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent (the North American Craton or Laurentia).

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Canasatego

Canassatego (c. 1684–1750) was a leader of the Onondaga nation who became a prominent diplomat and spokesman of the Iroquois Confederacy in the 1740s.

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Cannibalism

Cannibalism is the act of one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food.

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Carex oligosperma

Carex oligosperma, common name fewseed sedge, few-seeded sedge, and few-fruited sedge, is a perennial plant in the Carex genus.

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Carya ovata

Carya ovata, the shagbark hickory, is a common hickory in the Eastern United States and southeast Canada.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Cayuga Lake

Cayuga Lake  is the longest of central New York's glacial Finger Lakes, and is the second largest in surface area (marginally smaller than Seneca Lake) and second largest in volume.

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Cayuga language

Cayuga (In Cayuga Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’) is a Northern Iroquoian language of the Iroquois Proper (also known as "Five Nations Iroquois") subfamily, and is spoken on Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation, Ontario, by around 240 Cayuga people, and on the Cattaraugus Reservation, New York, by less than 10.

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Cayuga Nation of New York

The Cayuga Nation of New York is a federally recognized tribe of Cayuga people, based in New York, United States.

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Cayuga people

The Cayuga (Cayuga: Guyohkohnyo or Gayogohó:no’, literally "People of the Great Swamp") was one of the five original constituents of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), a confederacy of Native Americans in New York.

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Central government

A central government is the government of a nation-state and is a characteristic of a unitary state.

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Central New York

Central New York is the central region of New York State, roughly including the following counties and cities: Under this definition, the region has a population of about 1,177,073, and includes the Syracuse metropolitan area.

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Charles Stewart (Canadian politician)

Charles Stewart, (August 26, 1868 – December 6, 1946) was a Canadian politician who served as the third Premier of Alberta from 1917 until 1921.

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Chelidonium

Chelidonium majus, (commonly known as greater celandine or tetterwort, (although tetterwort also refers to Sanguinaria canadensis), nipplewort, or swallowwort) is a herbaceous perennial plant, one of two species in the genus Chelidonium.

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Cherokee

The Cherokee (translit or translit) are one of the indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands.

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Cherokee language

Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, Tsalagi Gawonihisdi) is an endangered Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people.

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Cherry Valley massacre

The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Iroquois forces on a fort and the village of Cherry Valley in eastern New York on November 11, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War.

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Chicory

Common chicory, Cichorium intybus, is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the dandelion family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink.

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Chief John Big Tree

Chief John Big Tree (born Isaac Johnny John, June 2, 1877 – July 6, 1967) was a member of the Seneca Nation and an actor who appeared in 59 films between 1915 and 1950.

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Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

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Clan

A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent.

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Clan Mother

Clan Mother is a traditional role of elder matriarch women within certain Native American clans, who was typically in charge of appointing tribal chiefs and Faithkeepers.

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Cleveland

Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio, and the county seat of Cuyahoga County.

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Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes

The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation are a federally recognized tribe in the U.S. state of Montana.

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Connecticut River

The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States, flowing roughly southward for through four states.

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Consensus decision-making

Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process in which group members develop, and agree to support a decision in the best interest of the whole.

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Consensus government

A consensus government is one in which the cabinet is appointed by the legislature without reference to political parties.

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Continental Army

The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America.

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Cornelius Hill

Cornelius Hill (November 13, 1834 – January 25, 1907) or Onangwatgo (“Big Medicine”) was the last hereditary chief of the Oneida Nation, and fought to preserve his people's lands and rights under various treaties with the United States government.

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Cornell University

Cornell University is a private and statutory Ivy League research university located in Ithaca, New York.

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Cornplanter

John Abeel III (born between 1732 and 1746–February 18, 1836), known as Gaiänt'wakê (Gyantwachia - ″the planter″) or Kaiiontwa'kon (Kaintwakon - "By What One Plants") in the Seneca language and thus generally known as Cornplanter, was a Seneca war chief and diplomat of the Wolf clan.

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Covenant Chain

The Covenant Chain was a series of alliances and treaties developed during the seventeenth century, primarily between the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) and the British colonies of North America, with other Native American tribes added.

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Daniel Brodhead IV

Daniel Brodhead IV (October 17, 1736 – November 15, 1809) was an American military and political leader during the American Revolutionary War and early days of the United States.

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David Cusick

David Cusick (c.1780 – c.1831)Sturtevant, William C. "Early Iroquois Realist Painting and Identity Marking." Three Centuries of Woodlands Indian Art.

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Decoction

Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material to dissolve the chemicals of the material, which may include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes.

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Deer

Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.

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Delaware

Delaware is one of the 50 states of the United States, in the Mid-Atlantic or Northeastern region.

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Deskaheh

Levi General (March 15, 1873 - June 27, 1925), commonly known as Deskaheh, was a Haudenosaunee hereditary chief and appointed speaker noted for his persistent efforts to get recognition for his people.

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Diana Muir

Diana Muir, also known as Diana Muir Appelbaum, is a Newton, Massachusetts writer and historian.

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Dismissal (employment)

Dismissal (referred to informally as firing or sacking) is the termination of employment by an employer against the will of the employee.

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Donald A. Grinde Jr.

Donald Andrew Grinde Jr., a professor at the University at Buffalo, New York, is noted for his scholarship and writing on Native American issues.

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Duncan Campbell Scott

Duncan Campbell Scott CMG (August 2, 1862 – December 19, 1947) was a Canadian bureaucrat, poet and prose writer.

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Dunvegan Provincial Park

Dunvegan Provincial Park and Historic Dunvegan are a provincial park and a provincial historic site of Alberta located together on one site.

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Dutch people

The Dutch (Dutch), occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, "Nederlanders"—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands.

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E. Pauline Johnson

Emily Pauline Johnson (also known in Mohawk as Tekahionwake –pronounced: dageh-eeon-wageh, literally: 'double-life') (10 March 1861 – 7 March 1913), commonly known as E. Pauline Johnson or just Pauline Johnson, was a Canadian writer and performer popular in the late 19th century.

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Eagle

Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae.

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Echinacea purpurea

Echinacea purpurea (eastern purple coneflower, hedgehog coneflower, or purple coneflower) is a North American species of flowering plant in the sunflower family.

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Economy of the Iroquois

The economy of the Iroquois (also known as Haudenosaunee) historically was based on communal production and combined elements of both horticulture and hunter-gatherer systems.

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Eleazer Williams

Eleazer Williams (May 1788 – August 28, 1858) was a Canadian clergyman and missionary of Mohawk descent.

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Ely S. Parker

Ely Samuel Parker (1828 – August 31, 1895), (born Hasanoanda, later known as Donehogawa) was a Seneca attorney, engineer, and tribal diplomat.

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Engie Energy International

Engie Energy International, formerly International Power, is a multinational electricity generation company headquartered in London, United Kingdom and a wholly owned subsidiary of the French company Engie (formerly GDF Suez).

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.

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English people

The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England who speak the English language. The English identity is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn ("family of the Angles"). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, and the majority of people living there are British citizens. Historically, the English population is descended from several peoples the earlier Celtic Britons (or Brythons) and the Germanic tribes that settled in Britain following the withdrawal of the Romans, including Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England (from the Old English Englaland) along with the later Danes, Anglo-Normans and other groups. In the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become fairly closely aligned with British customs and identity in general. Today many English people have recent forebears from other parts of the United Kingdom, while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other European countries and from the Commonwealth. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system, the common law system and numerous major sports such as cricket, football, rugby union, rugby league and tennis. These and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire.

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Epidemic

An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.

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Epigaea repens

Epigaea repens – known as mayflower or trailing arbutus – is a low, spreading shrub in the Ericaceae family.

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Erie people

The Erie people (also Erieehronon, Eriechronon, Riquéronon, Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat) were a Native American people historically living on the south shore of Lake Erie.

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False Face Society

The False Face Society is probably the best known of the medicinal societies among the Iroquois, especially for its dramatic wooden masks.

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Federation of International Lacrosse

The Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL) is the international governing body of lacrosse, responsible for the men's, women's, and indoor versions of the sport.

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Finger Lakes

The Finger Lakes are a group of 11 long, narrow, roughly north–south lakes in an area called the Finger Lakes region in Central New York, in the United States.

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Finlay River

The Finlay River is a 402 km long river in north-central British Columbia flowing north and thence south from Thutade Lake in the Omineca Mountains to Williston Lake, the impounded waters of the Peace River formed by the completion of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam in 1968.

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First Nations

In Canada, the First Nations (Premières Nations) are the predominant indigenous peoples in Canada south of the Arctic Circle.

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First Nations Lacrosse Association

First Nations Lacrosse Association (formerly Iroquois Lacrosse Association) is the governing body of lacrosse for First Nations within Canada and Native American tribes within the United States.

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Florida

Florida (Spanish for "land of flowers") is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States.

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Flying Head

The Flying Head (also known as Big Head) is a cannibalistic monster or spirit from Iroquois and Wyandot mythology.

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Fort Frontenac

Fort Frontenac was a French trading post and military fort built in 1673 at the mouth of the Cataraqui River where the St. Lawrence River leaves Lake Ontario (at what is now the western end of the La Salle Causeway), in a location traditionally known as Cataraqui.

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Fort Orange (New Netherland)

Fort Orange (Fort Oranje) was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland; the present-day city of Albany, New York developed at this site.

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Fortification

A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare; and is also used to solidify rule in a region during peacetime.

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Four Mohawk Kings

The Four Indian Kings or Four Kings of the New World were three Mohawk chiefs from one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and a Mahican of the Algonquian peoples, whose portraits were painted by Jan Verelst in London to commemorate their travel from New York in 1710 to meet the Queen of Great Britain.

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François-Joseph Bressani

François-Joseph Bressani, (Francesco-Giuseppe), (6 May 1612 – 9 September 1672), was an Italian-born Jesuit priest who served as a missionary in New France between 1642 and 1650.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Francis Jennings

Francis "Fritz" Jennings (1918November 17, 2000) was an American historian, best known for his works on the colonial history of the United States.

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Francis Parkman

Francis Parkman Jr. (September 16, 1823 – November 8, 1893) was an American historian, best known as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life and his monumental seven-volume France and England in North America. These works are still valued as historical sources and as literature.

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Frederick Alexcee

Frederick Alexcee (1853 – 1940s) was a Tsimshian carver and painter from the community of Lax Kw'alaams (Port Simpson, a.k.a. Fort Simpson), British Columbia, Canada.

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French and Indian War

The French and Indian War (1754–63) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War of 1756–63.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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French people

The French (Français) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France.

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Funeral

A funeral is a ceremony connected with the burial, cremation, or interment of a corpse, or the burial (or equivalent) with the attendant observances.

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Fur trade

The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur.

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Galley

A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by rowing.

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Ganienkeh

Ganienkeh (meaning Land of the Flint Mohawk), is a Mohawk community located on about near Altona, New York in the far northeast corner of Upper New York State.

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Ganondagan State Historic Site

Ganondagan State Historic Site, (pronounced ga·NON·da·gan) also known as Boughton Hill, is a Native American historic site in Ontario County, New York in the United States.

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Gary Farmer

Gary Dale Farmer (born June 12, 1953) is a Canadian First Nations actor and musician.

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Genesee River

The Genesee River is a tributary of Lake Ontario flowing northward through the Twin Tiers of Pennsylvania and New York in the United States.

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George Clinton (vice president)

George Clinton (July 26, 1739April 20, 1812) was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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George Mason University

George Mason University (GMU, Mason, or George Mason) is a public research university in Fairfax County, Virginia.

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George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732 –, 1799), known as the "Father of His Country," was an American soldier and statesman who served from 1789 to 1797 as the first President of the United States.

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German Empire

The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.

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Gideon Hawley

Gideon Hawley (1727–1807) was a missionary to the Iroquois Indians in Massachusetts and on the Susquehanna River in New York.

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Government of the United Kingdom

The Government of the United Kingdom, formally referred to as Her Majesty's Government, is the central government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

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Governor Blacksnake

Tah-won-ne-ahs or Thaonawyuthe (born between 1737 and 1760, died 1859), known in English as either Governor Blacksnake or Chainbreaker, was a Seneca war chief and leader.

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Governor of New France

The Governor of New France was the viceroy of the King of France in North America.

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Graham Greene (actor)

Graham Greene, CM (born June 22, 1952) is a Canadian First Nations actor who has worked on stage, in film, and in TV productions in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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Grand River (Ontario)

The Grand River (Grande-Riviere in French and O:se Kenhionhata:tie in Mohawk) is a large river in Southwestern Ontario, Canada.

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Gray wolf

The gray wolf (Canis lupus), also known as the timber wolf,Paquet, P. & Carbyn, L. W. (2003).

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Great Indian Warpath

The Great Indian Warpath (GIW)—also known as the Great Indian War and Trading Path, or the Seneca Trail—was that part of the network of trails in eastern North America developed and used by Native Americans which ran through the Great Appalachian Valley.

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Great Lakes

The Great Lakes (les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River.

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Great Law of Peace

Among the Haudenosaunee (the "Six Nations," comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora peoples) the Great Law of Peace is the oral constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy.

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Great Peace of Montreal

The Great Peace of Montreal (La Grande paix de Montréal) was a peace treaty between New France and 39 First Nations of North America.

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Great Peacemaker

The Great Peacemaker (Skennenrahawi in Mohawk), sometimes referred to as Deganawida or Dekanawida (as a mark of respect, some Iroquois avoid using his personal name except in special circumstances) was by tradition, along with Jigonhsasee and Hiawatha, the founder of the Haudenosaunee, commonly called the Iroquois Confederacy.

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Great Spirit

The Great Spirit, known as Wakan Tanka among the Sioux,Ostler, Jeffry.

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

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Guy Carlton

Guy Albert Carlton (January 16, 1954 – May 11, 2001) was an American weightlifter who won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics and a silver medal at the 1979 Pan American Games.

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Haldimand Proclamation

The Haldimand Proclamation was a decree that granted land to the Iroquois who had served on the British side during the American Revolution.

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Handsome Lake

Handsome Lake (Cayuga language: Sganyadái:yo, Seneca language: Sganyodaiyo) (Θkanyatararí•yau• in Tuscarora) (1735 – 10 August 1815) was a Seneca religious leader of the Iroquois people.

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Hard clam

The hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), also known as a quahog (or quahaug), round clam, or hard-shell (or hard-shelled) clam, is an edible marine bivalve mollusc that is native to the eastern shores of North America and Central America, from Prince Edward Island to the Yucatán Peninsula.

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Hawk

Hawks are a group of medium-sized diurnal birds of prey of the family Accipitridae.

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Henry Armstrong

Henry Jackson Jr. (December 12, 1912 – October 24, 1988) was an American professional boxer and a world boxing champion who fought under the name Henry Armstrong.

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Heritage Minutes

Heritage Minutes, formerly known as Historica Minutes: History by the Minute, is a series of sixty-second short films, each illustrating an important moment in Canadian history.

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Heron

The herons are the long-legged freshwater and coastal birds in the family Ardeidae, with 64 recognised species, some of which are referred to as egrets or bitterns rather than herons.

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Hiawatha

Hiawatha (also known as Ayenwatha, Aiionwatha, or Haiëñ'wa'tha in Onondaga) was a pre-colonial Native American leader and co-founder of the Iroquois Confederacy.

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Hillary Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, and the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election.

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Historiography

Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject.

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History of New York (state)

The history of New York begins around 10,000 BC, when the first people arrived.

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History of Ontario

The History of Ontario covers the period from the arrival of Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day.

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Ho-Chunk

The Ho-Chunk, also known as Hoocąągra or Winnebago, are a Siouan-speaking Native American people whose historic territory includes parts of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois.

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Horatio Hale

Horatio Emmons Hale (May 3, 1817 – December 28, 1896) was an American-Canadian ethnologist, philologist and businessman who studied language as a key for classifying ancient peoples and being able to trace their migrations.

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Horticulture

Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants (fruits, vegetables, flowers, and any other cultivar).

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House concurrent resolution 108

House concurrent resolution 108 (HCR-108), passed August 1, 1953, declared it to be the sense of Congress that it should be policy of the United States to abolish federal supervision over American Indian tribes as soon as possible and to subject the Indians to the same laws, privileges, and responsibilities as other US citizens.

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Hudson River

The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States.

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Illinois Country

The Illinois Country (Pays des Illinois, lit. "land of the Illinois (plural)", i.e. the Illinois people) — sometimes referred to as Upper Louisiana (la Haute-Louisiane; Alta Luisiana) — was a vast region of New France in what is now the Midwestern United States.

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Immunity (medical)

In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.

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Indian Act

The Indian Act (An Act respecting Indians, Loi sur les Indiens), (the Act) is a Canadian Act of Parliament that concerns registered Indians, their bands, and the system of Indian reserves.

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Indian Claims Commission

The Indian Claims Commission was a judicial relations arbiter between the United States federal government and Native American tribes.

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Indian reserve

In Canada, an Indian reserve (réserve indienne) is specified by the Indian Act as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty, that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band." First Nations reserves are the areas set aside for First Nations people after a contract with the Canadian state ("the Crown"), and are not to be confused with land claims areas, which involve all of that First Nations' traditional lands: a much larger territory than any other reserve.

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Indian termination policy

Indian termination was the policy of the United States from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s.

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Indian Territory

As general terms, Indian Territory, the Indian Territories, or Indian country describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held aboriginal title to their land.

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Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada

The Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND), referred to by its applied title under the Federal Identity Program as Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), (Affaires autochtones et du Nord Canada), is the department of the government of Canada with responsibility for policies relating to Aboriginal peoples in Canada, that comprise the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.

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Indigenous peoples

Indigenous peoples, also known as first peoples, aboriginal peoples or native peoples, are ethnic groups who are the pre-colonial original inhabitants of a given region, in contrast to groups that have settled, occupied or colonized the area more recently.

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Infection

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

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Infusion

Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water, oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time (a process often called steeping).

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Innu language

Innu-aimun or Montagnais is an Algonquian language spoken by over 10,000 Innu in Labrador and Quebec in Eastern Canada.

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Interior ministry

An interior ministry (sometimes ministry of internal affairs or ministry of home affairs) is a government ministry typically responsible for policing, emergency management, national security, registration, supervision of local governments, conduct of elections, public administration and immigration matters.

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Irondequoit Bay

Irondequoit Bay is a large body of water located in northeastern Monroe County, New York.

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Iroquoian languages

The Iroquoian languages are a language family of indigenous peoples of North America.

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Iroquois

The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse) are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy.

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Iroquois men's national lacrosse team

The Iroquois men's national lacrosse team, known as the Iroquois Nationals, represents the Iroquois Confederacy in international field lacrosse competition.

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Iroquois mythology

Much of the mythology of the Iroquois (a confederacy of originally Five, later Six Nations of Native Americans) has been lost.

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Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario

Between 1665 and 1670, seven Iroquois settlements on the north shore of Lake Ontario in present-day Ontario, collectively known as the “Iroquois du Nord” villages, were established by Senecas, Cayugas,and Oneidas.

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Isaac Jogues

St.

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Ives Goddard

Robert Hale Ives Goddard III (1941–) is curator emeritus in the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution.

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Jack N. Rakove

Jack Norman Rakove (born June 4, 1947) is an American historian, author and professor at Stanford University.

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Jacques Cartier

Jacques Cartier (Jakez Karter; December 31, 1491September 1, 1557) was a Breton explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France.

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Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville

Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville (10 December 1637 – 22 September 1710) was Governor General of New France from 1685 to 1689 and was a key figure in the Beaver Wars.

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James Adair (historian)

James Adair (c.1709–1783) was a native of County Antrim, Ireland, who went to North America and became a trader with the Native Americans of the Southeastern Woodlands.

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Jamestown, Virginia

The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

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Jasper, Alberta

Jasper is a specialized municipality in western Alberta, Canada.

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Jay Silverheels

Jay Silverheels (born Harold Preston Smith, May 26, 1912 – March 5, 1980) was a Mohawk Canadian actor and He was well known for his role as Tonto, the faithful Indian companion of the Lone Ranger in the long-running American western television series ''The Lone Ranger''.

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Jean de Lalande

Saint Jean de Lalande (died October 19, 1646) was a Jesuit missionary at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons and one of the eight North American Martyrs.

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Jesse Cornplanter

Jesse J. Cornplanter (September 16, 1889 – 1957) (Seneca) was an artist and author.

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Jigonhsasee

Jikonhsaseh, also spelled as Jigonhsasee, or Jikonsase was an Iroquoian woman considered to be a co-founder, along with The Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha, of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy sometime between AD 1142 and 1450; others place it closer to 1570–1600.

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Joanne Shenandoah

Joanne Shenandoah (born 1958) is a singer, composer and acoustic guitarist based in the United States.

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Johannes Megapolensis

Johannes Megapolensis (1603–1670) was a dominie (pastor) of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Dutch colony of New Netherland (present-day New York state in the United States), beginning in 1642.

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John Arthur Gibson

John Arthur Gibson, (March 1, 1850 – November 1, 1912) was also known as Ganio'dai'io', ("Promoter of the Code of Handsome Lake") and Skanyadehehyoh (or Skanyadai'iyo - one of the traditional office-chiefs of the Seneca - that of "Handsome Lake") was born to his father, also named John Gibson, who was an Onondaga chief or Royaner whose title was Atotarho, (or Thatótá•hoˀ) and Hanna Gibson, of the Turtle clan of the Seneca nation.

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John Deseronto

Captain John Deserontyon (alt. Captain John, Deseronto, (Odeserundiye)), U.E.L (c. 1740s - 1811) was a prominent Mohawk war chief allied with the British during the American Revolutionary War.

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John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt

John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt (December 16, 1859 – October 14, 1937) was a linguist and ethnographer who specialized in Iroquoian and other Native American languages.

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John Norton (Mohawk chief)

John Norton (Teyoninhokarawen) (b.c. 1760s Scotland (?)- d.after 1826, adopted as Mohawk) was a military leader of Iroquois warriors in the War of 1812 on behalf of Great Britain against the United States.

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John Smoke Johnson

John Smoke Johnson (December 2 or 14, 1792 – August 26, 1886) or Sakayengwaraton (also known as Smoke Johnson), was a Mohawk leader in Canada.

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John Sullivan (general)

John Sullivan (February 17, 1740 – January 23, 1795) was an Irish-American General in the Revolutionary War, a delegate in the Continental Congress, Governor of New Hampshire and a United States federal judge.

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John Verelst

John Verelst, born and known also as Johannes or Jan (29 October 1648 – 7 March 1734), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

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Joseph Brant

Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant (March 1743 – November 24, 1807) was a Mohawk military and political leader, based in present-day New York, who was closely associated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution.

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Joseph Louis Cook

Joseph Louis Cook, or Akiatonharónkwen (died October 1814) (Mohawk), was an Iroquois leader and commissioned officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution.

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Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy

Field Marshal Julian Hedworth George Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, (11 September 1862 – 6 June 1935) was a British Army officer who served as Governor General of Canada, the 12th since Canadian Confederation.

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Kahnawake

The Kahnawake Mohawk Territory (in Mohawk, Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora) is a First Nations reserve of the Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, across from Montreal.

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Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38

The Iroquois community of Kahnawake played a unique role in the Lower Canada Rebellions, part of the greater Rebellions of 1837.

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Kanatsiohareke

Kanatsiohareke (Gah-nah-jo-ha-lay-gay) is a small Mohawk/Kanienkahaka community on the north bank of the Mohawk River, west of Fonda, New York.

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Kanesatake

Kanehsatà:ke is a Kanien'kéha:ka Mohawk settlement on the shore of the Lake of Two Mountains in southeastern Quebec, Canada, at the confluence of the Ottawa and St.

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Kateri Tekakwitha

Saint Kateri Tekakwitha (in Mohawk), given the name Tekakwitha, baptized as Catherine and informally known as Lily of the Mohawks (1656 – April 17, 1680), is a Roman Catholic saint who was an Algonquin–Mohawk laywoman.

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Kelly Lake, British Columbia

Kelly Lake is community in the Peace River Country of northeastern British Columbia, Canada, located just west of the border with the province of Alberta.

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Kentucky

Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States.

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Ki Longfellow

Ki Longfellow (born 'Baby Kelly', later named Pamela in 1944) is an American novelist, playwright, theatrical producer, theater director and entrepreneur with dual citizenship in Britain.

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King Philip's War

King Philip's War (sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's War, Pometacomet's Rebellion, or Metacom's Rebellion) was an armed conflict in 1675–78 between American Indian inhabitants of the New England region of North America versus New England colonists and their Indian allies.

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King William's War

King William's War (1688–97, also known as the Second Indian War, Father Baudoin's War,Alan F. Williams, Father Baudoin's War: D'Iberville's Campaigns in Acadia and Newfoundland 1696, 1697, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1987. Castin's War,Herbert Milton Sylvester. Indian Wars of New England: The land of the Abenake. The French occupation. King Philip's war. St. Castin's war. 1910. or the First Intercolonial War in French) was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War (1688–97, also known as the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg).

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Kingdom of the Netherlands

The Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden), commonly known as the Netherlands, is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with the large majority of its territory in Western Europe and with several small island territories in the Caribbean Sea, in the West Indies islands (Leeward Islands and Lesser Antilles).

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Kingston, Ontario

Kingston is a city in eastern Ontario, Canada.

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Klamath people

The Klamath people are a Native American tribe of the Plateau culture area in Southern Oregon and Northern California.

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Knobbed whelk

The knobbed whelk (Busycon carica) is a species of very large predatory sea snail, or in the USA, a whelk, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Busyconidae, the busycon whelks.

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Lachine, Quebec

Lachine is a borough (arrondissement) within the city of Montreal on the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec, Canada.

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Lacrosse

Lacrosse is a team sport played with a lacrosse stick and a lacrosse ball.

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Lake Erie

Lake Erie is the fourth-largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area.

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Lake Ontario

Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.

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Laura Cornelius Kellogg

Laura Cornelius Kellogg ("Minnie") ("Wynnogene") (September 10, 1880 – 1947), was an Oneida leader, author, orator, activist and visionary.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, La Société des Nations abbreviated as SDN or SdN in French) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.

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Lenape

The Lenape, also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in Canada and the United States.

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Lewis H. Morgan

Lewis Henry Morgan (November 21, 1818 – December 17, 1881) was a pioneering American anthropologist and social theorist who worked as a railroad lawyer.

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Libertarian socialism

Libertarian socialism (or socialist libertarianism) is a group of anti-authoritarian political philosophies inside the socialist movement that rejects socialism as centralized state ownership and control of the economy.

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Library and Archives Canada

Library and Archives Canada (LAC) (in Bibliothèque et Archives Canada) is a federal institution tasked with acquiring, preserving and making Canada's documentary heritage accessible.

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Lillie Rosa Minoka Hill

Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill (1875–1952) was a Native American physician of Mohawk descent.

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Little Beard

Little Beard or Si-gwa-ah-doh-gwih ("Spear Hanging Down") (died 1806), was a Seneca chief who participated in the American Revolutionary War on the side of Great Britain.

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Longhouse

A longhouse or long house is a type of long, proportionately narrow, single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world including Asia, Europe, and North America.

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Longhouse Religion

The Longhouse Religion is the popular name of the religious movement known as The Code of Handsome Lake or Gaihwi:io (Good Message), founded in 1799 by the Seneca prophet Handsome Lake (Sganyodaiyoˀ).

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Louis de Buade de Frontenac

Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac et de Palluau (May 22, 1622November 28, 1698) was a French soldier, courtier, and Governor General of New France from 1672 to 1682 and from 1689 to his death in 1698.

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Lower Canada

The Province of Lower Canada (province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791–1841).

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Mahican

The Mahicans (or Mohicans) are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe related to the abutting Delaware people, originally settled in the upper Hudson River Valley (around Albany, New York) and western New England centered on Pittsfield, Massachusetts and lower present-day Vermont.

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Maize

Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.

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Malecite-Passamaquoddy language

Malecite–Passamaquoddy (also known as Maliseet–Passamaquoddy) is an endangered Algonquian language spoken by the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy peoples along both sides of the border between Maine in the United States and New Brunswick, Canada.

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Manahoac

The Manahoac, also recorded as Mahock, were a small group of Siouan-language American Indians in northern Virginia at the time of European contact.

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Maple

Acer is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple.

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Maple syrup

Maple syrup is a syrup usually made from the xylem sap of sugar maple, red maple, or black maple trees, although it can also be made from other maple species.

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Marseille

Marseille (Provençal: Marselha), is the second-largest city of France and the largest city of the Provence historical region.

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Matrilineality

Matrilineality is the tracing of descent through the female line.

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Mattawoman

The Mattawoman (also known as Mattawomen) were a group of Native Americans living along the Western Shore of Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay at the time of English colonization.

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Métis

The Métis are members of ethnic groups native to Canada and parts of the United States that trace their descent to indigenous North Americans and European settlers.

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Métis in Alberta

Métis in Alberta are Métis people, descendants of mixed First Nations/native Indian and white/European families, who live in the Canadian province of Alberta.

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Métis in Canada

The Métis in Canada are a group of peoples in Canada who trace their descent to First Nations peoples and European settlers.

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Menominee

The Menominee (also spelled Menomini, derived from the Ojibwe language word for "Wild Rice People;" known as Mamaceqtaw, "the people," in the Menominee language) are a federally recognized nation of Native Americans, with a reservation in Wisconsin.

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Metacomet

Metacomet (1638–1676), also known as Metacom and by his adopted English name King Philip,, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.

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Mi'kmaq

The Mi'kmaq or Mi'gmaq (also Micmac, L'nu, Mi'kmaw or Mi'gmaw) are a First Nations people indigenous to Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as the northeastern region of Maine.

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Michel Band

The Michel Band also called the Michel Caillehoo, Michel Caillehouis, Michel Caillehow, Michel Calahoo, Michel Calistrois, or Michel Calliho Band was a group of "Indians" (First Nations people) united under a band government.

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Mingo

The Mingo people are an Iroquoian-speaking group of Native Americans made up of peoples who migrated west to the Ohio Country in the mid-18th century, primarily Seneca and Cayuga.

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Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system.

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Moccasin

A moccasin is a shoe, made of deerskin or other soft leather, consisting of a sole (made with leather that has not been "worked") and sides made of one piece of leather, stitched together at the top, and sometimes with a vamp (additional panel of leather).

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Mohawk Chapel

Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks in Brantford, Ontario, is the oldest surviving church building in Ontario and was the first Anglican church in Upper Canada.

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Mohawk hairstyle

The mohawk (also referred to as a mohican) is a hairstyle in which, in the most common variety, both sides of the head are shaven, leaving a strip of noticeably longer hair in the center.

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Mohawk language

Mohawk (Kanien’kéha, " of the Flint Place") is a threatened Iroquoian language currently spoken by around 3,500 people of the Mohawk nation, located primarily in Canada (southern Ontario and Quebec) and to a lesser extent in the United States (western and northern New York).

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Mohawk people

The Mohawk people (who identify as Kanien'kehá:ka) are the most easterly tribe of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy.

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Mohawk River

The Mohawk River is a U.S. Geological Survey.

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Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte First Nation

The Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte (Mohawk: Kenhtè:ke Kanyen'kehá:ka) are a Mohawk First Nation within Hastings County, Ontario.

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Molly Brant

Molly Brant (c. 1736 – April 16, 1796, Mohawk), also known as Mary Brant, Konwatsi'tsiaienni, and Degonwadonti, was influential in New York and Canada in the era of the American Revolution.

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Montreal

Montreal (officially Montréal) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada.

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Mosopelea

The Mosopelea, or Ofo, were a Native American Siouan-speaking tribe who historically inhabited the upper Ohio River.

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Muslin

Muslin, also mousseline, is a cotton fabric of plain weave.

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Nanfan Treaty

Deed from the Five Nations to the King, of their Beaver Hunting Ground, more commonly known as the Nanfan Treaty, was an agreement made between the representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy with John Nanfan, the acting colonial governor of New York, on behalf of The Crown.

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National Organization for Women

The National Organization for Women (NOW) is an American feminist organization founded in 1966.

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Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous peoples of the United States.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

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Neutral Nation

The Neutral Confederacy or Neutral Nation or Neutral people were a Iroquoian-speaking North American indigenous people who lived near the northern shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, on the west side of the Niagara River, west of the Tabacco Nation.

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New Brunswick

New Brunswick (Nouveau-Brunswick; Canadian French pronunciation) is one of three Maritime provinces on the east coast of Canada.

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New France

New France (Nouvelle-France) was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763.

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New Netherland

New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw Nederland; Latin: Nova Belgica or Novum Belgium) was a 17th-century colony of the Dutch Republic that was located on the east coast of North America.

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New York (state)

New York is a state in the northeastern United States.

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Nine Years' War

The Nine Years' War (1688–97) – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a conflict between Louis XIV of France and a European coalition of Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Spain, England and Savoy.

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North American fur trade

The North American fur trade was the industry and activities related to the acquisition, trade, exchange, and sale of animal furs in North America.

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North Carolina

North Carolina is a U.S. state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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North West Company

The North West Company was a fur trading business headquartered in Montreal from 1779 to 1821.

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Northeastern United States

The Northeastern United States, also referred to as the American Northeast or simply the Northeast, is a geographical region of the United States bordered to the north by Canada, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Southern United States, and to the west by the Midwestern United States.

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Ohio Country

The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory or Ohio Valley by the French) was a name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains and in the region of the upper Ohio River south of Lake Erie.

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Ohio River

The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States.

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Oka Crisis

The Oka Crisis (Crise d'Oka) was a land dispute between a group of Mohawk people and the town of Oka, Quebec, Canada, which began on July 11, 1990, and lasted 78 days until September 26, 1990 with one fatality.

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Oneida Carry

The Oneida Carry was an important link in the main 18th century trade route between the Atlantic seaboard of North America and interior of the continent.

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Oneida Indian Nation

The Oneida Nation or Oneida Indian Nation (OIN) is a federally recognized tribe of Oneida people in the United States.

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Oneida Lake

Oneida Lake is the largest lake entirely within New York State, with a surface area of.

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Oneida language

Oneida is an Iroquoian language spoken primarily by the Oneida people in the U.S. states of New York and Wisconsin, and the Canadian province of Ontario.

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Oneida Nation of the Thames

The Oneida Nation of the Thames is an Onyota'a:ka (Oneida) First Nations band government located in southwestern Ontario on what is commonly referred to as the "Oneida Settlement", located about a 30-minute drive from London, Ontario, Canada.

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Oneida Nation of Wisconsin

The Oneida Nation of Wisconsin is a federally recognized tribe of Oneida people, with a reservation located in parts of two counties on the west side of the Green Bay metropolitan area.

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Oneida people

The Oneida (Onyota'a:ka or Onayotekaonotyu, meaning the People of the Upright Stone, or standing stone, Thwahrù·nęʼ in Tuscarora) are a Native American tribe and First Nations band.

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Onondaga Lake

Onondaga Lake is a lake in Central New York, immediately northwest of and adjacent to Syracuse, New York.

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Onondaga language

Onondaga Nation Language (Onoñdaʔgegáʔ nigaweñoʔdeñʔ (literally "Onondaga is our language") is the language of the Onondaga First Nation, one of the original five constituent tribes of the League of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee). This language is spoken in the United States and Canada, primarily on the reservation in central New York state, and near Brantford, Ontario.

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Onondaga people

The Onondaga (Onöñda’gaga’ or "Hill Place") people are one of the original five constituent nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy in northeast North America.

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Onondaga Reservation

Onondaga Reservation is an Indian reservation in Onondaga County, New York, United States.

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Ontario

Ontario is one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada and is located in east-central Canada.

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Oral tradition

Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication where in knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one generation to another.

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Oren Lyons

Oren R. Lyons, Jr. (born 1930) is a Native American Faithkeeper of the Turtle Clan of the Seneca Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.

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Orenda

Orenda is an Iroquois name for a spiritual power inherent in people and their environment.

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Osmunda claytoniana

Osmunda claytoniana, the interrupted fern, is a fern native to Eastern Asia and eastern North America, in the Eastern United States and Eastern Canada.

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Palisade

A palisade—sometimes called a stakewall or a paling—is typically a fence or wall made from wooden stakes or tree trunks and used as a defensive structure or enclosure.

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Pantalettes

Pantalettes are undergarments covering the legs worn by women, girls, and very young boys (before they were breeched) in the early- to mid-19th century.

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Patriarchy

Patriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.

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Patriation

Patriation was the political process that led to full Canadian sovereignty, culminating with the Constitution Act, 1982.

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Philip Mazzei

Filippo Mazzei (but sometimes erroneously cited with the name of Philip Mazzie; December 25, 1730 – March 19, 1816) was an Italian physician.

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Piedmont (United States)

The Piedmont is a plateau region located in the eastern United States.

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Piedmont region of Virginia

The Piedmont region of Virginia is a part of the greater Piedmont physiographic region which stretches from the falls of the Potomac, Rappahannock, and James Rivers to the Blue Ridge Mountains.

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Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial

Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Marquis de Vaudreuil (22 November 1698 – 4 August 1778) was a Canadian-born colonial governor of Canada (New France) in North America.

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Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix

Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, S.J. (Petrus Franciscus-Xaverius de Charlevoix; 1682–1761) was a French Jesuit priest, traveller, and historian, often considered the first historian of New France.

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Pierre-Esprit Radisson

Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636/1640–1710) was a French fur trader and explorer.

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Pieter Schuyler

Pieter Schuyler (September 17, 1657 – February 19, 1724) was the first mayor of Albany, New York.

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Pinus strobus

Pinus strobus, commonly denominated the eastern white pine, northern white pine, white pine, Weymouth pine (British), and soft pine accessed 12 August 2013 is a large pine native to eastern North America.

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Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory

The Piscataway Indian Nation, also called Piscatawa, is a state-recognized tribe in Maryland that claims descent from the historic Piscataway tribe.

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Polly Cooper

Polly Cooper was an Oneida woman from the New York colony who took part in an expedition in 1777 to aid the Continental army during the American Revolution.

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Potawatomi

ThePottawatomi, also spelled Pottawatomie and Potawatomi (among many variations), are a Native American people of the Great Plains, upper Mississippi River, and western Great Lakes region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. The Potawatomi called themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of the word Anishinaabe. The Potawatomi were part of a long-term alliance, called the Council of Three Fires, with the Ojibwe and Odawa (Ottawa). In the Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi were considered the "youngest brother" and were referred to in this context as Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and refers to the council fire of three peoples. In the 19th century, they were pushed to the west by European/American encroachment in the late 18th century and removed from their lands in the Great Lakes region to reservations in Oklahoma. Under Indian Removal, they eventually ceded many of their lands, and most of the Potawatomi relocated to Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian Territory, now in Oklahoma. Some bands survived in the Great Lakes region and today are federally recognized as tribes. In Canada, there are over 20 First Nation bands.

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Potentilla canadensis

Potentilla canadensis, the dwarf cinquefoil, is a species of cinquefoil (genus Potentilla) native to North America.

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Pouce Coupe

The Village of Pouce Coupe (French for "cut thumb") is a small town in northeastern British Columbia, Canada, and a member municipality of the Peace River Regional District.

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Powhatan

The Powhatan People (sometimes Powhatans) (also spelled Powatan) are an Indigenous group traditionally from Virginia.

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Proto-Iroquoian language

Proto-Iroquoian is the name given to the hypothetical proto-language of the Iroquoian languages.

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Province of Maryland

The Province of Maryland was an English and later British colony in North America that existed from 1632 until 1776, when it joined the other twelve of the Thirteen Colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Maryland.

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Province of Quebec (1763–1791)

The Province of Quebec was a colony in North America created by Great Britain after the Seven Years' War.

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Quapaw

The Quapaw (or Arkansas and Ugahxpa) people are a tribe of Native Americans that coalesced in the Midwest and Ohio Valley.

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Queen Anne's War

Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession, as known in the British colonies, and the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought between France and England in North America for control of the continent.

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Ranunculus acris

Ranunculus acris is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, and is one of the more common buttercups across Europe and temperate Eurasia.

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Red Jacket

Red Jacket (known as Otetiani in his youth and Sagoyewatha Sa-go-ye-wa-tha as an adult because of his oratorical skills) (c. 1750–January 20, 1830) was a Seneca orator and chief of the Wolf clan, based in western New York.

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Reflections in Bullough's Pond

Reflections in Bullough's Pond: Economy and Ecosystem in New England is a book by Diana Muir.

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René Goupil

René Goupil, S.J. (15 May 1608 – 29 September 1642), was a French Jesuit lay missionary (in French "donné", "given", or "one who offers himself") who became a lay brother of the Society of Jesus shortly before his death.

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René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle

René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de La Salle (November 22, 1643 – March 19, 1687) was a French explorer.

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Rhizome

In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (from script "mass of roots", from rhizóō "cause to strike root") is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes.

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Right of conquest

The right of conquest is the right of a conqueror to territory taken by force of arms.

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Robbie Robertson

Jaime Royal "Robbie" Robertson, OC (born July 5, 1943), is a Canadian musician, songwriter, film composer, producer, actor, and author.

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Robert Bourassa

Robert Bourassa, (July 14, 1933 – October 2, 1996) was a politician in Quebec, Canada.

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Robert Hunter (governor)

Robert Hunter (1666–1734) was a British military officer, colonial governor of New York and New Jersey from 1710 to 1720, and governor of Jamaica from 1727 to 1734.

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Royal Canadian Mounted Police

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC), "Royal Gendarmerie of Canada"; colloquially known as The Mounties, and internally as "the Force") is the federal and national police force of Canada.

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Royal Proclamation of 1763

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.

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Sachem

Sachem and Sagamore refer to paramount chiefs among the Algonquians or other Native American tribes of the northeast.

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Saint Lawrence River

The Saint Lawrence River (Fleuve Saint-Laurent; Tuscarora: Kahnawáʼkye; Mohawk: Kaniatarowanenneh, meaning "big waterway") is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America.

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Sainte Marie among the Iroquois

Sainte Marie among the Iroquois (originally known as Sainte Marie de Gannentaha or St. Mary's of Ganantaa) was a 17th-century French Jesuit mission located in the middle of the Onondaga nation of the Haudenosaunee/Iroquois.

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Sainte-Marie among the Hurons

Sainte-Marie among the Hurons (Sainte-Marie-au-pays-des-Hurons) was a French Jesuit settlement in Wendake, the land of the Wendat, near modern Midland, Ontario, from 1639 to 1649.

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Samuel de Champlain

Samuel de Champlain (born Samuel Champlain; on or before August 13, 1574Fichier OrigineFor a detailed analysis of his baptismal record, see RitchThe baptism act does not contain information about the age of Samuel, neither his birth date or his place of birth. – December 25, 1635), known as "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler.

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Sandpiper

Sandpipers are a large family, Scolopacidae, of waders or shorebirds.

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Sanford Plummer

Sanford Plummer (Ga-yo-gwa-doke) (1905–1974) (Seneca) was a Native American narrative watercolor painter from New York state.

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Sayenqueraghta

Sayenqueraghta (1786) was the war chief of the eastern Seneca tribe in the mid-18th century.

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Scottish people

The Scottish people (Scots: Scots Fowk, Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of two Celtic-speaking peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or Alba) in the 9th century. Later, the neighbouring Celtic-speaking Cumbrians, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons and Norse, were incorporated into the Scottish nation. In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from Scotland. The Latin word Scoti originally referred to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also been used for Scottish people, primarily outside Scotland. John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and affectionately referred to themselves as 'Scotch'. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century. People of Scottish descent live in many countries other than Scotland. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the Highland and Lowland Clearances, Scottish participation in the British Empire, and latterly industrial decline and unemployment, have resulted in Scottish people being found throughout the world. Scottish emigrants took with them their Scottish languages and culture. Large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world and the second-largest population of Scottish descendants, after the United States. Scotland has seen migration and settlement of many peoples at different periods in its history. The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons have their respective origin myths, like most medieval European peoples. Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th century, while the Norse settled parts of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was some emigration from France, England and the Low Countries to Scotland. Some famous Scottish family names, including those bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray and Stewart came to Scotland at this time. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, and the majority of people living there are British citizens.

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Secretary of state

The title secretary of state or state secretary is commonly used for senior or mid-level posts in governments around the world.

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Selvage

A selvage (US English) or selvedge (British English) is a "self-finished" edge of fabric, keeping it from unraveling and fraying.

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Seneca Lake (New York)

Seneca Lake is the largest of the glacial Finger Lakes of the U.S. state of New York, and the deepest lake entirely within the state.

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Seneca language

Seneca (in Seneca, Onödowá'ga: or Onötowá'ka) is the language of the Seneca people, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League; it is an Iroquoian language, spoken at the time of contact in the western portion of New York.

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Seneca Nation of New York

The Seneca Nation of Indians is a federally recognized Seneca tribe based in western New York.

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Seneca people

The Seneca are a group of indigenous Iroquoian-speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario.

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Seneca-Cayuga Nation

The Seneca–Cayuga Nation is one of three federally recognized tribes of Seneca people in the United States.

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Senna hebecarpa

Senna hebecarpa, with the common names American senna and wild senna, is a species of legume native to eastern North America.

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September 11 attacks

The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

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Seven Nations of Canada

The Seven Nations of The Iroquois Confederacy were a historic confederation of First Nations living in and around the Saint Lawrence River valley beginning in the eighteenth century.

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Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.

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Shelley Niro

Shelley Niro (born 1954) is a Mohawk filmmaker and visual artist from New York and Ontario.

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Shenandoah Valley

The Shenandoah Valley is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States.

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Simcoe County

Simcoe County is located in the central portion of Southern Ontario, Canada.

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Simon Le Moyne

Father Simon Le Moyne, S.J. (22 October 1604 – 24 November 1665) was a Jesuit priest who became involved with the mission to the Hurons in the New World.

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Sinistrofulgur

Sinistrofulgur is a genus of large sea snails with left-handed shell-coiling, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Busyconidae.

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Sinistrofulgur perversum

The lightning whelk, scientific name Sinistrofulgur perversum,J.

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Siouan languages

Siouan or Siouan–Catawban is a language family of North America that is located primarily in the Great Plains, Ohio and Mississippi valleys and southeastern North America with a few outlier languages in the east.

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Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet

Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet (21 October 1681 – 17 December 1751), born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England, and died in London, served as Governor of Virginia from 1727 through 1749.

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Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet

Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet (171511 July 1774) was an Irish official of the British Empire.

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Six Nations of the Grand River

Six Nations (or Six Nations of the Grand River, Réserve des Six Nations) is the largest First Nations reserve in Canada.

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Skenandoa

John Skenandoa (c. 1706 – March 11, 1816), also called Shenandoah among other forms, was an elected chief (a so-called "pine tree chief") of the Oneida.

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Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas

Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas took many forms throughout North and South America.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.

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Snipe

A snipe is any of about 26 wading bird species in three genera in the family Scolopacidae.

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Snow snake

Snow snake is a Native American winter sport traditionally played by many tribes in the northern Midwest, including the Ojibwe, Sioux, Wyandotte, Oneida and other Iroquois people.

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Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.

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Solar eclipse

A solar eclipse (as seen from the planet Earth) is a type of eclipse that occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, and when the Moon fully or partially blocks ("occults") the Sun.

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Solidago rugosa

Solidago rugosa, commonly called the wrinkleleaf goldenrod or rough-stemmed goldenrod, is a species of flowering plant in the sunflower family (Asteraceae).

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St. Lawrence Iroquoians

The St.

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St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

St.

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Stan Jonathan

Stanley Carl "Bulldog" Jonathan (born September 5, 1955) is a retired Canadian ice hockey left winger, most notably for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League, for whom he played for parts of eight seasons.

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Stanford University

Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University, colloquially the Farm) is a private research university in Stanford, California.

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Stockbridge-Munsee Community

The Stockbridge-Munsee Community also known as the Mohican Nation Stockbridge-Munsee Band is a federally recognized Native American tribe formed in the late eighteenth century from communities of so-called "praying Indians" (or Moravian Indians), descended from Christianized members of two distinct peoples: Mohicans from the praying town of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and Munsees.

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Sullivan Expedition

The 1779 Sullivan Expedition, also known as the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition, was an extended systematic military campaign during the American Revolutionary War against Loyalists ("Tories") and the four Amerindian nations of the Iroquois which had sided with the British.

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Susquehanna River

The Susquehanna River (Lenape: Siskëwahane) is a major river located in the northeastern United States.

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Susquehannock

Susquehannock people, also called the Conestoga (by the English)The American Heritage Book of Indians, pages 188-189 were Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans who lived in areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries ranging from its upper reaches in the southern part of what is now New York (near the lands of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy), through eastern and central Pennsylvania West of the Poconos and the upper Delaware River (and the Delaware nations), with lands extending beyond the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland along the west bank of the Potomac at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay.

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Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G L Nesom.

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Syracuse, New York

Syracuse is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York, in the United States.

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Tadodaho

Tadodaho was a Native American and sachem of the Onondaga nation before the Deganawidah and Hiawatha formed the Iroquois League.

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Tanacharison

Tanacharison or Tanaghrisson (c. 1700 – 4 October 1754) was a Native American leader who played a pivotal role in the beginning of the French and Indian War.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.

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The Band

The Band was a Canadian-American roots rock group formed in Toronto, Ontario in 1968 by Rick Danko (bass guitar, vocals), Garth Hudson (keyboards, saxophone), Richard Manuel (keyboards, vocals), Robbie Robertson (guitar, vocals), and Levon Helm (drums, vocals).

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The Economist

The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.

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The Lone Ranger (TV series)

The Lone Ranger is an American western drama television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957, with Clayton Moore in the starring role.

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The Man-Eating Myth

The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy is an influential anthropological study of socially sanctioned cultural cannibalism across the world, which casts a critical perspective on the existence of such practices.

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Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America.

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Three Sisters (agriculture)

The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various Native American groups in North America: winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans (typically tepary beans or common beans).

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Tom Longboat

Thomas Charles Longboat (June 4, 1887 – January 9, 1949), whose Iroquois name was Cogwagee, was an Onondaga distance runner from the Six Nations Reserve near Brantford, Ontario, and for much of his career the dominant long-distance runner of the time.

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Tonto

Tonto is a fictional character, the either Potawatomi or Comanche companion of the Lone Ranger, a popular American Western character created by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker.

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Torture

Torture (from the Latin tortus, "twisted") is the act of deliberately inflicting physical or psychological pain in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or compel some action from the victim.

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Town Destroyer

Conotocaurious (Town Destroyer) was a nickname given to George Washington by Iroquois Native Americans in 1753.

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Treaty of Canandaigua

The Treaty of Canandaigua (or Konondaigua, as spelled in the treaty itself) is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington representing the United States of America.

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Treaty of Fort Stanwix

The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was a treaty between Native Americans and Great Britain, signed in 1768 at Fort Stanwix, in present-day Rome, New York.

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Treaty of Lancaster

The Treaty of Lancaster was a treaty concluded between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (also known as "Six Nations" or Iroquois) and the colonial governments of Virginia Colony and Maryland Colony.

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Tree of Peace

The Iroquois Tree of Peace finds its roots in a man named Dekanawidah, the peace-giver.

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Tribal chief

A tribal chief is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom.

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Trois-Rivières

Trois-Rivières is a city in the Mauricie administrative region of Quebec, Canada, at the confluence of the Saint-Maurice and Saint Lawrence rivers, on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River across from the city of Bécancour.

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Tsimshian

The Tsimshian (Coast Tsimshian: Ts’msyan) are an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast.

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Turtle

Turtles are diapsids of the order Testudines (or Chelonii) characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield.

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Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians

The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe language: Mikinaakwajiw-ininiwag) is a Native American tribe of Ojibwa and Métis peoples, based on the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation in Belcourt, North Dakota.

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Tuscarora language

Tuscarora, sometimes called Skarò˙rə̨ˀ, is an Iroquoian language of the Tuscarora people, spoken in southern Ontario, Canada, North Carolina and northwestern New York around Niagara Falls, in the United States.

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Tuscarora people

The Tuscarora (in Tuscarora Skarù:ręˀ, "hemp gatherers" or "Shirt-Wearing People") are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government of the Iroquoian-language family, with members today in North Carolina, New York, and Ontario.

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Tuscarora Reservation

The Tuscarora Reservation (Nyučirhéʼę in Tuscarora) is an Indian reservation in Niagara County, New York.

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Tutelo

The Tutelo (also Totero, Totteroy, Tutera; Yesan in Tutelo) were Native American people living above the Fall Line in present-day Virginia and West Virginia.

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Two Row Wampum Treaty

The Two Row Wampum Treaty, also known as Guswenta or Kaswhenta and as the Tawagonshi Agreement of 1613 or the Tawagonshi Treaty, is a mutual treaty agreement, made in 1613 between representatives of the Five Nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and representatives of the Dutch government in what is now upstate New York.

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Ulysses S. Grant

Ulysses Simpson Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American soldier and statesman who served as Commanding General of the Army and the 18th President of the United States, the highest positions in the military and the government of the United States.

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Union Army

During the American Civil War, the Union Army referred to the United States Army, the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.

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United States Constitution

The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.

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United States Department of the Interior

The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is the United States federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources, and the administration of programs relating to Native Americans, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, territorial affairs, and insular areas of the United States.

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Upper Canada

The Province of Upper Canada (province du Haut-Canada) was a part of British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North America and to accommodate Loyalist refugees of the United States after the American Revolution.

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Upstate New York

Upstate New York is the portion of the American state of New York lying north of the New York metropolitan area.

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Urban Indian

Urban Indians are Native Americans in the United States who live in urban areas.

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Vomiting

Vomiting, also known as emesis, puking, barfing, throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.

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Voyageurs

The voyageurs (travelers) were French Canadians who engaged in the transporting of furs by canoe during the fur trade years.

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Wahta Mohawks

The Wahta Mohawks are a Mohawk First Nation in Ontario.

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Wampum

Wampum is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of American Indians.

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War of 1812

The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815.

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War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700.

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Western New York

Western New York is the westernmost region of the state of New York.

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William Lyon Mackenzie King

William Lyon Mackenzie King (December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950), also commonly known as Mackenzie King, was the dominant Canadian political leader from the 1920s through the 1940s.

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Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.

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Wisconsin

Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Wyandot language

Wyandot (sometimes spelled Waⁿdat) is the Iroquoian language traditionally spoken by the people known variously as Wyandot or Wyandotte, descended from the Wendat (Huron).

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Wyandot people

The Wyandot people or Wendat, also called the Huron Nation and Huron people, in most historic references are believed to have been the most populous confederacy of Iroquoian cultured indigenous peoples of North America.

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1960s

The 1960s (pronounced "nineteen-sixties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1960, and ended on 31 December 1969.

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2000 United States Census

The Twenty-second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 people enumerated during the 1990 Census.

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2010 World Lacrosse Championship

The 2010 World Lacrosse Championship was held between 15–24 July.

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Redirects here:

Early Iroquoian, Five Nations of the Iroquois, Ganonsyoni, Grand Council of the Six Nations, Haudenasaunee, Haudenausanee, Haudenosanee confederacy, Haudenosaune, Haudenosaunee, Haudenosaunee Confederacy, Hodenosaunee, Irequois, Iriqoi, Iriquios, Iriquois, Iroqois, Iroqouis, Iroqui, Iroquis, Iroquoian Peoples, Iroquoian people, Iroquois Confederacy, Iroquois Confederacy of Nations, Iroquois Confederation, Iroquois Indian, Iroquois Indians, Iroquois League, Iroquois Nation, Iroquois confederacy, Iroquois people, Irquios, Iruquios, Late Iroquoian, League of Five Nations, League of the Iroquois, Maqua, Mengwe, Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy, Six Nations of the Iroquois, Sixth Nation, The Six Nations of the Iroquois.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois

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