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136 relations: Agriculture, Ahir, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, An Advanced History of India, Arya Samaj, Asif Ali Zardari, Azad Kashmir, Bajwa, Barbara D. Metcalf, Bharatpur district, Bharatpur State, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, Bhatkal and Sen, Bhim Singh Rana, Bhumihar, British Indian Army, British Raj, Burjor Avari, Carol R. Ember, Chandala, Charan Singh, Chhatar Singh, Chhattisgarh, Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan), Christopher Bayly, Delhi, Delhi Territory, Dera Ismail Khan District, Dholpur district, Durbar (court), Early modern period, Encyclopædia Britannica, Eric Thomas Stokes, Faridkot, Punjab, Firstpost, Gohad, Grenadier, Guru Hargobind, Gwalior Fort, Haryana, Haryanvi language, Himachal Pradesh, Hina Rabbani Khar, Hindi, Hinduism, Hindustan Times, Historical Vedic religion, Indian Army, Indian subcontinent, Indo-Gangetic Plain, ..., Indo-Scythians, Indus River, Indus River Delta, Islam, Jat Regiment, Jat reservation agitation, Jat Sikh, Kacchi Plain, Khalsa, Khushwant Singh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Krishna, Kshatriya, Kuchesar, Lahore, Late Middle Ages, List of Jats, Lloyd Rudolph, M. N. Srinivas, Madhya Pradesh, Mahendra Pratap, Martial race, Melvin Ember, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Motilal Banarsidass, Mughal Empire, Muhammad bin Qasim, Muzaffar Alam, Nabha, North India, Odysseus, Other Backward Class, Oxford University Press, Pachisi, Pakistan, Pastoralism, Patiala, Plato, Prime Minister of India, Princely state, Punjab, Punjab Regiment (Pakistan), Punjab, India, Punjab, Pakistan, Punjabi language, Punjabi University, Qamar Javed Bajwa, R. C. Majumdar, Rajasthan, Rajasthani language, Rajput, Rajputana, Rajputana Rifles, Rathore, Red Fort, Reservation in India, Sakia, Saraiki language, Shudra, Sialkot District, Sikh Regiment, Sikhism, Sindh, Sindhi language, States and union territories of India, Suraj Mal, Susan Bayly, Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, The Times of India, Thomas R. Metcalf, Transhumance, Uma Chakravarti, University of California Press, University of Pennsylvania, Untouchability, Urdu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Varna (Hinduism), Veneration of the dead, W. H. McLeod, Western Uttar Pradesh, World Jat Aryan Foundation, World War I, World War II, Zamindar. Expand index (86 more) »
Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.
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Ahir
Ahir or Aheer is an ethnic group, some members of which identify as being of the Indian Yadav community because they consider the two terms to be synonymous.
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Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
Aligarh (formerly Allygurh & Koil) is a city in the Northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh that is famous for lock industries and the administrative headquarters of the Aligarh district.
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An Advanced History of India
An Advanced History of India is a book on Indian history written by R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Raychaudhuri and Kalikinkar Datta, first published in 1946.
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Arya Samaj
Arya Samaj (Sanskrit: आर्य समाज "Noble Society" Hindi: आर्य समाज, Bengali: আর্য সমাজ, Punjabi: ਆਰੀਆ ਸਮਾਜ, Gujarati: આર્ય સમાજ) is an Indian Hindu reform movement that promotes values and practices based on the belief in the infallible authority of the Vedas.
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Asif Ali Zardari
Asif Ali Zardari (آصف علی زرداری; آصف علي زرداري; born 26 July 1955) is a Pakistani politician and the former co-chairperson of Pakistan People's Party.
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Azad Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (آزاد جموں و کشمیر Āzād Jammū̃ o Kaśmīr, translation: Free Jammu and Kashmir), abbreviated as AJK and commonly known as Azad Kashmir, is a nominally self-governing polity administered by Pakistan.
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Bajwa
Bajwa is a Jat clan from the Gujranwala and Sialkot localities of the Punjab region.
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Barbara D. Metcalf
Barbara Daly Metcalf (born September 13, 1941) is a Professor Emeritus of History at the University of California, Davis.
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Bharatpur district
Bharatpur District is a district of Rajasthan state in western India also known as Jat Kingdom.
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Bharatpur State
Bharatpur State, also known as Bharatpore State, was a Hindu princely state in India.
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Bharatpur, Rajasthan
Bharatpur is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Rajasthan.
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Bhatkal and Sen
Bhatkal & Sen is a publishing partnership between Mandira Sen and Popular Prakashan.
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Bhim Singh Rana
Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana (c. 1707–1756) was the most powerful ruler of princely state Gohad in northwestern Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Bhumihar
Bhumihars are a Hindu caste mainly found in Bihar (including the Mithila region), the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, and Nepal.
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British Indian Army
The Indian Army (IA), often known since 1947 (but rarely during its existence) as the British Indian Army to distinguish it from the current Indian Army, was the principal military of the British Indian Empire before its decommissioning in 1947.
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British Raj
The British Raj (from rāj, literally, "rule" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.
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Burjor Avari
Burjor Avari is a teacher of South Asian history and educationist of multicultural education at the Manchester Metropolitan University.
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Carol R. Ember
Carol R. Ember (born July 7, 1943) is an American cultural anthropologist, Cross-cultural researcher and a writer of books on anthropology.
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Chandala
Chandala is a Sanskrit word for someone who deals with disposal of corpses, and is a Hindu lower caste, traditionally considered to be untouchable.
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Charan Singh
Chaudhary Charan Singh (23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) served as the 5th Prime Minister of India, serving from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980.
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Chhatar Singh
Maharaja Chhatar Singh Rana (reign 1757-1804 CE) was the ruler of Gohad Jat state in Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh (translation: Thirty-Six Forts) is one of the 29 states of India, located in the centre-east of the country.
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Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)
The Chief of Army Staff (سربراہ پاک فوج) (reporting name: COAS), is a military appointment and statutory office held by the four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan and final confirmation by the President of Pakistan.
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Christopher Bayly
Sir Christopher Alan Bayly, FBA, FRSL (18 May 1945 – 18 April 2015) was a British historian specializing in British Imperial, Indian and global history.
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Delhi
Delhi (Dilli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is a city and a union territory of India.
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Delhi Territory
The Delhi Division was an administrative region in British India which comprised the present districts of Gurgaon, Delhi, Rohtak, Hissar, tahsil panipat and pargana Karnal in the Karnal District.
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Dera Ismail Khan District
The District of Dera Ismail Khan (ضلع دېره اسماعیل خان, ضلع دیره اسماعیل خان, ضلع دېره اسماعیل خان; often abbreviated as D.I. Khan) is the most southern of the 26 districts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
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Dholpur district
Dholpur District is a district of Rajasthan state in Northern India.
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Durbar (court)
Durbar (दरबार, দরবার, دربار) is an Indo-Aryan word, equally common in many South Asian languages.
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Early modern period
The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Eric Thomas Stokes
Eric Thomas Stokes (1924–1981) was a historian of South Asia, especially early-modern and colonial India, and of the British Empire.
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Faridkot, Punjab
Faridkot is a City in the south-western Punjab, India.
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Firstpost
Firstpost is an Indian news and media website.
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Gohad
Gohad is a city and a municipality in Bhind district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
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Grenadier
A grenadier (derived from the word grenade) was originally a specialized soldier, first established as a distinct role in the mid-to-late 17th century, for the throwing of grenades and sometimes assault operations.
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Guru Hargobind
Guru Hargobind (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644), revered as the sixth Nanak, was the sixth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion.
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Gwalior Fort
Gwalior Fort (ग्वालियर क़िला Gwalior Qila) is a hill fort near Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, central India.
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Haryana
Haryana, carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1November 1966 on linguistic basis, is one of the 29 states in India.
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Haryanvi language
Haryanvi (हरियाणवी or हरयाणवी) is a language of the Western Hindi group.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh (literally "snow-laden province") is a Indian state located in North India.
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Hina Rabbani Khar
Hina Rabbani Khar (Urdu:; born 19 November 1977) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013.
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Hindi
Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, IAST: Mānak Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language.
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Hinduism
Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or a way of life, widely practised in the Indian subcontinent.
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Hindustan Times
Hindustan Times is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded in 1924 with roots in the Indian independence movement of the period ("Hindustan" being a historical name for India).
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Historical Vedic religion
The historical Vedic religion (also known as Vedism, Brahmanism, Vedic Brahmanism, and ancient Hinduism) was the religion of the Indo-Aryans of northern India during the Vedic period.
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Indian Army
The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces.
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Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.
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Indo-Gangetic Plain
The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Indus-Ganga Plain and the North Indian River Plain, is a 255 million-hectare (630 million-acre) fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the eastern parts of Pakistan, virtually all of Bangladesh and southern plains of Nepal.
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Indo-Scythians
Indo-Scythians is a term used to refer to Scythians (Sakas), who migrated into parts of central, northern and western South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra) from the middle of the 2nd century BC to the 4th century AD.
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Indus River
The Indus River (also called the Sindhū) is one of the longest rivers in Asia.
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Indus River Delta
The Indus River Delta (سندھ ڈیلٹا, سنڌو ٽِڪور), forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabian Sea, mostly in the Southern Sindh province of Pakistan with a small portion in the Kutch Region of the Western tip of India.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Jat Regiment
The Jat Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army.
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Jat reservation agitation
The Jat Reservation Agitation was a series of protests in February 2016 by Jat people of North India, especially those in the state of Haryana, which "paralysed the State for 10 days." The protesters sought inclusion of their caste in the Other Backward Class (OBC) category, which would make them eligible for affirmative action benefits.
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Jat Sikh
Jat Sikh is a sub-group of the Jat people and the Sikh community, from the Indian subcontinent.
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Kacchi Plain
Kacchi Plain or Kachhi Plain is located in southern Balochistan Province of southwestern Pakistan.
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Khalsa
Khalsa (Punjabi: "the pure") refers to both a special group of initiated Sikh warriors, as well as a community that considers Sikhism as its faith.
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Khushwant Singh
Khushwant Singh (born Khushal Singh, 15 August 1915 – 20 March 2014) was an Indian author, lawyer, diplomat, journalist and politician.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (abbreviated as KP; خیبر پختونخوا; خیبر پښتونخوا) is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan, located in the northwestern region of the country along the international border with Afghanistan.
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Krishna
Krishna (Kṛṣṇa) is a major deity in Hinduism.
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Kshatriya
Kshatriya (Devanagari: क्षत्रिय; from Sanskrit kṣatra, "rule, authority") is one of the four varna (social orders) of the Hindu society.
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Kuchesar
Kuchesar is a village in Bulandshahr district, state of Uttar Pradesh, at a distance of 80 km from Delhi, off the NH 24.
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Lahore
Lahore (لاہور, لہور) is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Punjab, and is the country’s second-most populous city after Karachi.
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Late Middle Ages
The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250 to 1500 AD.
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List of Jats
The Jat people are a community native to North India and the Punjab Province of Pakistan.
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Lloyd Rudolph
Lloyd I. Rudolph (November 1, 1927 – January 16, 2016) was an American author, political thinker, educationist and the Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Chicago, known for his scholarship and writings on the India social and political milieu.
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M. N. Srinivas
Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas (1916–1999) was an Indian sociologist.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh (MP;; meaning Central Province) is a state in central India.
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Mahendra Pratap
Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh (1 December 1886 – 29 April 1979) was a freedom fighter, journalist, writer, and Marxist revolutionary social reformist of India and President of first Provisional Government of India.
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Martial race
Martial race was a designation created by Army officials of British India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, where they classified each caste into one of two categories, 'martial' and 'non-martial'.
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Melvin Ember
Melvin Lawrence Ember (January 13, 1933 – September 27, 2009) was an American cultural anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher with wide-ranging interests who combined an active research career with writing for nonprofessionals.
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Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Ministry of I&B) is a branch of the Government of India which is apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to information, broadcasting, the press and films in India.
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Motilal Banarsidass
Motilal Banarsidass (MLBD) is a leading Indian publishing house on Sanskrit and Indology since 1903, located in Delhi, India.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire (گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān)) or Mogul Empire was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco-Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia, but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances; only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian, while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry. The dynasty was Indo-Persian in culture, combining Persianate culture with local Indian cultural influences visible in its traits and customs. The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Afghanistan. It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning approximately four million square kilometres at its zenith, after only the Maurya Empire, which spanned approximately five million square kilometres. The Mughal Empire ushered in a period of proto-industrialization, and around the 17th century, Mughal India became the world's largest economic power, accounting for 24.4% of world GDP, and the world leader in manufacturing, producing 25% of global industrial output up until the 18th century. The Mughal Empire is considered "India's last golden age" and one of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires (along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia). The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir, the region enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony, and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions. Akbar was a successful warrior who also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. All Mughal emperors were Muslims; Akbar, however, propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called Dīn-i Ilāhī, as recorded in historical books like Ain-i-Akbari and Dabistān-i Mazāhib. The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Maratha Empire|Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pashtuns, the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, between 1628 and 1658, was the zenith of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Category:History of Bengal Category:History of West Bengal Category:History of Bangladesh Category:History of Kolkata Category:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan Category:Medieval India Category:Historical Turkic states Category:Mongol states Category:1526 establishments in the Mughal Empire Category:1857 disestablishments in the Mughal Empire Category:History of Pakistan.
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Muhammad bin Qasim
‘Imād ad-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī (عماد الدين محمد بن القاسم الثقفي; c. 695715) was an Umayyad general who conquered the Sindh and Multan regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate.
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Muzaffar Alam
Muzaffar Alam (born 3 February 1947) is the George V. Bobrinskoy Professor in South Asian Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago.
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Nabha
Nabha is a historic city and municipal council in the Patiala district to the south-west of the Indian state of Punjab.
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North India
North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India.
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Odysseus
Odysseus (Ὀδυσσεύς, Ὀδυσεύς, Ὀdysseús), also known by the Latin variant Ulysses (Ulixēs), is a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer's epic poem the Odyssey.
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Other Backward Class
Other Backward Class (OBC) is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify castes which are socially or educationally or economically disadvantaged.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Pachisi
Pachisi (पचीसी) is a cross and circle board game that originated in medieval India which has been described as the "national game of India".
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Pakistan
Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.
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Pastoralism
Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.
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Patiala
Patiala is a city in southeastern Punjab, northwestern India.
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Plato
Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Prime Minister of India
The Prime Minister of India is the leader of the executive of the Government of India.
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Princely state
A princely state, also called native state (legally, under the British) or Indian state (for those states on the subcontinent), was a vassal state under a local or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj.
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Punjab
The Punjab, also spelled Panjab (land of "five rivers"; Punjabi: پنجاب (Shahmukhi); ਪੰਜਾਬ (Gurumukhi); Πενταποταμία, Pentapotamia) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India.
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Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)
The Punjab Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army.
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Punjab, India
Punjab is a state in northern India.
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Punjab, Pakistan
Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi:, panj-āb, "five waters") is Pakistan's second largest province by area, after Balochistan, and its most populous province, with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017.
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Punjabi language
Punjabi (Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ; Shahmukhi: پنجابی) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, ranking as the 10th most widely spoken language (2015) in the world.
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Punjabi University
Punjabi University is a state university located in Patiala, Punjab, India.
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Qamar Javed Bajwa
General Qamar Javed Bajwa (قمر جاوید باجوہ; born 11 November 1960),, is the 10th and current Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army.
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R. C. Majumdar
Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (known as R. C. Majumdar; 4 December 1884 – 11 February 1980) was a historian and professor of Indian history.
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Rajasthan
Rajasthan (literally, "Land of Kings") is India's largest state by area (or 10.4% of India's total area).
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Rajasthani language
Rajasthani (Devanagari: राजस्थानी) refers to a group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken primarily in the state of Rajasthan and adjacent areas of Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh in India.
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Rajput
Rajput (from Sanskrit raja-putra, "son of a king") is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent.
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Rajputana
Rājputāna (Rajasthani/राजपूताना), (راجپُوتانہ), meaning “Land of the Rajputs”, was a region in India that included mainly the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan rajput are 10 percent in rajasthan mostly mp and mla of rajasthan are of rajput community after gurjar and meena it is the 3rd largest populated community in rajasthan arat and some adjoining areas of Sindh in modern-day southern Pakistan.
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Rajputana Rifles
The Rajputana Rifles is the one of the most senior rifle regiments of the Indian Army.
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Rathore
In the northern part of India and in Pakistan, the Rathore (or Rathaur or Rathor or Rathur or Rathod or Rathour or Rahtore) is a Kshatriya clan whose members ruled several states.
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Red Fort
Red Fort is a historic fort in the city of Delhi in India.
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Reservation in India
The system of reservation in India comprises a series of measures, such as reserving access to seats in the various legislatures, to government jobs, and to enrollment in higher educational institutions.
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Sakia
A sakia, alternative spelling sakieh or saqiya (from ساقية, sāqīya), also called Persian wheel, tablia, and in Latin tympanum is a mechanical water lifting device which uses buckets, jars, or scoops fastened either directly to a vertical wheel, or to an endless belt activated by such a wheel.
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Saraiki language
Saraiki (سرائیکی, also spelt Siraiki, or less often Seraiki) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda (Western Punjabi) group, spoken in the south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan.
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Shudra
Shudra is the fourth varna, or one of the four social categories found in the texts of Hinduism.
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Sialkot District
Sialkot District (Punjabi and ضِلع سيالكوٹ), is one of the districts of the Punjab provinces of Pakistan.
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Sikh Regiment
The Sikh Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army that recruits from the Sikh community.
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Sikhism
Sikhism (ਸਿੱਖੀ), or Sikhi,, from Sikh, meaning a "disciple", or a "learner"), is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent about the end of the 15th century. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions, and the fifth-largest. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. In the early 21st century there were nearly 25 million Sikhs worldwide, the great majority of them (20 million) living in Punjab, the Sikh homeland in northwest India, and about 2 million living in neighboring Indian states, formerly part of the Punjab. Sikhism is based on the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Guru (1469–1539), and the nine Sikh gurus that succeeded him. The Tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, named the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, terminating the line of human Gurus and making the scripture the eternal, religious spiritual guide for Sikhs.Louis Fenech and WH McLeod (2014),, 3rd Edition, Rowman & Littlefield,, pages 17, 84-85William James (2011), God's Plenty: Religious Diversity in Kingston, McGill Queens University Press,, pages 241–242 Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth. The Sikh scripture opens with Ik Onkar (ੴ), its Mul Mantar and fundamental prayer about One Supreme Being (God). Sikhism emphasizes simran (meditation on the words of the Guru Granth Sahib), that can be expressed musically through kirtan or internally through Nam Japo (repeat God's name) as a means to feel God's presence. It teaches followers to transform the "Five Thieves" (lust, rage, greed, attachment, and ego). Hand in hand, secular life is considered to be intertwined with the spiritual life., page.
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Sindh
Sindh (سنڌ; سِندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, in the southeast of the country.
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Sindhi language
Sindhi (سنڌي, सिन्धी,, ਸਿੰਧੀ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the historical Sindh region, spoken by the Sindhi people.
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States and union territories of India
India is a federal union comprising 29 states and 7 union territories, for a total of 36 entities.
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Suraj Mal
Maharaja Suraj Mal (February 1707 – 25 December 1763) or Sujan Singh was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan, India.
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Susan Bayly
Susan Bayly is a Professor of Historical Anthropology in the Cambridge University Division of Social Anthropology and a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge.
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Susanne Hoeber Rudolph
Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (April 3, 1930 – December 23, 2015) was an American author, political thinker and educationist.
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The Times of India
The Times of India (TOI) is an Indian English-language daily newspaper owned by The Times Group.
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Thomas R. Metcalf
Thomas R. Metcalf (born 1934) is an historian of South Asia, especially colonial India, and of the British Empire.
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Transhumance
Transhumance is a type of nomadism or pastoralism, a seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.
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Uma Chakravarti
Uma Chakravarti is an Indian historian and feminist who taught at the Miranda House, University of Delhi.
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University of California Press
University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
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University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn or UPenn) is a private Ivy League research university located in University City section of West Philadelphia.
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Untouchability
Untouchability is the practice of ostracising a group by segregating them from the mainstream by social custom or legal mandate.
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Urdu
Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (IAST: Uttar Pradeś) is a state in northern India.
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Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand, officially the State of Uttarakhand (Uttarākhaṇḍ Rājya), formerly known as Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India.
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Varna (Hinduism)
Varṇa (वर्णः) is a Sanskrit word which means type, order, colour or class.
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Veneration of the dead
The veneration of the dead, including one's ancestors, is based on love and respect for the deceased.
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W. H. McLeod
William Hewat "Hew" McLeod (2 August 1932 – 20 July 2009) was a New Zealand scholar who wrote about Sikh history and culture.
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Western Uttar Pradesh
Western Uttar Pradesh, is a region in India that comprises the western districts of Uttar Pradesh state, including the areas of Rohilkhand and Braj.
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World Jat Aryan Foundation
World Jat Aryan Foundation is an organization of the Jats that aims to serve the Jat community around the world, in various aspects.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Zamindar
A zamindar in the Indian subcontinent was an aristocrat.
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Achara (Gotra), Achara (clan), Achara clan, Andhak, Baghoor, Dahiya (Clan), Dahiya (India), Dahiya (Jat clan), Dahiya Jaat, Dahiya Jat, Darbari Jats, Deva Samhita, Devasamhita, Dhoat, Etymology of Jat, Gulia clan, Hindu Jat, Hindu Jats, Hindu Jatt, History of the Jats, Indo-Aryan origin of Jats, Jaat, Jaat caste, Jaat people, Jaat tribe, Jat, Jat (people), Jat Gotra, Jat and Jatt, Jat caste, Jat clan system, Jat people (India), Jat people in Islamic History, Jat people in Islamic history, Jat tribe, Jats, Jats in Islamic History, Jats of Jammu & Kashmir State, Jatt caste, Jatt people, Jatt tribe, Jatts, Jit (tribe), Jit people, Jits, Jutt, Jutt caste, Jutt people, Jutt tribe, Life and culture of Jat people, Life and culture of Jats, List of Jatt subcastes, Major Muslim Jat clans, Musalman Jat, Origin of Jat people, Origin of Jat people from Shiva's Locks, Origin of Jats, Origin of Jats from Shiva's Locks, Origin of the Jat people, Sahi clan, Social customs of Jat people, Social customs of Jats, Zath, Zutt.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_people
