Table of Contents
245 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid Revolution, Abdal people (West Asia), Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Abu Hanifa, Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, Abu Ya'la ibn al-Farra', Abu Yusuf, Abul A'la Maududi, Ahmad Shah I, Akbar, Al-Bayhaqi, Al-Ghazali, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, Al-Kaffarah, Al-Khatib al-Shirbini, Al-Nawawi, Al-Qurtubi, Al-Raghib al-Isfahani, Al-Shafi'i, Al-Tabari, Alauddin Khalji, Aleppo, Algeria, Ancient Rome, Ankara, Ann Lambton, Antalya, Antioch, Arabian Peninsula, Arabic, Arabic–English Lexicon, Arthur John Arberry, Arthur Stanley Tritton, Çankırı, İbrahim Kalın, Bayt al-mal, Beacon Press, Beirut, Bernard Lewis, Brahmin, Brill Publishers, Buddhism, Byzantine Empire, Cairo, Cairo Geniza, Caliphate, Cambridge University Press, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Citizenship, ... Expand index (195 more) »
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Economy of the medieval Islamic world
- Persecution of Hindus
- Personal taxes
- Taxation in Islam
- Taxation in the Ottoman Empire
- Taxation of foreigners
- Umayyad Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Jizya and Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid Revolution
The Abbasid Revolution, also called the Movement of the Men of the Black Raiment (حركة رجال الثياب السوداء ḥaraka rijāl ath-thiyāb as-sawdāʾ), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517 CE).
See Jizya and Abbasid Revolution
Abdal people (West Asia)
The Abdals (Abdallar) are a largely Turkish-speaking ethnic group found in much of Anatolia and parts of the Balkans and Syria, who follow an itinerant lifestyle.
See Jizya and Abdal people (West Asia)
Abdullah Yusuf Ali
Abdullah Yusuf Ali (عبداللہ یوسف علی‎; 14 April 1872 – 10 December 1953) was an Indian-British barrister who wrote a number of books about Islam, including an exegesis of the Qur'an.
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Abu Hanifa
Abu Hanifa (translit; September 699–767) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, ascetic,Pakatchi, Ahmad and Umar, Suheyl, "Abū Ḥanīfa", in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary.
Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
Abū Ḥayyān Athīr ad-Dīn al-Gharnāṭī (أَبُو حَيَّان أَثِير ٱلدِّين ٱلْغَرْنَاطِيّ, November 1256 – July 1344 CE / 654 - 745 AH), whose full name is Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf bin ‘Alī ibn Yūsuf ibn Hayyān (مُحَمَّد ٱبْن يُوسُف ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱبْن يُوسُف ٱبْن حَيَّان), also called Abū Ḥayyān al-Andalusī, was a celebrated commentator on the Quran and foremost Arabic grammarian of his era.
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Abu Ya'la ibn al-Farra'
Abū Yaʿlā Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn Ibn al-Farrāʾ (April 990 – 15 August 1066), commonly known as al-Qāḍī Abū Yaʿlā or simply as Ibn al-Farrāʾ, was a great Hanbali Jurist, Athari theologian and a major authority in the Hanbali school of Jurisprudence, titled by some as 'The Pillar of the School'.
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Abu Yusuf
Ya'qub ibn Ibrahim al-Ansari, better known as Abu Yusuf (Abū Yūsuf) (729–798) was a student of jurist Abu Hanifa (d.767) who helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school of Islamic law through his writings and the government positions that he held.
Abul A'la Maududi
Abul A'la al-Maududi (ابو الاعلی المودودی|translit.
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Ahmad Shah I
Ahmad Shah I, born Ahmad Khan, was a ruler of the Muzaffarid dynasty, who reigned over the Gujarat Sultanate from 1411 until his death in 1442.
Akbar
Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (–), popularly known as Akbar the Great, and also as Akbar I, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605.
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Al-Bayhaqi
Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Mūsā al-Khusrawjirdī al-Bayhaqī (أبو بكر أحمد بن حسين بن علي بن موسى الخسروجردي البيهقي, 994–1066), also known as Imām al-Bayhaqī, was a Sunni scholar widely known for being the foremost leading hadith master in his age, leading authority in the Shafi'i school, leading authority on the foundation of doctrine, meticulous, a devoted ascetic and one of the notable defenders of the Ash'ari school.
Al-Ghazali
Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly as Al-Ghazali (ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ;,; – 19 December 1111), known in Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.
Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi (Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-Thaqafī), known simply as al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf), was the most notable governor who served the Umayyad Caliphate.
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Al-Kaffarah
Al-Kaffarah is a term in Islamic law meaning the expiation of sin, referred to special sanction to compensate for the offense or sin when the particular for violation (evil-doing) or unintentional murder is committed. Jizya and al-Kaffarah are Taxation in Islam.
Al-Khatib al-Shirbini
Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shirbani al-Khatib also known as al-Khaṭīb ash-Shirbīniy (الخطيب الشربيني, was an Egyptian Sunni scholar who specialized in the Shafi'i jurisprudence, legal theory, Qu'ran exegesis, and Arabic language. He had a reputation for wisdom and piety.
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Al-Nawawi
Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (translit;‎ (631A.H-676A.H) (October 1230–21 December 1277) was a Sunni Shafi'ite jurist and hadith scholar.Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, pp.238-239. Scarecrow Press.. Al-Nawawi died at the relatively early age of 45. Despite this, he authored numerous and lengthy works ranging from hadith, to theology, biography, and jurisprudence that are still read to this day.
Al-Qurtubi
Abū ʿAbdullāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr al-Anṣārī al-Qurṭubī (أبو عبدالله القرطبي) (121429 April 1273) was an Andalusian Sunni Muslim polymath, Maliki jurisconsult, mufassir, muhaddith and an expert in the Arabic language.
Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
Abul-Qasim al-Hussein bin Mufaddal bin Muhammad, better known as Raghib Isfahani (ابوالقاسمحسین ابن محمّد الراغب الاصفهانی), was an eleventh-century Muslim scholar of Qur'anic exegesis and the Arabic language.
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Al-Shafi'i
Al-Shafi'i (translit;;767–820 CE) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, traditionist, theologian, ascetic, and eponym of the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.
Al-Tabari
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد بْن جَرِير بْن يَزِيد ٱلطَّبَرِيّ; 839–923 CE / 224–310 AH), commonly known as al-Ṭabarī (ٱلطَّبَرِيّ), was a Sunni Muslim scholar, polymath, traditionalist, historian, exegete, jurist, and theologian from Amol, Tabaristan, present-day Iran.
Alauddin Khalji
Alauddin Khalji (علاء الدین خلجی), born Ali Gurshasp, was a ruler from the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent.
Aleppo
Aleppo (ﺣَﻠَﺐ, ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous governorate of Syria.
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Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
Ankara
Ankara, historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.8 million in Ankara Province, making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (4,130 km2).
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Ann Lambton
Ann Katharine Swynford Lambton, (8 February 1912 – 19 July 2008), usually known as A.K.S. Lambton or "Nancy" Lambton, was a British historian and expert on medieval and early modern Persian history, Persian language, Islamic political theory, and Persian social organisation.
Antalya
Antalya is the fifth-most populous city in Turkey and the capital of Antalya Province.
Antioch
Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
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Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
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Arabic–English Lexicon
The Arabic–English Lexicon is an Arabic–English dictionary compiled by Edward William Lane (died 1876), It was published in eight volumes during the second half of the 19th century.
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Arthur John Arberry
Arthur John Arberry (12 May 1905, in Portsmouth – 2 October 1969, in Cambridge) FBA was a British scholar of Arabic literature, Persian studies, and Islamic studies.
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Arthur Stanley Tritton
Arthur Stanley Tritton (25 February 18818 November 1973) was a British Arabist.
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Çankırı
Çankırı, historically known as Gangra (Greek: Γάγγρα), is a city in Turkey, about northeast of Ankara.
İbrahim Kalın
İbrahim Kalın (born September 15, 1971) is a Turkish bureaucrat who is the current director of the National Intelligence Organization.
Bayt al-mal
Bayt al-mal (بيت المال) is an Arabic term that is translated as "House of money" or "House of wealth." Historically, it was a financial institution responsible for the administration of taxes in Islamic states, particularly in the early Islamic Caliphate.
Beacon Press
Beacon Press is an American left-wing non-profit book publisher.
Beirut
Beirut (help) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.
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Bernard Lewis
Bernard Lewis, (31 May 1916 – 19 May 2018) was a British American historian specialized in Oriental studies.
Brahmin
Brahmin (brāhmaṇa) is a varna (caste) within Hindu society.
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.
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Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Cairo
Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.
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Cairo Geniza
The Cairo Geniza, alternatively spelled the Cairo Genizah, is a collection of some 400,000 Jewish manuscript fragments and Fatimid administrative documents that were kept in the genizah or storeroom of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat or Old Cairo, Egypt.
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
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Center for Strategic and International Studies
The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. From its founding in 1962 until 1987, it was an affiliate of Georgetown University, initially named the Center for Strategic and International Studies of Georgetown University.
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Citizenship
Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state.
Coin
A coin is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender.
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Conscription
Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service.
Constable & Robinson
Constable & Robinson Ltd. is an imprint of Little, Brown which publishes fiction and non-fiction books and ebooks.
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Cornell University Press
The Cornell University Press is the university press of Cornell University; currently housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.
Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.
Deccan Plateau
The Deccan is a large plateau and region of the Indian subcontinent located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada River.
Dehqan
The dehqân (دهقان) or dehgân (دهگان), were a class of land-owning magnates during the Sasanian and early Islamic period, found throughout Iranian-speaking lands.
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Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, for 320 years (1206–1526).
Democracy
Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.
Dhimmi
(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. Jizya and Dhimmi are Arabic words and phrases in Sharia and islam and other religions.
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Dinar
The dinar is the name of the principal currency unit in several countries near the Mediterranean Sea, with a more widespread historical use.
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Dirham
The dirham, dirhem or drahm (درهم) is a unit of currency and of mass.
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Disability
Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society.
Dom people
The Dom (also called Domi; دومي / ALA-LC:, دومري /, Ḍom / ضومor دوم, or sometimes also called Doms) are descendants of the Dom caste with origins in the Indian subcontinent which through ancient migrations are found scattered across the Middle East and North Africa, the Eastern Anatolia Region, and parts of the Balkans and Hungary.
Dublin
Dublin is the capital of the Republic of Ireland and also the largest city by size on the island of Ireland.
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Early Muslim conquests
The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
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Edward William Lane
Edward William Lane (17 September 1801 – 10 August 1876) was a British orientalist, translator and lexicographer.
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Edwin Mellen Press
The Edwin Mellen Press, sometimes stylised as Mellen Press, is an academic publisher.
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Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
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Emad Shahin
Emad Shahin (Also Emad El-Din Shahin, عماد شاهين; born August 24, 1957) is an Egyptian professor of political science.
Emirate of Bari
The Emirate of Bari was a short-lived Islamic state in Apulia, in what is now Italy, ruled by non-Arabs, probably Berbers and Black Africans.
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Encyclopædia Iranica
Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.
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Expedition of Tabuk
The Expedition of Tabuk, also known as the Expedition of Usra, was a military expedition that was initiated by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in October 630 CE (AH 9).
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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (فخر الدين الرازي) or Fakhruddin Razi (فخر الدين رازی) (1149 or 1150 – 1209), often known by the sobriquet Sultan of the Theologians, was an influential Iranian and Muslim polymath, scientist and one of the pioneers of inductive logic.
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Faqīh
A faqīh (fuqahā, فقيه;: ‏فقهاء&lrm) is an Islamic jurist, an expert in fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic Law. Jizya and faqīh are Arabic words and phrases in Sharia.
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Fidyah and kaffara
Fidyah or fidya (الفدية) and kaffara or kaffarah (كفارة) are religious donations made in Islam when a fast (notably in Ramadan) is missed or broken.
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Fiqh
Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence. Jizya and Fiqh are Arabic words and phrases in Sharia.
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Firuzabadi
Abu ’l-Ṭāhir Muḥammad b. YaʿḲūb b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm Mad̲j̲d al-Di̊n al-S̲h̲āfiʿī al-S̲h̲īrāzī (فیروزآبادی) also known as al-Fayrūzabādī (الفيروزآبادي (1329–1414) was a grammarian and a leading lexicographer in his time. He was the compiler of al-Qamous (القاموس), a comprehensive and, for nearly five centuries, one of the most widely used Arabic dictionaries.
Fred Donner
Fred McGraw Donner (born 1945) is a scholar of Islam and Peter B. Ritzma Professor of Near Eastern History at the University of Chicago.
Gaziantep
Gaziantep, historically Aintab and still informally called Antep, is a major city in south-central Turkey.
Gerlof van Vloten
Gerlof van Vloten (1866–1903), was a Dutch orientalist, writer and translator.
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Greater Khorasan
Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed.
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Gujarat
Gujarat is a state along the western coast of India.
Hadith
Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.
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Halil İnalcık
Halil İnalcık (7 September 1916 – 25 July 2016) was a Turkish historian.
Hanafi school
The Hanafi school or Hanafism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
Hanbali school
The Hanbali school or Hanbalism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
HarperOne
HarperOne is a publishing imprint of HarperCollins, specializing in books that aim to "transform, inspire, change lives, and influence cultural discussions." Under the original name of Harper San Francisco, the imprint was founded in 1977 by 13 employees of the New York City–based Harper & Row, who traveled west to San Francisco to be at the center of the New Age movement.
Harpoot
Harpoot (Harput) or Kharberd (translit) is an ancient town located in the Elazığ Province of Turkey.
Harun al-Rashid
Abu Ja'far Harun ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi (Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Harun ibn al-Mahdi (or 766 – 24 March 809), famously known as Harun al-Rashid (Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, reigning from September 786 until his death in March 809.
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
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Hejaz
The Hejaz (also; lit) is a region that includes the majority of the west coast of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Baljurashi.
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Hermit
A hermit, also known as an eremite (adjectival form: hermitic or eremitic) or solitary, is a person who lives in seclusion.
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Hindus
Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.
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History of Islam
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.
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History of Islam in southern Italy
The history of Islam in Sicily and southern Italy began with the first Arab settlement in Sicily, at Mazara, which was captured in 827.
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History of the Jews in Kurdistan
The Jews of Kurdistan are the Mizrahi Jewish communities from the geographic region of Kurdistan, roughly covering parts of northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey.
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Hostility
Hostility is seen as a form of emotionally charged aggressive behavior.
I.B. Tauris
I.B. Tauris is an educational publishing house and imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (ابن حجر العسقلاني; 18 February 1372 – 2 February 1449), or simply ibn Ḥajar, was a classic Islamic scholar "whose life work constitutes the final summation of the science of hadith." He authored some 150 works on hadith, history, biography, exegesis, poetry, and the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, the most valued of which being his commentary of Sahih al-Bukhari, titled Fath al-Bari.
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Ibn Hazm
Ibn Hazm (November 994 – 15 August 1064) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath, historian, traditionist, jurist, philosopher, and theologian, born in the Córdoban Caliphate, present-day Spain.
Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldun (أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي.,, Arabic:; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 AH) was an Arab sociologist, philosopher, and historian widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages, and considered by many to be the father of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
Shams ad-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr ibn Ayyūb az-Zurʿī d-Dimashqī l-Ḥanbalī (29 January 1292–15 September 1350 CE / 691 AH–751 AH), commonly known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya ("The son of the principal of Jawziyyah") or Ibn al-Qayyim ("Son of the principal"; ابن القيّم) for short, or reverentially as Imam Ibn al-Qayyim in Sunni tradition, was an important medieval Islamic jurisconsult, theologian, and spiritual writer.
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Ibn Qudamah
Ibn Qudāmah al-Maqdisī Muwaffaq ad-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (ٱبْن قُدَامَة ٱلْمَقْدِسِي مُوَفَّق ٱلدِّين أَبُو مُحَمَّد عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن أَحْمَد بْن مُحَمَّد; 1147 - 7 July 1223), better known as Ibn Qudāmah (ٱبْن قُدَامَة), was an Arab Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, and ascetic from the Palestine region.
Ijtihad
Ijtihad (اجتهاد) is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question.
Imam
Imam (إمام,;: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.
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Incentive
In general, incentives are anything that persuade a person or organization to alter their behavior to produce the desired outcome.
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.
See Jizya and Indian subcontinent
Insanity
Insanity, madness, lunacy, and craziness are behaviors caused by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns.
Institute for the Study of War
The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) is an American nonprofit research group and think tank founded in 2007 by military historian Kimberly Kagan and headquartered in Washington, D.C. ISW provides research and analysis regarding issues of defense and foreign affairs.
See Jizya and Institute for the Study of War
Ira M. Lapidus
Ira M. Lapidus is an Emeritus Professor of Middle Eastern and Islamic History at The University of California at Berkeley.
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
See Jizya and Iran
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.
See Jizya and Iraq
Islamic State
The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.
Jainism
Jainism, also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion.
Jane Dammen McAuliffe
Jane Dammen McAuliffe (born 1944) is an American educator, scholar of Islam and the inaugural director of national and international outreach at the Library of Congress.
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John Esposito
John Louis Esposito (born May 19, 1940) is an American academic, professor of Middle Eastern and religious studies, and scholar of Islamic studies, who serves as Professor of Religion, International Affairs, and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. He is also the founding director of the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding at Georgetown.
K. S. Lal
Kishori Saran Lal (1920–2002), better known as K. S. Lal, was an Indian historian.
Kafir
Kafir (kāfir; كَافِرُون, كُفَّار, or كَفَرَة; كَافِرَة; كَافِرَات or كَوَافِر) is an Arabic term in Islam which refers to a person who disbelieves the God in Islam, denies his authority, rejects the tenets of Islam, or simply is not a Muslim—one who does not believe in the guidance of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Jizya and Kafir are islam and other religions.
See Jizya and Kafir
Kastamonu
Kastamonu, formerly Kastamone/Castamone (Κασταμονή) and Kastamon/Castamon (Κασταμών), is a city in northern Turkey.
Khalid ibn al-Walid
Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (died 642) was a 7th-century Arab military commander.
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Kharaj
Kharāj (خراج) is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its produce, regardless of the religion of the owners, developed under Islamic law. Jizya and Kharaj are Arabic words and phrases in Sharia and Taxation in Islam.
See Jizya and Kharaj
Kristen A. Stilt
Kristen A. Stilt is an Islamic studies scholar who focuses on law and society in both historical and contemporary contexts.
See Jizya and Kristen A. Stilt
Leibzoll
The Leibzoll (German: "body tax") was a special toll that Jews had to pay in most European states from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Jizya and Leibzoll are history of taxation.
Lexicography
Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines.
Lom people
The Lom people (Lomlar), also known by non-Loms as Bosha or Posha (Poşa; Բոշա; tr; Боша) or as Armenian Romani (армянские цыгане; հայ գնչուներ) or Caucasian Romani (кавказские цыгане), are an ethnic group originating from the Indian subcontinent.
Ma'ariful Qur'an
Ma'ariful Qur'an (معارف القرآن) is an eight-volume tafsir (exegesis) of the Quran written by Islamic scholar Mufti Muhammad Shafi (1897–1976).
See Jizya and Ma'ariful Qur'an
Madhhab
A madhhab (way to act,, pl. label) refers to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence. Jizya and madhhab are Arabic words and phrases in Sharia.
Mahmud Shaltut
Sheikh Mahmoud Shaltut (محمود شلتوت; 23 April 1893 – 13 December 1963) was an Egyptian figure best known for his attempts in Islamic reform.
Majid Khadduri
Majid Khadduri (مجيد خدوري; September 27, 1909 – January 25, 2007) was an Iraqi–born academic.
Malatya
Malatya (translit; Syriac ܡܠܝܛܝܢܐ Malīṭīná; Meletî; Ancient Greek: Μελιτηνή) is a large city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital of Malatya Province.
Malik ibn Anas
Malik ibn Anas (translit; –795) was an Islamic scholar and traditionalist who is the eponym of the Maliki school, one of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence in Sunni Islam.
Maliki school
The Maliki school or Malikism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
Mamluk Sultanate
The Mamluk Sultanate (translit), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries.
See Jizya and Mamluk Sultanate
Man
A man is an adult male human.
See Jizya and Man
Mark R. Cohen
Mark R. Cohen (born March 11, 1943) is an American scholar of Jewish history in the Muslim world.
Marmaduke Pickthall
Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall (born Marmaduke William Pickthall; 7 April 187519 May 1936) was an English Islamic scholar noted for his 1930 English translation of the Quran, called The Meaning of the Glorious Koran.
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Marrakesh Declaration
The Marrakesh Declaration is a statement made in January 2016 by "more than 250 Muslim religious leaders, heads of state, and scholars", which champions "defending the rights of religious minorities in predominantly Muslim countries".
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Maulana Azad
Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Al-Hussaini Azad (11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian independence activist, writer and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress.
Meir Jacob Kister
Meir Jacob Kister (מאיר יעקב קיסטר‎ 16 January 1914 in Mościska – 16 August 2010 in Jerusalem) was a Jewish Arabist from Poland who worked in Israel.
See Jizya and Meir Jacob Kister
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Michael G. Morony
Michael Gregory Morony (born September 30, 1939) has been a professor of history at UCLA since 1974, with interests in the history of Ancient and Islamic Near East.
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Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg (Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire.
Millet (Ottoman Empire)
In the Ottoman Empire, a millet (ملت) was an independent court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim sharia, Christian canon law, or Jewish halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.
See Jizya and Millet (Ottoman Empire)
Minhaj-ul-Quran
Minhaj-ul-Quran International (منہاج القرآن انٹرنیشنل) (or MQI) is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) founded by Shaykh-ul-Islam Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri in 1980 in Lahore, Pakistan.
Mohammad Hashim Kamali
Mohammad Hashim Kamali (Pashto/Dari:; born 7 February 1944) is an Afghan Islamic scholar and former professor of law at the International Islamic University of Malaysia.
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Monastery
A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits).
Monk
A monk (from μοναχός, monachos, "single, solitary" via Latin monachus) is a man who is a member of a religious order and lives in a monastery.
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Moroccan Jews
Moroccan Jews (al-Yahūd al-Maghāriba Yehudim Maroka'im) are Jews who live in or are from Morocco.
Moses
Moses; Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ); Mūše; Mūsā; Mōÿsēs was a Hebrew prophet, teacher and leader, according to Abrahamic tradition.
See Jizya and Moses
Moshe Gil
Moshe Gil (משה גיל; February 8, 1921 – January 23, 2014) was an Israeli historian.
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia.
Muhaddith
A Muhaddith (محدث) is a scholar specialized in the study, collection, and interpretation of hadiths, which are the recorded sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad.
Muhammad
Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.
Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem
Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem,, is an Egyptian Islamic studies scholar and the King Fahd Professor of Islamic Studies at the SOAS University of LondonSOAS Staff: in London, England.
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Muhammad Asad
Muhammad Asad (born Leopold Weiss; 2 July 1900 – 20 February 1992) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Muslim polymath.
Muhammad bin Tughluq
Muhammad bin Tughluq (1290 – 20 March 1351), also named Jauna Khan as Crown Prince, also known by his epithets, The Eccentric Prince, or The Mad Sultan, was the eighteenth Sultan of Delhi.
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Muhammad Habib Shakir
Muhammad Habib Shakir (1866 in Cairo – 1939 in Cairo) (محمد حبيب شاكر) was an Egyptian judge, born in Cairo and a graduate from Al-Azhar University.
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Muhammad Hamidullah
Muhammad Hamidullah (translit; 19 February 1908 – 17 December 2002) was a Deccani polymath,He was a student of Jamia Nizamia Hyderabad he received several special degrees Moulvi,Aalim, Faazil before the partition of India His master advised to travell another countries and he travelled many countries he learned many languages,academic and an Islamic scholar of hadiths (muhaddith) and law (faqih).
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Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti
Muhammad Said Ramadan Al-Bouti (Muḥammad Saʿīd Ramaḍān al-Būṭī) (1929 – 21 March 2013) was a renowned Syrian Sunni Muslim scholar, writer and professor, where he was vice dean in the Damascus University and served as the imam of the Umayyad Mosque.
See Jizya and Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti
Muhammad Shafi Deobandi
Muḥammad Shafī‘ ibn Muḥammad Yāsīn ‘Us̱mānī Deobandī (محمد شفیع بن محمد ياسین عثمانی دیوبندی; محمد شفيع بن محمد ياسين العثماني الديوبندي, Muḥammad Shafī‘ ibn Muḥammad Yāsīn al-‘Uthmānī ad-Diyūbandī; 25 January 18976 October 1976), often referred to as Mufti Muhammad Shafi, was a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar of the Deobandi school of Islamic thought.
See Jizya and Muhammad Shafi Deobandi
Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent is conventionally said to have started in 712, after the conquest of Sindh and Multan by the Umayyad Caliphate under the military command of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
See Jizya and Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
Muslim Sicily
The island of SicilyIn Arabic, the island was known as.
Musta'min
Mustaʾmīn or Musta'man (مستأمن) is a historical Islamic term for a non-Muslim foreigner temporarily residing in Muslim lands with aman, or guarantee of short-term safe-conduct (aman mu'aqqat), affording the protected status of dhimmi (non-Muslim subjects permanently living in a Muslim-ruled land) without the payment of jizya. Jizya and Musta'min are islam and other religions.
Norman conquest of southern Italy
The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1194, involving many battles and independent conquerors.
See Jizya and Norman conquest of southern Italy
Norman Stillman
Norman Stillman, Bar-Ilan University Norman Arthur Stillman, also Noam (נועם, in Hebrew; born 1945), is an American academic, historian, and Orientalist, serving as the emeritus Schusterman-Josey Professor and emeritus Chair of Judaic History at the University of Oklahoma.
Nuh Ha Mim Keller
Nuh Ha Mim Keller (born 1954) is an American Islamic scholar, teacher and author who lives in Amman.
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Old age
Old age is the range of ages for people nearing and surpassing life expectancy.
Oriental studies
Oriental studies is the academic field that studies Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology.
See Jizya and Oriental studies
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Oxford
Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Jizya and Oxford University Press
Pact of Umar
The Pact of Umar (also known as the Covenant of Umar, Treaty of Umar or Laws of Umar; شروط عمر or عهد عمر or عقد عمر) is a treaty between the Muslims and non-Muslims who were conquered by Umar during his conquest of the Levant (Syria and Lebanon) in the year 637 CE that later gained a canonical status in Islamic jurisprudence. Jizya and Pact of Umar are islam and other religions.
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.
Pakistani Taliban
The Pakistani Taliban, formally called the Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan (TTP), is an umbrella organization of various Islamist armed militant groups operating along the Afghan–Pakistani border.
See Jizya and Pakistani Taliban
Palestine (region)
The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.
See Jizya and Palestine (region)
Palgrave Macmillan
Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.
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Peace
Peace means societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence.
See Jizya and Peace
Peasant
A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free slaves, semi-free serfs, and free tenants.
Penguin Books
Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.
People of the Book
People of the Book or Ahl al-kitāb (أهل الكتاب) is an Islamic term referring to followers of those religions which Muslims regard as having been guided by previous revelations, generally in the form of a scripture. Jizya and People of the Book are islam and other religions.
See Jizya and People of the Book
Peshawar
Peshawar (پېښور; پشور;; پشاور) is the sixth most populous city of Pakistan, with a district population of over 4.7 million in the 2023 census.
Poll tax
A poll tax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources.
Polytheism
Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one god.
Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad
Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad (born 15 October 1966) is a Jordanian prince and a professor of philosophy.
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
See Jizya and Princeton University Press
Qadi
A qāḍī (Qāḍī; otherwise transliterated as qazi, kadi, kadhi, kazi, or gazi) is the magistrate or judge of a sharīʿa court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and audition of public works. Jizya and Qadi are Arabic words and phrases in Sharia.
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Qadi Baydawi
Qadi Baydawi (also known as Naṣir ad-Din al-Bayḍawi, also spelled Baidawi, Bayzawi and Beyzavi; d. June 1319, Tabriz) was a Persian jurist, theologian, and Quran commentator.
Qajar dynasty
The Qajar dynasty (translit; 1789–1925) was an Iranian dynasty founded by Mohammad Khan of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman Qajar tribe.
Quran
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).
See Jizya and Quran
Raqqa
Raqqa (ar-Raqqah, also) is a city in Syria on the left bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.
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Rashid Rida
Muhammad Rashid Rida (translit; 1865–1935) was an Islamic scholar, reformer, theologian and revivalist.
Rashidun
The Rashidun (lit) are the first four caliphs (lit.: 'successors') who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Jizya and Rashidun Caliphate
Rav akçesi
Rav akçesi was a "rabbi tax" paid by Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire. Jizya and Rav akçesi are history of taxation and Taxation in the Ottoman Empire.
Reliance of the Traveller
Umdat as-Salik wa 'Uddat an-Nasik (Reliance of the Traveller and Tools of the Worshipper, also commonly known by its shorter title Reliance of the Traveller) is a classical manual of fiqh for the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.
See Jizya and Reliance of the Traveller
Religious tolerance
Religious tolerance or religious toleration may signify "no more than forbearance and the permission given by the adherents of a dominant religion for other religions to exist, even though the latter are looked on with disapproval as inferior, mistaken, or harmful".
See Jizya and Religious tolerance
Riyadh
Riyadh (ar-Riyāḍ) is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia.
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Robert G. Hoyland
Robert G. Hoyland (born 1966) is a historian, specializing in the medieval history of the Middle East.
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Romani people
The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
Sabians
The Sabians, sometimes also spelled Sabaeans or Sabeans, are a mysterious religious group mentioned three times in the Quran (as الصابئون, in later sources الصابئة), where it is implied that they belonged to the 'People of the Book'.
Sadaqah
(صدقة, "charity", "benevolence", plural صدقات) in the modern Islamic context has come to signify "voluntary charity".
Safar
Safar (translit), also spelt as Safer in Turkish, is the second month of the lunar Islamic calendar.
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Saladin
Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (– 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
Sayyid Qutb
Sayyid Ibrahim Husayn Shadhili Qutb (9 October 190629 August 1966) was an Egyptian political theorist and revolutionary who was a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood.
Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Seyyed Hossein Nasr (سید حسین نصر, born April 7, 1933) is an Iranian-American philosopher, theologian and Islamic scholar.
See Jizya and Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Shafi'i school
The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
Sharia
Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.
See Jizya and Sharia
Shelomo Dov Goitein
Shelomo Dov Goitein (April 3, 1900 – February 6, 1985) was a German-Jewish ethnographer, historian and Arabist known for his research on Jewish life in the Islamic Middle Ages, and particularly on the Cairo Geniza.
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Shibli Nomani
Shibli Nomani (4 June 1857 – 18 November 1914) was an Islamic scholar, poet, philosopher, historian, educational thinker, author, orator, reformer and critic of orientalists from Indian subcontinent during the British Raj.
Sikandar Shah Miri
Shingara, better known as Sultan Sikandar Shah Miri (Kashmiri:سلطان سِکَندَر شَاہ مِیرِی, Persian: سلطان سکندر شاہ مِیرِی), also by his sobriquet Sikandar Butshikan (lit. Sikandar the Iconoclast) was the seventh Sultan of Kashmir and a member of Shah Mir dynasty who ruled from 1389 until his death in 1413.
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Sikhism in Pakistan
Sikhism in Pakistan has an extensive heritage and history, although Sikhs form a small community in Pakistan today.
See Jizya and Sikhism in Pakistan
Sikhs
Sikhs (singular Sikh: or; sikkh) are an ethnoreligious group who adhere to Sikhism, a religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the revelation of Guru Nanak.
See Jizya and Sikhs
Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.
Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.
See Jizya and Stanford University Press
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
See Jizya and Syria
Syria (region)
Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant.
Tafsir al-Qurtubi
Tafsir al-Qurtubi is a 13th-century work of Qur'an exegesis (Arabic: tafsir) by the classical scholar Al-Qurtubi.
See Jizya and Tafsir al-Qurtubi
Tahtacı
Tahtacı (lit) are a Turkic people living mainly in the forested areas of Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey.
Taliban
The Taliban (lit), which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is an Afghan militant movement with an ideology comprising elements of Pashtun nationalism and the Deobandi movement of Islamic fundamentalism.
Taxation of the Jews in Europe
Taxation of the Jews in Europe refers to taxes imposed specifically on Jews in Europe, in addition to the taxes levied on the general population. Jizya and Taxation of the Jews in Europe are history of taxation and Taxation of foreigners.
See Jizya and Taxation of the Jews in Europe
The Study Quran
The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary is a 2015 English-language edition of the Quran edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr and published by HarperOne.
Thomas Walker Arnold
Sir Thomas Walker Arnold (19 April 1864 – 9 June 1930) was a British orientalist and historian of Islamic art.
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Tolerance tax
Tolerance tax or toleration tax (Toleranzgebührer) was a tax that was levied against Jews of the Kingdom of Hungary, then part of the Austrian Empire, between 1747 and 1797. Jizya and Tolerance tax are history of taxation and Taxation of foreigners.
Tosya
Tosya (طوسيه), previously called Theodosia (Greek: Θεοδοσία) or Doceia (Greek: Δοκεία) under the Byzantine Empire, is a town in Kastamonu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey.
See Jizya and Tosya
Transliteration
Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus trans- + liter-) in predictable ways, such as Greek →, Cyrillic →, Greek → the digraph, Armenian → or Latin →.
Tribute
A tribute (from Latin tributum, "contribution") is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of submission, allegiance or respect.
Tughlaq dynasty
The Tughlaq dynasty (also known as Tughluq or Tughluk dynasty; تغلق شاهیان) was the third dynasty to rule over the Delhi sultanate in medieval India.
Tunisia
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa.
Ulama
In Islam, the ulama (the learned ones; singular ʿālim; feminine singular alimah; plural aalimath), also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law. Jizya and ulama are Arabic words and phrases in Sharia.
See Jizya and Ulama
Umar
Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.
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Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (translit; February 720) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 717 until his death in 720.
See Jizya and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
See Jizya and Umayyad Caliphate
Varna (Hinduism)
Varṇa (वर्ण), in the context of Hinduism, refers to a social class within a hierarchical traditional Hindu society.
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W. Montgomery Watt
William Montgomery Watt (14 March 1909 – 24 October 2006) was a Scottish historian and orientalist.
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World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Yusuf al-Qaradawi (translit; or Yusuf al-Qardawi; 9 September 1926 – 26 September 2022) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar based in Doha, Qatar, and chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.
See Jizya and Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Zakat
Zakat (or Zakāh) is one of the five pillars of Islam. Jizya and Zakat are Taxation in Islam.
See Jizya and Zakat
Ziauddin Barani
Ziauddin Barani (ضیاء الدین برنی‎; 1285–1358 CE) was an Indian Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate located in present-day Northern India during Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Firuz Shah's reign.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.
See also
Abbasid Caliphate
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Abbasid harem
- Al-Hadi
- Anbar (town)
- Black Standard
- Cypress of Kashmar
- Durra'ah
- Hashemite–Umayyad rivalry
- Islamic Golden Age
- Jizya
- Journal of Abbasid Studies
- Jumeirah Archaeological Site
- Khurasan Road
- Mansura, Sindh
- Merdiban
- Mu'tazilism
- Shamsa (crown)
- Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
Economy of the medieval Islamic world
Persecution of Hindus
- 1986 Muktsar bus massacre
- 1990 Aligarh riots
- 1991 Bhadrak riot
- 2003 Nadimarg massacre
- 2006 Kulgam massacre
- 2017 Baduria riots
- 2023 Rajouri attacks
- Anti-Hindu sentiment
- Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army
- Burunga massacre
- Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam
- Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam
- Char Bhadrasan massacre
- Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict
- Chuknagar massacre
- Coerced religious conversion in Pakistan
- Crypto-Hinduism
- Dhapdhup massacre
- Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan
- Goa Inquisition
- Golahat massacre
- Gundrampally
- Hasamdia massacre
- Hindu martyrs
- Ishangopalpur massacre
- Jandi massacre
- Jizya
- Jogisho and Palsha massacre
- Kaliganj massacre
- Karai Kadipur massacre
- Massacres of Hindus
- Muladi massacre
- Murder of Kishan Bharvad
- Murder of Namrita Chandani
- Naria massacre
- Persecution of Hindus
- Pomara massacre
- Religious discrimination in Pakistan
- Shankharibazar massacre
- Sree Angan massacre
- Suryamani massacre
- Terosree massacre
- Tika Lal Taploo
- Xenddi
Personal taxes
- Bachelor tax
- Basis of accounting
- Church tax
- Commuter tax
- Consumption tax
- Crack tax
- Disposable income
- Dynasty trust
- Epidoseis
- Expatriation tax
- Fiscus Judaicus
- Fringe benefits tax
- Generation-skipping transfer tax
- Gift tax in the United States
- Grantor retained annuity trust
- Guaranteed minimum income
- History of wealth taxes in Canada
- Income tax
- Income taxes
- Inheritance tax
- Jizya
- Lay Tithes
- Luxury tax
- Minimum wage
- Pay-as-you-earn tax
- Personal allowance
- Poll taxes
- Sin tax
- Sponge tax
- Teind
- Tithe
- Wealth Tax Commission
- Wealth tax
- Wheel tax
Taxation in Islam
Taxation in the Ottoman Empire
- Çift-Hane
- Adet-i ağnam
- Adet-i deştbani
- Ashar
- Avarız
- Bedl-i askeri
- Beratlı
- Damga resmi
- Emin (Ottoman official)
- Gümrük resmi
- Haraç
- Hass (Ottoman)
- Hazz al-quhuf
- Ihtisab
- Iltizam
- Ispendje
- Jizya
- Müskirat resmi
- Mütesellim
- Malikâne
- Merdiban
- Muafiyet
- Mukataa of Metsovo
- Nüzül
- Otlak resmi
- Ottoman Tobacco Company
- Rav akçesi
- Rayah
- Resm-i çift
- Resm-i arusane
- Resm-i bennâk
- Resm-i dönüm
- Resm-i hınzır
- Resm-i mücerred
- Resm-i sicill
- Sürsat
- Tapu resmi
- Taxation in the Ottoman Empire
- Tekalif-i orfiye
- Temettu
- Tuz resmi
- Tzelepides
- Vlachs (social class)
Taxation of foreigners
- Accidental American
- Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act
- Foreign tax credit
- Jewish poll tax
- Jizya
- New Zealand head tax
- Taxation of the Jews in Europe
- Tolerance tax
Umayyad Caliphate
- Aban ibn Sa'id
- Culture of the Umayyad Caliphate
- Fals
- Gold dinar
- Hashemite–Umayyad rivalry
- Jizya
- Painting of the Six Kings
- Septimania
- Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
- Timeline of Septimania
- Umayyad Caliphate
- Umayyad rule in North Africa
- Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali
References
Also known as Cizye, Cizyə, Djizîa, Djizja, Djizya, Dschizya, Gaziyat, Infidel tax, Jazia tax, Jaziya, Jaziyah, Jezya, Jiizia, Jiizya, Jizia, Jiziah, Jizya in India, Jizya tax, Jizyah, Jizye, Jizyeh, Jizzia, Yizya, , Ǧizyah, Джизие, جزية, جزْية.
, Coin, Conscription, Constable & Robinson, Cornell University Press, Crusades, Damascus, Deccan Plateau, Dehqan, Delhi Sultanate, Democracy, Dhimmi, Dinar, Dirham, Disability, Dom people, Dublin, Early Muslim conquests, Edward William Lane, Edwin Mellen Press, Egypt, Emad Shahin, Emirate of Bari, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Iranica, Expedition of Tabuk, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Faqīh, Fidyah and kaffara, Fiqh, Firuzabadi, Fred Donner, Gaziantep, Gerlof van Vloten, Greater Khorasan, Gujarat, Hadith, Halil İnalcık, Hanafi school, Hanbali school, HarperOne, Harpoot, Harun al-Rashid, Harvard University Press, Hejaz, Hermit, Hindus, History of Islam, History of Islam in southern Italy, History of the Jews in Kurdistan, Hostility, I.B. Tauris, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Ibn Hazm, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Ibn Qudamah, Ijtihad, Imam, Incentive, Indian subcontinent, Insanity, Institute for the Study of War, Ira M. Lapidus, Iran, Iraq, Islamic State, Jainism, Jane Dammen McAuliffe, John Esposito, K. S. Lal, Kafir, Kastamonu, Khalid ibn al-Walid, Kharaj, Kristen A. Stilt, Leibzoll, Lexicography, Lom people, Ma'ariful Qur'an, Madhhab, Mahmud Shaltut, Majid Khadduri, Malatya, Malik ibn Anas, Maliki school, Mamluk Sultanate, Man, Mark R. Cohen, Marmaduke Pickthall, Marrakesh Declaration, Maulana Azad, Meir Jacob Kister, Mesopotamia, Michael G. Morony, Middle Persian, Millet (Ottoman Empire), Minhaj-ul-Quran, Mohammad Hashim Kamali, Monastery, Monk, Moroccan Jews, Moses, Moshe Gil, Mughal Empire, Muhaddith, Muhammad, Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem, Muhammad Asad, Muhammad bin Tughluq, Muhammad Habib Shakir, Muhammad Hamidullah, Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim Sicily, Musta'min, Norman conquest of southern Italy, Norman Stillman, Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Old age, Oriental studies, Ottoman Empire, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Pact of Umar, Pakistan, Pakistani Taliban, Palestine (region), Palgrave Macmillan, Peace, Peasant, Penguin Books, People of the Book, Peshawar, Poll tax, Polytheism, Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad, Princeton University Press, Qadi, Qadi Baydawi, Qajar dynasty, Quran, Raqqa, Rashid Rida, Rashidun, Rashidun Caliphate, Rav akçesi, Reliance of the Traveller, Religious tolerance, Riyadh, Robert G. Hoyland, Romani people, Routledge, Sabians, Sadaqah, Safar, Saladin, Sasanian Empire, Sayyid Qutb, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Shafi'i school, Sharia, Shelomo Dov Goitein, Shibli Nomani, Sikandar Shah Miri, Sikhism in Pakistan, Sikhs, Slavery, Stanford University Press, Sunni Islam, Syria, Syria (region), Tafsir al-Qurtubi, Tahtacı, Taliban, Taxation of the Jews in Europe, The Study Quran, Thomas Walker Arnold, Tolerance tax, Tosya, Transliteration, Tribute, Tughlaq dynasty, Tunisia, Ulama, Umar, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Umayyad Caliphate, Varna (Hinduism), W. Montgomery Watt, World War I, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Zakat, Ziauddin Barani, Zoroastrianism.