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254 relations: Action of 15 July 1798, Adams–Onís Treaty, Afrancesado, Altitude sickness, Andalusia, Andrés de Santa Cruz, Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata, Antonio Álvarez Jonte, Antonio González de Balcarce, Antonio José de Sucre, Arequipa, Arequito revolt, Argentina, Argentine Civil Wars, Argentine Constitution of 1819, Argentine Declaration of Independence, Argentine National Anthem, Army of the Andes, Army of the North, Assembly of the Year XIII, Balkanization, Banda Oriental, Baptism, Bartolomé Mitre, Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne, Battle of Albuera, Battle of Ayohuma, Battle of Bailén, Battle of Carabobo, Battle of Caseros, Battle of Cepeda (1820), Battle of Chacabuco, Battle of Curapalihue, Battle of Maipú, Battle of Rancagua, Battle of San Lorenzo, Battle of Vilcapugio, Belgian Revolution, Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, Bernardino Rivadavia, Bernardo O'Higgins, Bloomsbury, Blue plaque, Bogotá, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Brussels, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Cabildo, Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, Carlos María de Alvear, ..., Carrera family, Catholic Church, Caudillo, Cádiz, Córdoba, Argentina, Chile, Chilean Army, Chilean Declaration of Independence, Chilean War of Independence, Cisplatine War, Coat of arms of Argentina, Column (formation), Congress of Cúcuta, Congress of Tucumán, Constitutional monarchy, Copiapó, Coquimbo, Criollo people, Crossing of the Andes, Curicó, Curved saber of San Martín, Cuyo (Argentina), Cuyo Province, Disinformation, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Ecuador, Ecuadorian War of Independence, El Santo de la Espada, Embalming, Empire of Brazil, Enlightenment in Spain, Estanislao López, Federal League, Federal Republic of Central America, Federalist Party (Argentina), Federation, Feliciano Chiclana, Ferdinand VII of Spain, First Triumvirate (Argentina), Flag of Argentina, Florencio Varela (writer), Fodder, Food drying, France, Francisco de Miranda, Francisco Marcó del Pont, Francisco Ramírez (governor), Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, Free Negro, Freedom of speech, Freedom of wombs, Freemasonry, French blockade of the Río de la Plata, French Revolution, French Revolution of 1848, Funeral, General officer, Generalissimo, Gibraltar, Government in exile, Governor of Mendoza Province, Guaraní people, Guayaquil, Guayaquil Conference, Guerrilla warfare, Hematemesis, Historia Argentina, Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana, History of Spain (1810–73), HMS Santa Dorothea (1798), Iberian Peninsula, Inca Empire, Inca plan, Inquisition, Intramuros, Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma, José de la Serna e Hinojosa, José Gervasio Artigas, José Gil de Castro, José Miguel Carrera, José Moldes, José Rondeau, Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales, Juan Bautista Baigorria, Juan Bautista Cabral, Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón, Juan Gregorio de las Heras, Juan José Paso, Juan Lavalle, Juan Manuel de Rosas, Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, Juan Perón, Justo José de Urquiza, La Rioja Province, Argentina, Latin American integration, Lautaro, Lautaro Lodge, Libertadores, Lima, Luis Carrera, Madrid, Maipo River, Manila, Manuel Belgrano, Manuel de Sarratea, Manuel Dorrego, Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza, Mapuche, María de los Remedios de Escalada, Marcos González de Balcarce, Mariano Moreno, Mariano Osorio, Mariquita Sánchez, Martín Miguel de Güemes, Matías de Irigoyen, Málaga, Mendoza, Argentina, Military intelligence, Miraflores District, Lima, Mit'a, Montevideo, Moors, Murcia, Nicolás Avellaneda, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña, Open cabildo, Operations plan, Oran, Order of the Liberator General San Martín, Paracas Bay, Paraguay, Paraná River, Paso de Los Patos, Patria Nueva, Patria Vieja, Patriot (Spanish American independence), Pedro Medrano, Peninsular War, Peru, Peruvian War of Independence, Pincer movement, Pisco, Peru, Planned economy, Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental, Premier Grand Lodge of England, President of Argentina, President of Peru, Propaganda, Protectorate of Peru, Rafael del Riego, Rafael Maroto, Ramón Freire, Río de la Plata, Reductions, Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers, Revolución: El cruce de los Andes, Revolution of October 8, 1812, Rio de Janeiro, Rosa Campuzano, Royalist (Spanish American independence), San Carlos Convent, San Juan Province, Argentina, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, San Martín National Institute, Santiago, Santiago del Estero, Sapa Inca, Second Banda Oriental campaign, Second Battle of Cancha Rayada, Second Triumvirate (Argentina), Simón Bolívar, Spain, Spanish American wars of independence, Spanish Constitution of 1812, Spanish Empire, State of Buenos Aires, Supreme Director of Chile, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Talca, The Overlook Press, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Tomás Guido, Trienio Liberal, Unitarian Party, Unitary state, United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, University of California Press, Upper Peru, Uspallata Pass, Valparaíso, Viceroyalty of New Granada, Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, War economy, War of the Oranges, War of the Second Coalition, William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, William Bowles (Royal Navy officer), William Brown (admiral), Yanakuna, Yapeyú, Corrientes, Yatasto relay, Yellow fever, 1829–51 cholera pandemic. 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Action of 15 July 1798
The Action of 15 July 1798 was a minor naval battle of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought off the Spanish Mediterranean coast by the Royal Navy ship of the line HMS ''Lion'' under Captain Manley Dixon and a squadron of four Spanish Navy frigates under Commodore Don Felix O'Neil.
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Adams–Onís Treaty
The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty,Weeks, p.168.
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Afrancesado
Afrancesado ("Francophiles" or "turned-French", lit. "Frenchified" or "French-alike") were the Spanish and Portuguese partisans of Enlightenment ideas, Liberalism, or the French Revolution, who were supporters of the French occupation of Iberia (Portugal and Spain) and of the First French Empire.
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Altitude sickness
Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS), is a negative health effect of high altitude, caused by acute exposure to low amounts of oxygen at high altitude.
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Andalusia
Andalusia (Andalucía) is an autonomous community in southern Spain.
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Andrés de Santa Cruz
Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (December 5, 1792 in Huarina, Bolivia – September 25, 1865 in Beauvoir, France) served as the seventh President of Peru during 1827, the Interim President of Peru from 1836 to 1838 and President of Bolivia (1829–39).
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Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata was a five-year-long naval blockade imposed by France and Britain on the Argentine Confederation ruled by Juan Manuel de Rosas.
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Antonio Álvarez Jonte
Antonio Álvarez Jonte (Madrid, 1784 – Pisco, Perú, October 18, 1820) was an Argentine politician.
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Antonio González de Balcarce
Antonio González de Balcarce (June 24, 1774 – August 15, 1819) was an Argentine military commander in the early 19th century.
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Antonio José de Sucre
Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (1795–1830), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" ("Grand Marshal of Ayacucho"), was a Venezuelan independence leader who served as the fourth President of Peru and the second President of Bolivia.
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Arequipa
Arequipa is the capital and largest city of the Arequipa Region and the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru.
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Arequito revolt
The Arequito revolt (Motín de Arequito) (Arequito, Santa Fe Province, Argentina, January 8, 1820), was a military revolt by officers of the Army of the North, through which they recused themselves from the fight in the civil war against the federals.
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Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (República Argentina), is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America.
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Argentine Civil Wars
The Argentine Civil Wars were a series of civil wars that took place in Argentina from 1814 to 1880.
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Argentine Constitution of 1819
The Argentine Constitution of 1819 was a Constitution drafted by the Congress of Tucumán in 1819.
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Argentine Declaration of Independence
What today is commonly referred as the Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9, 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán.
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Argentine National Anthem
The "Argentine National Anthem" (Himno Nacional Argentino) is the national anthem of Argentina.
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Army of the Andes
The Army of the Andes (Ejército de los Andes) was a military force created by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Argentina) and mustered by general José de San Martín in his campaign to free Chile from the Spanish Empire.
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Army of the North
The Army of the North (Ejército del Norte), contemporaneously called Army of Peru, was one of the armies deployed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Spanish American wars of independence.
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Assembly of the Year XIII
The Assembly of Year XIII (Asamblea del Año XIII) was a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate governing the young republic of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (today's Uruguay, part of Argentina and Bolivia) on October 1812.
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Balkanization
Balkanization, or Balkanisation, is a geopolitical term used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or uncooperative with one another.
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Banda Oriental
Banda Oriental, or more fully Banda Oriental del Uruguay (Eastern Bank), was the name of the South American territories east of the Uruguay River and north of Río de la Plata that comprise the modern nation of Uruguay; the modern state of Brazil Rio Grande do Sul; and some of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Baptism
Baptism (from the Greek noun βάπτισμα baptisma; see below) is a Christian sacrament of admission and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water, into Christianity.
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Bartolomé Mitre
Bartolomé Mitre Martínez (26 June 1821 – 19 January 1906) was an Argentine statesman, military figure, and author.
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Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne
The Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne, otherwise the Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception (Notre-Dame de Boulogne; Basilique Notre-Dame-de-l'Immaculée-Conception), is a minor basilica located in Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Pas-de-Calais département of northern France.
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Battle of Albuera
The Battle of Albuera (16 May 1811) was a battle during the Peninsular War.
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Battle of Ayohuma
The Battle of Ayohuma ("dead man's head" in Quechua) was an action fought on 14 November 1813, during the second Upper Peru Campaign of the Argentine War of Independence.
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Battle of Bailén
The Battle of Bailén was fought in 1808 by the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by Generals Francisco Castaños and Theodor von Reding, and the Imperial French Army's II corps d'observation de la Gironde under General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang.
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Battle of Carabobo
The Battle of Carabobo, on 24 June 1821, was fought between independence fighters, led by Venezuelan General Simón Bolívar, and the Royalist forces, led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre.
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Battle of Caseros
The Battle of Caseros was fought near the town of Caseros, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, on 3 February 1852, between the Army of Buenos Aires commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas and the Grand Army (Ejército Grande) led by Justo José de Urquiza.
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Battle of Cepeda (1820)
The Battle of Cepeda of 1820 took place on February 1 in Cañada de Cepeda, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Battle of Chacabuco
The Battle of Chacabuco, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, occurred on February 12, 1817.
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Battle of Curapalihue
The Battle of Curapalihue (4 April 1817) fought in Chile, was a minor encounter between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the South American wars of independence.
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Battle of Maipú
The Battle of Maipú (Batalla de Maipú) was a battle fought near Santiago, Chile on April 5, 1818 between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the Chilean War of Independence.
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Battle of Rancagua
The Battle of Rancagua also known as the Disaster of Rancagua occurred on October 1, 1814, to October 2, 1814, when the Spanish Army under the command of Mariano Osorio defeated the rebel Chilean forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins.
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Battle of San Lorenzo
The Battle of San Lorenzo was fought on February 3, 1813 in San Lorenzo, Argentina, then part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata.
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Battle of Vilcapugio
The Battle of Vilcapugio (Sacred Well) was an action fought on October 1, 1813 during the second Campaign of Upper Peru in the Argentine War of Independence, where the republican forces led by General Manuel Belgrano were defeated by a royalist army, led by Joaquin de la Pezuela.
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Belgian Revolution
The Belgian Revolution (Belgische Revolution) was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces (mainly the former Southern Netherlands) from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium.
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Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna
Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (August 25, 1831 – January 25, 1886) was a Chilean writer, journalist, historian and politician.
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Bernardino Rivadavia
Bernardino de la Trinidad González Rivadavia y Rivadavia (May 20, 1780 – September 2, 1845) was the first President of Argentina, then called the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, from February 8, 1826 to June 27, 1827.
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Bernardo O'Higgins
Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (1778–1842) was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence.
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Bloomsbury
Bloomsbury is an area of the London Borough of Camden, between Euston Road and Holborn.
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Blue plaque
A blue plaque is a permanent sign installed in a public place in the United Kingdom and elsewhere to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person, event, or former building on the site, serving as a historical marker.
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Bogotá
Bogotá, officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often thought of as part of Cundinamarca.
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Boulogne-sur-Mer
Boulogne-sur-Mer, often called Boulogne (Latin: Gesoriacum or Bononia, Boulonne-su-Mér, Bonen), is a coastal city in Northern France.
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Brussels
Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina.
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Buenos Aires Cabildo
The Buenos Aires Cabildo (Cabildo de Buenos Aires) is the public building in Buenos Aires that was used as seat of the town council during the colonial era and the government house of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.
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Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral
The Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral (Catedral Metropolitana de Buenos Aires) is the main Catholic church in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Carlos María de Alvear
Carlos María de Alvear (October 25, 1789 in Santo Ángel, Rio Grande do Sul – November 3, 1852 in New York), was an Argentine soldier and statesman, Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in 1815.
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Carrera family
The Carrera family of Chile became politically influential during the colonial period, and played a significant role in Chilean Independence.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Caudillo
A caudillo (Old Spanish: cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head") was a type of personalist leader wielding military and political power.
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Cádiz
Cádiz (see other pronunciations below) is a city and port in southwestern Spain.
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Córdoba, Argentina
Córdoba is a city in the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River, about northwest of the Buenos Aires.
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Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
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Chilean Army
The Chilean Army (Ejército de Chile) is the land arm of the Military of Chile.
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Chilean Declaration of Independence
The Chilean Declaration of Independence is a document declaring the independence of Chile from the Spanish Empire.
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Chilean War of Independence
The Chilean War of Independence was a war between pro-independence Chilean criollos seeking political and economic independence from Spain and royalist criollos supporting continued allegiance to the Captaincy General of Chile and membership of the Spanish Empire.
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Cisplatine War
The Cisplatine War, also known as the Argentine-Brazilian War, was an armed conflict over an area known as Banda Oriental or the "Eastern Strip (roughly present-day Uruguay) in the 1820s between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (as Argentina was then called) and the Empire of Brazil in the aftermath of the United Provinces' independence from Spain.
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Coat of arms of Argentina
The coat of arms of the Argentine Republic or Argentine shield (Escudo de la República Argentina) was established in its current form in 1944, but has its origins in the seal of the General Constituent Assembly of 1813.
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Column (formation)
A military column is a formation of soldiers marching together in one or more files in which the file is significantly longer than the width of ranks in the formation.
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Congress of Cúcuta
The Congress of Cúcuta was a constituent assembly where Gran Colombia was created.
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Congress of Tucumán
The Congress of Tucumán was the representative assembly, initially meeting in San Miguel de Tucumán, that declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America (modern-day Argentina, Uruguay, part of Bolivia) on July 9, 1816, from the Spanish Empire.
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Constitutional monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.
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Copiapó
Copiapó is a city in northern Chile, located about 65 kilometers east of the coastal town of Caldera.
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Coquimbo
Coquimbo is a port city, commune and capital of the Elqui Province, located on the Pan-American Highway, in the Coquimbo Region of Chile.
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Criollo people
The Criollo is a term which, in modern times, has diverse meanings, but is most commonly associated with Latin Americans who are of full or near full Spanish descent, distinguishing them from both multi-racial Latin Americans and Latin Americans of post-colonial (and not necessarily Spanish) European immigrant origin.
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Crossing of the Andes
The Crossing of the Andes (Cruce de los Andes) was one of the most important feats in the Argentine and Chilean wars of independence, in which a combined army of Argentine soldiers and Chilean exiles invaded Chile leading to Chile's liberation from Spanish rule.
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Curicó
Curicó, meaning "Black Waters" in Mapudungun (originally meaning "Land of Black Water"), is the capital city of the Curicó Province, part of the Maule Region in Chile's central valley.
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Curved saber of San Martín
The Curved saber of San Martín is an historic weapon used by José de San Martín.
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Cuyo (Argentina)
Cuyo is the name given to the wine-producing, mountainous area of central-west Argentina.
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Cuyo Province
The Province of Cuyo was a historical Province of Argentina.
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Disinformation
Disinformation is false information spread deliberately to deceive.
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Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (February 15, 1811 – September 11, 1888) was an Argentine activist, intellectual, writer, statesman and the seventh President of Argentina.
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Ecuador
Ecuador (Ikwadur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Ikwadur Ripuwlika), is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
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Ecuadorian War of Independence
The Ecuadorian War of Independence was fought from 1820 to 1822 between several South American armies and Spain over control of the lands of the Royal Audience of Quito, a Spanish colonial administrative jurisdiction from which would eventually emerge the modern Republic of Ecuador.
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El Santo de la Espada
El Santo de la Espada (in English, The Saint of the Sword) is a 1970 Argentine historical epic film directed by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson and starring Alfredo Alcón.
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Embalming
Embalming is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (in its modern form with chemicals) to forestall decomposition.
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Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay.
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Enlightenment in Spain
The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (in Spanish, Ilustración) came to Spain in the eighteenth century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700.
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Estanislao López
Estanislao López (26 November 1786 – 15 June 1838) was a caudillo and governor of the, between 1818 and 1838, one of the foremost proponents of provincial federalism, and an associate of Juan Manuel de Rosas during the Argentine Civil War.
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Federal League
The Federal League of Base Ball Clubs, known simply as the Federal League, was an American professional baseball league that played its first season in 1913 and operated as a "third major league", in competition with the established National and American Leagues, from 1914 to 1915.
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Federal Republic of Central America
The Federal Republic of Central America (República Federal de Centroamérica), also called the United Provinces of Central America (Provincias Unidas del Centro de América) in its first year of creation, was a sovereign state in Central America consisting of the territories of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala of New Spain.
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Federalist Party (Argentina)
The Federalist Party was the nineteenth century Argentine political party that supported federalism.
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Federation
A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central (federal) government.
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Feliciano Chiclana
Feliciano Antonio Chiclana (June 9, 1761 in Buenos Aires – September 17, 1826 in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine lawyer, soldier, and judge.
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Ferdinand VII of Spain
Ferdinand VII (Fernando; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death.
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First Triumvirate (Argentina)
The First Triumvirate (Primer Triunvirato) was the executive body of government that replaced the Junta Grande in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina).
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Flag of Argentina
The flag of Argentina is a triband, composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured Carolina blue and white.
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Florencio Varela (writer)
Florencio Varela (23 February 1808 – 20 March 1848) was an Argentine writer, poet, journalist and educator.
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Fodder
Fodder, a type of animal feed, is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs.
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Food drying
Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated).
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Francisco de Miranda
Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (March 28, 1750 – July 14, 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda, was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary.
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Francisco Marcó del Pont
Francisco Casimiro Marcó del Pont Ángel Díaz y Méndez (1770 – May 19, 1819) was a Spanish soldier and the last Governor of Chile.
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Francisco Ramírez (governor)
Francisco Ramírez, also known as "Pancho" Ramírez as well as "El Supremo Entrerriano" (1786 – 1821), was an Argentine governor of Entre Ríos during the Argentine War of Independence.
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Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro
Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro (November 3, 1780 – February 2, 1855) was a Peruvian priest and politician who briefly served as Interim President of Peru twice in 1822 and 1833.
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Free Negro
In United States history, a free Negro or free black was the legal status, in the geographic area of the United States, of blacks who were not slaves.
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Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.
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Freedom of wombs
Freedom of wombs (Spanish Libertad de vientres), also referred to as free birth, was a judicial principle applied in several countries in South America in the 19th century; it did not allow for the enslavement of slaves' children at birth.
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Freemasonry
Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.
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French blockade of the Río de la Plata
The French blockade of the Río de la Plata was a two-year-long naval blockade imposed by France on the Argentine Confederation ruled by Juan Manuel de Rosas.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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French Revolution of 1848
The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution (révolution de Février), was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe.
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Funeral
A funeral is a ceremony connected with the burial, cremation, or interment of a corpse, or the burial (or equivalent) with the attendant observances.
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General officer
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations' air forces or marines.
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Generalissimo
Generalissimo is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the countries where they are used.
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Government in exile
A government in exile is a political group which claims to be a country or semi-sovereign state's legitimate government, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in another state or foreign country.
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Governor of Mendoza Province
The Constitution (1916) of Mendoza Province, Argentina states that the executive power of the Province will be led by a citizen chosen as a Governor by the people for a four-year term, and not allowed to be re-elected for the immediately following term.
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Guaraní people
Guaraní are a group of culturally related indigenous peoples of South America.
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Guayaquil
Guayaquil, officially Santiago de Guayaquil (St.), is the largest and the most populous city in Ecuador, with around 2 million people in the metropolitan area, as well as the nation's main port.
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Guayaquil Conference
The Guayaquil Conference (Conferencia de Guayaquil) was a meeting that took place on July 26, 1822, in Guayaquil, Ecuador, between José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, to discuss the future of Perú (and South America in general).
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Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.
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Hematemesis
Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of blood.
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Historia Argentina
Historia Argentina (in English, History of Argentina) in an encyclopedia of three volumes by Diego Abad de Santillán, published in 1965 by TEA (Tipográfica Editora Argentina).
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Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana
Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana (History of San Martín and the South American emancipation) is a biography of José de San Martín, written by Bartolomé Mitre in 1869.
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History of Spain (1810–73)
Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil.
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HMS Santa Dorothea (1798)
HMS Santa Dorothea was a Royal Navy 34-gun fifth rate.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is located in the southwest corner of Europe.
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Inca Empire
The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, "The Four Regions"), also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century.
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Inca plan
The Inca plan was a proposal formulated in 1816 by Manuel Belgrano to the Congress of Tucumán, aiming to crown an Inca.
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Inquisition
The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat public heresy committed by baptized Christians.
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Intramuros
Intramuros (Latin for "within the walls") is the historic walled area within the modern city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines.
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Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma
Joaquín de la Pezuela y Sánchez, 1st Marquess of Viluma, OIC, LCSF, LH (1761–1830) was a Spanish military officer and viceroy of Peru during the War of Independence.
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José de la Serna e Hinojosa
José de la Serna e Hinojosa, 1st Count of los Andes (José de la Serna e Hinojosa, primer conde de los Andes) (1770 – 1832) was a Spanish general and colonial official.
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José Gervasio Artigas
José Gervasio Artigas Arnal (June 19, 1764 – September 23, 1850) was a national hero of Uruguay, sometimes called "the father of Uruguayan nationhood".
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José Gil de Castro
José Gil de Castro y Morales (1 September 1785 in Lima – c.1840/41 in Lima?) was an Afro-Peruvian portrait painter, cartographer and soldier who spent many years in Chile.
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José Miguel Carrera
José Miguel Carrera Verdugo (October 15, 1785 – September 4, 1821) was a Chilean general, member of the prominent Carrera family, and considered one of the founders of independent Chile.
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José Moldes
José Moldes (January 1, 1785 - April 18, 1824) was an Argentine military leader.
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José Rondeau
José Casimiro Rondeau Pereyra (March 4, 1773 – November 18, 1844) was a general and politician in Argentina and Uruguay in the early 19th century.
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Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales
Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales (Reinoso, Spain, June 13, 1770 - Moraya, Bolivia, December 4, 1831) was an Argentine general of Spanish origin (considered also a Bolivian for his activities in Bolivia) that fought in the war for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Chile and Peru.
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Juan Bautista Baigorria
Juan Bautista Baigorria, also known as Granadero Baigorria, was born in San Luis Province and died at the Battle of San Lorenzo on 3 February 1813, was an Argentine soldier.
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Juan Bautista Cabral
Juan Bautista Cabral (ca. 1789 – 3 February 1813) was an Argentine soldier of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers who died in the Battle of San Lorenzo, while he was aiding then Colonel Don José de San Martín, whose horse had fallen to enemy fire.
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Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón
Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón y Achet (died April 1822 in Quito) was a Spanish general and colonial administrator.
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Juan Gregorio de las Heras
Grand Marshal Juan Gregorio de Las Heras (July 11, 1780 – February 15, 1866) was an Argentine soldier who took part in the Spanish American wars of independence and was also a governor of the province of Buenos Aires.
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Juan José Paso
Juan José Esteban Paso, (January 2, 1758, Buenos Aires – September 10, 1833) was an Argentine politician who participated in the events that started the Argentine War of Independence known as May Revolution of 1810.
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Juan Lavalle
Juan Galo Lavalle (October 17, 1797 – October 9, 1841) was an Argentine military and political figure.
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Juan Manuel de Rosas
Juan Manuel de Rosas (30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws", was a politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation.
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Juan Martín de Pueyrredón
Juan Martín de Pueyrredón y O'Dogan (December 18, 1777 – March 13, 1850) was an Argentine general and politician of the early 19th century.
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Juan Perón
Juan Domingo Perón (8 October 1895 – 1 July 1974) was an Argentine army lieutenant general and politician.
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Justo José de Urquiza
Justo José de Urquiza y García (October 18, 1801 – April 11, 1870) was an Argentine general and politician.
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La Rioja Province, Argentina
La Rioja is one of the provinces of Argentina and is located in the west of the country.
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Latin American integration
The integration of Latin America has a history going back to Spanish American and Brazilian independence, when there was discussion of creating a regional state or confederation of Latin American nations to protect the area's newly won autonomy.
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Lautaro
Lautaro (Lef-Traru "swift hawk") (1534? – April 29, 1557) was a young Araucanian toqui who achieved notoriety for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in Chile.
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Lautaro Lodge
The Lautaro Lodge (Logia Lautaro) was a revolutionary secret lodge active in Latin American politics in the 19th Century.
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Libertadores
Libertadores ("Liberators") refers to the principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal.
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Lima
Lima (Quechua:, Aymara) is the capital and the largest city of Peru.
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Luis Carrera
Colonel Luis Florentino Juan Manuel Silvestre de los Dolores de la Carrera y Verdugo (1791 – April 8, 1818) was a Chilean military officer who fought in the Chilean War of Independence.
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Madrid
Madrid is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole.
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Maipo River
The Maipo River is the main river flowing through the Santiago Metropolitan Region and the Valparaiso Region of Chile.
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Manila
Manila (Maynilà, or), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynilà), is the capital of the Philippines and the most densely populated city proper in the world.
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Manuel Belgrano
Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano y González (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820), usually referred to as Manuel Belgrano, was an Argentine economist, lawyer, politician, and military leader.
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Manuel de Sarratea
Manuel de Sarratea, (Buenos Aires, August 11, 1774 – Limoges, France, 21 September 1849), was an Argentine diplomat, politician and soldier.
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Manuel Dorrego
Manuel Dorrego (11 June 1787 in Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires – 13 December 1828 in Navarro, Buenos Aires) was an Argentine statesman and soldier.
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Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza
Manuel Xavier Rodríguez Erdoíza (February 27, 1785 – May 26, 1818) was a Chilean lawyer and guerrilla leader, considered one of the founders of independent Chile.
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Mapuche
The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of present-day Patagonia.
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María de los Remedios de Escalada
María de los Remedios de Escalada y La Quintana (November 20, 1797 – August 3, 1823) was the wife of the leader of the Argentine War of Independence, General José de San Martín.
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Marcos González de Balcarce
Marcos González de Balcarce (1777–1832) was an Argentine military commander and politician in the early 19th century.
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Mariano Moreno
Mariano Moreno (September 23, 1778 – March 4, 1811) was an Argentine lawyer, journalist, and politician.
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Mariano Osorio
Mariano de Osorio (1777–1819) was a Spanish general and Governor of Chile, from 1814 to 1815.
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Mariquita Sánchez
María Josepha Petrona de Todos los Santos Sánchez de Velazco y Trillo de Thompson y Mendeville, better known as Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson (1 November 1786 – Buenos Aires, 23 October 1868), was a patriot from Buenos Aires and its leading salonnière, whose ''tertulia'' gathered all the leading personalities of her time.
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Martín Miguel de Güemes
Martín Miguel de Güemes (8 February 1785 – 17 June 1821) was a military leader and popular caudillo who defended northwestern Argentina from the Spanish during the Argentine War of Independence.
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Matías de Irigoyen
Matías de Irigoyen (25 February 1781 – 20 September 1839) was an Argentine soldier and politician.
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Málaga
Málaga is a municipality, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain.
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Mendoza, Argentina
Mendoza is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina.
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Military intelligence
Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to assist commanders in their decisions.
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Miraflores District, Lima
Miraflores is a district of the Lima Province in Peru.
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Mit'a
Mit'a was mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire.
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Montevideo
Montevideo is the capital and largest city of Uruguay.
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Moors
The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta during the Middle Ages.
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Murcia
Murcia is a city in south-eastern Spain, the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, and the seventh largest city in the country, with a population of 442,573 inhabitants in 2009 (about one third of the total population of the Region).
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Nicolás Avellaneda
Nicolás Remigio Aurelio Avellaneda Silva (October 3, 1837 – 24 November 1885) was an Argentine politician and journalist, and president of Argentina from 1874 to 1880.
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Nicolás Rodríguez Peña
Nicolás Rodriguez Peña (1775, in Buenos Aires – 1853, in Santiago de Chile) was an Argentine politician.
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Open cabildo
The open cabildo (Spanish: cabildo abierto) was a special mode of assembly of the inhabitants of Latin American cities during the Spanish colonial period, in case of emergencies or disasters.
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Operations plan
Operations plan (in Spanish, "Plan de Operaciones") is a secret document attributed to Mariano Moreno, that set harsh ways for the Primera Junta, the first de facto independent government of Argentina in the 19th century, to achieve its goals.
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Oran
Oran (وَهران, Wahrān; Berber language: ⵡⴻⵂⵔⴰⵏ, Wehran) is a major coastal city located in the north-west of Algeria.
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Order of the Liberator General San Martín
The Order of the Liberator General San Martin (Orden del Libertador General San Martín) is the highest decoration in Argentina.
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Paracas Bay
Paracas Bay, with its southern end lying within the Paracas National Reservation is well known for its abundant wildlife.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (Paraguái), officially the Republic of Paraguay (República del Paraguay; Tetã Paraguái), is a landlocked country in central South America, bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest.
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Paraná River
The Paraná River (Río Paraná, Rio Paraná, Ysyry Parana) is a river in south Central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some.
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Paso de Los Patos
The Paso de Los Patos (Passage of the Ducks) is an Andine mountain pass between Argentina and Chile, used by the main column of the Army of the Andes to cross the Andes in early 1817, in order to liberate Chile from Spain.
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Patria Nueva
Patria Nueva (New Fatherland) was a period in the history of Chile that began with the victory of Ejército de los Andes in the Battle of Chacabuco on 12 February 1817 and ended with the resignation of Bernardo O'Higgins as Supreme Director in 1823.
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Patria Vieja
Patria Vieja (Old Fatherland) refers to a time period in the History of Chile occurring between the First Junta of the Government (September 18, 1810) and the Disaster of Rancagua (October 1, 1814).
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Patriot (Spanish American independence)
Patriots (Patriotas) was the name that the people of the Spanish America who rebelled against Spanish control during the Spanish American wars of independence called themselves.
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Pedro Medrano
Pedro Medrano (26 April 1769 – 3 November 1840) was a Uruguayan-born Argentine statesman and lawyer.
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Peninsular War
The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire (as well as the allied powers of the Spanish Empire), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Portugal, for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.
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Peru
Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.
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Peruvian War of Independence
The Peruvian War of Independence was composed of a series of military conflicts in Peru beginning with viceroy Abascal military reconquest in 1811 in the battle of Guaqui, going with the definitive defeat of the Spanish Army in 1824 in the battle of Ayacucho, and culminated in 1826, with the Siege of Callao.
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Pincer movement
The pincer movement, or double envelopment, is a military maneuver in which forces simultaneously attack both flanks (sides) of an enemy formation.
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Pisco, Peru
Pisco is a small city located in the Ica Region of Peru, the capital of the Pisco Province.
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Planned economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment and the allocation of capital goods take place according to economy-wide economic and production plans.
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Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental
The Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental was the armed-conflict that took place between 1816 and 1820 in the Banda Oriental, for control of what today comprises the whole of the Republic of Uruguay, the northern part of the Argentine Mesopotamia and southern Brazil.
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Premier Grand Lodge of England
The organization known as the Premier Grand Lodge of England was founded on 24 June 1717 as the 'Grand Lodge of London and Westminster'.
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President of Argentina
The President of the Argentine Nation (Presidente de la Nación Argentina), usually known as the President of Argentina, is both head of state and head of government of Argentina.
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President of Peru
The President of the Republic of Peru (Presidente de la República del Perú) is the head of state and head of government of Peru and represents the republic in official international matters.
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Propaganda
Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
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Protectorate of Peru
The Protectorate of Peru (Protectorado Del Perú) was a protectorate created in 1821 in modern Peru after its declaration of independence.
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Rafael del Riego
Rafael del Riego y Flórez (9 April 1784 – 7 November 1823) was a Spanish general and liberal politician, who played a key role in the outbreak of the Liberal Triennium (Trienio liberal in Spanish).
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Rafael Maroto
Rafael Maroto Yserns (October 15, 1783 – August 25, 1853) was a Spanish general, known both for his involvement on the Spanish side in the wars of independence in South America and on the Carlist side in the First Carlist War.
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Ramón Freire
Ramón Freire Serrano (November 29, 1787 – December 9, 1851) was a Chilean political figure.
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Río de la Plata
The Río de la Plata ("river of silver") — rendered River Plate in British English and the Commonwealth and La Plata River (occasionally Plata River) in other English-speaking countries — is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay and the Paraná rivers.
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Reductions
Reductions or reducciones (Spanish for "congregations") (Portuguese: redução, plural reduções) were settlements created by Spanish rulers in Latin America.
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Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers
The Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers (Regimiento de Granaderos a Caballo) is the name of two Argentine Army regiments of two different time periods: a historic regiment that operated from 1812 to 1826, and a modern cavalry unit that was organized in 1903.
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Revolución: El cruce de los Andes
Revolución: El cruce de los Andes (Revolution: The Crusade of the Andes) is a 2010 Argentine historical epic film directed by Leandro Ipiña and starring Rodrigo de la Serna.
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Revolution of October 8, 1812
The Revolution of October 8, 1812 (Revolución del 8 de octubre de 1812) took place during the Argentine War of Independence.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (River of January), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas.
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Rosa Campuzano
Rosa Campuzano Cornejo was an activist affiliated with the cause of freedom in the struggle for the independence of Peru, born in Guayaquil, Viceroyalty of Peru on April 13, 1796 and died in Lima in 1851.
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Royalist (Spanish American independence)
The royalists were the Latin American and European supporters of the various governing bodies of the Spanish Monarchy, during the Spanish American wars of independence, which lasted from 1808 until the king's death in 1833.
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San Carlos Convent
The San Carlos Convent is located in San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, in Argentina.
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San Juan Province, Argentina
San Juan is a province of Argentina, located in the western part of the country.
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San Lorenzo, Santa Fe
San Lorenzo is a city in the south of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, located 23 km north of Rosario, on the western shore of the Paraná River, and forming one end of the Greater Rosario metropolitan area.
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San Martín National Institute
The San Martín National Institute (Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano) is a cultural foundation in Buenos Aires dedicated to the legacy of General José de San Martín, the Liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Perú.
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Santiago
Santiago, also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas.
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Santiago del Estero
Santiago del Estero (Spanish for Saint-James-Upon-The-Lagoon) is the capital of Santiago del Estero Province in northern Argentina.
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Sapa Inca
The Sapa Inca (Hispanicized spelling) or Sapa Inka (Quechua for "the only Inca"), also known as Apu ("divinity"), Inka Qhapaq ("mighty Inca"), or simply Sapa ("the only one"), was the ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and, later, the Emperor of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) and the Neo-Inca State.
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Second Banda Oriental campaign
The Second Banda Oriental campaign was a military campaign of the Argentine War of Independence, that besieged and captured the Banda Oriental (present-day Uruguay) with joint operations against Montevideo by José Rondeau on land and William Brown on water.
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Second Battle of Cancha Rayada
The Second Battle of Cancha Rayada (March 16, 1818), (also known as the Surprise of Cancha Rayada) was fought in Chile between South American patriots and Spanish royalists, during the South American wars of independence.
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Second Triumvirate (Argentina)
The Second Triumvirate (Spanish: Segundo Triunvirato) was the governing body of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present day Argentina) that followed the First Triumvirate in 1812, shortly after the May Revolution, and lasted 2 years.
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Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830), generally known as Simón Bolívar and also colloquially as El Libertador, was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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Spanish American wars of independence
The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence that took place during the early 19th century, after the French invasion of Spain during Europe's Napoleonic Wars.
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Spanish Constitution of 1812
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy (Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española), also known as the Constitution of Cádiz (Constitución de Cádiz) and as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest constitutions in world history.
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Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español; Imperium Hispanicum), historically known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Monarquía Hispánica) and as the Catholic Monarchy (Monarquía Católica) was one of the largest empires in history.
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State of Buenos Aires
No description.
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Supreme Director of Chile
The Supreme Director of Chile was the seat in charge of Chile's administration following the independence from Spain in 1810, until 1826.
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Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
The Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Director Supremo de las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata) was a title given to the executive officers of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata according to the form of government established in 1814 by the Asamblea del Año XIII (Assembly of Year XIII).
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Talca
Talca is a city and commune in Chile located about south of Santiago, and is the capital of both Talca Province and Maule Region (7th Region of Chile).
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The Overlook Press
The Overlook Press is an American independent publishing house based in New York, New York, that considers itself "a home for distinguished books that had been 'overlooked' by larger houses".
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Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Marquess of Maranhão, GCB, ODM, OSC (14 December 1775 – 31 October 1860), styled Lord Cochrane between 1778 and 1831, was a British naval flag officer of the Royal Navy, mercenary and radical politician.
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Tomás Guido
Tomás Guido.
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Trienio Liberal
The Trienio Liberal ("Liberal Triennium") is a period of 3 years in the modern history of Spain between 1820 and 1823, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising in January 1820 by the lieutenant-colonel Rafael de Riego against the absolutist rule of King Ferdinand VII.
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Unitarian Party
Unitarianists or Unitarians (in Spanish, Unitarios) were the proponents of the concept of a unitary state (centralized government) in Buenos Aires during the civil wars which shortly followed the Declaration of Independence of Argentina in 1816.
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Unitary state
A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate.
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United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata
The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America (Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica), a union of provinces in the Río de la Plata region of South America, emerged from the May Revolution in 1810 and the Argentine War of Independence of 1810–1818.
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University of California Press
University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
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Upper Peru
This article is about a historical region now in Bolivia.
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Uspallata Pass
The Uspallata Pass, Bermejo Pass or Cumbre Pass, is an Andean pass which provides a route between the wine-growing region around the Argentine city of Mendoza, the Chilean city Los Andes and Santiago the Chilean capital situated in the central Chilean valley.
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Valparaíso
Valparaíso is a major city, seaport, and educational center in the commune of Valparaíso, Chile.
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Viceroyalty of New Granada
The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada) was the name given on 27 May 1717, to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.
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Viceroyalty of Peru
The Viceroyalty of Peru (Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima.
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Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Virreinato del Río de la Plata, also called Viceroyalty of the River Plate in some scholarly writings) was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of the Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in America.
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War economy
A war economy is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production.
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War of the Oranges
The War of the Oranges (Guerra das Laranjas; Guerre des Oranges; Guerra de las Naranjas) was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal.
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War of the Second Coalition
The War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) was the second war on revolutionary France by the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, various German monarchies and Sweden.
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William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford
General William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, 1st Marquis of Campo Maior, (2 October 1768 – 8 January 1854) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and politician.
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William Bowles (Royal Navy officer)
Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Bowles, KCB (1780 – 2 July 1869) was a senior Royal Navy officer and Conservative Party politician.
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William Brown (admiral)
William Brown (also known in Spanish as Guillermo Brown) (22 June 1777 – 3 March 1857) was an Irish-born Argentine admiral.
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Yanakuna
Yanakuna (Quechua, from the verb yanapa to help, -kuna, a suffix to indicate the plural, "servants" or "slaves", hispanicized spelling Yanacona, also Yanaconas) were originally individuals in the Inca Empire who left the ayllu system and worked full-time at a variety of tasks for the Inca, the quya (Inca queen) or the religious establishment.
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Yapeyú, Corrientes
Yapeyú is a town in the province of Corrientes, Argentina, in the San Martín Department.
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Yatasto relay
The Yatasto relay (Posta de Yatasto) was the handover of the command of the Army of the North by Manuel Belgrano to José de San Martín, in January 1814, during the Argentine War of Independence.
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Yellow fever
Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.
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1829–51 cholera pandemic
The second cholera pandemic (1829–1851), also known as the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across western Asia to Europe, Great Britain and the Americas, as well as east to China and Japan.
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Redirects here:
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_de_San_Martín
