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330 relations: Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Abd ar-Rahman III, Absolutive case, Aeblus, Ahmad al-Muqtadir, Aibar, Al-Andalus, Alain I of Albret, Alfaro, La Rioja, Alfonso II of Asturias, Alfonso IV of León, Alfonso the Battler, Alfonso V of Aragon, Alfonso VI of León and Castile, Alfonso VIII of Castile, Alfonso XI of Castile, Alhambra Decree, Aljamiado, Almanzor, Ancien Régime, Andalusian Arabic, André de Foix, Andregoto Galíndez, Angoumois, Aquitaine, Aquitani, Aquitanian language, Arabs, Aragón (river), Aragon, Arguedas, Navarre, Arnauld de Oihenart, Atlantic Ocean, Autonomous communities of Spain, Aznar Sánchez of Gascony, Álava, Íñigo Arista of Pamplona, Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara, Banu Qasi, Bardenas Reales, Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country (greater region), Basque language, Basque witch trials, Basques, Battle of Atapuerca, Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of Noáin, Battle of Pancorbo (816), Battle of Roncevaux Pass, ..., Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824), Battle of Tamarón, Battle of Valdejunquera, Bay of Biscay, Bayonne, Béarn, Belorado, Berengaria of Navarre, Bermudo III of León, Bible, Blanche I of Navarre, Blanche II of Navarre, Blanche of Artois, Boltaña, Bourbon Restoration, Buffer state, Burgos, Calahorra, Caliphate of Córdoba, Calvinism, Caparroso, Carlism, Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian Empire, Castile and León, Catherine of Navarre, Catholic Church, Charlemagne, Charles II of Navarre, Charles III of Navarre, Charles IV of France, Charles VII of France, Charles VIII of France, Charles, Prince of Viana, Christianity, Cidacos, Codex Vigilanus, Convention of Vergara, Conventus iuridicus, Count of Barcelona, Count of Champagne, County of Aragon, County of Álava, County of Bigorre, County of Durango, County of Longueville, County of Ribagorza, Court officials of the Kingdom of Navarre, Crown of Aragon, Crown of Castile, Dax, Landes, Departments of France, Duchy of Aquitaine, Duchy of Cantabria, Duchy of Gascony, Ebro, 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France, Hispania Citerior, Hispania Tarraconensis, History of the Basques, House of Bourbon, Huguenots, Hundred Days, Hundred Years' War, Iberian Peninsula, Ignatius of Loyola, Inquisition, Isabella II of Spain, Isabella of France, Queen of Navarre, Islam, Jaca, Jaime del Burgo, Jeanne d'Albret, Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona, Jizya, Joan Coromines, Joan I of Navarre, Joan II of Navarre, John II of Aragon, John III of Navarre, John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne, Joxe Azurmendi, Juana Enríquez, Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Asturias, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of León, Kings of Navarre family tree, Knights Templar, La Bureba, La Rioja (Spain), Labourd, Laguardia, Álava, Latin, List of counts of Mortain, List of Navarrese monarchs, Livy, Loarre, Logroño, Lordship of Biscay, Los Arcos, Louis IX of France, Louis the Pious, Louis X of France, Louis XII of France, Louis XIII of France, Lower Navarre, Lupo II of Gascony, Magdalena of France, Manuel Godoy, Marca Hispanica, 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Reconquista, Revolt of the Comuneros, Richard I of England, Roland, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Burgos, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pamplona y Tudela, Roman Catholic Diocese of Palencia, Roman Catholic Diocese of Vitoria, Roman Empire, Romani people, Romanization (cultural), Royal Frankish Annals, Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña, Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Saint-Palais, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Salic law, San Esteban de Gormaz, San Sebastián, Sancho García of Castile, Sancho I of Pamplona, Sancho II of Pamplona, Sancho III of Pamplona, Sancho IV of Pamplona, Sancho Ramírez, Sancho VI of Navarre, Sancho VII of Navarre, Sádaba, Seguin I of Gascony, Self-governance, Sephardic law and customs, Septimania, Sertorian War, Sobrarbe, Soria, Sos del Rey Católico, Southern Basque Country, Spain, Spanish Civil War, Spanish Constitution of 1812, Spanish era, Spanish Inquisition, Spanish language, Sunni Islam, Taifa of Zaragoza, Theobald I of Navarre, Theobald II of Navarre, Third Carlist War, Tirón River, Tlemcen, Toulouse, Treaty of the Pyrenees, Treviño, Tudela, Navarre, Umayyad conquest of Hispania, Uncastillo, Upper March, Urraca Sánchez of Pamplona, Vascones, Villa, Viscounty of Béarn, Visigothic Kingdom, Vitoria-Gasteiz, War of the Bands, War of the League of Cambrai, War of the Pyrenees, Zaragoza. 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Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (عبد الملك ابن مروان ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwān, 646 – 8 October 705) was the 5th Umayyad caliph.
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Abd ar-Rahman III
Abd ar-Rahman III (′Abd ar-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn ′Abd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn ′abd ar-Rahman ibn al-Hakam ar-Rabdi ibn Hisham ibn ′abd ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil; عبد الرحمن الثالث; 11 January 889/9115 October 961) was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba (912–961) of the Umayyad dynasty in al-Andalus.
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Absolutive case
The absolutive case (abbreviated) is the unmarked grammatical case of a core argument of a verb (generally other than the nominative) that is used as the citation form of a noun.
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Aeblus
Aeblus, Ebalus, or Ebles was a Frankish count in Gascony early in the ninth century.
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Ahmad al-Muqtadir
Ahmad ibn Sulayman al-Muqtadir (or just Moctadir; أبو جعفر أحمد "المقتدر بالله" بن سليمان, Abu Ja'far Ahmad al-Muqtadir bi-Llah ibn Sulayman) was a member of the Banu Hud family who ruled the Islamic taifa of Zaragoza, in what is now Spain, from 1049 to 1082.
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Aibar
Aibar (or Aybar, Oibar) is a town located in the province of Navarre, in the autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.
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Alain I of Albret
Alain I of Albret (1440-1522), called "The Great", was a powerful French aristocrat.
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Alfaro, La Rioja
Alfaro is a town and municipality in La Rioja, northern Spain.
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Alfonso II of Asturias
Alfonso II of Asturias (842), nicknamed the Chaste (el Casto), was the king of Asturias during two different periods: first in the year 783 and later from 791 until his death in 842.
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Alfonso IV of León
Alfonso IV (s933), called the Monk (el Monje), was King of León from 925 (or 926) and King of Galicia from 929, until he abdicated in 931.
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Alfonso the Battler
Alfonso I (1073/10747 September 1134), called the Battler or the Warrior (el Batallador), was the king of Aragon and Pamplona from 1104 until his death in 1134.
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Alfonso V of Aragon
Alfonso the Magnanimous KG (also Alphonso; Alfons; 1396 – 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as Alfonso V), Valencia (as Alfonso III), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica (as Alfonso II), Sicily (as Alfonso I) and Count of Barcelona (as Alfonso IV) from 1416, and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death.
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Alfonso VI of León and Castile
Alfonso VI (1 July 1109), nicknamed the Brave (El Bravo) or the Valiant, was the son of King Ferdinand I of León and Queen Sancha, daughter of Alfonso V and sister of Bermudo III.
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Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII (11 November 11555 October 1214), called the Noble (El Noble) or the one of the Navas (el de las Navas), was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo.
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Alfonso XI of Castile
Alfonso XI of Castile (13 August 131126/27 March 1350), called the Avenger (el Justiciero), was the king of Castile, León and Galicia.
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Alhambra Decree
The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.
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Aljamiado
Aljamiado (عَجَمِيَة trans. ''ʿajamiyah'') or Aljamía texts are manuscripts that use the Arabic script for transcribing European languages, especially Romance languages such as Mozarabic, Portuguese, Spanish or Ladino, and Bosnian with its Arebica script.
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Almanzor
Abu ʿĀmir Muḥammad bin ʿAbdullāh ibn Abi ʿĀmir, al-Ḥājib al-Manṣūr (أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور) (c. 938 – August 8, 1002), better known as Almanzor, was for 24 years (978–1002) the de facto ruler of Muslim Iberia (al-Andalus) under the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (Khilāfat Qurṭuba).
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Ancien Régime
The Ancien Régime (French for "old regime") was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (circa 15th century) until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the.
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Andalusian Arabic
Andalusian Arabic, also known as Andalusi Arabic, was a variety or varieties of the Arabic language spoken in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) under Muslim rule (and for some time after) from the 9th century to the 17th century.
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André de Foix
André de Foix, Lord of Lesparre (or Asparroz or Asparrots), (1490–1547) was a French General.
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Andregoto Galíndez
Andregoto Galíndez (literally Lady Goth, daughter of Galindo, from Basque title andre) was daughter of Count Galindo II Aznárez Count of Aragon by his second wife, Sancha Garcés of Pamplona.
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Angoumois
Angoumois or equally historically the comté d'Angoulême was a county and province of France, originally inferior to the parent duchy of Aquitaine, similar to the Périgord to its east but lower and generally less forested, equally with occasional vineyards throughout.
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Aquitaine
Aquitaine (Aquitània; Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Aguiéne), archaic Guyenne/Guienne (Occitan: Guiana) was a traditional region of France, and was an administrative region of France until 1 January 2016.
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Aquitani
The Aquitanians (Latin: Aquitani) were a people living in what is now southern Aquitaine and southwestern Midi-Pyrénées, France, called Gallia Aquitania by the Romans in the region between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic ocean, and the Garonne, present-day southwestern France.
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Aquitanian language
The Aquitanian language was spoken on both sides of the western Pyrenees in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne, in the region later known as Gascony) and in the areas south of the Pyrenees in the valleys of the Basque Country before the Roman conquest.
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Arabs
Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.
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Aragón (river)
The Aragón (Río Aragón; Aragon Ibaia) is a river in northern Spain, one of the left-hand tributaries of the river Ebro.
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Aragon
Aragon (or, Spanish and Aragón, Aragó or) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.
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Arguedas, Navarre
Arguedas is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Arnauld de Oihenart
Arnauld de Oihenart (7 August 159214 January 1668) was a Basque lawyer, politician, historian and poet.
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Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about.
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Autonomous communities of Spain
In Spain, an autonomous community (comunidad autónoma, autonomia erkidegoa, comunitat autònoma, comunidade autónoma, comunautat autonòma) is a first-level political and administrative division, created in accordance with the Spanish constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy of the nationalities and regions that make up Spain.
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Aznar Sánchez of Gascony
Aznar (or Asnar) Sánchez (Aznar Antso, Aznard Sanche, Gascon: Aznar Sans) (died 836) was the Duke of Gascony from 820.
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Álava
Álava (in Spanish) or Araba (in Basque, dialectal), officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see.
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Íñigo Arista of Pamplona
Íñigo Arista (Eneko, ونّقه, Wannaqo, c. 790 – 851 or 852) was a Basque leader, considered the first King of Pamplona.
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Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara
Joaquín Baldomero Fernández-Espartero y Alvarez de Toro, 1st Prince of Vergara, 1st Duke of la Victoria, 1st Duke of Morella, 1st Count of Luchana, 1st Viscount of Banderas (27 February 17938 January 1879) was a Spanish general and politician, who served as the Regent of Spain.
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Banu Qasi
The Banu Qasi, Banu Kasi, Beni Casi (بني قسي or بنو قسي, meaning "sons" or "heirs of Cassius") or Banu Musa were a Hispano-Roman Muwallad dynasty that ruled the upper Ebro valley in the 9th century, before being displaced in the first quarter of the 10th century.
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Bardenas Reales
The Bardenas Reales (sometimes Bárdenas Reales; in Basque, Errege Bardeak) is a semi-desert natural region, or badlands, of some in southeast Navarre (Spain).
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Basque Country (autonomous community)
The Basque Country (Euskadi; País Vasco; Pays Basque), officially the Basque Autonomous Community (Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa, EAE; Comunidad Autónoma Vasca, CAV) is an autonomous community in northern Spain.
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Basque Country (greater region)
The Basque Country (Euskal Herria; Pays basque; Vasconia, País Vasco) is the name given to the home of the Basque people.
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Basque language
Basque (euskara) is a language spoken in the Basque country and Navarre. Linguistically, Basque is unrelated to the other languages of Europe and, as a language isolate, to any other known living language. The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. The Basque language is spoken by 28.4% of Basques in all territories (751,500). Of these, 93.2% (700,300) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.8% (51,200) are in the French portion. Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the three "ancient provinces" in France. Gipuzkoa, most of Biscay, a few municipalities of Álava, and the northern area of Navarre formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen the language. By contrast, most of Álava, the western part of Biscay and central and southern areas of Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of Spanish, either because Basque was replaced by Spanish over the centuries, in some areas (most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it was possibly never spoken there, in other areas (Enkarterri and southeastern Navarre). Under Restorationist and Francoist Spain, public use of Basque was frowned upon, often regarded as a sign of separatism; this applied especially to those regions that did not support Franco's uprising (such as Biscay or Gipuzkoa). However, in those Basque-speaking regions that supported the uprising (such as Navarre or Álava) the Basque language was more than merely tolerated. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was developed by the Euskaltzaindia in the late 1960s. Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are Biscayan, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese in Spain, and Navarrese–Lapurdian and Souletin in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media, literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school. A language isolate, Basque is believed to be one of the few surviving pre-Indo-European languages in Europe, and the only one in Western Europe. The origin of the Basques and of their languages is not conclusively known, though the most accepted current theory is that early forms of Basque developed prior to the arrival of Indo-European languages in the area, including the Romance languages that geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Basque has adopted a good deal of its vocabulary from the Romance languages, and Basque speakers have in turn lent their own words to Romance speakers. The Basque alphabet uses the Latin script.
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Basque witch trials
The Basque witch trials of the 17th century represent the only serious attempt at rooting out witchcraft ever undertaken by the Spanish Inquisition, which was generally skeptical of such allegations.
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Basques
No description.
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Battle of Atapuerca
The Battle of Atapuerca was fought on 1 September 1054 at the site of Piedrahita ("standing stone") in the valley of Atapuerca between two brothers, King García Sánchez III of Navarre and King Ferdinand I of Castile.
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Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (معركة العقاب), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain.
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Battle of Noáin
The Battle of Noáin or the Battle of Esquiroz, fought on June 30, 1521 was the only open field battle in the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.
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Battle of Pancorbo (816)
The Battle of Pancorbo was a battle that took place in the year 816 between a Moorish army from the Emirate of Cordoba sent by Al-Hakam I and under the control of Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Mugit and the pro-Frankish forces under the control of Balask al-Yalasqi.
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Battle of Roncevaux Pass
The Battle of Roncevaux Pass (French and English spelling, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) in 778 saw a large force of Basques ambush a part of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux Pass, a high mountain pass in the Pyrenees on the present border between France and Spain, after his invasion of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)
The Battle of Roncevaux Pass was a battle in which a combined Basque-Qasawi Muslim army defeated a Carolingian military expedition in 824.
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Battle of Tamarón
The Battle of Tamarón took place on 4 September 1037 between Ferdinand, Count of Castile, and Vermudo III, King of León.
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Battle of Valdejunquera
The Battle of Valdejunquera took place in a valley called Iuncaria (val de Junquera) on 26 July 920 between the Islamic emirate of Córdoba and the Christian armies of the kingdoms of León and Navarre.
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Bay of Biscay
The Bay of Biscay (Golfe de Gascogne, Golfo de Vizcaya, Pleg-mor Gwaskogn, Bizkaiko Golkoa) is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean located south of the Celtic Sea.
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Bayonne
Bayonne (Gascon: Baiona; Baiona; Bayona) is a city and commune and one of the two sub-prefectures of the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.
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Béarn
Béarn (Gascon: Bearn or Biarn; Bearno or Biarno) is one of the traditional provinces of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in southwest France.
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Belorado
Belorado is a village and municipality in Spain, belonging to the Province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon.
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Berengaria of Navarre
Berengaria of Navarre (Berengela, Berenguela, Bérengère; 1165–1170 – 23 December 1230) was Queen of England as the wife of Richard I of England.
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Bermudo III of León
Bermudo III or Vermudo III (c. 1017 – 4 September 1037) was the king of León from 1028 until his death.
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Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, "the books") is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans.
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Blanche I of Navarre
Blanche I (6 July 1387 – 1 April 1441) was Queen of Navarre from her father King Charles III of Navarre's death in 1425 until her own death.
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Blanche II of Navarre
Blanche II of Navarre (Zuria) (9 June 1424 – 2 December 1464), titular queen of Navarre, was the daughter of John II of Aragon and Blanche I of Navarre.
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Blanche of Artois
Blanche of Artois (Blanka; 1248 – 2 May 1302) was a member of the Capetian House of Artois who, as queen dowager, held regency over the Kingdom of Navarre and the County of Champagne.
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Boltaña
Boltaña (in Aragonese: Boltanya) is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain.
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Bourbon Restoration
The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830.
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Buffer state
A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers.
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Burgos
Burgos is a city in northern Spain and the historic capital of Castile.
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Calahorra
Calahorra (Calagorra, Calagurris) La Rioja, Spain is a municipality in the comarca of Rioja Baja, near the border with Navarre on the right bank of the Ebro.
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Caliphate of Córdoba
The Caliphate of Córdoba (خلافة قرطبة; trans. Khilāfat Qurṭuba) was a state in Islamic Iberia along with a part of North Africa ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
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Calvinism
Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.
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Caparroso
Caparroso is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, in the north of Spain.
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Carlism
Carlism (Karlismo; Carlisme) is a Traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon dynasty on the Spanish throne.
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Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family founded by Charles Martel with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.
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Carolingian Empire
The Carolingian Empire (800–888) was a large empire in western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages.
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Castile and León
Castile and León (Castilla y León; Leonese: Castiella y Llión; Castela e León) is an autonomous community in north-western Spain.
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Catherine of Navarre
Catherine (Katalina) (1468 – 12 February 1517), Queen of Navarre, reigned from 1483 until 1517.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne or Charles the Great (Karl der Große, Carlo Magno; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800.
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Charles II of Navarre
Charles II (10 October 1332 – 1 January 1387), called Charles the Bad, was King of Navarre 1349–1387 and Count of Évreux 1343–1387.
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Charles III of Navarre
Charles III (1361 – 8 September 1425), called the Noble, was King of Navarre from 1387 to his death and Count of Évreux from 1387 to 1404, when he exchanged it for the title Duke of Nemours.
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Charles IV of France
Charles IVIn the standard numbering of French Kings, which dates to the reign of Charlemagne, he is actually the fifth such king to rule France, following Charlemagne (Charles the Great), Charles the Bald, Charles the Fat, and Charles the Simple.
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Charles VII of France
Charles VII (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461), called the Victorious (le Victorieux)Charles VII, King of France, Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War, ed.
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Charles VIII of France
Charles VIII, called the Affable, l'Affable (30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498.
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Charles, Prince of Viana
Charles, Prince of Viana (Karlos IV.a) (29 May 1421 – 23 September 1461), sometimes called Charles IV of Navarre, was the son of King John II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre.
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Christianity
ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.
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Cidacos
The Cidacos River is a tributary of the Ebro.
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Codex Vigilanus
The Codex Vigilanus or Codex Albeldensis (Spanish: Códice Vigilano or Albeldense) is an illuminated compilation of various historical documents accounting for a period extending from antiquity to the 10th century in Hispania.
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Convention of Vergara
The Convention of Vergara (Convenio de Vergara, Bergarako hitzarmena) was a treaty successfully ending the major fighting in Spain's First Carlist War.
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Conventus iuridicus
In Ancient Rome territorial organization, a conventus iuridicus was the capital city of a subdivision of some provinces (Dalmatia, Hispania, Asia) with functions of seat of a district court of justice and maybe others.
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Count of Barcelona
The Count of Barcelona (Comte de Barcelona, Conde de Barcelona) was the ruler of Catalonia for much of Catalan history, from the 9th century until the 15th century.
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Count of Champagne
The Count of Champagne was the ruler of the region of Champagne from 950 to 1316.
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County of Aragon
The County of Aragon or County of Jaca was a small Frankish marcher county in the central Pyrenean valley of the Aragon river, comprising Ansó, Echo, and Canfranc and centered on the small town of Jaca (Iacca in Latin and Chaca in Aragonese), an area now part of Spain.
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County of Álava
The County of Álava (Arabako konderria) was one of the Basque ''señoríos'', a feudal territory during the 9th and 13th centuries that corresponds to present-day Álava, in the Basque Country.
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County of Bigorre
The County of Bigorre was a small feudatory of the Duchy of Gascony in the ninth through 15th centuries.
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County of Durango
The County of Durango (Durangoko Merinaldea), also known as Land of Durango and Merindad of Durango, was the ancient political administration of the territory that is now known as Durangaldea, in the Basque region of Biscay.
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County of Longueville
Count of Longueville is a French noble title, whose holder had the fiefdom of the County of Longueville.
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County of Ribagorza
The County of Ribagorza or Ribagorça (Condato de Ribagorza, Comtat de Ribagorça, Comitatus Ripacurtiae) was a medieval county on the southern side of the Pyrenees, including the northeast of modern Aragón and part of the northwest of modern Catalonia, both in Spain.
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Court officials of the Kingdom of Navarre
The court officials of the Kingdom of Navarre, five in number, were in charge of the smooth functioning of various aspects of the royal court at Pamplona.
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Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon (Corona d'Aragón, Corona d'Aragó, Corona de Aragón),Corona d'AragónCorona AragonumCorona de Aragón) also referred by some modern historians as Catalanoaragonese Crown (Corona catalanoaragonesa) or Catalan-Aragonese Confederation (Confederació catalanoaragonesa) was a composite monarchy, also nowadays referred to as a confederation of individual polities or kingdoms ruled by one king, with a personal and dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy (a state with primarily maritime realms) controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean "empire" which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388). The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each Corts or Cortes. Put in contemporary terms, it has sometimes been considered that the different lands of the Crown of Aragon (mainly the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of Valencia) functioned more as a confederation than as a single kingdom. In this sense, the larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name. In 1469, a new dynastic familial union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as "the Spains" led to what would become the Kingdom of Spain under King Philip II. The Crown existed until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession.
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Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union in 1469 of the crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs up to the promulgation of the Nueva Planta decrees by Philip V in 1715. The Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea were also a part of the Crown of Castile when transformed from lordships to kingdoms of the heirs of Castile in 1506, with the Treaty of Villafáfila, and upon the death of Ferdinand the Catholic. The title of "King of Castile" remained in use by the Habsburg rulers during the 16th and 17th centuries. Charles I was King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, and Sicily, and Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne, as well as King of Castile and León, 1516–1556. In the early 18th century, Philip of Bourbon won the War of the Spanish Succession and imposed unification policies over the Crown of Aragon, supporters of their enemies. This unified the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile into the kingdom of Spain. Even though the Nueva Planta decrees did not formally abolish the Crown of Castile, the country of (Castile and Aragon) was called "Spain" by both contemporaries and historians. "King of Castile" also remains part of the full title of Felipe VI of Spain, the current King of Spain according to the Spanish constitution of 1978, in the sense of titles, not of states.
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Dax, Landes
Dax (Dacs in Occitan) is a commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France, sub-prefecture of the Landes department.
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Departments of France
In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government below the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the commune.
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Duchy of Aquitaine
The Duchy of Aquitaine (Ducat d'Aquitània,, Duché d'Aquitaine) was a historical fiefdom in western, central and southern areas of present-day France to the south of the Loire River, although its extent, as well as its name, fluctuated greatly over the centuries, at times comprising much of what is now southwestern France (Gascony) and central France.
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Duchy of Cantabria
The Duchy of Cantabria (Cantabrian: Ducáu de Cantabria) was a march created by the Visigoths in northern Spain to watch their border with the Cantabrians and Basques.
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Duchy of Gascony
The Duchy of Gascony or Duchy of Vasconia (Baskoniako dukerria; ducat de Gasconha; duché de Gascogne, duché de Vasconie) was a duchy in present southwestern France and northeastern Spain, part corresponding to the modern region of Gascony after 824.
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Ebro
The Ebro in English (also in Spanish, Aragonese and Basque: 'Ebre') is one of the most important rivers on the Iberian Peninsula.
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Ega (river)
The Ega is a river in the north of Spain.
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Einhard
Einhard (also Eginhard or Einhart; Einhardus; 775 – March 14, 840 AD) was a Frankish scholar and courtier.
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El Cid
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (1099) was a Castilian nobleman and military leader in medieval Spain.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor of Aquitaine (Aliénor d'Aquitaine, Éléonore,; 1124 – 1 April 1204) was queen consort of France (1137–1152) and England (1154–1189) and duchess of Aquitaine in her own right (1137–1204).
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Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile
Eleanor of England (Leonor; 13 October 1162 – 31 October 1214), or Eleanor Plantaganet, was Queen of Castile and Toledo as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile.
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Eleanor of Navarre
Eleanor of Navarre (Leonor and Leonor) (2 February 1426 – 12 February 1479), was the regent of Navarre from 1455 to 1479, then briefly the queen regnant of Navarre in 1479.
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Emirate of Córdoba
The Emirate of Córdoba (إمارة قرطبة, Imārat Qurṭuba) was an independent emirate in the Iberian Peninsula ruled by the Umayyad dynasty with Córdoba as its capital.
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Erromintxela language
Erromintxela is the distinctive language of a group of Romani living in the Basque Country, who also go by the name Erromintxela.
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Estates of Navarre
The Estates of Navarre (French: États de Navarre, États généraux de Navarre, Cortes de Navarre)Orpustan (n.d.), p. 9 were created in 1317 under Philip II.
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Estella-Lizarra
Estella (Spanish) or Lizarra (Basque) is a town located in the autonomous community of Navarre, in northern Spain.
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Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Duke of Alba
Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez, 2nd Duke of Alva (in full, Don Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Quiñones, segundo Duque de Alba de Tormes, segundo marqués de Coria, conde de Salvatierra, señor del estado de Valdecorneja y del estado de Huéscar) (– 19 October 1531) was a Spanish nobleman, military leader and politician.
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Ferdinand I of León
Ferdinand I (c. 1015 – 24 December 1065), called the Great (el Magno), was the Count of Castile from his uncle's death in 1029 and the King of León after defeating his brother-in-law in 1037.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
Ferdinand II (Ferrando, Ferran, Errando, Fernando) (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called the Catholic, was King of Sicily from 1468 and King of Aragon from 1479 until his death.
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Ferdinand VII of Spain
Ferdinand VII (Fernando; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death.
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First Carlist War
The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, fought between factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy.
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Foix
Foix (Fois; Foix) is a commune, the former capital of the County of Foix.
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Fortún Garcés of Pamplona
Fortún Garcés (Basque: Orti Gartzez; died 922) nicknamed the One-eyed (el Tuerto), and years later the Monk (el Monje), was King of Pamplona from 882 until 905.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Francia
Francia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), or Frankish Empire was the largest post-Roman Barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.
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Francis Phoebus of Navarre
Francis Phoebus (Frantzisko Febus, François Fébus, Francisco Febo; 4 December 1467 – 7 January 1483) was king of Navarre (1479–1483), Viscount of Bearn, and Count of Foix (1472).
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French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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French Wars of Religion
The French Wars of Religion refers to a prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed/Calvinist Protestants) in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598.
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Fuero
Fuero, Fur, Foro or Foru is a Spanish legal term and concept.
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Fueros of Navarre
The Fueros of Navarre (Fuero General de Navarra, Nafarroako Foru Orokorra, meaning in English General Charter of Navarre) were the laws of the Kingdom of Navarre up to 1841, tracing its origins to the Early Middle Ages and issued from Basque consuetudinary law prevalent across the (western) Pyrenees.
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Funes, Navarra
Funes is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Galicia (Spain)
Galicia (Galician: Galicia, Galiza; Galicia; Galiza) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.
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Galindo Aznárez II
Galindo Aznárez II (died 922) was Count of Aragon (893922), the son of Aznar Galíndez II and his wife Onneca Garcés, daughter of King García Íñiguez of Pamplona.
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García Íñiguez of Pamplona
García Íñiguez I (Latin: Garsea Enneconis, Basque: Gartzea Eneko; c. 805 – 882), also known as García I was the second King of Pamplona from 851-2 until his death.
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García I Jiménez of Gascony
García I Jiménez (Basque: Gartzia Semeno, Gascon: Gassia Semen, French: Garsias and Garsie Siguin) was the Duke of Gascony as leader of the Gascons from 816 to his death in 818.
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García Ramírez of Navarre
García Ramírez (Gartzea Remiritz), sometimes García IV, V, VI or VII (1112 - 21 November, 1150), called the Restorer (el Restaurador, Basque: Berrezarlea), was the King of Navarre (Pamplona) from 1134.
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García Sánchez I of Pamplona
García Sánchez I (Basque: Gartzea I.a Santxez; c. 919 – 970), also known as García I, was King of Pamplona from 925 until his death in 970.
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García Sánchez II of Pamplona
García Sánchez II (Basque: Gartzea II.a Santxez; dead c. 1000), was King of Pamplona and Count of Aragon from 994 until his death c. 1000.
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García Sánchez III of Pamplona
García Sánchez III (Gartzea III.a Sanoitz; 1012 – 15 September 1054),Europäische Stammtafeln: II #56, III.1 #145; Moriarty, Plantagenet Ancestry of King Edward III and Queen Philippa of Hainault, p80, 109 nicknamed García from Nájera (Gartzea Naiarakoa, García el de Nájera) was King of Pamplona from 1034 until his death.
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García Sánchez of Castile
García Sánchez (died 1029) was the last independent count of Castile from 1017 to his death.
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Garonne
The Garonne (Garonne,; in Occitan, Catalan, and Spanish: Garona; Garumna or Garunna) is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of.
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Gascon language
Gascon is a dialect of Occitan.
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Gascony
Gascony (Gascogne; Gascon: Gasconha; Gaskoinia) is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution.
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Gállego (river)
The Gállego is a river in Aragon, Spain, one of the main tributaries of the Ebro River.
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Genial
Genial (Latin Genialis or Genealis) was the Duke of Gascony (Vasconia) in the early seventh century.
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Germaine of Foix
Germaine of Foix (Germana de Foix; Germaine de Foix;1488 – 15 October 1536) was queen consort of Aragon as the second wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon, whom she married in 1505 after the death of his first wife, Isabella I of Castile.
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Gipuzkoa
Gipuzkoa (in Guipúzcoa) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the autonomous community of the Basque Country.
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Gonzalo of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza
Gonzalo Sánchez (1020 – 26 June 1043) was ruler of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, two small Pyrenean counties.
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Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two", or "three or more").
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Hebrew language
No description.
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Henry I of Navarre
Henry the Fat (Basque: Henrike I.a, Gizena, French: Henri le Gros, Spanish: Enrique el Gordo) (c. 1244 – 22 July 1274) was King of Navarre (as Henry I) and Count of Champagne and Brie (as Henry III) from 1270 until his death.
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Henry II of England
Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also partially controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany.
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Henry II of Navarre
Henry II (18 April 1503 – 25 May 1555), nicknamed Sangüesino because he was born at Sangüesa, was the King of Navarre from 1517, although his kingdom had been reduced to a small territory north of the Pyrenees by the Spanish conquest of 1512.
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Henry IV of Castile
Henry IV of Castile (Castilian: Enrique IV) (5 January 1425 – 11 December 1474), King of the Crown of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454–1474), was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile.
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Henry IV of France
Henry IV (Henri IV, read as Henri-Quatre; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.
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Hispania Citerior
Hispania Citerior (English: "Hither Iberia", or "Nearer Iberia") was a Roman Province in Hispania during the Roman Republic.
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Hispania Tarraconensis
Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania.
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History of the Basques
The Basques (Euskaldunak) are an indigenous ethno-linguistic group mainly inhabiting Basque Country (adjacent areas of Spain and France).
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House of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.
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Huguenots
Huguenots (Les huguenots) are an ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition.
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Hundred Days
The Hundred Days (les Cent-Jours) marked the period between Napoleon's return from exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).
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Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is located in the southwest corner of Europe.
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Ignatius of Loyola
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Ignazio Loiolakoa, Ignacio de Loyola; – 31 July 1556) was a Spanish Basque priest and theologian, who founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and became its first Superior General.
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Inquisition
The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat public heresy committed by baptized Christians.
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Isabella II of Spain
Isabella II (Isabel; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868.
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Isabella of France, Queen of Navarre
Isabella of France (2 March 1241 – 17 April 1271) was a daughter of Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Jaca
Jaca (in Aragonese: Chaca or Xaca) is a city of northeastern Spain in the province of Huesca, located near the Pyrenees and the border with France.
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Jaime del Burgo
Jaime Ignacio del Burgo (Pamplona, Spain 1942) is a Navarrese lawyer and deputy, a historian and opponent of the inclusion of Navarra in the autonomous Basque Country.
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Jeanne d'Albret
Jeanne d'Albret (Basque: Joana Albretekoa; Occitan: Joana de Labrit; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also known as Jeanne III, was the queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572.
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Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona
Jimeno II Garcés (died 29 May 931) was the brother of King Sancho I of Pamplona and son of García Jiménez by his second wife, Dadildis of Pallars.
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Jizya
Jizya or jizyah (جزية; جزيه) is a per capita yearly tax historically levied on non-Muslim subjects, called the dhimma, permanently residing in Muslim lands governed by Islamic law.
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Joan Coromines
Joan Coromines i Vigneaux (also frequently spelled Joan Corominas;Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, by Joan Corominas and José A. Pascual, Editorial Gredos, 1989, Madrid,. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 1905 – Pineda de Mar, Catalonia, Spain, 1997) was a linguist who made important contributions to the study of Catalan, Spanish, and other Romance languages.
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Joan I of Navarre
Joan I of Navarre (14 January 1273 – 31 March/2 April 1305) (Basque: Joana I.a Nafarroakoa) was queen regnant of Navarre and ruling countess of Champagne from 1274 until 1305; she was also queen consort of France by marriage to Philip IV of France.
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Joan II of Navarre
Joan II (Jeanne; 28 January 1312 – 6 October 1349) was Queen of Navarre from 1328 until her death.
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John II of Aragon
John II (Catalan: Joan II, Aragonese: Chuan II and Joanes II), called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe) (29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), was the King of Navarre through his wife (jure uxoris) from 1425 and the King of Aragon in his own right from 1458 until his death.
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John III of Navarre
John III (Jean d'Albret; 1469 – 14 June 1516) was jure uxoris King of Navarre from 1484 until his death, as husband and co-ruler with Queen Catherine.
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John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne
John of Foix (1450 – 1500, Étampes, France) was a younger son of Count Gaston IV of Foix and Queen Eleanor of Navarre.
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Joxe Azurmendi
Joxe Azurmendi Otaegi (born 19 March 1941) is a Basque writer, philosopher, essayist and poet.
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Juana Enríquez
Juana Enriquez de Córdoba, 5th Lady of Casarrubios del Monte (1425 – 13 February 1468, Tarragona), a Castilian noblewoman, was styled Queen of Navarre from her marriage in April 1444 to John II of Aragon and Navarre and was Queen consort of the Kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon from the death of her brother-in-law, King Alfonso V of Aragon, in 1458, until her own death.
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Kingdom of Aragon
The Kingdom of Aragon (Reino d'Aragón, Regne d'Aragó, Regnum Aragonum, Reino de Aragón) was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain.
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Kingdom of Asturias
The Kingdom of Asturias (Regnum Asturorum) was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded in 718 by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius of Asturias (Asturian: Pelayu, Spanish: Pelayo).
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Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla, Regnum Castellae) was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.
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Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.
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Kingdom of León
The Kingdom of León (Astur-Leonese: Reinu de Llïón, Reino de León, Reino de León, Reino de Leão, Regnum Legionense) was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Kings of Navarre family tree
This is a Family tree of the Kings of Navarre from Íñigo Arista until the accession of Henry III of Navarre to the throne of France.
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Knights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar or simply as Templars, were a Catholic military order recognised in 1139 by papal bull Omne Datum Optimum of the Holy See.
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La Bureba
La Bureba is a comarca located in the northeast of the Province of Burgos in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.
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La Rioja (Spain)
La Rioja is an autonomous community and a province in Spain, located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Labourd
Labourd (Lapurdi in Basque; Lapurdum in Latin; Labord in Gascon) is a former French province and part of the present-day Pyrénées Atlantiques département.
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Laguardia, Álava
Laguardia (Guardia) is a town and municipality located in the southern province of Álava, in the north of Spain; it belongs to the region of Rioja Alavesa, in the Basque Autonomous Community.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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List of counts of Mortain
The County of Mortain was a medieval county in France centered on the town of Mortain.
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List of Navarrese monarchs
This is a list of the kings and queens of Pamplona, later Navarre.
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Livy
Titus Livius Patavinus (64 or 59 BCAD 12 or 17) – often rendered as Titus Livy, or simply Livy, in English language sources – was a Roman historian.
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Loarre
Loarre is a municipality in the province of Huesca, Spain.
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Logroño
Logroño is a city in northern Spain, on the Ebro River.
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Lordship of Biscay
The Lordship of Biscay (Señorío de Vizcaya, Basque: Bizkaiko jaurerria) was a region under feudal rule in the region of Biscay in the Iberian Peninsula between 1040 and 1876, ruled by a political figure known as the Lord of Biscay.
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Los Arcos
Los Arcos is a town and Spanish municipality, in the Chartered Community of Navarre, situated in the administrative division of Estella, in the region of East Estella and is 62km from the capital of the community, Pamplona.
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Louis IX of France
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France and is a canonized Catholic and Anglican saint.
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Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious (778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as Louis I) with his father, Charlemagne, from 813.
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Louis X of France
Louis X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), called the Quarreler, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn (le Hutin), was a monarch of the House of Capet who ruled as King of Navarre (as Louis I Luis I.a Nafarroakoa) and Count of Champagne from 1305 and as King of France from 1314 until his death.
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Louis XII of France
Louis XII (27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples from 1501 to 1504.
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Louis XIII of France
Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.
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Lower Navarre
Lower Navarre (Nafarroa Beherea/Baxenabarre, Gascon/Bearnese: Navarra Baisha, Basse-Navarre, Baja Navarra) is a traditional region of the present-day French département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
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Lupo II of Gascony
Lupo II (died 778) is the third-attested historical duke of Gascony (dux Vasconum or princeps), appearing in history for the first time in 769.
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Magdalena of France
Madeleine of France, also called Magdalena of Valois (1 December 1443, Tours - 21 January 1495, Pamplona), was a French princess, and regent of Navarre during the minority of her children, Francis I and Catherine I, who were successively monarchs of Navarre, from 1479 until 1494.
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Manuel Godoy
Manuel Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, Prince of the Peace (May 12, 1767October 4, 1851) was Prime Minister of Spain from 1792 to 1797 and from 1801 to 1808.
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Marca Hispanica
The Marca Hispanica (Marca Hispánica, Marca Hispànica, Aragonese and Marca Hispanica, Hispaniako Marka, Marche d'Espagne), also known as the March of Barcelona, was a military buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne in 795 as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus and the Frankish Carolingian Empire (Duchy of Gascony, the Duchy of Aquitaine and Carolingian Septimania).
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Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans (also known as King of the Germans) from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, though he was never crowned by the Pope, as the journey to Rome was always too risky.
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Medieval Hebrew
Medieval Hebrew was a literary and liturgical language that existed between the 4th and 18th century.
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Merindad
Merindad is a Mediaeval Spanish administrative term for a country subdivision smaller than a province but larger than a municipality.
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Merovingian dynasty
The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that ruled the Franks for nearly 300 years in a region known as Francia in Latin, beginning in the middle of the 5th century.
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Milagro, Navarre
Milagro is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Monastery of Leyre
The Monastery of San Salvador of Leyre is a religious complex to the south of the Sierra of Leyre, in northern Navarre, Spain, representing one of the most important historical monasteries of Spain.
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Montes de Oca (comarca)
Montes de Oca is a comarca located east of the province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León.
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Monzón
Monzón is a small city in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain.
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Mudéjar
Mudéjar (Mudèjar, مدجن trans. Mudajjan, "tamed; domesticated") is also the name given to Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not initially forcibly converted to Christianity.
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Muladi
The Muladi (mulaˈði, pl. muladíes; mulɐˈði, pl. muladis; muɫəˈðitə or muladí, pl. muladites or muladís; مولد trans. muwallad, pl. مولدون muwalladūn or مولدين muwalladīn) were Muslims of local descent or of mixed Arab, Berber, and Iberian origin, who lived in Al-Andalus during the Middle Ages.
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Muniadona of Castile
Muniadona of Castile (1066), also called Mayor or Munia, was Queen of Pamplona (10111035) by her marriage with King Sancho Garcés III, who later added to his domains the Counties of Ribagorza (1017) and Castile (1028) using her dynastic rights to these territories.
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Musa ibn Musa ibn Qasi
Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi (Arabic: موسى بن موسى القسوي) also nicknamed the Great (Arabic: الكبير, Al-Kabīr) (born circa 790 – 26 September 862) was leader of the Muwallad Banu Qasi clan and ruler of a semi-autonomous principality in the upper Ebro valley in northern Iberia in the 9th century.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Navarre
Navarre (Navarra, Nafarroa; Navarra), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre (Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra; Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea), is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.
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Navarrese Civil War (1451–1455)
The Navarrese Civil War of 1451–1455 pitted John II of the Kingdom of Navarre against his son and heir-apparent, Charles IV.
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Navarrese Company
The Navarrese Company (Compañía navarra, Nafarroako konpainia) was a company of mercenaries, mostly from Navarre and Gascony, which fought in Greece during the late 14th century and early 15th century, in the twilight of Frankish power in the dwindling remnant of the Latin Empire.
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Navarro-Aragonese
Navarro-Aragonese is a Romance language once spoken in a large part of the Ebro River basin, south of the middle Pyrenees, although it is only currently spoken in a small portion of its original territory.
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Nájera
Nájera is a small town, former bishopric and now Latin Catholic titular see, former capital of the Kingdom of Navarre, located in the "Rioja Alta" region of La Rioja, northern Spain, on the river Najerilla.
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Normandy
Normandy (Normandie,, Norman: Normaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is one of the 18 regions of France, roughly referring to the historical Duchy of Normandy.
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Novempopulania
Novempopulania (Latin for "country of the nine peoples") was one of the provinces created by Diocletian (Roman emperor from 284 to 305) out of Gallia Aquitania, being also called Aquitania Tertia.
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Oñati
Oñati (Oñati, Oñate, Ognate) is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, in the north of Spain.
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Occitan language
Occitan, also known as lenga d'òc (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language.
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Olite
Olite (Erriberri in Basque language) is a town and municipality located in the Comarca de Tafalla comarca, Merindad de Olite merindad, in Navarre, Spain.
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Ordoño II of León
Ordoño II (c. 873 – June 924, León) was a king of Galicia from 910, and king of Galicia and León from 914 until his death.
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Oyón-Oion
Oyón (Oion) is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.
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Pamplona
Pamplona (Pampelune) or Iruña (alternative spelling: Iruñea) is the historical capital city of Navarre, in Spain, and of the former Kingdom of Navarre.
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Parliament
In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.
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Parliament of Navarre
The Parliament of Navarre (Spanish Parlamento de Navarra, Basque Nafarroako Parlamentua) or also known as Cortes de Navarra is the Navarre autonomous unicameral parliament.
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Parliament of Navarre and Béarn
The Parliament of Navarre and Béarn (French: "Parlement de Navarre et de Béarn", alias "Parlement de Navarre séant à Pau", alias "Parlement de Pau") was created in 1620 out of the merger of the Conseil Souverain of Béarn and the Chancery of Navarre, with its subordinated offices,Expilly (1763), p. 500 by Louis XIII of France, following the incorporation of Béarn and Lower Navarre into the crown lands of France.
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Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pau is a commune on the northern edge of the Pyrenees, and capital of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques Département in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.
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Peace of Támara
The Peace of Támara also known as the Pact of Támara was a peace treaty signed in Támara de Campos in June 1127 which delimited the territorial domains of Alfonso I of Aragón (el Batallador) and Alfonso VII of Castile (el Emperador).
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Peninsular War
The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire (as well as the allied powers of the Spanish Empire), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Portugal, for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.
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Pepin I of Aquitaine
Pepin I or Pepin I of Aquitaine (797 – 13 December 838) was King of Aquitaine and Duke of Maine.
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Pepin the Short
Pepin the Short (Pippin der Kurze, Pépin le Bref, c. 714 – 24 September 768) was the King of the Franks from 751 until his death.
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Peralta – Azkoien
Peralta (Basque: Azkoien) is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Personal union
A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.
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Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona
Peter I (Pedro, Pero, Petri; 1068 - 1104) was King of Aragon and also Pamplona from 1094 until his death in 1104.
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Philip III of France
Philip III (30 April 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold (le Hardi), was King of France from 1270 to 1285, a member of the House of Capet.
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Philip III of Navarre
Philip III (Filipe, Felipe, Philippe; 27 March 1306 – 16 September 1343), called the Noble or the Wise, was King of Navarre from 1328 until 1343.
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Philip IV of France
Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called the Fair (Philippe le Bel) or the Iron King (le Roi de fer), was King of France from 1285 until his death.
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Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder (born Gaius Plinius Secundus, AD 23–79) was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, a naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and friend of emperor Vespasian.
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Pompey
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), usually known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic.
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Proto-Basque language
Proto-Basque (Aitzineuskara; protoeuskera, protovasco; proto-basque) is a reconstructed predecessor of the Basque language, before the Roman conquests in the Western Pyrenees.
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Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the prehistoric people of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction.
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Province of Burgos
The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.
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Province of Soria
Soria is a province of central Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.
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Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques (Gascon: Pirenèus-Atlantics; Pirinio Atlantiarrak or Pirinio Atlantikoak) is a department in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, in southwestern France.
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Pyrenees
The Pyrenees (Pirineos, Pyrénées, Pirineus, Pirineus, Pirenèus, Pirinioak) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France.
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Ramiro Garcés of Viguera
Ramiro Garcés (Basque: Ramiro Gartzia; died 9 July 981) was the first King of Viguera, since the establishment of the kingdom in 970 until his death in 981.
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Ramiro I of Aragon
Ramiro I (bef. 10078 May 1063) was the first King of Aragon from 1035 until his death.
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Ramiro II of León
Ramiro II (c. 900 – 1 January 951), son of Ordoño II, was a King of León from 931 until his death.
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Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona
Ramon Berenguer I (1023–1076), called the Old (el Vell, le Vieux), was Count of Barcelona in 1035–1076.
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Raymond I, Count of Pallars and Ribagorza
Raymond I (Ramon, Raimundo) (fl. 884–920) was the first independent Count of Pallars and Ribagorza from 872 until his death.
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Reconquista
The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for the "reconquest") is a name used to describe the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.
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Revolt of the Comuneros
The Revolt of the Comuneros (Guerra de las Comunidades de Castilla, "War of the Communities of Castile") was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles V and his administration between 1520 and 1521.
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Richard I of England
Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death.
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Roland
Roland (Frankish: *Hrōþiland; Latin: Hruodlandus, Rotholandus; died 15 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France.
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Burgos
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Burgos is one of Spain's Latin Metropolitan sees.
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pamplona y Tudela
The Archdiocese of Pamplona y Tudela (Pampilonen(sis) et Tudelen(sis)) is an archdiocese located in the cities of Pamplona and Tudela in Spain.
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Palencia
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Palencia (Palentin(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Palencia in the ecclesiastical province of Burgos, Spain.
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Vitoria
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Vitoria (Victorien(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Vitoria-Gasteiz in the Ecclesiastical province of Burgos in Spain.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
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Romani people
The Romani (also spelled Romany), or Roma, are a traditionally itinerant ethnic group, living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern Indian subcontinent, from the Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Sindh regions of modern-day India and Pakistan.
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Romanization (cultural)
Romanization or Latinization (or Romanisation or Latinisation), in the historical and cultural meanings of both terms, indicate different historical processes, such as acculturation, integration and assimilation of newly incorporated and peripheral populations by the Roman Republic and the later Roman Empire.
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Royal Frankish Annals
The Royal Frankish Annals (Latin: Annales regni Francorum; also Annales Laurissenses maiores and German: Reichsannalen) are Latin annals composed in Carolingian Francia, recording year-by-year the state of the monarchy from 741 (the death of Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel) to 829 (the beginning of the crisis of Louis the Pious).
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Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña
The monastery of San Juan de la Peña is a religious complex in the town of Santa Cruz de la Serós, at the south-west of Jaca, in the province of Huesca, Spain.
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Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (literally "Saint John Foot of Pass"; Donibane Garazi; San Juan Pie de Puerto) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France close to Ostabat in the Pyrenean foothills.
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Saint-Palais, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Saint-Palais is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
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Salic law
The Salic law (or; Lex salica), or the was the ancient Salian Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis.
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San Esteban de Gormaz
San Esteban de Gormaz is a municipality in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon, Spain.
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San Sebastián
San Sebastián or Donostia is a coastal city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain.
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Sancho García of Castile
Sancho García (died 5 February 1017), called of the Good Laws (in Spanish, el de los Buenos Fueros), was the count of Castile and Álava from 995 to his death.
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Sancho I of Pamplona
Sancho Garcés I (Basque: Antso Ia. Gartzez; c. 860 – 10 December 925), also known as Sancho I, was King of Pamplona from 905 until 925.
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Sancho II of Pamplona
Sancho Garcés II (Basque: Antso II.a Gartzez, c. 938 – dead 994), also known as Sancho II.
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Sancho III of Pamplona
Sancho Garcés III (994 – 18 October 1035), also known as Sancho the Great (Sancho el Mayor, Antso Gartzez Nagusia), was the King of Pamplona from 1004 until his death in 1035.
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Sancho IV of Pamplona
Sancho Garcés IV (Antso IV.a Gartzez; 1039 – 4 June 1076), nicknamed Sancho of Peñalén (Antso Peñalengoa, Sancho el de Peñalén) was King of Pamplona from 1054 until his death.
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Sancho Ramírez
Sancho Ramírez (1042 – 4 June, 1094) was King of Aragon from 1063 until 1094 and King of Pamplona from 1076 under the name of Sancho V (Antso V.a Ramirez).
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Sancho VI of Navarre
Sancho Garcés VI (Antso VI.a; 21 April 1132 - 27 June 1194), called the Wise (Jakituna, el Sabio) was King of Navarre from 1150 until his death in 1194.
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Sancho VII of Navarre
Sancho VII (Antso VII.a; 1157 - 7 April 1234) called the Strong (Azkarra, el Fuerte) was King of Navarre from 1194 until his death in 1234.
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Sádaba
Sádaba (in Aragonese: Sadaba) is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain.
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Seguin I of Gascony
Seguin I Lupo was Duke of Gascony from 812 until 816, when Louis the Pious deposed him "because of his boundless arrogance and wicked ways", according to the contemporary Frankish chroniclers.
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Self-governance
Self-governance, self-government, or autonomy, is an abstract concept that applies to several scales of organization.
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Sephardic law and customs
Sephardic law and customs means the practice of Judaism as observed by the Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, so far as it is peculiar to themselves and not shared with other Jewish groups such as the Ashkenazim.
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Septimania
Septimania (Septimanie,; Septimània,; Septimània) was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigoths in 462, when Septimania was ceded to their king, Theodoric II.
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Sertorian War
The Sertorian War was a conflict of the Roman civil wars in which a coalition of Iberians and Romans fought against the representatives of the regime established by Sulla.
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Sobrarbe
Sobrarbe is one of the comarcas of Aragon, Spain.
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Soria
Soria is a municipality and a Spanish city, located on the Douro river in the east of the autonomous community of Castile and León and capital of the province of Soria.
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Sos del Rey Católico
Sos del Rey Católico (in Aragonese: Sos d'o Rei Catolico) is a historic town and municipality in the Cinco Villas comarca, province of Zaragoza, in Aragon, Spain.
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Southern Basque Country
The Southern Basque Country (Hegoalde, Hego Euskal Herria; Hegoalde, País Vasco y Navarra, País Vasco peninsular) is a term used to refer to the Basque territories within Spain as a unified whole.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.
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Spanish Constitution of 1812
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy (Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española), also known as the Constitution of Cádiz (Constitución de Cádiz) and as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest constitutions in world history.
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Spanish era
The Spanish era or era of Caesar was a dating system commonly used in the states of the Iberian peninsula until the 14th–15th centuries, when it was phased out in favour the Anno Domini system.
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Spanish Inquisition
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
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Spanish language
Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.
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Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam.
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Taifa of Zaragoza
The taifa of Zaragoza was an independent Arab Muslim state in Moorish Al-Andalus, present day eastern Spain, which was established in 1018 as one of the taifa kingdoms, with its capital in the Islamic Saraqusta (Zaragoza) city.
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Theobald I of Navarre
Theobald I (Thibaut, Teobaldo; 30 May 1201 – 8 July 1253), also called the Troubadour and the Posthumous, was Count of Champagne (as Theobald IV) from birth and King of Navarre from 1234.
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Theobald II of Navarre
Theobald II (Tibalt II.a, Teobaldo II; c. 1239 - 4 December, 1270) was King of Navarre and also Count of Champagne and Brie, ruling as Theobald V (Thibaud V), from 1253 until his death in 1270.
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Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War (Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain.
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Tirón River
Tirón River is a river in central-northern Spain in the provinces La Rioja, Burgos and Castile and León.
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Tlemcen
Tlemcen (تلمسان Tlemsan; ⵜⵍⴻⵎⵙⴰⵏ) is a city in north-western Algeria, and the capital of the province of the same name.
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Toulouse
Toulouse (Tolosa, Tolosa) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie.
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Treaty of the Pyrenees
The Treaty of the Pyrenees (Traité des Pyrénées, Tratado de los Pirineos, Tractat dels Pirineus, Tratado dos Pirenéus) was signed on 7 November 1659 to end the 1635–1659 war between France and Spain, a war that was initially a part of the wider Thirty Years' War.
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Treviño
Treviño is the capital of the municipality Condado de Treviño, province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.
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Tudela, Navarre
Tudela is a municipality in Spain, the second largest city of the autonomous community of Navarre and twice a former Latin bishopric.
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Umayyad conquest of Hispania
The Umayyad conquest of Hispania was the initial expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate over Hispania, largely extending from 711 to 788.
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Uncastillo
Uncastillo (Aragonese: Uncastiello) is a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, eastern Spain.
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Upper March
The Upper March (in الثغر الأعلى, aṯ-Tagr al-A'la; in Spanish: Marca Superior) was an administrative and military division in northeast Al-Andalus, roughly corresponding to the Ebro valley and adjacent Mediterranean coast, from the 8th century to the early 11th century.
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Urraca Sánchez of Pamplona
Urraca Sánchez of Pamplona was a Queen consort of León and princess of Pamplona.
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Vascones
The Vascones (singular Vasco, in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia. from Latin gens Vasconum) were a pre-Roman tribe who, on the arrival of the Romans in the 1st century, inhabited a territory that spanned between the upper course of the Ebro river and the southern basin of the western Pyrenees, a region that coincides with present-day Navarre, western Aragon and northeastern La Rioja, in the Iberian Peninsula.
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Villa
A villa was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house.
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Viscounty of Béarn
The Viscounty, later Principality, of Béarn (Gascon: Bearn or Biarn) was a medieval lordship in the far south of France, part of the Duchy of Gascony from the late ninth century.
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Visigothic Kingdom
The Visigothic Kingdom or Kingdom of the Visigoths (Regnum Gothorum) was a kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries.
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Vitoria-Gasteiz
Vitoria-Gasteiz is the seat of government and the capital city of the Basque Autonomous Community and of the province of Araba/Álava in northern Spain.
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War of the Bands
The War of the Bands (Bando gerrak, Guerra de los Bandos) was a civil war, really an extended series of blood feuds, in the western Basque Country, Gascony, and Navarre in the Late Middle Ages.
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War of the League of Cambrai
The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars.
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War of the Pyrenees
The War of the Pyrenees, also known as War of Roussillon or War of the Convention, was the Pyrenean front of the First Coalition's war against the First French Republic.
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Zaragoza
Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain.
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Redirects here:
Kingdom of Navarra, Kingdom of Pamplona, Nafarroako Erresuma, Regnum Navarrae, Reino de Navarra, Royaume de Navarre, Throne of Navarre.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre
