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154 relations: Acceleration, Action (physics), Albert Einstein, Analytical mechanics, Angular momentum, Brachistochrone curve, Calculus of variations, Canonical coordinates, Canonical transformation, Capacitance, Cartesian coordinate system, Center of mass, Central force, Centrifugal force, Centripetal force, Chain rule, Charged particle, Christoffel symbols, Classical field theory, Classical mechanics, Classical Mechanics (Goldstein book), Configuration space (physics), Conservation law, Conservation of energy, Conservative force, Conserved quantity, Constraint (classical mechanics), Coordinate system, Coordinate vector, Covariance and contravariance of vectors, Curved space, Curvilinear coordinates, D'Alembert's principle, Daniel Bernoulli, Differential of a function, Differentiation rules, Dissipation, Dot product, Electric charge, Electric field, Electrical network, Electromagnetic field, Electromagnetic four-potential, Electron, Energy, Equations of motion, Euler–Lagrange equation, Fermat's principle, Field (physics), Force, ..., Friction, Function (mathematics), Functional (mathematics), Functional derivative, Fundamental lemma of calculus of variations, General relativity, Generalized coordinates, Generalized forces, Geodesic, Geometrical optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Gradient, Guillaume de l'Hôpital, Hamilton's principle, Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics), Hamiltonian mechanics, Hamiltonian optics, Herbert Goldstein, Holonomic constraints, Homogeneous function, Implicit function, Inductance, Inertial frame of reference, Initial condition, Integration by parts, Inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics, Isaac Newton, Jacob Bernoulli, Jacobi coordinates, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Johann Bernoulli, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Kinetic energy, Lagrange multiplier, Lagrangian (field theory), Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field, Lagrangian point, Lagrangian system, Legendre transformation, Leonhard Euler, Linear combination, Lorentz force, Magnetic field, Manifest covariance, Mass, Mécanique analytique, Mechanical equilibrium, Metric tensor, Minimal coupling, Newton's law of universal gravitation, Newton's laws of motion, Noether's theorem, Non-autonomous mechanics, Nonholonomic system, Norm (mathematics), Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations, Optics, Ordinary differential equation, Partial derivative, Path integral formulation, Pendulum, Phase (waves), Photon, Physics, Pierre de Fermat, Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Planck constant, Plateau's problem, Point particle, Position (vector), Potential energy, Principle of least action, Quantum field theory, Quantum mechanics, Reduced mass, Relativistic Lagrangian mechanics, Ricci calculus, Richard Feynman, Routhian mechanics, Scalar potential, Special relativity, Summation, Symmetry (physics), Tension (physics), Theoretical physics, Theory of relativity, Three-body problem, Three-dimensional space, Time derivative, Total derivative, Udwadia–Kalaba equation, Up quark, Variational principle, Vector potential, Velocity, Virtual displacement, Virtual work, Viscosity, Volume element, Volume integral, Wave function, Wave interference, William Rowan Hamilton. Expand index (104 more) »
Acceleration
In physics, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time.
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Action (physics)
In physics, action is an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system from which the equations of motion of the system can be derived.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
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Analytical mechanics
In theoretical physics and mathematical physics, analytical mechanics, or theoretical mechanics is a collection of closely related alternative formulations of classical mechanics.
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Angular momentum
In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum.
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Brachistochrone curve
In mathematics and physics, a brachistochrone curve, or curve of fastest descent, is the one lying on plane between a point A and a lower point B, where B is not directly below A, on which a bead slides frictionlessly under the influence of a uniform gravitational field to a given end point in the shortest time.
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Calculus of variations
Calculus of variations is a field of mathematical analysis that uses variations, which are small changes in functions and functionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals: mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers.
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Canonical coordinates
In mathematics and classical mechanics, canonical coordinates are sets of coordinates on phase space which can be used to describe a physical system at any given point in time.
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Canonical transformation
In Hamiltonian mechanics, a canonical transformation is a change of canonical coordinates that preserves the form of Hamilton's equations.
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Capacitance
Capacitance is the ratio of the change in an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential.
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Cartesian coordinate system
A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length.
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Center of mass
In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space is the unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero, or the point where if a force is applied it moves in the direction of the force without rotating.
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Central force
In classical mechanics, a central force on an object is a force that is directed along the line joining the object and the origin: where \scriptstyle \vec is the force, F is a vector valued force function, F is a scalar valued force function, r is the position vector, ||r|| is its length, and \scriptstyle \hat.
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Centrifugal force
In Newtonian mechanics, the centrifugal force is an inertial force (also called a "fictitious" or "pseudo" force) directed away from the axis of rotation that appears to act on all objects when viewed in a rotating frame of reference.
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Centripetal force
A centripetal force (from Latin centrum, "center" and petere, "to seek") is a force that makes a body follow a curved path.
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Chain rule
In calculus, the chain rule is a formula for computing the derivative of the composition of two or more functions.
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Charged particle
In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge.
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Christoffel symbols
In mathematics and physics, the Christoffel symbols are an array of numbers describing a metric connection.
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Classical field theory
A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more physical fields interact with matter through field equations.
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Classical mechanics
Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars and galaxies.
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Classical Mechanics (Goldstein book)
Classical Mechanics is a textbook about the subject of that name written by Herbert Goldstein.
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Configuration space (physics)
In classical mechanics, the parameters that define the configuration of a system are called generalized coordinates, and the vector space defined by these coordinates is called the configuration space of the physical system.
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Conservation law
In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves over time.
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Conservation of energy
In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant, it is said to be ''conserved'' over time.
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Conservative force
A conservative force is a force with the property that the total work done in moving a particle between two points is independent of the taken path.
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Conserved quantity
In mathematics, a conserved quantity of a dynamical system is a function of the dependent variables whose value remains constant along each trajectory of the system.
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Constraint (classical mechanics)
In classical mechanics, a constraint on a system is a parameter that the system must obey.
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Coordinate system
In geometry, a coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space.
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Coordinate vector
In linear algebra, a coordinate vector is a representation of a vector as an ordered list of numbers that describes the vector in terms of a particular ordered basis.
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Covariance and contravariance of vectors
In multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a change of basis.
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Curved space
Curved space often refers to a spatial geometry which is not "flat" where a flat space is described by Euclidean geometry.
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Curvilinear coordinates
In geometry, curvilinear coordinates are a coordinate system for Euclidean space in which the coordinate lines may be curved.
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D'Alembert's principle
D'Alembert's principle, also known as the Lagrange–d'Alembert principle, is a statement of the fundamental classical laws of motion.
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Daniel Bernoulli
Daniel Bernoulli FRS (8 February 1700 – 17 March 1782) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.
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Differential of a function
In calculus, the differential represents the principal part of the change in a function y.
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Differentiation rules
This is a summary of differentiation rules, that is, rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus.
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Dissipation
Dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that takes place in homogeneous thermodynamic systems.
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Dot product
In mathematics, the dot product or scalar productThe term scalar product is often also used more generally to mean a symmetric bilinear form, for example for a pseudo-Euclidean space.
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Electric charge
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
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Electric field
An electric field is a vector field surrounding an electric charge that exerts force on other charges, attracting or repelling them.
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Electrical network
An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components (e.g. batteries, resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches) or a model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements (e.g. voltage sources, current sources, resistances, inductances, capacitances).
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Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects.
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Electromagnetic four-potential
An electromagnetic four-potential is a relativistic vector function from which the electromagnetic field can be derived.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Energy
In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.
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Equations of motion
In physics, equations of motion are equations that describe the behavior of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time.
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Euler–Lagrange equation
In the calculus of variations, the Euler–Lagrange equation, Euler's equation, or Lagrange's equation (although the latter name is ambiguous—see disambiguation page), is a second-order partial differential equation whose solutions are the functions for which a given functional is stationary.
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Fermat's principle
In optics, Fermat's principle or the principle of least time, named after French mathematician Pierre de Fermat, is the principle that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time.
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Field (physics)
In physics, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a number or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time.
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Force
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
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Friction
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.
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Function (mathematics)
In mathematics, a function was originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity.
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Functional (mathematics)
In mathematics, the term functional (as a noun) has at least two meanings.
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Functional derivative
In the calculus of variations, a field of mathematical analysis, the functional derivative (or variational derivative) relates a change in a functional to a change in a function on which the functional depends.
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Fundamental lemma of calculus of variations
In mathematics, specifically in the calculus of variations, a variation of a function can be concentrated on an arbitrarily small interval, but not a single point.
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General relativity
General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
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Generalized coordinates
In analytical mechanics, specifically the study of the rigid body dynamics of multibody systems, the term generalized coordinates refers to the parameters that describe the configuration of the system relative to some reference configuration.
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Generalized forces
Generalized forces find use in Lagrangian mechanics, where they play a role conjugate to generalized coordinates.
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Geodesic
In differential geometry, a geodesic is a generalization of the notion of a "straight line" to "curved spaces".
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Geometrical optics
Geometrical optics, or ray optics, describes light propagation in terms of rays.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Gradient
In mathematics, the gradient is a multi-variable generalization of the derivative.
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Guillaume de l'Hôpital
Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital (1661 – 2 February 1704) was a French mathematician.
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Hamilton's principle
In physics, Hamilton's principle is William Rowan Hamilton's formulation of the principle of stationary action (see that article for historical formulations).
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Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, a Hamiltonian is an operator corresponding to the total energy of the system in most of the cases.
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Hamiltonian mechanics
Hamiltonian mechanics is a theory developed as a reformulation of classical mechanics and predicts the same outcomes as non-Hamiltonian classical mechanics.
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Hamiltonian optics
Hamiltonian opticsH.
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Herbert Goldstein
Herbert Goldstein (June 26, 1922 – January 12, 2005) was an American physicist and the author of the standard graduate textbook Classical Mechanics.
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Holonomic constraints
In classical mechanics a system may be defined as holonomic if all constraints of the system are holonomic.
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Homogeneous function
In mathematics, a homogeneous function is one with multiplicative scaling behaviour: if all its arguments are multiplied by a factor, then its value is multiplied by some power of this factor.
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Implicit function
In mathematics, an implicit equation is a relation of the form R(x_1,\ldots, x_n).
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Inductance
In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of an electrical conductor by which a change in electric current through it induces an electromotive force (voltage) in the conductor.
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Inertial frame of reference
An inertial frame of reference in classical physics and special relativity is a frame of reference in which a body with zero net force acting upon it is not accelerating; that is, such a body is at rest or it is moving at a constant speed in a straight line.
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Initial condition
In mathematics and particularly in dynamic systems, an initial condition, in some contexts called a seed value, is a value of an evolving variable at some point in time designated as the initial time (typically denoted t.
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Integration by parts
In calculus, and more generally in mathematical analysis, integration by parts or partial integration is a process that finds the integral of a product of functions in terms of the integral of their derivative and antiderivative.
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Inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics
In mathematics, the inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics is the problem of determining whether a given system of ordinary differential equations can arise as the Euler–Lagrange equations for some Lagrangian function.
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Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution.
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Jacob Bernoulli
Jacob Bernoulli (also known as James or Jacques; – 16 August 1705) was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.
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Jacobi coordinates
In the theory of many-particle systems, Jacobi coordinates often are used to simplify the mathematical formulation.
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Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist.
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Johann Bernoulli
Johann Bernoulli (also known as Jean or John; – 1 January 1748) was a Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.
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John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, (12 November 1842 – 30 June 1919) was a physicist who, with William Ramsay, discovered argon, an achievement for which he earned the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1904.
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Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (or;; born Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia, Encyclopædia Britannica or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier, Turin, 25 January 1736 – Paris, 10 April 1813; also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia) was an Italian Enlightenment Era mathematician and astronomer.
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Kinetic energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.
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Lagrange multiplier
In mathematical optimization, the method of Lagrange multipliers (named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange) is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equality constraints (i.e., subject to the condition that one or more equations have to be satisfied exactly by the chosen values of the variables).
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Lagrangian (field theory)
Lagrangian field theory is a formalism in classical field theory.
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Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field
In classical field theory the Lagrangian specification of the field is a way of looking at fluid motion where the observer follows an individual fluid parcel as it moves through space and time.
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Lagrangian point
In celestial mechanics, the Lagrangian points (also Lagrange points, L-points, or libration points) are positions in an orbital configuration of two large bodies, wherein a small object, affected only by the gravitational forces from the two larger objects, will maintain its position relative to them.
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Lagrangian system
In mathematics, a Lagrangian system is a pair, consisting of a smooth fiber bundle and a Lagrangian density, which yields the Euler–Lagrange differential operator acting on sections of.
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Legendre transformation
In mathematics and physics, the Legendre transformation, named after Adrien-Marie Legendre, is an involutive transformation on the real-valued convex functions of one real variable.
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Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (Swiss Standard German:; German Standard German:; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer, who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory.
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Linear combination
In mathematics, a linear combination is an expression constructed from a set of terms by multiplying each term by a constant and adding the results (e.g. a linear combination of x and y would be any expression of the form ax + by, where a and b are constants).
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Lorentz force
In physics (particularly in electromagnetism) the Lorentz force is the combination of electric and magnetic force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields.
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Magnetic field
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.
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Manifest covariance
In general relativity, a manifestly covariant equation is one in which all expressions are tensors.
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Mass
Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied.
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Mécanique analytique
Mécanique analytique (1788–89) is a two volume French treatise on analytical mechanics, written by Joseph-Louis Lagrange, and published 101 years following Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
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Mechanical equilibrium
In classical mechanics, a particle is in mechanical equilibrium if the net force on that particle is zero.
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Metric tensor
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor is a type of function which takes as input a pair of tangent vectors and at a point of a surface (or higher dimensional differentiable manifold) and produces a real number scalar in a way that generalizes many of the familiar properties of the dot product of vectors in Euclidean space.
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Minimal coupling
In analytical mechanics and quantum field theory, minimal coupling refers to a coupling between fields which involves only the charge distribution and not higher multipole moments of the charge distribution.
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Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
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Newton's laws of motion
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics.
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Noether's theorem
Noether's (first) theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law.
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Non-autonomous mechanics
Non-autonomous mechanics describe non-relativistic mechanical systems subject to time-dependent transformations.
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Nonholonomic system
A nonholonomic system in physics and mathematics is a system whose state depends on the path taken in order to achieve it.
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Norm (mathematics)
In linear algebra, functional analysis, and related areas of mathematics, a norm is a function that assigns a strictly positive length or size to each vector in a vector space—save for the zero vector, which is assigned a length of zero.
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Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs).
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Optics
Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.
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Ordinary differential equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation containing one or more functions of one independent variable and its derivatives.
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Partial derivative
In mathematics, a partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect to one of those variables, with the others held constant (as opposed to the total derivative, in which all variables are allowed to vary).
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Path integral formulation
The path integral formulation of quantum mechanics is a description of quantum theory that generalizes the action principle of classical mechanics.
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Pendulum
A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.
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Phase (waves)
Phase is the position of a point in time (an instant) on a waveform cycle.
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Photon
The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Pierre de Fermat
Pierre de Fermat (Between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality.
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Pierre Louis Maupertuis
Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698 – 27 July 1759) was a French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters.
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Planck constant
The Planck constant (denoted, also called Planck's constant) is a physical constant that is the quantum of action, central in quantum mechanics.
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Plateau's problem
In mathematics, Plateau's problem is to show the existence of a minimal surface with a given boundary, a problem raised by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1760.
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Point particle
A point particle (ideal particle or point-like particle, often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics.
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Position (vector)
In geometry, a position or position vector, also known as location vector or radius vector, is a Euclidean vector that represents the position of a point P in space in relation to an arbitrary reference origin O. Usually denoted x, r, or s, it corresponds to the straight-line from O to P. The term "position vector" is used mostly in the fields of differential geometry, mechanics and occasionally vector calculus.
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Potential energy
In physics, potential energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
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Principle of least action
The principle of least action – or, more accurately, the principle of stationary action – is a variational principle that, when applied to the action of a mechanical system, can be used to obtain the equations of motion for that system.
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Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is the theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of subatomic particles in particle physics and quasiparticles in condensed matter physics.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Reduced mass
In physics, the reduced mass is the "effective" inertial mass appearing in the two-body problem of Newtonian mechanics.
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Relativistic Lagrangian mechanics
In theoretical physics, relativistic Lagrangian mechanics is Lagrangian mechanics applied in the context of special relativity and general relativity.
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Ricci calculus
In mathematics, Ricci calculus constitutes the rules of index notation and manipulation for tensors and tensor fields.
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Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model.
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Routhian mechanics
Edward John Routh, 1831–1907. In analytical mechanics, a branch of theoretical physics, Routhian mechanics is a hybrid formulation of Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics developed by Edward John Routh.
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Scalar potential
Scalar potential, simply stated, describes the situation where the difference in the potential energies of an object in two different positions depends only on the positions, not upon the path taken by the object in traveling from one position to the other.
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Special relativity
In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time.
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Summation
In mathematics, summation (capital Greek sigma symbol: ∑) is the addition of a sequence of numbers; the result is their sum or total.
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Symmetry (physics)
In physics, a symmetry of a physical system is a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is preserved or remains unchanged under some transformation.
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Tension (physics)
In physics, tension may be described as the pulling force transmitted axially by the means of a string, cable, chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object, or by each end of a rod, truss member, or similar three-dimensional object; tension might also be described as the action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end of said elements.
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Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.
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Theory of relativity
The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity.
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Three-body problem
In physics and classical mechanics, the three-body problem is the problem of taking an initial set of data that specifies the positions, masses, and velocities of three bodies for some particular point in time and then determining the motions of the three bodies, in accordance with Newton's laws of motion and of universal gravitation, which are the laws of classical mechanics.
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Three-dimensional space
Three-dimensional space (also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required to determine the position of an element (i.e., point).
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Time derivative
A time derivative is a derivative of a function with respect to time, usually interpreted as the rate of change of the value of the function.
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Total derivative
In the mathematical field of differential calculus, a total derivative or full derivative of a function f of several variables, e.g., t, x, y, etc., with respect to an exogenous argument, e.g., t, is the limiting ratio of the change in the function's value to the change in the exogenous argument's value (for arbitrarily small changes), taking into account the exogenous argument's direct effect as well as indirect effects via the other arguments of the function.
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Udwadia–Kalaba equation
In theoretical physics, the Udwadia–Kalaba equation Udwadia, F.E.; Kalaba, R.E. (1996).
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Up quark
The up quark or u quark (symbol: u) is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter.
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Variational principle
A variational principle is a scientific principle used within the calculus of variations, which develops general methods for finding functions which extremize the value of quantities that depend upon those functions.
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Vector potential
In vector calculus, a vector potential is a vector field whose curl is a given vector field.
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Velocity
The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time.
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Virtual displacement
In analytical mechanics, a branch of applied mathematics and physics, a virtual displacement δri "is an assumed infinitesimal change of system coordinates occurring while time is held constant.
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Virtual work
Virtual work arises in the application of the principle of least action to the study of forces and movement of a mechanical system.
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Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
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Volume element
In mathematics, a volume element provides a means for integrating a function with respect to volume in various coordinate systems such as spherical coordinates and cylindrical coordinates.
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Volume integral
In mathematics—in particular, in multivariable calculus—a volume integral refers to an integral over a 3-dimensional domain, that is, it is a special case of multiple integrals.
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Wave function
A wave function in quantum physics is a mathematical description of the quantum state of an isolated quantum system.
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Wave interference
In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude.
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William Rowan Hamilton
Sir William Rowan Hamilton MRIA (4 August 1805 – 2 September 1865) was an Irish mathematician who made important contributions to classical mechanics, optics, and algebra.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics
