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110 relations: Adam's apple, Anatomical terms of location, Ancient Greek, Articulatory phonetics, Arytenoid cartilage, Arytenoid muscle, Bird, Branchial arch, Calcium buffering, Calcium channel, Calcium-binding protein, Cartilage, Cigarette, Cleveland Clinic, Corniculate cartilages, Cough, Cricoid cartilage, Cricothyroid ligament, Cricothyroid muscle, Cuneiform cartilages, Digastric muscle, Dog, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Dystrophin, Epiglottis, Esophagus, Exhalation, Extraocular muscles, Frog, Galen, Gas gangrene, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Genioglossus, Geniohyoid muscle, Glottis, Histology of the vocal folds, Hoarse voice, Hyoglossus, Hyoid bone, Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, Kenneth N. Stevens, Laryngeal cancer, Laryngeal paralysis, Laryngitis, Laryngomalacia, Laryngopharyngeal reflux, Laryngospasm, Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, Lip, Lizard, ..., Loudness, Lung, Mouth, Mucous membrane, Music of Tibet, Mylohyoid muscle, Neck, Nerve, Neuromuscular disease, Oblique arytenoid, Omohyoid muscle, Online Etymology Dictionary, Organ (anatomy), Organ transplantation, Origin of speech, Peptic ulcer disease, Perichondritis, Perichondrium, Pharynx, Philip Lieberman, Phonation, Phoneme, Pitch (music), Polyp (medicine), Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, Presbylarynx, Recurrent laryngeal nerve, Reflex, Respiration (physiology), Salamander, Skeleton, Sound pressure, Squamous cell carcinoma, Sternohyoid muscle, Sternothyroid muscle, Stylohyoid muscle, Subglottis, Superior laryngeal nerve, Swallowing, Syrinx (bird anatomy), Tetrapod, Thermoregulation, Thyroarytenoid muscle, Thyrohyoid membrane, Thyrohyoid muscle, Thyroid cartilage, Tongue, Trachea, Tracheal tube, Tuvan throat singing, Vagus nerve, Valsalva maneuver, Verrucous carcinoma, Vertebra, Vestibular fold, Victor Negus, Vocal fold nodule, Vocal fold paresis, Vocal folds, Vocal tract. Expand index (60 more) »
Adam's apple
The Adam's apple, or laryngeal prominence, is a feature of the human neck, and is the lump or protrusion that is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx seen especially in males.
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Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Articulatory phonetics
The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics.
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Arytenoid cartilage
The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached.
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Arytenoid muscle
The arytenoid is a single muscle, filling up the posterior concave surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Branchial arch
Branchial arches, or gill arches, are a series of bony "loops" present in fish, which support the gills.
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Calcium buffering
Calcium buffering describes the processes which help stabilise the concentration of free calcium ions within cells, in a similar manner to how pH buffers maintain a stable concentration of hydrogen ions.
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Calcium channel
A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions.
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Calcium-binding protein
Calcium-binding proteins are proteins that participate in calcium cell signalling pathways by binding to Ca2+, the calcium ion that plays an important role in many cellular processes.
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Cartilage
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
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Cigarette
A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing tobacco that is rolled into thin paper for smoking.
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Cleveland Clinic
The Cleveland Clinic is a multispecialty academic hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, that is owned and operated by the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, an Ohio nonprofit corporation established in 1921.
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Corniculate cartilages
The corniculate cartilages (cartilages of Santorini) are two small conical nodules consisting of elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially.
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Cough
A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring, protective reflex, which helps to clear the large breathing passages from fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes.
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Cricoid cartilage
The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid (from the Greek krikoeides meaning "ring-shaped") or cricoid ring, is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea.
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Cricothyroid ligament
The cricothyroid ligament (also known as the cricothyroid membrane or Cricovocal membrane) is composed of two parts.
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Cricothyroid muscle
The cricothyroid muscle is the only tensor muscle of the larynx aiding with phonation.
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Cuneiform cartilages
In the human larynx, the cuneiform cartilages (from Latin: cunei, "wedge-shaped"; also known as cartilages of Wrisberg) are two small, elongated pieces of yellow elastic cartilage, placed one on either side, in the aryepiglottic fold.
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Digastric muscle
The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named digastric as it has two 'bellies') is a small muscle located under the jaw.
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Dog
The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the gray wolf or Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus Canis (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore.
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe type of muscular dystrophy.
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Dystrophin
Dystrophin is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein, and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane.
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Epiglottis
The epiglottis is a flap in the throat that keeps food from entering the windpipe and the lungs.
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Esophagus
The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet (gut), is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach.
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Exhalation
Exhalation (or expiration) is the flow of the breath out of an organism.
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Extraocular muscles
The extraocular muscles are the six muscles that control movement of the eye and one muscle that controls eyelid elevation (levator palpebrae).
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Frog
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (Ancient Greek ἀν-, without + οὐρά, tail).
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.
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Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis and myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene.
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a long-term condition where stomach contents come back up into the esophagus resulting in either symptoms or complications.
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Genioglossus
The genioglossus is one of the paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
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Geniohyoid muscle
The geniohyoid muscle is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle.
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Glottis
The glottis is defined as the opening between the vocal folds (the rima glottidis).
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Histology of the vocal folds
Histology is the study of the minute structure, composition, and function of tissues.
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Hoarse voice
A hoarse voice, also known as hoarseness or dysphonia, is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy, raspy, or strained, or is softer in volume or lower in pitch.
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Hyoglossus
The hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the styloglossus and the inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue.
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Hyoid bone
The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.
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Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
The Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, the thickest of the three constrictors, arises from the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage.
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Kenneth N. Stevens
Kenneth N. Stevens (March 23, 1924 – August 19, 2013) was the Clarence J. LeBel Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at the Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT.
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Laryngeal cancer
Laryngeal cancer, also known as cancer of the larynx or laryngeal carcinoma, are mostly squamous cell carcinomas, reflecting their origin from the skin of the larynx.
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Laryngeal paralysis
Laryngeal paralysis in animals is a condition in which the nerves and muscles that control the movements of one or both arytenoid cartilages of the larynx cease to function, and instead of opening during inspiration and closing during swallowing, the arytenoids remain stationary in a somewhat neutral position.
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Laryngitis
Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx (voice box).
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Laryngomalacia
Laryngomalacia (literally, "soft larynx") is the most common cause of chronic stridor in infancy, in which the soft, immature cartilage of the upper larynx collapses inward during inhalation, causing airway obstruction.
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Laryngopharyngeal reflux
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), also known as extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD), silent reflux, and supra-esophageal reflux, is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx and/or the nasopharynx.
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Laryngospasm
In medicine, laryngospasm is an uncontrolled/involuntary muscular contraction (spasm) of the vocal folds.
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Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
The lateral cricoarytenoid (also anterior cricoarytenoid) muscles extend from the lateral cricoid cartilage to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.
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Lip
Lips are a visible body part at the mouth of humans and many animals.
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Lizard
Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 6,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains.
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Loudness
In acoustics, loudness is the subjective perception of sound pressure.
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Lung
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.
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Mouth
In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, buccal cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds.
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Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs.
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Music of Tibet
The music of Tibet reflects the cultural heritage of the trans-Himalayan region, centered in Tibet but also known wherever ethnic Tibetan groups are found in Nepal, Bhutan, India and further abroad.
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Mylohyoid muscle
The mylohyoid muscle is a paired muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity of the mouth.
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Neck
The neck is the part of the body, on many vertebrates, that separates the head from the torso.
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Nerve
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (nerve fibers, the long and slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system.
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Neuromuscular disease
Neuromuscular disease is a very broad term that encompasses many diseases and ailments that impair the functioning of the muscles, either directly, being pathologies of the voluntary muscle, or indirectly, being pathologies of nerves or neuromuscular junctions.
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Oblique arytenoid
The oblique arytenoid, the more superficial Arytenoid muscle, forms two fasciculi, which pass from the base of one cartilage to the apex of the opposite one, and therefore cross each other like the limbs of the letter X; a few fibers are continued around the lateral margin of the cartilage, and are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold; they are sometimes described as a separate muscle, the Aryepiglotticus.
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Omohyoid muscle
The omohyoid muscle is a muscle that depresses the hyoid.
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Online Etymology Dictionary
The Online Etymology Dictionary is a free online dictionary written and compiled by Douglas Harper that describes the origins of English-language words.
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Organ transplantation
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.
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Origin of speech
The origin of speech refers to the more general problem of the origin of language in the context of the physiological development of the human speech organs such as the tongue, lips and vocal organs used to produce phonological units in all human languages.
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Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a break in the lining of the stomach, first part of the small intestine or occasionally the lower esophagus.
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Perichondritis
Perichondritis is inflammation of the perichondrium, a layer of connective tissue which surrounds cartilage.
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Perichondrium
The perichondrium (from Greek περί (peri 'around') and χόνδρος (chondros 'cartilage')) is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone.
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Pharynx
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx, or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs.
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Philip Lieberman
Philip Lieberman (born 1934) is a cognitive scientist at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States.
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Phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.
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Phoneme
A phoneme is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
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Pitch (music)
Pitch is a perceptual property of sounds that allows their ordering on a frequency-related scale, or more commonly, pitch is the quality that makes it possible to judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical melodies.
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Polyp (medicine)
A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane.
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Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are small, paired muscles that extend from the posterior cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx.
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Presbylarynx
The presbylarynx is a condition in which age-related atrophy of the soft tissues of the larynx results in weak voice and restricted vocal range and stamina.
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve
The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles.
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Reflex
A reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.
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Respiration (physiology)
In physiology, respiration is defined as the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
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Salamander
Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults.
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Skeleton
The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism.
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Sound pressure
Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium) atmospheric pressure, caused by a sound wave.
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinomas, also known as epidermoid carcinoma are a number of different types of cancer that result from squamous cells.
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Sternohyoid muscle
The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum, one of the paired strap muscles of the infrahyoid muscles serving to depress the hyoid bone.
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Sternothyroid muscle
The Sternothyroideus (or sternothyroid muscle) is a muscle in the neck.
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Stylohyoid muscle
The stylohyoid muscle is a slender muscle, lying anterior, and superior of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.
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Subglottis
The subglottis or subglottic region is the lower portion of the larynx, extending from just beneath the vocal cords down to the top of the trachea.
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Superior laryngeal nerve
The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve.
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Swallowing
Swallowing, sometimes called deglutition in scientific contexts, is the process in the human or animal body that allows for a substance to pass from the mouth, to the pharynx, and into the esophagus, while shutting the epiglottis.
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Syrinx (bird anatomy)
The syrinx (Greek σύριγξ for pan pipes) is the vocal organ of birds.
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Tetrapod
The superclass Tetrapoda (from Greek: τετρα- "four" and πούς "foot") contains the four-limbed vertebrates known as tetrapods; it includes living and extinct amphibians, reptiles (including dinosaurs, and its subgroup birds) and mammals (including primates, and all hominid subgroups including humans), as well as earlier extinct groups.
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Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.
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Thyroarytenoid muscle
The thyroarytenoid muscle is a broad, thin muscle that forms the body of the vocal fold and that supports the wall of the ventricle and its appendix.
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Thyrohyoid membrane
The thyrohyoid membrane (or hyothyroid membrane) is a broad, fibro-elastic sheet of the larynx.
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Thyrohyoid muscle
The thyrohyoid muscle is a small skeletal muscle on the neck which depresses the hyoid and elevates the larynx.
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Thyroid cartilage
The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx.
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Tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing.
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Trachea
The trachea, colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs.
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Tracheal tube
A tracheal tube is a catheter that is inserted into the trachea for the primary purpose of establishing and maintaining a patent airway and to ensure the adequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Tuvan throat singing
Tuvan throat singing, Khoomei, Hooliin Chor (in Mongolian, ‘throat harmony’), or Mongolian throat singing is one particular variant of overtone singing practiced by people in Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Tuva and Siberia.
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Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve, historically cited as the pneumogastric nerve, is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X, and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
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Valsalva maneuver
The Valsalva maneuver or Valsalva manoeuvre is performed by moderately forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway, usually done by closing one's mouth, pinching one's nose shut while pressing out as if blowing up a balloon.
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Verrucous carcinoma
Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma.
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Vertebra
In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.
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Vestibular fold
The vestibular fold (ventricular fold, superior or false vocal cord) is one of two thick folds of mucous membrane, each enclosing a narrow band of fibrous tissue, the vestibular ligament, which is attached in front to the angle of the thyroid cartilage immediately below the attachment of the epiglottis, and behind to the antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage, a short distance above the vocal process.
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Victor Negus
Sir Victor Ewings Negus, MS, FRCS (6 February 1887 – 15 July 1974) was a British surgeon who specialised in laryngology and also made fundamental contributions to comparative anatomy with his work on the structure and evolution of the larynx.
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Vocal fold nodule
Vocal fold nodules are bilaterally symmetrical benign white masses that form at the midpoint of the vocal folds.
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Vocal fold paresis
Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (also called vocal fold paralysis or paresis) is the medical term describing an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle.
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Vocal folds
The vocal folds, also known commonly as vocal cords or voice reeds, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally, from back to front, across the larynx.
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Vocal tract
The vocal tract is the cavity in human beings and in animals where the sound produced at the sound source (larynx in mammals; syrinx in birds) is filtered.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx
