446 relations: Abel's theorem, Adolf Eugen Fick, Alan Turing, Albert Einstein, Aleksandr Khinchin, Aleksandr Stoletov, Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov, Alfred Tarski, Alonzo Church, Amdahl's law, Amedeo Avogadro, Ampère's circuital law, Anatoly Vlasov, André-Marie Ampère, Archie's law, Archimedean property, Archimedes, Archimedes' principle, Arnold Sommerfeld, Arrhenius equation, Arseny Sokolov, Arthur Cayley, Arthur Harold Stone, August Beer, Augustin-Jean Fresnel, Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Augustus De Morgan, Avogadro's law, Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy, BBGKY hierarchy, Beck's theorem (geometry), Beer–Lambert law, Bell's theorem, Benford's law, Bernhard Riemann, Bernoulli's principle, Biot–Savart law, Birch's law, Blaise Pascal, Bogoliubov transformation, Boltzmann equation, Born rule, Boyle's law, Bradford's law, Bragg's law, Branches of science, Buys Ballot's law, Byerlee's law, C. H. D. Buys Ballot, C. V. Raman, ..., Carl Friedrich Gauss, Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics), Cauchy's integral formula, Cauchy–Riemann equations, Cayley–Hamilton theorem, Chandrasekhar limit, Chapman & Hall, Charles's law, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, Christiaan Huygens, Christian Doppler, Church–Turing thesis, Claude Shannon, Clifford's circle theorems, Clifford's theorem on special divisors, Closed and exact differential forms, Coulomb's law, Curie's law, Curie–Weiss law, D'Alembert's paradox, D'Alembert's principle, Dalton's law, Daniel Bernoulli, Darcy's law, David Hilbert, David Merritt, De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (graph theory), De Morgan's laws, Dermott's law, Descartes' theorem, Digamma function, Dirac comb, Dirac delta function, Dirac equation, Dirac operator, Dirac spinor, Doppler effect, Drake equation, Edward Witten, Edwin Hubble, Ehrenfest theorem, Eilhard Mitscherlich, Emil Lenz, Emmy Noether, Endre Szemerédi, Enrico Fermi, Eponym, Erdős–Anning theorem, Erdős–Gallai theorem, Erdős–Kac theorem, Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem, Erdős–Nagy theorem, Erdős–Rado theorem, Erdős–Stone theorem, Erdős–Szekeres theorem, Erdős–Szemerédi theorem, Ergodic theory, Eric Charles Milner, Ernst Mach, Ernst Witt, Erwin Schrödinger, Euclid, Euclid's theorem, Euler's theorem, Evangelista Torricelli, Faraday's law of induction, Faraday's laws of electrolysis, Faxén's law, Félix Savart, Fermat's Last Theorem, Fermat's little theorem, Fermat's principle, Fermi acceleration, Fermi heap and Fermi hole, Fermi level, Fermi paradox, Fermi's golden rule, Fermionic field, Fick's laws of diffusion, Fitts's law, Fluid dynamics, François-Marie Raoult, Francis Birch (geophysicist), Frank Benford, Frank Drake, Friedrich Hund, Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Gauss's principle of least constraint, Gaussian function, Gay-Lussac's law, Gödel's incompleteness theorems, Gene Amdahl, General relativity, Georg Ohm, George David Birkhoff, George Green (mathematician), George Kingsley Zipf, George R. Price, George Szekeres, Germain Henri Hess, Gibbs–Helmholtz equation, Giuseppe Peano, Gordon Moore, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Graham's law, Green's law, Gregor Mendel, Grimm's law, Guglielmo Marconi, Guillaume de l'Hôpital, Gustafson's law, Gustav Kirchhoff, Hagen–Poiseuille equation, Hans Hellmann, Harry Nyquist, Heaps' law, Heinrich Hertz, Heinz Hopf, Hellmann–Feynman theorem, Helmholtz decomposition, Helmholtz equation, Helmholtz free energy, Helmholtz resonance, Helmholtz theorem (classical mechanics), Helmholtz's theorems, Henri Poincaré, Henry Darcy, Henry Louis Le Chatelier, Henry's law, Herbert S. Green, Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp, Hermann Minkowski, Hermann von Helmholtz, Hermann Weyl, Hess's law, Hilbert series and Hilbert polynomial, Hilbert's axioms, Hilbert's basis theorem, Hilbert's irreducibility theorem, Hilbert's syzygy theorem, Hilbert's theorem (differential geometry), Hilbert's Theorem 90, Hilding Faxén, Hooke's law, Hubble's law, Hund's rules, Huygens–Fresnel principle, Hypergeometric function, Identity of indiscernibles, Igor Ternov, Irving Langmuir, Isaac Newton, Ivan M. Niven, Ivar Otto Bendixson, Jacob Grimm, Jacques Charles, James Clerk Maxwell, James Jurin, James Prescott Joule, József Beck, Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Jean-Baptiste Biot, Johann Daniel Titius, Johann Elert Bode, Johann Heinrich Lambert, Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Johannes Kepler, John Dalton, John Forbes Nash Jr., John Gamble Kirkwood, John Gustafson (scientist), John Hopkinson, John Stewart Bell, John von Neumann, Josef Stefan, Joseph Fourier, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Joule effect, Jurin's law, Kasha's rule, Ke Zhao, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Kirchhoff's laws, Kopp's law, Kurt Gödel, L'Hôpital's rule, Lagrange invariant, Lagrange multiplier, Lagrange polynomial, Lagrange reversion theorem, Lagrange's four-square theorem, Lagrange's theorem (group theory), Lagrange's theorem (number theory), Lagrangian point, Lambert's cosine law, Lamm equation, Langmuir adsorption model, Laplace distribution, Laplace expansion, Laplace invariant, Laplace limit, Laplace operator, Laplace principle (large deviations theory), Laplace transform, Laplace's equation, Law of dilution, Lawrence Bragg, Laws of science, Le Chatelier's principle, Lenz's law, Leonard–Merritt mass estimator, Leonhard Euler, Lincoln Wolfenstein, List of eponymous laws, List of scientific constants named after people, List of things named after Albert Einstein, List of things named after Alfred Tarski, List of things named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, List of things named after Bernhard Riemann, List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, List of things named after Enrico Fermi, List of things named after Henri Poincaré, List of things named after Hermann Weyl, List of things named after Isaac Newton, List of things named after John von Neumann, List of things named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange, List of things named after Leonhard Euler, List of things named after Paul Dirac, List of things named after Paul Erdős, List of things named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, List of things named after Siméon Denis Poisson, List of things named after Srinivasa Ramanujan, Lists of etymologies, Llinás's law, Ludwig Boltzmann, Mach reflection, Mach's principle, Magnetic circuit, Marconi's law, Mark Kac, Markovnikov's rule, Mathematical analysis, Maupertuis's principle, Max Born, Max Planck, Maxwell relations, Maxwell's equations, Meghnad Saha, Mendelian inheritance, Metcalfe's law, Michael Faraday, Michael Kasha, Michel Rolle, Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect, Milner–Rado paradox, Minkowski's theorem, Mitscherlich's law, Moore's law, Murphy's law, Nash embedding theorem, Nash equilibrium, Nernst equation, Newton's law of universal gravitation, Newton's laws of motion, Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, Niels Henrik Abel, Nikolay Bogolyubov, Nikolay Umov, Niven's theorem, Noether's theorem, Norbert Wiener, Norman H. Anning, Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, Occam's razor, Ohm's law, Ole Lamm, Osipkov–Merritt model, Paley–Wiener theorem, Pareto distribution, Pareto efficiency, Pareto index, Pareto principle, Pascal's law, Pascal's theorem, Paul Dirac, Paul Ehrenfest, Paul Erdős, Paul Fitts, Pauli exclusion principle, Peano axioms, Pierre Curie, Pierre de Fermat, Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Pierre Weiss, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Planck's law, Poincaré conjecture, Poincaré recurrence theorem, Poincaré–Bendixson theorem, Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem, Poincaré–Hopf theorem, Poisson distribution, Poisson's equation, Price equation, Ptolemy, Ptolemy's theorem, Pythagoras, Pythagorean theorem, Rado's theorem (Ramsey theory), Raman scattering, Ramanujan–Nagell equation, Raoult's law, Raymond Paley, René Descartes, Richard Feynman, Richard Rado, Riemann hypothesis, Riemann integral, Riemann sphere, Riemann zeta function, Riemann–Lebesgue lemma, Riemannian manifold, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke, Robert Metcalfe, Rodolfo Llinás, Rolle's theorem, Saha ionization equation, Samuel C. Bradford, Schrödinger equation, Scientific phenomena named after people, Sersic profile, Siméon Denis Poisson, Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet, Snell's law, Sokolov–Ternov effect, Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law, Special relativity, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Stanislav Mikheyev, Stefan–Boltzmann law, Steven Weinberg, Stigler's law of eponymy, Stokes's law, Stoletov's law, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Svante Arrhenius, Tarski's axioms, Tarski's undefinability theorem, Thales of Miletus, Thales's theorem, Thermal conduction, Theta function, Thomas Graham (chemist), Thomas Young (scientist), Tibor Gallai, Titius–Bode law, Torricelli's law, Trace inequalities, Trygve Nagell, Umov effect, Uncertainty principle, Van der Waals equation, Vilfredo Pareto, Vladimir Markovnikov, Vlasov equation, Von Neumann bicommutant theorem, Von Neumann entropy, Von Neumann neighborhood, Von Neumann paradox, Von Neumann universe, Walter Kohn, Walther Kossel, Walther Nernst, Weinberg–Witten theorem, Werner Heisenberg, Weyl character formula, Wien's law, Wiener–Khinchin theorem, Wilhelm Grimm, Wilhelm Ostwald, Wilhelm Wien, Willebrord Snellius, William Henry (chemist), William Henry Bragg, William Kingdon Clifford, William of Ockham, William Rowan Hamilton, Wolfgang Pauli, Young–Laplace equation, Zipf's law. Expand index (396 more) »
Abel's theorem
In mathematics, Abel's theorem for power series relates a limit of a power series to the sum of its coefficients.
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Adolf Eugen Fick
Adolf Eugen Fick (3 September 1829 – 21 August 1901) was a German-born physician and physiologist.
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Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
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Aleksandr Khinchin
Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin (Алекса́ндр Я́ковлевич Хи́нчин, Alexandre Khintchine; July 19, 1894 – November 18, 1959) was a Soviet mathematician and one of the most significant people in the Soviet school of probability theory.
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Aleksandr Stoletov
Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov (Алекса́ндр Григо́рьевич Столе́тов; 10 August 1839 – 27 May 1896) was a Russian physicist, founder of electrical engineering, and professor in Moscow University.
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Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov
Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov (Алексе́й Ю́рьевич Cмирно́в; born October 16, 1951) is a neutrino physics researcher and one of the discoverers of the MSW Effect.
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Alfred Tarski
Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983), born Alfred Teitelbaum,School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews,, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews.
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Alonzo Church
Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science.
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Amdahl's law
In computer architecture, Amdahl's law (or Amdahl's argument) is a formula which gives the theoretical speedup in latency of the execution of a task at fixed workload that can be expected of a system whose resources are improved.
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Amedeo Avogadro
Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (9 August 17769 July 1856), was an Italian scientist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure will contain equal numbers of molecules.
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Ampère's circuital law
In classical electromagnetism, Ampère's circuital law (not to be confused with Ampère's force law that André-Marie Ampère discovered in 1823) relates the integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop.
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Anatoly Vlasov
Anatoly Alexandrovich Vlasov (Анато́лий Алекса́ндрович Вла́сов; – 22 December 1975) was a Russian theoretical physicist prominent in the fields of statistical mechanics, kinetics, and especially in plasma physics.
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André-Marie Ampère
André-Marie Ampère (20 January 177510 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as "electrodynamics".
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Archie's law
In petrophysics, Archie's law relates the in-situ electrical conductivity of a sedimentary rock to its porosity and brine saturation: Here, \phi\,\! denotes the porosity, C_t the electrical conductivity of the fluid saturated rock, C_w represents the electrical conductivity of the brine, S_w is the brine saturation, m is the cementation exponent of the rock (usually in the range 1.8–2.0 for sandstones), n is the saturation exponent (usually close to 2) and a is the tortuosity factor.
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Archimedean property
In abstract algebra and analysis, the Archimedean property, named after the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse, is a property held by some algebraic structures, such as ordered or normed groups, and fields.
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Archimedes
Archimedes of Syracuse (Ἀρχιμήδης) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.
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Archimedes' principle
Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid.
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Arnold Sommerfeld
Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, (5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and mentored a large number of students for the new era of theoretical physics.
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Arrhenius equation
The Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.
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Arseny Sokolov
Arseny Alexandrovich Sokolov (Арсе́ний Алекса́ндрович Соколо́в; 19 March 1910 – 19 October 1986) was a Russian theoretical physicist known for the development of synchrotron radiation theory.
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Arthur Cayley
Arthur Cayley F.R.S. (16 August 1821 – 26 January 1895) was a British mathematician.
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Arthur Harold Stone
Arthur Harold Stone (30 September 1916 – 6 August 2000) was a British mathematician born in London, who worked mostly in topology.
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August Beer
August Beer (31 July 1825 – 18 November 1863) was a German physicist, chemist, and mathematician of Jewish descent.
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Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Augustin-Jean Fresnel (10 May 178814 July 1827) was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave theory of light, excluding any remnant of Newton's corpuscular theory, from the late 1830s until the end of the 19th century.
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Augustin-Louis Cauchy
Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy FRS FRSE (21 August 178923 May 1857) was a French mathematician, engineer and physicist who made pioneering contributions to several branches of mathematics, including: mathematical analysis and continuum mechanics.
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Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician.
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Avogadro's law
Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present.
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Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy
Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy (29 July 1913, Kolozsvár – 21 December 1998, Szeged) was a Hungarian mathematician.
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BBGKY hierarchy
In statistical physics, the BBGKY hierarchy (Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy, sometimes called Bogoliubov hierarchy) is a set of equations describing the dynamics of a system of a large number of interacting particles.
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Beck's theorem (geometry)
In discrete geometry, Beck's theorem is any of several different results, two of which are given below.
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Beer–Lambert law
The Beer–Lambert law, also known as Beer's law, the Lambert–Beer law, or the Beer–Lambert–Bouguer law relates the attenuation of light to the properties of the material through which the light is travelling.
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Bell's theorem
Bell's theorem is a "no-go theorem" that draws an important distinction between quantum mechanics and the world as described by classical mechanics.
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Benford's law
Benford's law, also called Newcomb-Benford's law, law of anomalous numbers, and first-digit law, is an observation about the frequency distribution of leading digits in many real-life sets of numerical data.
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Bernhard Riemann
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (17 September 1826 – 20 July 1866) was a German mathematician who made contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.
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Bernoulli's principle
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
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Biot–Savart law
In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the Biot–Savart law is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by a stationary electric current.
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Birch's law
Birch's law, discovered by the geophysicist Francis Birch, establishes a linear relation between compressional wave velocity and density of rocks and minerals: where is the mean atomic mass in a formula unit and is an experimentally determined function.
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Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian.
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Bogoliubov transformation
In theoretical physics, the Bogoliubov transformation, also known as Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation, were independently developed in 1958 by Nikolay Bogolyubov and John George Valatin for finding solutions of BCS theory in a homogeneous system.
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Boltzmann equation
The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium, devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872.
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Born rule
The Born rule (also called the Born law, Born's rule, or Born's law) formulated by German physicist Max Born in 1926, is a law of quantum mechanics giving the probability that a measurement on a quantum system will yield a given result.
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Boyle's law
Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or Mariotte's law) is an experimental gas law that describes how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the container decreases.
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Bradford's law
Bradford's law is a pattern first described by Samuel C. Bradford in 1934 that estimates the exponentially diminishing returns of searching for references in science journals.
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Bragg's law
In physics, Bragg's law, or Wulff–Bragg's condition, a special case of Laue diffraction, gives the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice.
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Branches of science
The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, "scientific fields", or "scientific disciplines" are commonly divided into three major groups.
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Buys Ballot's law
In meteorology, Buys Ballot's law may be expressed as follows: In the Northern Hemisphere, if a person stands with his back to the wind, the atmospheric pressure is low to the left, high to the right.
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Byerlee's law
In rheology, Byerlee's law, also known as Byerlee's friction law concerns the shear stress (τ) required to slide one rock over another.
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C. H. D. Buys Ballot
Christophorus Henricus Diedericus Buys Ballot (October 10, 1817 – February 3, 1890) was a Dutch chemist and meteorologist after whom Buys Ballot's law and the Buys Ballot table are named.
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C. V. Raman
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (7 November 188821 November 1970) was an Indian physicist born in the former Madras Province in India presently the state of Tamil Nadu, who carried out ground-breaking work in the field of light scattering, which earned him the 1930 Nobel Prize for Physics.
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Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß; Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields, including algebra, analysis, astronomy, differential geometry, electrostatics, geodesy, geophysics, magnetic fields, matrix theory, mechanics, number theory, optics and statistics.
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Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, also called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits on the maximum efficiency any heat engine can obtain.
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Cauchy's integral formula
In mathematics, Cauchy's integral formula, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a central statement in complex analysis.
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Cauchy–Riemann equations
In the field of complex analysis in mathematics, the Cauchy–Riemann equations, named after Augustin Cauchy and Bernhard Riemann, consist of a system of two partial differential equations which, together with certain continuity and differentiability criteria, form a necessary and sufficient condition for a complex function to be complex differentiable, that is, holomorphic.
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Cayley–Hamilton theorem
In linear algebra, the Cayley–Hamilton theorem (named after the mathematicians Arthur Cayley and William Rowan Hamilton) states that every square matrix over a commutative ring (such as the real or complex field) satisfies its own characteristic equation.
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Chandrasekhar limit
The Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star.
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Chapman & Hall
Chapman & Hall was a British publishing house in London, founded in the first half of the 19th century by Edward Chapman and William Hall.
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Charles's law
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated.
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Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (14 June 1736 – 23 August 1806) was a French military engineer and physicist.
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Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens (Hugenius; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major figure in the scientific revolution.
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Christian Doppler
Christian Andreas Doppler (29 November 1803 – 17 March 1853) was an Austrian mathematician and physicist.
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Church–Turing thesis
In computability theory, the Church–Turing thesis (also known as computability thesis, the Turing–Church thesis, the Church–Turing conjecture, Church's thesis, Church's conjecture, and Turing's thesis) is a hypothesis about the nature of computable functions.
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Claude Shannon
Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as "the father of information theory".
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Clifford's circle theorems
In geometry, Clifford's theorems, named after the English geometer William Kingdon Clifford, are a sequence of theorems relating to intersections of circles.
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Clifford's theorem on special divisors
In mathematics, Clifford's theorem on special divisors is a result of on algebraic curves, showing the constraints on special linear systems on a curve C.
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Closed and exact differential forms
In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα.
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Coulomb's law
Coulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics for quantifying the amount of force with which stationary electrically charged particles repel or attract each other.
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Curie's law
In a paramagnetic material, the magnetization of the material is (approximately) directly proportional to an applied magnetic field.
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Curie–Weiss law
The Curie–Weiss law describes the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet in the paramagnetic region above the Curie point: \chi.
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D'Alembert's paradox
In fluid dynamics, d'Alembert's paradox (or the hydrodynamic paradox) is a contradiction reached in 1752 by French mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
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D'Alembert's principle
D'Alembert's principle, also known as the Lagrange–d'Alembert principle, is a statement of the fundamental classical laws of motion.
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Dalton's law
In chemistry and physics, Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.
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Daniel Bernoulli
Daniel Bernoulli FRS (8 February 1700 – 17 March 1782) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.
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Darcy's law
Darcy's law is an equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium.
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David Hilbert
David Hilbert (23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician.
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David Merritt
David Merritt is an American astrophysicist and professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York.
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De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (graph theory)
In graph theory, the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem states that, in graph coloring for an infinite graph, the number of colors needed is the same as the largest number of colors needed by any of its finite subgraphs (if this number is finite).
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De Morgan's laws
In propositional logic and boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference.
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Dermott's law
Dermott's law is an empirical formula for the orbital period of major satellites orbiting planets in the Solar System.
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Descartes' theorem
In geometry, Descartes' theorem states that for every four kissing, or mutually tangent, circles, the radii of the circles satisfy a certain quadratic equation.
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Digamma function
In mathematics, the digamma function is defined as the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function: It is the first of the polygamma functions.
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Dirac comb
In mathematics, a Dirac comb (also known as an impulse train and sampling function in electrical engineering) is a periodic tempered distribution constructed from Dirac delta functions for some given period T. The symbol \operatorname(t), where the period is omitted, represents a Dirac comb of unit period.
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Dirac delta function
In mathematics, the Dirac delta function (function) is a generalized function or distribution introduced by the physicist Paul Dirac.
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Dirac equation
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928.
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Dirac operator
In mathematics and quantum mechanics, a Dirac operator is a differential operator that is a formal square root, or half-iterate, of a second-order operator such as a Laplacian.
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Dirac spinor
In quantum field theory, the Dirac spinor is the bispinor in the plane-wave solution of the free Dirac equation, where (in the units \scriptstyle c \,.
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Doppler effect
The Doppler effect (or the Doppler shift) is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
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Drake equation
The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy.
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Edward Witten
Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist and professor of mathematical physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
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Edwin Hubble
Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer.
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Ehrenfest theorem
The Ehrenfest theorem, named after Paul Ehrenfest, an Austrian theoretical physicist at Leiden University, relates the time derivative of the expectation values of the position and momentum operators x and p to the expectation value of the force F.
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Eilhard Mitscherlich
Eilhard Mitscherlich (7 January 1794 – 28 August 1863) was a German chemist, who is perhaps best remembered today for his discovery of the phenomenon of isomorphism (crystallography) in 1819.
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Emil Lenz
Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz (also Emil Khristianovich Lenz, Эмилий Христианович Ленц; 12 February 1804 – 10 February 1865), usually cited as Emil Lenz, was a Russian physicist of Baltic German ethnicity.
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Emmy Noether
Amalie Emmy NoetherEmmy is the Rufname, the second of two official given names, intended for daily use.
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Endre Szemerédi
Endre Szemerédi (born August 21, 1940) is a Hungarian-American mathematician, working in the field of combinatorics and theoretical computer science.
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Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1.
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Eponym
An eponym is a person, place, or thing after whom or after which something is named, or believed to be named.
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Erdős–Anning theorem
The Erdős–Anning theorem states that an infinite number of points in the plane can have mutual integer distances only if all the points lie on a straight line.
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Erdős–Gallai theorem
The Erdős–Gallai theorem is a result in graph theory, a branch of combinatorial mathematics.
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Erdős–Kac theorem
In number theory, the Erdős–Kac theorem, named after Paul Erdős and Mark Kac, and also known as the fundamental theorem of probabilistic number theory, states that if ω(n) is the number of distinct prime factors of n, then, loosely speaking, the probability distribution of is the standard normal distribution.
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Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem
In combinatorics, the Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem of Paul Erdős, Chao Ko, and Richard Rado is a theorem on intersecting set families.
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Erdős–Nagy theorem
The Erdős–Nagy theorem is a result in discrete geometry stating that a non-convex simple polygon can be made into a convex polygon by a finite sequence of flips.
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Erdős–Rado theorem
In partition calculus, part of combinatorial set theory, which is a branch of mathematics, the Erdős–Rado theorem is a basic result, extending Ramsey's theorem to uncountable sets.
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Erdős–Stone theorem
In extremal graph theory, the Erdős–Stone theorem is an asymptotic result generalising Turán's theorem to bound the number of edges in an H-free graph for a non-complete graph H. It is named after Paul Erdős and Arthur Stone, who proved it in 1946, and it has been described as the “fundamental theorem of extremal graph theory”.
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Erdős–Szekeres theorem
In mathematics, the Erdős–Szekeres theorem is a finitary result that makes precise one of the corollaries of Ramsey's theorem.
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Erdős–Szemerédi theorem
In arithmetic combinatorics, the Erdős–Szemerédi theorem, proven by Paul Erdős and Endre Szemerédi in 1983, states that, for every finite set of real numbers, either the pairwise sums or the pairwise products of the numbers in the set form a significantly larger set.
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Ergodic theory
Ergodic theory (Greek: έργον ergon "work", όδος hodos "way") is a branch of mathematics that studies dynamical systems with an invariant measure and related problems.
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Eric Charles Milner
Eric Charles Milner, FRSC (May 17, 1928 – July 20, 1997) was a mathematician who worked mainly in combinatorial set theory.
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Ernst Mach
Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach (18 February 1838 – 19 February 1916) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher, noted for his contributions to physics such as study of shock waves.
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Ernst Witt
Ernst Witt (26 June 1911 – 3 July 1991) was a German mathematician, one of the leading algebraists of his time.
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Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as or, was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in the field of quantum theory, which formed the basis of wave mechanics: he formulated the wave equation (stationary and time-dependent Schrödinger equation) and revealed the identity of his development of the formalism and matrix mechanics.
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Euclid
Euclid (Εὐκλείδης Eukleidēs; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry".
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Euclid's theorem
Euclid's theorem is a fundamental statement in number theory that asserts that there are infinitely many prime numbers.
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Euler's theorem
In number theory, Euler's theorem (also known as the Fermat–Euler theorem or Euler's totient theorem) states that if n and a are coprime positive integers, then where \varphi(n) is Euler's totient function.
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Evangelista Torricelli
Evangelista Torricelli; 15 October 1608 – 25 October 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician, best known for his invention of the barometer, but is also known for his advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles.
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Faraday's law of induction
Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF)—a phenomenon called electromagnetic induction.
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Faraday's laws of electrolysis
Faraday's laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical researches published by Michael Faraday in 1834.
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Faxén's law
In fluid dynamics, Faxén's laws relate a sphere's velocity \mathbf and angular velocity \mathbf to the forces, torque, stresslet and flow it experiences under low Reynolds number (creeping flow) conditions.
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Félix Savart
Félix Savart (30 June 1791, Mézières – 16 March 1841, Paris) was a physicist, mathematician who is primarily known for the Biot–Savart law of electromagnetism, which he discovered together with his colleague Jean-Baptiste Biot.
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Fermat's Last Theorem
In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers,, and satisfy the equation for any integer value of greater than 2.
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Fermat's little theorem
Fermat's little theorem states that if is a prime number, then for any integer, the number is an integer multiple of.
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Fermat's principle
In optics, Fermat's principle or the principle of least time, named after French mathematician Pierre de Fermat, is the principle that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time.
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Fermi acceleration
Fermi acceleration, sometimes referred to as diffusive shock acceleration (a subclass of Fermi acceleration On the Origin of the Cosmic Radiation, E. Fermi, Physical Review 75, pp. 1169-1174, 1949), is the acceleration that charged particles undergo when being repeatedly reflected, usually by a magnetic mirror (see also Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration).
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Fermi heap and Fermi hole
Fermi heap and Fermi hole refer to two closely related quantum phenomena that occur in many-electron atoms.
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Fermi level
The Fermi level chemical potential for electrons (or electrochemical potential for electrons), usually denoted by µ or EF, of a body is a thermodynamic quantity, whose significance is the thermodynamic work required to add one electron to the body (not counting the work required to remove the electron from wherever it came from).
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Fermi paradox
The Fermi paradox, or Fermi's paradox, named after physicist Enrico Fermi, is the apparent contradiction between the lack of evidence and high probability estimates for the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations.
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Fermi's golden rule
In quantum physics, Fermi's golden rule is a formula that describes the transition rate (probability of transition per unit time) from one energy eigenstate of a quantum system into other energy eigenstates in a continuum, effected by a weak perturbation.
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Fermionic field
In quantum field theory, a fermionic field is a quantum field whose quanta are fermions; that is, they obey Fermi–Dirac statistics.
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Fick's laws of diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were derived by Adolf Fick in 1855.
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Fitts's law
Fitts's law (often cited as Fitts' law) is a predictive model of human movement primarily used in human–computer interaction and ergonomics.
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Fluid dynamics
In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids - liquids and gases.
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François-Marie Raoult
Raoult was born at Fournes, in the département of Nord.
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Francis Birch (geophysicist)
Francis Birch (August 22, 1903 – January 30, 1992) was an American geophysicist.
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Frank Benford
Frank Albert Benford Jr., (1883 Johnstown, Pennsylvania – December 4, 1948) was an American electrical engineer and physicist best known for rediscovering and generalizing Benford's Law, a statistical statement about the occurrence of digits in lists of data.
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Frank Drake
Frank Donald Drake (born May 28, 1930) is an American astronomer and astrophysicist.
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Friedrich Hund
Friedrich Hermann Hund (4 February 1896 – 31 March 1997) was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules.
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Gauss's law
In physics, Gauss's law, also known as Gauss's flux theorem, is a law relating the distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field.
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Gauss's law for magnetism
In physics, Gauss's law for magnetism is one of the four Maxwell's equations that underlie classical electrodynamics.
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Gauss's principle of least constraint
The principle of least constraint is another formulation of classical mechanics enunciated by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1829.
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Gaussian function
In mathematics, a Gaussian function, often simply referred to as a Gaussian, is a function of the form: for arbitrary real constants, and.
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Gay-Lussac's law
Gay-Lussac's law can refer to several discoveries made by French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) and other scientists in the late 18th and early 19th centuries pertaining to thermal expansion of gases and the relationship between temperature, volume, and pressure.
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Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that demonstrate the inherent limitations of every formal axiomatic system containing basic arithmetic.
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Gene Amdahl
Gene Myron Amdahl (November 16, 1922 – November 10, 2015) was an American computer architect and high-tech entrepreneur, chiefly known for his work on mainframe computers at IBM and later his own companies, especially Amdahl Corporation.
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General relativity
General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
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Georg Ohm
Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1789 – 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician.
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George David Birkhoff
George David Birkhoff (March 21, 1884 – November 12, 1944) was an American mathematician best known for what is now called the ergodic theorem.
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George Green (mathematician)
George Green (14 July 1793 – 31 May 1841) was a British mathematical physicist who wrote ''An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism'' (Green, 1828).
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George Kingsley Zipf
George Kingsley Zipf (1902–1950), was an American linguist and philologist who studied statistical occurrences in different languages.
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George R. Price
George Robert Price (October 6, 1922 – January 6, 1975) was an American population geneticist.
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George Szekeres
George Szekeres AM FAA (29 May 1911 – 28 August 2005) was a Hungarian–Australian mathematician.
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Germain Henri Hess
Germain Henri Hess (Герман Иванович Гесс German Ivanovich Gess; 7 August 1802 – 30 November 1850) was a Swiss-Russian chemist and doctor who formulated Hess's law, an early principle of thermochemistry.
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Gibbs–Helmholtz equation
The Gibbs–Helmholtz equation is a thermodynamic equation used for calculating changes in the Gibbs energy of a system as a function of temperature.
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Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano (27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician and glottologist.
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Gordon Moore
Gordon Earle Moore (born January 3, 1929) is an American businessman, engineer, co-founder and chairman emeritus of Intel Corporation, and the author of Moore's law.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Graham's law
Graham's law of effusion (also called Graham's law of diffusion) was formulated by Scottish physical chemist Thomas Graham in 1848.
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Green's law
In fluid dynamics, Green's law describes the evolution of non-breaking surface gravity waves propagating in shallow water of gradually varying depth and width.
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel (Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia.
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Grimm's law
Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or Rask's rule) is a set of statements named after Jacob Grimm and Rasmus Rask describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic (the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC.
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Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi, 1st Marquis of Marconi (25 April 187420 July 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system.
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Guillaume de l'Hôpital
Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital (1661 – 2 February 1704) was a French mathematician.
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Gustafson's law
In computer architecture, Gustafson's law (or Gustafson–Barsis's law) gives the theoretical speedup in latency of the execution of a task at fixed execution time that can be expected of a system whose resources are improved.
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Gustav Kirchhoff
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects.
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Hagen–Poiseuille equation
In nonideal fluid dynamics, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, also known as the Hagen–Poiseuille law, Poiseuille law or Poiseuille equation, is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in an incompressible and Newtonian fluid in laminar flow flowing through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross section.
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Hans Hellmann
Hans Gustav Adolf Hellmann (14 October 1903 – 29 May 1938) was a German theoretical physicist.
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Harry Nyquist
Harry Nyquist (born Harry Theodor Nyqvist,; February 7, 1889 – April 4, 1976) was a Swedish-born American electronic engineer who made important contributions to communication theory.
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Heaps' law
In linguistics, Heaps' law (also called Herdan's law) is an empirical law which describes the number of distinct words in a document (or set of documents) as a function of the document length (so called type-token relation).
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Heinrich Hertz
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves theorized by James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light.
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Heinz Hopf
Heinz Hopf (19 November 1894 – 3 June 1971) was a German mathematician who worked on the fields of topology and geometry.
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Hellmann–Feynman theorem
In quantum mechanics, the Hellmann–Feynman theorem relates the derivative of the total energy with respect to a parameter, to the expectation value of the derivative of the Hamiltonian with respect to that same parameter.
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Helmholtz decomposition
In physics and mathematics, in the area of vector calculus, Helmholtz's theorem, also known as the fundamental theorem of vector calculus, states that any sufficiently smooth, rapidly decaying vector field in three dimensions can be resolved into the sum of an irrotational (curl-free) vector field and a solenoidal (divergence-free) vector field; this is known as the Helmholtz decomposition or Helmholtz representation.
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Helmholtz equation
In mathematics & physics, the Helmholtz equation, named for Hermann von Helmholtz, is the partial differential equation where ∇2 is the Laplacian, k is the wavenumber, and A is the amplitude.
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Helmholtz free energy
In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume.
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Helmholtz resonance
Helmholtz resonance or wind throb is the phenomenon of air resonance in a cavity, such as when one blows across the top of an empty bottle.
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Helmholtz theorem (classical mechanics)
The Helmholtz theorem of classical mechanics reads as follows: Let be the Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional system, where is the kinetic energy and is a "U-shaped" potential energy profile which depends on a parameter V. Let \left\langle \cdot \right\rangle _ denote the time average.
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Helmholtz's theorems
In fluid mechanics, Helmholtz's theorems, named after Hermann von Helmholtz, describe the three-dimensional motion of fluid in the vicinity of vortex filaments.
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Henri Poincaré
Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science.
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Henry Darcy
Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy (10 June 1803 – 3 January 1858) was a French engineer who made several important contributions to hydraulics including Darcy’s law for flow in porous media.
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Henry Louis Le Chatelier
Henry Louis Le Chatelier (8 October 1850 – 17 September 1936) was a French chemist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Henry's law
In chemistry, Henry's law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure in the gas phase.
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Herbert S. Green
Herbert (Bert) Sydney Green (17 December 1920 – 16 February 1999) was a British–Australian physicist.
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Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp
Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp (30 October 1817 – 20 February 1892), German chemist, was born at Hanau, where his father, Johann Heinrich Kopp (1777–1858), a physician, was professor of chemistry, physics and natural history at the local lyceum.
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Hermann Minkowski
Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a German mathematician and professor at Königsberg, Zürich and Göttingen.
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Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions in several scientific fields.
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Hermann Weyl
Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl, (9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher.
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Hess's law
Hess' law of constant heat summation, also known as Hess' law (or Hess's law), is a relationship in physical chemistry named after Germain Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840.
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Hilbert series and Hilbert polynomial
In commutative algebra, the Hilbert function, the Hilbert polynomial, and the Hilbert series of a graded commutative algebra finitely generated over a field are three strongly related notions which measure the growth of the dimension of the homogeneous components of the algebra.
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Hilbert's axioms
Hilbert's axioms are a set of 20 assumptions proposed by David Hilbert in 1899 in his book Grundlagen der Geometrie (tr. The Foundations of Geometry) as the foundation for a modern treatment of Euclidean geometry.
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Hilbert's basis theorem
In mathematics, specifically commutative algebra, Hilbert's basis theorem says that a polynomial ring over a Noetherian ring is Noetherian.
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Hilbert's irreducibility theorem
In number theory, Hilbert's irreducibility theorem, conceived by David Hilbert, states that every finite number of irreducible polynomials in a finite number of variables and having rational number coefficients admit a common specialization of a proper subset of the variables to rational numbers such that all the polynomials remain irreducible.
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Hilbert's syzygy theorem
In mathematics, Hilbert's syzygy theorem is one of the three fundamental theorems about polynomial rings over fields, first proved by David Hilbert in 1890, which were introduced for solving important open questions in invariant theory, and are at the basis of modern algebraic geometry.
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Hilbert's theorem (differential geometry)
In differential geometry, Hilbert's theorem (1901) states that there exists no complete regular surface S of constant negative gaussian curvature K immersed in \mathbb^.
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Hilbert's Theorem 90
In abstract algebra, Hilbert's Theorem 90 (or Satz 90) is an important result on cyclic extensions of fields (or to one of its generalizations) that leads to Kummer theory.
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Hilding Faxén
Olov Hilding Faxén (March 29, 1892 – 1970) was a Swedish physicist who was primarily active within mechanics.
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Hooke's law
Hooke's law is a principle of physics that states that the force needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance scales linearly with respect to that distance.
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Hubble's law
Hubble's law is the name for the observation in physical cosmology that.
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Hund's rules
In atomic physics, Hund's rules refers to a set of rules that German physicist Friedrich Hund formulated around 1927, which are used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom.
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Huygens–Fresnel principle
The Huygens–Fresnel principle (named after Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens and French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel) is a method of analysis applied to problems of wave propagation both in the far-field limit and in near-field diffraction.
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Hypergeometric function
In mathematics, the Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function 2F1(a,b;c;z) is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series, that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases.
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Identity of indiscernibles
The identity of indiscernibles is an ontological principle that states that there cannot be separate objects or entities that have all their properties in common.
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Igor Ternov
Igor Mikhailovich Ternov (И́горь Миха́йлович Терно́в; November 11, 1921 – April 12, 1996) was a Russian theoretical physicist, known for discovery of new quantum effects in microscopic particle motion such as Dynamic Character of the Electron Anomalous Magnetic Moment, the Effect of Radiative Polarization of Electrons and Positrons in a Magnetic Field, and Quantum Fluctuations of Electron Trajectories in Accelerators.
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Irving Langmuir
Irving Langmuir (January 31, 1881 – August 16, 1957) was an American chemist and physicist.
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Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution.
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Ivan M. Niven
Ivan Morton Niven (October 25, 1915 – May 9, 1999) was a Canadian-American mathematician, specializing in number theory.
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Ivar Otto Bendixson
Ivar Otto Bendixson (August 1, 1861 – November 29, 1935) was a Swedish mathematician.
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Jacob Grimm
Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863) also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German philologist, jurist, and mythologist.
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Jacques Charles
Jacques Alexandre César Charles (November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823) was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist.
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James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics.
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James Jurin
James Jurin FRS FRCP (baptised 15 December 168429 March 1750) was an English scientist and physician, particularly remembered for his early work in capillary action and in the epidemiology of smallpox vaccination.
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James Prescott Joule
James Prescott Joule (24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire.
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József Beck
József Beck (Budapest, Hungary, February 14, 1952) is a Harold H. Martin Professor of Mathematics at Rutgers University.
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Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille
Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (22 April 1797 – 26 December 1869) was a French physicist and physiologist.
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Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist.
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Jean-Baptiste Biot
Jean-Baptiste Biot (21 April 1774 – 3 February 1862) was a French physicist, astronomer, and mathematician who established the reality of meteorites, made an early balloon flight, and studied the polarization of light.
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Johann Daniel Titius
Johann Daniel Titius born Johann Daniel Tietz(e) (2 January 1729 – 16 December 1796) was a German astronomer and a professor at Wittenberg.
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Johann Elert Bode
Johann Elert Bode (19 January 1747 – 23 November 1826) was a German astronomer known for his reformulation and popularisation of the Titius–Bode law.
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Johann Heinrich Lambert
Johann Heinrich Lambert (Jean-Henri Lambert in French; 26 August 1728 – 25 September 1777) was a Swiss polymath who made important contributions to the subjects of mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy and map projections.
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Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Johannes Diderik van der Waals (23 November 1837 – 8 March 1923) was a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his work on an equation of state for gases and liquids.
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.
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John Dalton
John Dalton FRS (6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist.
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John Forbes Nash Jr.
John Forbes Nash Jr. (June 13, 1928 – May 23, 2015) was an American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to game theory, differential geometry, and the study of partial differential equations.
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John Gamble Kirkwood
John "Jack" Gamble Kirkwood (May 30, 1907, Gotebo, Oklahoma – August 9, 1959, New Haven, Connecticut) was a noted chemist and physicist, holding faculty positions at Cornell University, the University of Chicago, California Institute of Technology, and Yale University.
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John Gustafson (scientist)
John Leroy Gustafson (born January 19, 1955) is an American computer scientist and businessman, chiefly known for his work in High Performance Computing (HPC) such as the invention of Gustafson's law, introducing the first commercial computer cluster, measuring with QUIPS, leading the reconstruction of the Atanasoff–Berry computer, inventing the unum number format and computation system, and several awards for computer speedup.
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John Hopkinson
John Hopkinson, FRS, (27 July 1849 – 27 August 1898) was a British physicist, electrical engineer, Fellow of the Royal Society and President of the IEE (now the IET) twice in 1890 and 1896.
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John Stewart Bell
John Stewart Bell FRS (28 June 1928 – 1 October 1990) was a Northern Irish physicist, and the originator of Bell's theorem, an important theorem in quantum physics regarding hidden variable theories.
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John von Neumann
John von Neumann (Neumann János Lajos,; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath.
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Josef Stefan
Josef Stefan (Jožef Štefan; 24 March 1835 – 7 January 1893) was an ethnic Carinthian Slovene physicist, mathematician, and poet of the Austrian Empire.
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Joseph Fourier
Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (21 March 1768 – 16 May 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist born in Auxerre and best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations.
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Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (also Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac; 6 December 1778 – 9 May 1850) was a French chemist and physicist.
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Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (or;; born Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia, Encyclopædia Britannica or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier, Turin, 25 January 1736 – Paris, 10 April 1813; also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia) was an Italian Enlightenment Era mathematician and astronomer.
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Josiah Willard Gibbs
Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American scientist who made important theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
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Joule effect
Joule effect and Joule's law are any of several different physical effects discovered or characterized by English physicist James Prescott Joule.
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Jurin's law
Jurin's law describes the rise and fall of a liquid within a thin capillary tube.
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Kasha's rule
Kasha's rule is a principle in the photochemistry of electronically excited molecules.
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Ke Zhao
Ke Zhao or Chao Ko (April 12, 1910 – November 8, 2002) was a Chinese mathematician born in Wenling, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Kepler's laws of planetary motion
In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun.
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Kirchhoff's laws
There are several Kirchhoff's laws, all named after Gustav Kirchhoff.
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Kopp's law
Kopp's law can refer to either of two relationships discovered by the German chemist Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp (1817–1892).
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Kurt Gödel
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian, and later American, logician, mathematician, and philosopher.
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L'Hôpital's rule
In mathematics, and more specifically in calculus, L'Hôpital's rule or L'Hospital's rule uses derivatives to help evaluate limits involving indeterminate forms.
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Lagrange invariant
In optics the Lagrange invariant is a measure of the light propagating through an optical system.
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Lagrange multiplier
In mathematical optimization, the method of Lagrange multipliers (named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange) is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equality constraints (i.e., subject to the condition that one or more equations have to be satisfied exactly by the chosen values of the variables).
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Lagrange polynomial
In numerical analysis, Lagrange polynomials are used for polynomial interpolation.
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Lagrange reversion theorem
In mathematics, the Lagrange reversion theorem gives series or formal power series expansions of certain implicitly defined functions; indeed, of compositions with such functions.
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Lagrange's four-square theorem
Lagrange's four-square theorem, also known as Bachet's conjecture, states that every natural number can be represented as the sum of four integer squares.
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Lagrange's theorem (group theory)
Lagrange's theorem, in the mathematics of group theory, states that for any finite group G, the order (number of elements) of every subgroup H of G divides the order of G. The theorem is named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
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Lagrange's theorem (number theory)
In number theory, Lagrange's theorem is a statement named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange about how frequently a polynomial over the integers may evaluate to a multiple of a fixed prime.
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Lagrangian point
In celestial mechanics, the Lagrangian points (also Lagrange points, L-points, or libration points) are positions in an orbital configuration of two large bodies, wherein a small object, affected only by the gravitational forces from the two larger objects, will maintain its position relative to them.
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Lambert's cosine law
In optics, Lambert's cosine law says that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the direction of the incident light and the surface normal.
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Lamm equation
The Lamm equation describes the sedimentation and diffusion of a solute under ultracentrifugation in traditional sector-shaped cells.
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Langmuir adsorption model
The Langmuir adsorption model explains adsorption by assuming an adsorbate behaves as an ideal gas at isothermal conditions.
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Laplace distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the Laplace distribution is a continuous probability distribution named after Pierre-Simon Laplace.
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Laplace expansion
In linear algebra, the Laplace expansion, named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, also called cofactor expansion, is an expression for the determinant |B| of an n × n matrix B that is a weighted sum of the determinants of n sub-matrices of B, each of size (n−1) × (n−1).
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Laplace invariant
In differential equations, the Laplace invariant of any of certain differential operators is a certain function of the coefficients and their derivatives.
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Laplace limit
In mathematics, the Laplace limit is the maximum value of the eccentricity for which a solution to Kepler's equation, in terms of a power series in the eccentricity, converges.
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Laplace operator
In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a function on Euclidean space.
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Laplace principle (large deviations theory)
In mathematics, Laplace's principle is a basic theorem in large deviations theory, similar to Varadhan's lemma.
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Laplace transform
In mathematics, the Laplace transform is an integral transform named after its discoverer Pierre-Simon Laplace.
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Laplace's equation
In mathematics, Laplace's equation is a second-order partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon Laplace who first studied its properties.
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Law of dilution
Wilhelm Ostwald’s dilution law is a relationship proposed in 1888 between the dissociation constant and the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte.
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Lawrence Bragg
Sir William Lawrence Bragg, (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of Bragg's law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure.
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Laws of science
The laws of science, scientific laws, or scientific principles are statements that describe or predict a range of phenomena as they appear in nature.
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Le Chatelier's principle
Le Chatelier's principle, also called Chatelier's principle or "The Equilibrium Law", can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on some chemical equilibria.
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Lenz's law
Lenz's law (pronounced), named after the physicist Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz who formulated it in 1834, states that the direction of current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field due to induction is such that it creates a magnetic field that opposes the change that produced it.
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Leonard–Merritt mass estimator
The Leonard–Merritt mass estimator is a formula for estimating the mass of a spherical stellar system using the apparent (angular) positions and proper motions of its component stars.
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Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (Swiss Standard German:; German Standard German:; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer, who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory.
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Lincoln Wolfenstein
Lincoln Wolfenstein (February 10, 1923, Cleveland, Ohio – March 27, 2015, Oakland, California) was an American particle physicist who studied the weak interaction.
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List of eponymous laws
This list of eponymous laws provides links to articles on laws, principles, adages, and other succinct observations or predictions named after a person.
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List of scientific constants named after people
This is a list of physical and mathematical constants named after people.
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List of things named after Albert Einstein
This is a list of things named after Albert Einstein.
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List of things named after Alfred Tarski
In the history of mathematics, Alfred Tarski (1901–1983) is one of the most important logicians.
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List of things named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy
Many things are named after the 19th-century French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy.
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List of things named after Bernhard Riemann
The German mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866) is the eponym of many things.
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List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) is the eponym of all of the topics listed below.
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List of things named after Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), an Italian-born, naturalized American physicist, is the eponym of the topics listed below.
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List of things named after Henri Poincaré
In physics and mathematics, a number of ideas are named after Henri Poincaré.
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List of things named after Hermann Weyl
This is a list of topics named after Hermann Weyl, the influential German mathematician from the 20th century.
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List of things named after Isaac Newton
This is a list of things named after Isaac Newton.
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List of things named after John von Neumann
This is a list of things named after John von Neumann.
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List of things named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Several concepts from mathematics and physics are named after the mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange, as are a crater on the moon and a street in Paris.
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List of things named after Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (1707–1783)In mathematics and physics, there are a large number of topics named in honor of Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), who made many important discoveries and innovations.
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List of things named after Paul Dirac
Below is a list of things, primarily in the fields of mathematics and physics, named in honour of Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac.
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List of things named after Paul Erdős
The following are named after Paul Erdős.
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List of things named after Pierre-Simon Laplace
This is a list of things named after Pierre-Simon Laplace.
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List of things named after Siméon Denis Poisson
These are things named after Siméon Denis Poisson (1781 – 1840), a French mathematician.
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List of things named after Srinivasa Ramanujan
Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887 – 1920) is the eponym of all of the topics listed below.
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Lists of etymologies
This is a list of etymological lists.
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Llinás's law
Llinás's law, or law of no interchangeability of neurons, is a statement in neuroscience made by Rodolfo Llinás in 1989, during his Luigi Galvani Award Lecture at the Fidia Research Foundation Neuroscience Award Lectures.
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Ludwig Boltzmann
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion).
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Mach reflection
Mach reflection is a supersonic fluid dynamics effect, named for Ernst Mach, and is a shock wave reflection pattern involving three shocks.
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Mach's principle
In theoretical physics, particularly in discussions of gravitation theories, Mach's principle (or Mach's conjecture) is the name given by Einstein to an imprecise hypothesis often credited to the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach.
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Magnetic circuit
A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux.
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Marconi's law
Marconi's law is the relation between height of antennas and maximum signaling distance of radio transmissions.
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Mark Kac
Mark Kac (Polish: Marek Kac; August 3, 1914 – October 26, 1984) was a Polish American mathematician.
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Markovnikov's rule
In organic chemistry, Markovnikov's rule or Markownikoff's rule describes the outcome of some addition reactions.
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Mathematical analysis
Mathematical analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with limits and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite series, and analytic functions.
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Maupertuis's principle
In classical mechanics, Maupertuis's principle (named after Pierre Louis Maupertuis), is that the path followed by a physical system is the one of least length (with a suitable interpretation of path and length).
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Max Born
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics.
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Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, FRS (23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
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Maxwell relations
Flow chart showing the paths between the Maxwell relations. ''P'': pressure, ''T'': temperature, ''V'': volume, ''S'': entropy, ''α'': coefficient of thermal expansion, ''κ'': compressibility, ''CV'': heat capacity at constant volume, ''CP'': heat capacity at constant pressure. Maxwell's relations are a set of equations in thermodynamics which are derivable from the symmetry of second derivatives and from the definitions of the thermodynamic potentials.
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Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits.
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Meghnad Saha
Meghnad Saha FRS (6 October 1893 – 16 February 1956) was an Indian astrophysicist best known for his development of the Saha ionization equation, used to describe chemical and physical conditions in stars.
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Mendelian inheritance
Mendelian inheritance is a type of biological inheritance that follows the laws originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900.
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Metcalfe's law
Metcalfe's law states the effect of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system (n2).
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Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
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Michael Kasha
Michael Kasha (December 6, 1920 – June 12, 2013) was an American physical chemist and molecular spectroscopist who was one of the original founders of the at Florida State University (FSU).
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Michel Rolle
Michel Rolle (21 April 1652 – 8 November 1719) was a French mathematician.
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Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect
The Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect (often referred to as matter effect) is a particle physics process which can act to modify neutrino oscillations in matter.
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Milner–Rado paradox
In set theory, a branch of mathematics, the Milner – Rado paradox, found by, states that every ordinal number α less than the successor κ+ of some cardinal number κ can be written as the union of sets X1,X2,...
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Minkowski's theorem
In mathematics, Minkowski's theorem is the statement that any convex set in \mathbb^n which is symmetric with respect to the origin and which has volume greater than 2^n contains a non-zero integer point.
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Mitscherlich's law
Mitscherlich's law of isomorphism, or the law of isomorphism, is an approximate law suggesting that crystals composed of the same number of similar elements tend to demonstrate isomorphism.
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Moore's law
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years.
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Murphy's law
Murphy's law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong".
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Nash embedding theorem
The Nash embedding theorems (or imbedding theorems), named after John Forbes Nash, state that every Riemannian manifold can be isometrically embedded into some Euclidean space.
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Nash equilibrium
In game theory, the Nash equilibrium, named after American mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr., is a solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more players in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy.
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Nernst equation
In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is an equation that relates the reduction potential of an electrochemical reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) to the standard electrode potential, temperature, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing reduction and oxidation.
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Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
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Newton's laws of motion
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics.
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Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn
Nicolaas Govert (Dick) de Bruijn (9 July 1918 – 17 February 2012) was a Dutch mathematician, noted for his many contributions in the fields of analysis, number theory, combinatorics and logic.
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Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1 June 1796 – 24 August 1832) was a French military engineer and physicist, often described as the "father of thermodynamics".
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Niels Henrik Abel
Niels Henrik Abel (5 August 1802 – 6 April 1829) was a Norwegian mathematician who made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields.
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Nikolay Bogolyubov
Nikolay Nikolayevich Bogolyubov (Никола́й Никола́евич Боголю́бов; 21 August 1909 – 13 February 1992), also transliterated as Bogoliubov and Bogolubov, was a Soviet mathematician and theoretical physicist known for a significant contribution to quantum field theory, classical and quantum statistical mechanics, and the theory of dynamical systems; He was the recipient of the 1992 Dirac Prize.
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Nikolay Umov
Nikolay Alekseevich Umov (Никола́й Алексе́евич У́мов; January 23, 1846 – January 15, 1915) was a Russian physicist and mathematician known for discovering the concept of Umov-Poynting vector and Umov effect.
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Niven's theorem
In mathematics, Niven's theorem, named after Ivan Niven, states that the only rational values of θ in the interval 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90° for which the sine of θ degrees is also a rational number are: \begin \sin 0^\circ &.
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Noether's theorem
Noether's (first) theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law.
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Norbert Wiener
Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American mathematician and philosopher.
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Norman H. Anning
Norman Herbert Anning (–) was a mathematician, assistant professor, professor emeritus, and instructor in mathematics, recognized and acclaimed in mathematics for publishing a proof of the characterization of the infinite sets of points in the plane with mutually integer distances, known as the Erdős–Anning theorem.
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Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
In the field of digital signal processing, the sampling theorem is a fundamental bridge between continuous-time signals (often called "analog signals") and discrete-time signals (often called "digital signals").
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Occam's razor
Occam's razor (also Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor; Latin: lex parsimoniae "law of parsimony") is the problem-solving principle that, the simplest explanation tends to be the right one.
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Ohm's law
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.
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Ole Lamm
Ole Albert Lamm (December 25, 1902 in Gothenburg – August 14, 1964 in Stockholm), was a Swedish physical chemist whose research included diffusion and sedimentation phenomena.
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Osipkov–Merritt model
Osipkov–Merritt models (named for Leonid Osipkov and David Merritt) are mathematical representations of spherical stellar systems (galaxies, star clusters, globular clusters etc.). The Osipkov-Merritt formula generates a one-parameter family of phase-space distribution functions that reproduce a specified density profile (representing stars) in a specified gravitational potential (in which the stars move).
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Paley–Wiener theorem
In mathematics, a Paley–Wiener theorem is any theorem that relates decay properties of a function or distribution at infinity with analyticity of its Fourier transform.
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Pareto distribution
No description.
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Pareto efficiency
Pareto efficiency or Pareto optimality is a state of allocation of resources from which it is impossible to reallocate so as to make any one individual or preference criterion better off without making at least one individual or preference criterion worse off.
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Pareto index
In economics the Pareto index, named after the Italian economist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a measure of the breadth of income or wealth distribution.
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Pareto principle
The Pareto principle (also known as the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity) states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.
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Pascal's law
Pascal's law (also Pascal's principle or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure) is a principle in fluid mechanics that states that a pressure change occurring anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.
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Pascal's theorem
In projective geometry, Pascal's theorem (also known as the hexagrammum mysticum theorem) states that if six arbitrary points are chosen on a conic (i.e., ellipse, parabola or hyperbola) and joined by line segments in any order to form a hexagon, then the three pairs of opposite sides of the hexagon (extended if necessary) meet in three points which lie on a straight line, called the Pascal line of the hexagon.
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Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who is regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century.
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Paul Ehrenfest
Paul Ehrenfest (18 January 1880 – 25 September 1933) was an Austrian and Dutch theoretical physicist, who made major contributions to the field of statistical mechanics and its relations with quantum mechanics, including the theory of phase transition and the Ehrenfest theorem.
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Paul Erdős
Paul Erdős (Erdős Pál; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician.
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Paul Fitts
Paul Morris Fitts Jr. (May 6, 1912 – May 2, 1965) was a psychologist at the Ohio State University (later at the University of Michigan).
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Pauli exclusion principle
The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.
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Peano axioms
In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind–Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano.
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Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity.
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Pierre de Fermat
Pierre de Fermat (Between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality.
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Pierre Louis Maupertuis
Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698 – 27 July 1759) was a French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters.
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Pierre Weiss
Pierre-Ernest Weiss (25 March 1865, Mulhouse – 24 October 1940, Lyon) was a French physicist specialized in magnetism and developed the domain theory of ferromagnetism in 1907.
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Pierre-Simon Laplace
Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar whose work was important to the development of mathematics, statistics, physics and astronomy.
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Planck's law
Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T. The law is named after Max Planck, who proposed it in 1900.
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Poincaré conjecture
In mathematics, the Poincaré conjecture is a theorem about the characterization of the 3-sphere, which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space.
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Poincaré recurrence theorem
In physics, the Poincaré recurrence theorem states that certain systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state very close to, if not exactly the same as, the initial state.
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Poincaré–Bendixson theorem
In mathematics, the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem is a statement about the long-term behaviour of orbits of continuous dynamical systems on the plane, cylinder, or two-sphere.
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Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem
In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, in the theory of Lie algebras, the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem (or PBW theorem) is a result giving an explicit description of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra.
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Poincaré–Hopf theorem
In mathematics, the Poincaré–Hopf theorem (also known as the Poincaré–Hopf index formula, Poincaré–Hopf index theorem, or Hopf index theorem) is an important theorem that is used in differential topology.
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Poisson distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the Poisson distribution (in English often rendered), named after French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson, is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space if these events occur with a known constant rate and independently of the time since the last event.
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Poisson's equation
In mathematics, Poisson's equation is a partial differential equation of elliptic type with broad utility in mechanical engineering and theoretical physics.
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Price equation
In the theory of evolution and natural selection, the Price equation (also known as Price's equation or Price's theorem) describes how a trait or gene changes in frequency over time.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; Claudius Ptolemaeus) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology.
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Ptolemy's theorem
In Euclidean geometry, Ptolemy's theorem is a relation between the four sides and two diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral (a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on a common circle).
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Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of the Pythagoreanism movement.
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Pythagorean theorem
In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem, also known as Pythagoras' theorem, is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle.
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Rado's theorem (Ramsey theory)
Rado's theorem is a theorem from the branch of mathematics known as Ramsey theory.
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Raman scattering
Raman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of a photon by molecules which are excited to higher vibrational or rotational energy levels.
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Ramanujan–Nagell equation
In mathematics, in the field of number theory, the Ramanujan–Nagell equation is an equation between a square number and a number that is seven less than a power of two.
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Raoult's law
Raoult's law (law) is a law of thermodynamics established by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887.
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Raymond Paley
Raymond Edward Alan Christopher Paley (7 January 1907 – 7 April 1933) was an English mathematician.
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René Descartes
René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.
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Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model.
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Richard Rado
Richard Rado FRS (28 April 1906 – 23 December 1989) was a German-born British mathematician whose research concerned combinatorics and graph theory.
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Riemann hypothesis
In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part.
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Riemann integral
In the branch of mathematics known as real analysis, the Riemann integral, created by Bernhard Riemann, was the first rigorous definition of the integral of a function on an interval.
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Riemann sphere
In mathematics, the Riemann sphere, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a model of the extended complex plane, the complex plane plus a point at infinity.
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Riemann zeta function
The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function,, is a function of a complex variable s that analytically continues the sum of the Dirichlet series which converges when the real part of is greater than 1.
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Riemann–Lebesgue lemma
In mathematics, the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma, named after Bernhard Riemann and Henri Lebesgue, is of importance in harmonic analysis and asymptotic analysis.
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Riemannian manifold
In differential geometry, a (smooth) Riemannian manifold or (smooth) Riemannian space (M,g) is a real, smooth manifold M equipped with an inner product g_p on the tangent space T_pM at each point p that varies smoothly from point to point in the sense that if X and Y are differentiable vector fields on M, then p \mapsto g_p(X(p),Y(p)) is a smooth function.
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Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor.
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Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke FRS (– 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath.
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Robert Metcalfe
Robert Melancton Metcalfe (born April 7, 1946) is an electrical engineer from the United States who co-invented Ethernet, founded 3Com and formulated Metcalfe's Law.
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Rodolfo Llinás
Rodolfo R. Llinás (Bogotá, Colombia 16 December 1934) is a Colombian neuroscientist.
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Rolle's theorem
In calculus, Rolle's theorem essentially states that any real-valued differentiable function that attains equal values at two distinct points must have at least one stationary point somewhere between them—that is, a point where the first derivative (the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function) is zero.
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Saha ionization equation
The Saha ionization equation, also known as the Saha–Langmuir equation, is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure.
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Samuel C. Bradford
Samuel Clement Bradford (10 January 1878 in London – 13 November 1948) was a British mathematician, librarian and documentalist at the Science Museum in London.
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Schrödinger equation
In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is a mathematical equation that describes the changes over time of a physical system in which quantum effects, such as wave–particle duality, are significant.
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Scientific phenomena named after people
This is a list of scientific phenomena and concepts named after people (eponymous phenomena).
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Sersic profile
The Sérsic profile (or Sérsic model or Sérsic's law) is a mathematical function that describes how the intensity I of a galaxy varies with distance R from its center.
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Siméon Denis Poisson
Baron Siméon Denis Poisson FRS FRSE (21 June 1781 – 25 April 1840) was a French mathematician, engineer, and physicist, who made several scientific advances.
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Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet, (13 August 1819 – 1 February 1903), was an Irish physicist and mathematician.
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Snell's law
Snell's law (also known as Snell–Descartes law and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.
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Sokolov–Ternov effect
The Sokolov–Ternov effect is the effect of self-polarization of relativistic electrons or positrons moving at high energy in a magnetic field.
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Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law
The Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law states that the first spark (singly ionized) spectrum of an element is similar in all details to the arc (neutral) spectrum of the element preceding it in the periodic table.
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Special relativity
In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time.
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Srinivasa Ramanujan
Srinivasa Ramanujan (22 December 188726 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician who lived during the British Rule in India. Though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics, he made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to mathematical problems considered to be unsolvable.
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Stanislav Mikheyev
Stanislav Pavlovich Mikheyev (Станисла́в Па́влович Михе́ев; 1940 – 23 April 2011) was a Russian physicist known for the discovery of the MSW effect.
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Stefan–Boltzmann law
The Stefan–Boltzmann law describes the power radiated from a black body in terms of its temperature.
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Steven Weinberg
Steven Weinberg (born May 3, 1933) is an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.
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Stigler's law of eponymy
Stigler's law of eponymy is a process proposed by University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler in his 1980 publication "Stigler’s law of eponymy".
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Stokes's law
In 1851, George Gabriel Stokes derived an expression, now known as Stokes's law, for the frictional force – also called drag force – exerted on spherical objects with very small Reynolds numbers in a viscous fluid.
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Stoletov's law
Stoletov's law (or the first law of photoeffect) for photoelectric effect establishes the direct proportionality between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation acting on a metallic surface and the photocurrent induced by this radiation.
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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar FRS (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995) was an Indian American astrophysicist who spent his professional life in the United States.
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Svante Arrhenius
Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Nobel-Prize winning Swedish scientist, originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, and one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry.
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Tarski's axioms
Tarski's axioms, due to Alfred Tarski, are an axiom set for the substantial fragment of Euclidean geometry, called "elementary," that is formulable in first-order logic with identity, and requiring no set theory.
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Tarski's undefinability theorem
Tarski's undefinability theorem, stated and proved by Alfred Tarski in 1936, is an important limitative result in mathematical logic, the foundations of mathematics, and in formal semantics.
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Thales of Miletus
Thales of Miletus (Θαλῆς (ὁ Μιλήσιος), Thalēs; 624 – c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer from Miletus in Asia Minor (present-day Milet in Turkey).
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Thales's theorem
In geometry, Thales's theorem states that if A, B, and C are distinct points on a circle where the line is a diameter, then the angle ∠ABC is a right angle.
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Thermal conduction
Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat (internal energy) by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body.
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Theta function
In mathematics, theta functions are special functions of several complex variables.
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Thomas Graham (chemist)
Thomas Graham (20 December 1805 – 16 September 1869) was a British chemist who is best-remembered today for his pioneering work in dialysis and the diffusion of gases.
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Thomas Young (scientist)
Thomas Young FRS (13 June 1773 – 10 May 1829) was a British polymath and physician.
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Tibor Gallai
Tibor Gallai (born Tibor Grünwald, 15 July 1912 – 2 January 1992) was a Hungarian mathematician.
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Titius–Bode law
The Titius–Bode law (sometimes termed just Bode's law) is a hypothesis that the bodies in some orbital systems, including the Sun's, orbit at semi-major axes in a function of planetary sequence.
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Torricelli's law
Torricelli's law, also known as Torricelli's theorem, is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing out of an orifice to the height of fluid above the opening.
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Trace inequalities
In mathematics, there are many kinds of inequalities involving matrices and linear operators on Hilbert spaces.
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Trygve Nagell
Trygve Nagell (July 13, 1895 in Oslo – January 24, 1988 in Uppsala) was a Norwegian mathematician, known for his works on the Diophantine equations within number theory.
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Umov effect
The Umov effect, also known as Umov's law, is a relationship between the albedo of an astronomical object, and the degree of polarization of light reflecting off it.
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Uncertainty principle
In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known.
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Van der Waals equation
The van der Waals equation (or van der Waals equation of state; named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals) is based on plausible reasons that real gases do not follow the ideal gas law.
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Vilfredo Pareto
Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher, now also known for the 80/20 rule, named after him as the Pareto principle.
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Vladimir Markovnikov
Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov (Влади́мир Васи́льевич Марко́вников), also spelled as Markownikoff, (December 22, 1838 – February 11, 1904), was a Russian chemist.
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Vlasov equation
The Vlasov equation is a differential equation describing time evolution of the distribution function of plasma consisting of charged particles with long-range interaction, e.g. Coulomb.
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Von Neumann bicommutant theorem
In mathematics, specifically functional analysis, the von Neumann bicommutant theorem relates the closure of a set of bounded operators on a Hilbert space in certain topologies to the bicommutant of that set.
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Von Neumann entropy
In quantum statistical mechanics, the von Neumann entropy, named after John von Neumann, is the extension of classical Gibbs entropy concepts to the field of quantum mechanics.
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Von Neumann neighborhood
In cellular automata, the von Neumann neighborhood is classically defined on a two-dimensional square lattice and is composed of a central cell and its four adjacent cells.
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Von Neumann paradox
In mathematics, the von Neumann paradox, named after John von Neumann, is the idea that one can break a planar figure such as the unit square into sets of points and subject each set to an area-preserving affine transformation such that the result is two planar figures of the same size as the original.
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Von Neumann universe
In set theory and related branches of mathematics, the von Neumann universe, or von Neumann hierarchy of sets, denoted V, is the class of hereditary well-founded sets.
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Walter Kohn
Walter Kohn (March 9, 1923 – April 19, 2016) was an Austrian-born American theoretical physicist and theoretical chemist.
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Walther Kossel
Walther Ludwig Julius Kossel (4 January 1888 in Berlin, Germany – 22 May 1956 in Tübingen, Germany) was a German physicist known for his theory of the chemical bond (ionic bond/octet rule), Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law of atomic spectra, the Kossel-Stranski model for crystal growth, and the Kossel effect.
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Walther Nernst
Walther Hermann Nernst, (25 June 1864 – 18 November 1941) was a German chemist who is known for his work in thermodynamics; his formulation of the Nernst heat theorem helped pave the way for the third law of thermodynamics, for which he won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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Weinberg–Witten theorem
In theoretical physics, the Weinberg–Witten (WW) theorem, proved by Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten, states that massless particles (either composite or elementary) with spin j > 1/2 cannot carry a Lorentz-covariant current, while massless particles with spin j > 1 cannot carry a Lorentz-covariant stress-energy.
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Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics.
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Weyl character formula
In mathematics, the Weyl character formula in representation theory describes the characters of irreducible representations of compact Lie groups in terms of their highest weights.
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Wien's law
Wien's law or Wien law may refer to.
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Wiener–Khinchin theorem
In applied mathematics, the Wiener–Khinchin theorem, also known as the Wiener–Khintchine theorem and sometimes as the Wiener–Khinchin–Einstein theorem or the Khinchin–Kolmogorov theorem, states that the autocorrelation function of a wide-sense-stationary random process has a spectral decomposition given by the power spectrum of that process.
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Wilhelm Grimm
Wilhelm Carl Grimm (also Karl; 24 February 1786 – 16 December 1859) was a German author and anthropologist, and the younger brother of Jacob Grimm, of the library duo the Brothers Grimm.
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Wilhelm Ostwald
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (2 September 1853 – 4 April 1932) was a German chemist.
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Wilhelm Wien
Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (13 January 1864 – 30 August 1928) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature.
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Willebrord Snellius
Willebrord Snellius (born Willebrord Snel van Royen) (13 June 158030 October 1626) was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician, known in the English-speaking world as Snell.
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William Henry (chemist)
William Henry (12 December 1774 – 2 September 1836) was an English chemist.
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William Henry Bragg
Sir William Henry Bragg (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman who uniquelyThis is still a unique accomplishment, because no other parent-child combination has yet shared a Nobel Prize (in any field).
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William Kingdon Clifford
William Kingdon Clifford FRS (4 May 1845 – 3 March 1879) was an English mathematician and philosopher.
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William of Ockham
William of Ockham (also Occam, from Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.
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William Rowan Hamilton
Sir William Rowan Hamilton MRIA (4 August 1805 – 2 September 1865) was an Irish mathematician who made important contributions to classical mechanics, optics, and algebra.
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Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born Swiss and American theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics.
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Young–Laplace equation
In physics, the Young–Laplace equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the capillary pressure difference sustained across the interface between two static fluids, such as water and air, due to the phenomenon of surface tension or wall tension, although usage on the latter is only applicable if assuming that the wall is very thin.
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Zipf's law
Zipf's law is an empirical law formulated using mathematical statistics that refers to the fact that many types of data studied in the physical and social sciences can be approximated with a Zipfian distribution, one of a family of related discrete power law probability distributions.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_laws_named_after_people