Table of Contents
534 relations: A Mathematician's Apology, Abel Prize, Abstract algebra, Abstraction (mathematics), Accountant, Actual infinity, Actuary, Addison-Wesley, Addition, Adjective, Adrien-Marie Legendre, Advances in Mathematics, Aesthetics, Affine geometry, Al-Jabr, Al-Khwarizmi, Alan Sokal, Albert Einstein, Alfred Tarski, Algebra, Algebraic equation, Algebraic geometry, Algebraic number theory, Algebraic structure, Algebraic topology, Algorithm, American Mathematical Society, Analysis of algorithms, Analytic geometry, Analytic number theory, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek, Ancient Near East, Andrew Wiles, Angle, Apéry's theorem, Apodicticity, Apollonius of Perga, Applied mathematics, Approximation, Approximation theory, Arabic, Archimedes, Architecture, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Area, Aristotle, Arithmetic, Armand Borel, ... Expand index (484 more) »
- Formal sciences
- Main topic articles
A Mathematician's Apology
A Mathematician's Apology is a 1940 essay by British mathematician G. H. Hardy, which offers a defence of the pursuit of mathematics.
See Mathematics and A Mathematician's Apology
Abel Prize
The Abel Prize (Abelprisen) is awarded annually by the King of Norway to one or more outstanding mathematicians.
See Mathematics and Abel Prize
Abstract algebra
In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures, which are sets with specific operations acting on their elements.
See Mathematics and Abstract algebra
Abstraction (mathematics)
Abstraction in mathematics is the process of extracting the underlying structures, patterns or properties of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract descriptions of equivalent phenomena.
See Mathematics and Abstraction (mathematics)
Accountant
An accountant is a practitioner of accounting or accountancy.
See Mathematics and Accountant
Actual infinity
In the philosophy of mathematics, the abstraction of actual infinity, also called completed infinity, involves the acceptance (if the axiom of infinity is included) of infinite entities as given, actual and completed objects.
See Mathematics and Actual infinity
Actuary
An actuary is a professional with advanced mathematical skills who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty.
Addison-Wesley
Addison–Wesley is an American publisher of textbooks and computer literature.
See Mathematics and Addison-Wesley
Addition
Addition (usually signified by the plus symbol) is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic, the other three being subtraction, multiplication and division.
Adjective
An adjective (abbreviated adj.) is a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.
Adrien-Marie Legendre
Adrien-Marie Legendre (18 September 1752 – 9 January 1833) was a French mathematician who made numerous contributions to mathematics.
See Mathematics and Adrien-Marie Legendre
Advances in Mathematics
Advances in Mathematics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on pure mathematics.
See Mathematics and Advances in Mathematics
Aesthetics
Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and the nature of taste; and functions as the philosophy of art.
See Mathematics and Aesthetics
Affine geometry
In mathematics, affine geometry is what remains of Euclidean geometry when ignoring (mathematicians often say "forgetting") the metric notions of distance and angle.
See Mathematics and Affine geometry
Al-Jabr
Al-Jabr (Arabic: الجبر), also known as The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing (الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة,; or Liber Algebræ et Almucabola), is an Arabic mathematical treatise on algebra written in Baghdad around 820 by the Persian polymath Al-Khwarizmi.
Al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (محمد بن موسى خوارزمی), often referred to as simply al-Khwarizmi, was a polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography.
See Mathematics and Al-Khwarizmi
Alan Sokal
Alan David Sokal (born January 24, 1955) is an American professor of mathematics at University College London and professor emeritus of physics at New York University.
See Mathematics and Alan Sokal
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".
See Mathematics and Albert Einstein
Alfred Tarski
Alfred Tarski (born Alfred Teitelbaum;School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews,, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews. January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a Polish-American logician and mathematician.
See Mathematics and Alfred Tarski
Algebra
Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies algebraic structures and the manipulation of statements within those structures.
Algebraic equation
In mathematics, an algebraic equation or polynomial equation is an equation of the form P.
See Mathematics and Algebraic equation
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which uses abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, to solve geometrical problems.
See Mathematics and Algebraic geometry
Algebraic number theory
Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations.
See Mathematics and Algebraic number theory
Algebraic structure
In mathematics, an algebraic structure consists of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities, known as axioms, that these operations must satisfy.
See Mathematics and Algebraic structure
Algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces.
See Mathematics and Algebraic topology
Algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation.
American Mathematical Society
The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship, and serves the national and international community through its publications, meetings, advocacy and other programs.
See Mathematics and American Mathematical Society
Analysis of algorithms
In computer science, the analysis of algorithms is the process of finding the computational complexity of algorithms—the amount of time, storage, or other resources needed to execute them.
See Mathematics and Analysis of algorithms
Analytic geometry
In mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry or Cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system.
See Mathematics and Analytic geometry
Analytic number theory
In mathematics, analytic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis to solve problems about the integers.
See Mathematics and Analytic number theory
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
See Mathematics and Ancient Egypt
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
See Mathematics and Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
See Mathematics and Ancient Greek
Ancient Near East
The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, and northeastern Syria), ancient Egypt, ancient Persia (Elam, Media, Parthia, and Persis), Anatolia and the Armenian highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern Iran, southern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus) and the Arabian Peninsula.
See Mathematics and Ancient Near East
Andrew Wiles
Sir Andrew John Wiles (born 11 April 1953) is an English mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, specialising in number theory.
See Mathematics and Andrew Wiles
Angle
In Euclidean geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.
Apéry's theorem
In mathematics, Apéry's theorem is a result in number theory that states the Apéry's constant ζ(3) is irrational.
See Mathematics and Apéry's theorem
Apodicticity
"Apodictic", also spelled "apodeictic" (ἀποδεικτικός, "capable of demonstration"), is an adjectival expression from Aristotelean logic that refers to propositions that are demonstrably, necessarily or self-evidently true.
See Mathematics and Apodicticity
Apollonius of Perga
Apollonius of Perga (Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Περγαῖος) was an ancient Greek geometer and astronomer known for his work on conic sections.
See Mathematics and Apollonius of Perga
Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, and industry.
See Mathematics and Applied mathematics
Approximation
An approximation is anything that is intentionally similar but not exactly equal to something else.
See Mathematics and Approximation
Approximation theory
In mathematics, approximation theory is concerned with how functions can best be approximated with simpler functions, and with quantitatively characterizing the errors introduced thereby.
See Mathematics and Approximation theory
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
Archimedes
Archimedes of Syracuse was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily.
See Mathematics and Archimedes
Architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction.
See Mathematics and Architecture
Archive for History of Exact Sciences
Archive for History of Exact Sciences is a peer-reviewed academic journal currently published bimonthly by Springer Science+Business Media, covering the history of mathematics and of astronomy observations and techniques, epistemology of science, and philosophy of science from Antiquity until now.
See Mathematics and Archive for History of Exact Sciences
Area
Area is the measure of a region's size on a surface.
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Arithmetic
Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
See Mathematics and Arithmetic
Armand Borel
Armand Borel (21 May 1923 – 11 August 2003) was a Swiss mathematician, born in La Chaux-de-Fonds, and was a permanent professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States from 1957 to 1993.
See Mathematics and Armand Borel
Astrology
Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.
Astronomy
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa.
See Mathematics and Augustine of Hippo
Axiom
An axiom, postulate, or assumption is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.
Axiomatic system
In mathematics and logic, an axiomatic system is any set of primitive notions and axioms to logically derive theorems.
See Mathematics and Axiomatic system
Babylonia
Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).
Babylonian mathematics
Babylonian mathematics (also known as Assyro-Babylonian mathematics) is the mathematics developed or practiced by the people of Mesopotamia, as attested by sources mainly surviving from the Old Babylonian period (1830–1531 BC) to the Seleucid from the last three or four centuries BC.
See Mathematics and Babylonian mathematics
Beauty
Beauty is commonly described as a feature of objects that makes them pleasurable to perceive.
Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual.
See Mathematics and Bertrand Russell
Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Boolean algebra
In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra.
See Mathematics and Boolean algebra
Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
The Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society is a quarterly mathematical journal published by the American Mathematical Society.
See Mathematics and Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
Butterfly
Butterflies are winged insects from the lepidopteran suborder Rhopalocera, characterized by large, often brightly coloured wings that often fold together when at rest, and a conspicuous, fluttering flight.
Byju's
Byju's (stylised as BYJU'S) is an Indian multinational educational technology company, headquartered in Bengaluru.
Calculation
A calculation is a deliberate mathematical process that transforms one or more inputs into one or more outputs or results.
See Mathematics and Calculation
Calculus
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Mathematics and Cambridge University Press
Cantor's diagonal argument
Cantor's diagonal argument (among various similar namesthe diagonalisation argument, the diagonal slash argument, the anti-diagonal argument, the diagonal method, and Cantor's diagonalization proof) is a mathematical proof that there are infinite sets which cannot be put into one-to-one correspondence with the infinite set of natural numbersinformally, that there are sets which in some sense contain more elements than there are positive integers.
See Mathematics and Cantor's diagonal argument
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß; Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science.
See Mathematics and Carl Friedrich Gauss
Carnegie Mellon University
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
See Mathematics and Carnegie Mellon University
Cartesian coordinate system
In geometry, a Cartesian coordinate system in a plane is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely by a pair of real numbers called coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, called coordinate lines, coordinate axes or just axes (plural of axis) of the system.
See Mathematics and Cartesian coordinate system
Category theory
Category theory is a general theory of mathematical structures and their relations.
See Mathematics and Category theory
Celestial mechanics
Celestial mechanics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of objects in outer space.
See Mathematics and Celestial mechanics
Charles Hermite
Charles Hermite FRS FRSE MIAS (24 December 1822 – 14 January 1901) was a French mathematician who did research concerning number theory, quadratic forms, invariant theory, orthogonal polynomials, elliptic functions, and algebra.
See Mathematics and Charles Hermite
Chern Medal
The Chern Medal is an international award recognizing outstanding lifelong achievement of the highest level in the field of mathematics.
See Mathematics and Chern Medal
Chess
Chess is a board game for two players.
Christian Goldbach
Christian Goldbach (18 March 1690 – 20 November 1764) was a Prussian mathematician connected with some important research mainly in number theory; he also studied law and took an interest in and a role in the Russian court.
See Mathematics and Christian Goldbach
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.
Circle
A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre.
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Mathematics and Classical antiquity
Clause
In language, a clause is a constituent or phrase that comprises a semantic predicand (expressed or not) and a semantic predicate.
Clinical trial
Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison.
See Mathematics and Clinical trial
Cliodynamics
Cliodynamics is a transdisciplinary area of research that integrates cultural evolution, economic history/cliometrics, macrosociology, the mathematical modeling of historical processes during the longue durée, and the construction and analysis of historical databases.
See Mathematics and Cliodynamics
Coding theory
Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications.
See Mathematics and Coding theory
Columbia University
Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.
See Mathematics and Columbia University
Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set.
See Mathematics and Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorics
Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with the counting, selecting and arranging of objects, both as a means and as an end in itself.
See Mathematics and Combinatorics
Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics
Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.
See Mathematics and Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics
Commutative algebra
Commutative algebra, first known as ideal theory, is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings.
See Mathematics and Commutative algebra
Commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative.
See Mathematics and Commutative ring
Compiler
In computing, a compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another language (the target language).
Complex analysis
Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of mathematical analysis that investigates functions of complex numbers.
See Mathematics and Complex analysis
Complex geometry
In mathematics, complex geometry is the study of geometric structures and constructions arising out of, or described by, the complex numbers.
See Mathematics and Complex geometry
Complex number
In mathematics, a complex number is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with a specific element denoted, called the imaginary unit and satisfying the equation i^.
See Mathematics and Complex number
Complex system
A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other.
See Mathematics and Complex system
Computability theory
Computability theory, also known as recursion theory, is a branch of mathematical logic, computer science, and the theory of computation that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees.
See Mathematics and Computability theory
Computational complexity
In computer science, the computational complexity or simply complexity of an algorithm is the amount of resources required to run it.
See Mathematics and Computational complexity
Computational complexity theory
In theoretical computer science and mathematics, computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource usage, and relating these classes to each other.
See Mathematics and Computational complexity theory
Computer
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation).
Computer algebra
In mathematics and computer science, computer algebra, also called symbolic computation or algebraic computation, is a scientific area that refers to the study and development of algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and other mathematical objects.
See Mathematics and Computer algebra
Computer network
A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes.
See Mathematics and Computer network
Computer program
A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute.
See Mathematics and Computer program
Computer science
Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Mathematics and Computer science are formal sciences.
See Mathematics and Computer science
Computer-assisted proof
A computer-assisted proof is a mathematical proof that has been at least partially generated by computer.
See Mathematics and Computer-assisted proof
Concept
A concept is defined as an abstract idea. Mathematics and concept are main topic articles.
Concision
In common usage and linguistics, concision (also called conciseness, succinctness, terseness, brevity, or laconicism) is a communication principle of eliminating redundancy,UNT Writing Lab.
Cone
A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex.
Conic section
A conic section, conic or a quadratic curve is a curve obtained from a cone's surface intersecting a plane.
See Mathematics and Conic section
Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof.
See Mathematics and Conjecture
Consistency
In classical deductive logic, a consistent theory is one that does not lead to a logical contradiction.
See Mathematics and Consistency
Constraint programming
Constraint programming (CP) is a paradigm for solving combinatorial problems that draws on a wide range of techniques from artificial intelligence, computer science, and operations research.
See Mathematics and Constraint programming
Continuous function
In mathematics, a continuous function is a function such that a small variation of the argument induces a small variation of the value of the function.
See Mathematics and Continuous function
Continuous game
A continuous game is a mathematical concept, used in game theory, that generalizes the idea of an ordinary game like tic-tac-toe (noughts and crosses) or checkers (draughts).
See Mathematics and Continuous game
Continuum (set theory)
In the mathematical field of set theory, the continuum means the real numbers, or the corresponding (infinite) cardinal number, denoted by \mathfrak.
See Mathematics and Continuum (set theory)
Control theory
Control theory is a field of control engineering and applied mathematics that deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines.
See Mathematics and Control theory
Controversy over Cantor's theory
In mathematical logic, the theory of infinite sets was first developed by Georg Cantor.
See Mathematics and Controversy over Cantor's theory
Convex geometry
In mathematics, convex geometry is the branch of geometry studying convex sets, mainly in Euclidean space.
See Mathematics and Convex geometry
Convex optimization
Convex optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization that studies the problem of minimizing convex functions over convex sets (or, equivalently, maximizing concave functions over convex sets).
See Mathematics and Convex optimization
Convex set
In geometry, a subset of a Euclidean space, or more generally an affine space over the reals, is convex if, given any two points in the subset, the subset contains the whole line segment that joins them.
See Mathematics and Convex set
Corollary
In mathematics and logic, a corollary is a theorem of less importance which can be readily deduced from a previous, more notable statement.
Cost
Cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something or deliver a service, and hence is not available for use anymore.
Countable set
In mathematics, a set is countable if either it is finite or it can be made in one to one correspondence with the set of natural numbers.
See Mathematics and Countable set
Counterexample
A counterexample is any exception to a generalization.
See Mathematics and Counterexample
Counting
Counting is the process of determining the number of elements of a finite set of objects; that is, determining the size of a set.
Cryptography
Cryptography, or cryptology (from κρυπτός|translit. Mathematics and Cryptography are formal sciences.
See Mathematics and Cryptography
Curve
In mathematics, a curve (also called a curved line in older texts) is an object similar to a line, but that does not have to be straight.
Cyclic group
In abstract algebra, a cyclic group or monogenous group is a group, denoted Cn (also frequently \Zn or Zn, not to be confused with the commutative ring of p-adic numbers), that is generated by a single element.
See Mathematics and Cyclic group
Cylinder
A cylinder has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes.
Cylindrical algebraic decomposition
In mathematics, cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) is a notion, along with an algorithm to compute it, that is fundamental for computer algebra and real algebraic geometry.
See Mathematics and Cylindrical algebraic decomposition
Dark Ages (historiography)
The Dark Ages is a term for the Early Middle Ages (–10th centuries), or occasionally the entire Middle Ages (–15th centuries), in Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which characterises it as marked by economic, intellectual, and cultural decline.
See Mathematics and Dark Ages (historiography)
David Hilbert
David Hilbert (23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician and one of the most influential mathematicians of his time.
See Mathematics and David Hilbert
Decidability of first-order theories of the real numbers
In mathematical logic, a first-order language of the real numbers is the set of all well-formed sentences of first-order logic that involve universal and existential quantifiers and logical combinations of equalities and inequalities of expressions over real variables.
See Mathematics and Decidability of first-order theories of the real numbers
Decimal separator
A decimal separator is a symbol that separates the integer part from the fractional part of a number written in decimal form (e.g., "." in 12.45).
See Mathematics and Decimal separator
Decision theory
Decision theory (or the theory of choice) is a branch of applied probability theory and analytic philosophy concerned with the theory of making decisions based on assigning probabilities to various factors and assigning numerical consequences to the outcome. Mathematics and decision theory are formal sciences.
See Mathematics and Decision theory
Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences.
See Mathematics and Deductive reasoning
Design of experiments
The design of experiments (DOE or DOX), also known as experiment design or experimental design, is the design of any task that aims to describe and explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation.
See Mathematics and Design of experiments
Differentiable function
In mathematics, a differentiable function of one real variable is a function whose derivative exists at each point in its domain.
See Mathematics and Differentiable function
Differential calculus
In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change.
See Mathematics and Differential calculus
Differential geometry
Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that studies the geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds.
See Mathematics and Differential geometry
Diophantine equation
In mathematics, a Diophantine equation is an equation, typically a polynomial equation in two or more unknowns with integer coefficients, for which only integer solutions are of interest.
See Mathematics and Diophantine equation
Diophantus
Diophantus of Alexandria (born; died) was a Greek mathematician, who was the author of two main works: On Polygonal Numbers, which survives incomplete, and the Arithmetica in thirteen books, most of it extant, made up of arithmetical problems that are solved through algebraic equations.
See Mathematics and Diophantus
Discrete geometry
Discrete geometry and combinatorial geometry are branches of geometry that study combinatorial properties and constructive methods of discrete geometric objects.
See Mathematics and Discrete geometry
Discrete mathematics
Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that can be considered "discrete" (in a way analogous to discrete variables, having a bijection with the set of natural numbers) rather than "continuous" (analogously to continuous functions).
See Mathematics and Discrete mathematics
Discrete optimization
Discrete optimization is a branch of optimization in applied mathematics and computer science.
See Mathematics and Discrete optimization
Discretization
In applied mathematics, discretization is the process of transferring continuous functions, models, variables, and equations into discrete counterparts.
See Mathematics and Discretization
Distribution (mathematics)
Distributions, also known as Schwartz distributions or generalized functions, are objects that generalize the classical notion of functions in mathematical analysis.
See Mathematics and Distribution (mathematics)
Division (mathematics)
Division is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic.
See Mathematics and Division (mathematics)
Dover Publications
Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward and Blanche Cirker.
See Mathematics and Dover Publications
Early modern period
The early modern period is a historical period that is part of the modern period based primarily on the history of Europe and the broader concept of modernity.
See Mathematics and Early modern period
Economics
Economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Economist
An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.
Elementary arithmetic
Elementary arithmetic is a branch of mathematics involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
See Mathematics and Elementary arithmetic
Ellipse
In mathematics, an ellipse is a plane curve surrounding two focal points, such that for all points on the curve, the sum of the two distances to the focal points is a constant.
Emmy Noether
Amalie Emmy Noether (23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was a German mathematician who made many important contributions to abstract algebra.
See Mathematics and Emmy Noether
Encyclopaedia of Islam
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam.
See Mathematics and Encyclopaedia of Islam
Engineering
Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems. Mathematics and engineering are main topic articles.
See Mathematics and Engineering
Enumeration
An enumeration is a complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection.
See Mathematics and Enumeration
Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge.
See Mathematics and Epistemology
Equals sign
The equals sign (British English) or equal sign (American English), also known as the equality sign, is the mathematical symbol, which is used to indicate equality in some well-defined sense.
See Mathematics and Equals sign
Equation
In mathematics, an equation is a mathematical formula that expresses the equality of two expressions, by connecting them with the equals sign.
Error correction code
In computing, telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, forward error correction (FEC) or channel coding is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy communication channels.
See Mathematics and Error correction code
Estimation theory
Estimation theory is a branch of statistics that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured empirical data that has a random component.
See Mathematics and Estimation theory
Euclid
Euclid (Εὐκλείδης; BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician.
Euclid's Elements
The Elements (Στοιχεῖα) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid 300 BC.
See Mathematics and Euclid's Elements
Euclidean geometry
Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry, Elements.
See Mathematics and Euclidean geometry
Euclidean plane
In mathematics, a Euclidean plane is a Euclidean space of dimension two, denoted \textbf^2 or \mathbb^2.
See Mathematics and Euclidean plane
Euclidean space
Euclidean space is the fundamental space of geometry, intended to represent physical space.
See Mathematics and Euclidean space
Eugene Wigner
Eugene Paul Wigner (Wigner Jenő Pál,; November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who also contributed to mathematical physics.
See Mathematics and Eugene Wigner
Exclusive or
Exclusive or, exclusive disjunction, exclusive alternation, logical non-equivalence, or logical inequality is a logical operator whose negation is the logical biconditional.
See Mathematics and Exclusive or
Expected loss
Expected loss is the sum of the values of all possible losses, each multiplied by the probability of that loss occurring.
See Mathematics and Expected loss
Experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried.
See Mathematics and Experiment
Expression (mathematics)
In mathematics, an expression or mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-formed according to rules that depend on the context.
See Mathematics and Expression (mathematics)
Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge
The Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge comprises the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS) and the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP).
See Mathematics and Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge
Falsifiability
Falsifiability (or refutability) is a deductive standard of evaluation of scientific theories and hypotheses, introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in his book The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934).
See Mathematics and Falsifiability
Fashionable Nonsense
Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science (UK: Intellectual Impostures), first published in French in 1997 as Impostures intellectuelles, is a book by physicists Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont.
See Mathematics and Fashionable Nonsense
Fast Fourier transform
A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse (IDFT).
See Mathematics and Fast Fourier transform
Feit–Thompson theorem
In mathematics, the Feit–Thompson theorem, or odd order theorem, states that every finite group of odd order is solvable.
See Mathematics and Feit–Thompson theorem
Fermat's Last Theorem
In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers,, and satisfy the equation for any integer value of greater than.
See Mathematics and Fermat's Last Theorem
Field (mathematics)
In mathematics, a field is a set on which addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined and behave as the corresponding operations on rational and real numbers.
See Mathematics and Field (mathematics)
Fields Medal
The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years.
See Mathematics and Fields Medal
Finance
Finance refers to monetary resources and to the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets.
Financial analyst
A financial analyst is a professional undertaking financial analysis for external or internal clients as a core feature of the job.
See Mathematics and Financial analyst
Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success.
See Mathematics and Fitness (biology)
Flat module
In algebra, flat modules include free modules, projective modules, and, over a principal ideal domain, torsion free modules.
See Mathematics and Flat module
Formal proof
In logic and mathematics, a formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (known as well-formed formulas when relating to formal language), each of which is an axiom, an assumption, or follows from the preceding sentences in the sequence, according to the rule of inference.
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Formal system
A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for inferring theorems from axioms by a set of inference rules.
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Formal verification
In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics.
See Mathematics and Formal verification
Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)
In the philosophy of mathematics, formalism is the view that holds that statements of mathematics and logic can be considered to be statements about the consequences of the manipulation of strings (alphanumeric sequences of symbols, usually as equations) using established manipulation rules.
See Mathematics and Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)
Formula
In science, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical formula or a chemical formula.
Foundations of mathematics
Foundations of mathematics is the logical and mathematical framework that allows the development of mathematics without generating self-contradictory theories, and, in particular, to have reliable concepts of theorems, proofs, algorithms, etc.
See Mathematics and Foundations of mathematics
Four color theorem
In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that no more than four colors are required to color the regions of any map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color.
See Mathematics and Four color theorem
Fractal
In mathematics, a fractal is a geometric shape containing detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales, usually having a fractal dimension strictly exceeding the topological dimension.
Fraction
A fraction (from fractus, "broken") represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts.
François Viète
François Viète, Seigneur de la Bigotière (Franciscus Vieta; 1540 – 23 February 1603), commonly known by his mononym, Vieta, was a French mathematician whose work on new algebra was an important step towards modern algebra, due to his innovative use of letters as parameters in equations.
See Mathematics and François Viète
Free module
In mathematics, a free module is a module that has a basis, that is, a generating set consisting of linearly independent elements.
See Mathematics and Free module
Frequency
Frequency (symbol f), most often measured in hertz (symbol: Hz), is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.
Function (mathematics)
In mathematics, a function from a set to a set assigns to each element of exactly one element of.
See Mathematics and Function (mathematics)
Functional analysis
Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (for example, inner product, norm, or topology) and the linear functions defined on these spaces and suitably respecting these structures.
See Mathematics and Functional analysis
G. H. Hardy
Godfrey Harold Hardy (7 February 1877 – 1 December 1947) was an English mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis.
See Mathematics and G. H. Hardy
Game theory
Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions. Mathematics and Game theory are formal sciences.
See Mathematics and Game theory
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that are concerned with the limits of in formal axiomatic theories.
See Mathematics and Gödel's incompleteness theorems
General relativity
General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
See Mathematics and General relativity
Generating function
In mathematics, a generating function is a representation of an infinite sequence of numbers as the coefficients of a formal power series.
See Mathematics and Generating function
Geometric transformation
In mathematics, a geometric transformation is any bijection of a set to itself (or to another such set) with some salient geometrical underpinning.
See Mathematics and Geometric transformation
Geometry
Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures.
Geometry of numbers
Geometry of numbers is the part of number theory which uses geometry for the study of algebraic numbers.
See Mathematics and Geometry of numbers
Geopolitics
Geopolitics is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.
See Mathematics and Geopolitics
Georg Cantor
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (– 6 January 1918) was a mathematician who played a pivotal role in the creation of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics.
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George E. Collins
George E. Collins (January 10, 1928 in Stuart, Iowa – November 21, 2017 in Madison, Wisconsin) was an American mathematician and computer scientist.
See Mathematics and George E. Collins
Gerolamo Cardano
Gerolamo Cardano (also Girolamo or Geronimo; Jérôme Cardan; Hieronymus Cardanus.; 24 September 1501– 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, writer, and gambler.
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Girard Desargues
Girard Desargues (21 February 1591September 1661) was a French mathematician and engineer, who is considered one of the founders of projective geometry.
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Glossary of mathematical jargon
The language of mathematics has a vast vocabulary of specialist and technical terms.
See Mathematics and Glossary of mathematical jargon
Glossary of mathematical symbols
A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula.
See Mathematics and Glossary of mathematical symbols
Glyph
A glyph is any kind of purposeful mark.
Goldbach's conjecture
Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics.
See Mathematics and Goldbach's conjecture
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.
See Mathematics and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Grammatical gender
In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a specific form of a noun class system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns.
See Mathematics and Grammatical gender
Graph of a function
In mathematics, the graph of a function f is the set of ordered pairs (x, y), where f(x).
See Mathematics and Graph of a function
Graph theory
In mathematics, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects.
See Mathematics and Graph theory
Greco-Roman world
The Greco-Roman civilization (also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans.
See Mathematics and Greco-Roman world
Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.
See Mathematics and Greek alphabet
Greek mathematics
Greek mathematics refers to mathematics texts and ideas stemming from the Archaic through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly from the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD, around the shores of the Mediterranean.
See Mathematics and Greek mathematics
Group theory
In abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups.
See Mathematics and Group theory
Harmonic analysis
Harmonic analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with investigating the connections between a function and its representation in frequency.
See Mathematics and Harmonic analysis
Henri Poincaré
Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 185417 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science.
See Mathematics and Henri Poincaré
Hilbert's problems
Hilbert's problems are 23 problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900.
See Mathematics and Hilbert's problems
Hindu–Arabic numeral system
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system (also known as the Indo-Arabic numeral system,Audun Holme,, 2000 Hindu numeral system, Arabic numeral system) is a positional base ten numeral system for representing integers; its extension to non-integers is the decimal numeral system, which is presently the most common numeral system.
See Mathematics and Hindu–Arabic numeral system
Hipparchus
Hipparchus (Ἵππαρχος, Hipparkhos; BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician.
See Mathematics and Hipparchus
History of China
The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area.
See Mathematics and History of China
History of logarithms
The history of logarithms is the story of a correspondence (in modern terms, a group isomorphism) between multiplication on the positive real numbers and addition on the real number line that was formalized in seventeenth century Europe and was widely used to simplify calculation until the advent of the digital computer.
See Mathematics and History of logarithms
Homeomorphism
In mathematics and more specifically in topology, a homeomorphism (from Greek roots meaning "similar shape", named by Henri Poincaré), also called topological isomorphism, or bicontinuous function, is a bijective and continuous function between topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function.
See Mathematics and Homeomorphism
Homo economicus
The term Homo economicus, or economic man, is the portrayal of humans as agents who are consistently rational and narrowly self-interested, and who pursue their subjectively defined ends optimally.
See Mathematics and Homo economicus
Homological algebra
Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies homology in a general algebraic setting.
See Mathematics and Homological algebra
Homotopy
In topology, a branch of mathematics, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from ὁμός "same, similar" and τόπος "place") if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy between the two functions.
Human behavior
Human behavior is the potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life. Mathematics and human behavior are main topic articles.
See Mathematics and Human behavior
Hypergraph
In mathematics, a hypergraph is a generalization of a graph in which an edge can join any number of vertices.
See Mathematics and Hypergraph
Imperial examination
The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy.
See Mathematics and Imperial examination
Implementation
Implementation is the realization of an application, execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, policy, or the administration or management of a process or objective.
See Mathematics and Implementation
Implicit function
In mathematics, an implicit equation is a relation of the form R(x_1, \dots, x_n).
See Mathematics and Implicit function
Indian mathematics
Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent from 1200 BCE until the end of the 18th century.
See Mathematics and Indian mathematics
Infinite set
In set theory, an infinite set is a set that is not a finite set.
See Mathematics and Infinite set
Infinity
Infinity is something which is boundless, endless, or larger than any natural number.
Information technology consulting
In management, information technology consulting (also called IT consulting, computer consultancy, business and technology services, computing consultancy, technology consulting, and IT advisory) is a field of activity which focuses on advising organizations on how best to use information technology (IT) in achieving their business objectives, but it can also refer more generally to IT outsourcing.
See Mathematics and Information technology consulting
Information theory
Information theory is the mathematical study of the quantification, storage, and communication of information. Mathematics and information theory are formal sciences.
See Mathematics and Information theory
Integer
An integer is the number zero (0), a positive natural number (1, 2, 3,...), or the negation of a positive natural number (−1, −2, −3,...). The negations or additive inverses of the positive natural numbers are referred to as negative integers.
Integer factorization
In number theory, integer factorization is the decomposition of a positive integer into a product of integers.
See Mathematics and Integer factorization
Integer programming
An integer programming problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers.
See Mathematics and Integer programming
Integral
In mathematics, an integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations.
Integral symbol
The integral symbol: is used to denote integrals and antiderivatives in mathematics, especially in calculus.
See Mathematics and Integral symbol
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement
The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) is an independent, international cooperative of national research institutions and governmental research agencies.
See Mathematics and International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement
Internet
The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. Mathematics and internet are main topic articles.
Intuition
Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge, without recourse to conscious reasoning or needing an explanation.
Intuitionistic logic
Intuitionistic logic, sometimes more generally called constructive logic, refers to systems of symbolic logic that differ from the systems used for classical logic by more closely mirroring the notion of constructive proof.
See Mathematics and Intuitionistic logic
Invariant (mathematics)
In mathematics, an invariant is a property of a mathematical object (or a class of mathematical objects) which remains unchanged after operations or transformations of a certain type are applied to the objects.
See Mathematics and Invariant (mathematics)
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.
See Mathematics and Isaac Newton
Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.
See Mathematics and Islamic Golden Age
Jean Bricmont
Jean Bricmont (born 12 April 1952) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and philosopher of science.
See Mathematics and Jean Bricmont
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.
See Mathematics and Johannes Kepler
John Dee
John Dee (13 July 1527 – 1608 or 1609) was an English mathematician, astronomer, teacher, astrologer, occultist, and alchemist.
John Napier
John Napier of Merchiston (1 February 1550 – 4 April 1617), nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston, was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer.
See Mathematics and John Napier
Karl Weierstrass
Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass (Weierstraß; 31 October 1815 – 19 February 1897) was a German mathematician often cited as the "father of modern analysis".
See Mathematics and Karl Weierstrass
Keith Devlin
Keith James Devlin (born 16 March 1947) is a British mathematician and popular science writer.
See Mathematics and Keith Devlin
Kepler conjecture
The Kepler conjecture, named after the 17th-century mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler, is a mathematical theorem about sphere packing in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
See Mathematics and Kepler conjecture
Kondratiev wave
In economics, Kondratiev waves (also called supercycles, great surges, long waves, K-waves or the long economic cycle) are hypothesized cycle-like phenomena in the modern world economy.
See Mathematics and Kondratiev wave
Kurt Gödel
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.
See Mathematics and Kurt Gödel
L'Enseignement mathématique
L’Enseignement mathématique is a journal for mathematics and mathematics education.
See Mathematics and L'Enseignement mathématique
L. E. J. Brouwer
Luitzen Egbertus Jan "Bertus" Brouwer (27 February 1881 – 2 December 1966) was a Dutch mathematician and philosopher who worked in topology, set theory, measure theory and complex analysis.
See Mathematics and L. E. J. Brouwer
Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
See Mathematics and Latin alphabet
Laurent Schwartz
Laurent-Moïse Schwartz (5 March 1915 – 4 July 2002) was a French mathematician.
See Mathematics and Laurent Schwartz
Law of excluded middle
In logic, the law of excluded middle or the principle of excluded middle states that for every proposition, either this proposition or its negation is true.
See Mathematics and Law of excluded middle
Lemma (mathematics)
In mathematics, informal logic and argument mapping, a lemma (lemmas or lemmata) is a generally minor, proven proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result.
See Mathematics and Lemma (mathematics)
Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, geographer, logician, and engineer who founded the studies of graph theory and topology and made pioneering and influential discoveries in many other branches of mathematics such as analytic number theory, complex analysis, and infinitesimal calculus.
See Mathematics and Leonhard Euler
Leroy P. Steele Prize
The Leroy P. Steele Prizes are awarded every year by the American Mathematical Society, for distinguished research work and writing in the field of mathematics.
See Mathematics and Leroy P. Steele Prize
Less-than sign
The less-than sign is a mathematical symbol that denotes an inequality between two values.
See Mathematics and Less-than sign
Liberal arts education
Liberal arts education (from Latin 'free' and 'art or principled practice') is the traditional academic course in Western higher education.
See Mathematics and Liberal arts education
Lie algebra
In mathematics, a Lie algebra (pronounced) is a vector space \mathfrak g together with an operation called the Lie bracket, an alternating bilinear map \mathfrak g \times \mathfrak g \rightarrow \mathfrak g, that satisfies the Jacobi identity.
See Mathematics and Lie algebra
Lie group
In mathematics, a Lie group (pronounced) is a group that is also a differentiable manifold, such that group multiplication and taking inverses are both differentiable.
Line (geometry)
In geometry, a straight line, usually abbreviated line, is an infinitely long object with no width, depth, or curvature, an idealization of such physical objects as a straightedge, a taut string, or a ray of light.
See Mathematics and Line (geometry)
Line segment
In geometry, a line segment is a part of a straight line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and contains every point on the line that is between its endpoints.
See Mathematics and Line segment
Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as: linear maps such as: and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.
See Mathematics and Linear algebra
Linear equation
In mathematics, a linear equation is an equation that may be put in the form a_1x_1+\ldots+a_nx_n+b.
See Mathematics and Linear equation
List of mathematics awards
This list of mathematics awards contains articles about notable awards for mathematics.
See Mathematics and List of mathematics awards
Lists of mathematicians
Lists of mathematicians cover notable mathematicians by nationality, ethnicity, religion, profession and other characteristics.
See Mathematics and Lists of mathematicians
Lists of mathematics topics
Lists of mathematics topics cover a variety of topics related to mathematics.
See Mathematics and Lists of mathematics topics
Logic
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. Mathematics and Logic are formal sciences.
Logical disjunction
In logic, disjunction, also known as logical disjunction or logical or or logical addition or inclusive disjunction, is a logical connective typically notated as \lor and read aloud as "or".
See Mathematics and Logical disjunction
Loss function
In mathematical optimization and decision theory, a loss function or cost function (sometimes also called an error function) is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event.
See Mathematics and Loss function
Lotka–Volterra equations
The Lotka–Volterra equations, also known as the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model, are a pair of first-order nonlinear differential equations, frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one as a predator and the other as prey.
See Mathematics and Lotka–Volterra equations
Lynch School of Education and Human Development
The Lynch School of Education and Human Development (Lynch School) is the professional school of education at Boston College.
See Mathematics and Lynch School of Education and Human Development
Lynn Steen
Lynn Arthur Steen (January 1, 1941 – June 21, 2015) was an American mathematician who was a professor of mathematics at St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, in the U.S. He wrote numerous books and articles on the teaching of mathematics.
See Mathematics and Lynn Steen
Manifold
In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space near each point.
Marine navigation
Marine navigation is the art and science of steering a ship from a starting point (sailing) to a destination, efficiently and responsibly.
See Mathematics and Marine navigation
Mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.
See Mathematics and Mathematical analysis
Mathematical anxiety
Mathematical anxiety, also known as math phobia, is a feeling of tension and anxiety that interferes with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of mathematical problems in daily life and academic situations.
See Mathematics and Mathematical anxiety
Mathematical Association of America
The Mathematical Association of America (MAA) is a professional society that focuses on mathematics accessible at the undergraduate level.
See Mathematics and Mathematical Association of America
Mathematical constant
A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a special symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems.
See Mathematics and Mathematical constant
Mathematical economics
Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics.
See Mathematics and Mathematical economics
Mathematical logic
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics.
See Mathematics and Mathematical logic
Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language.
See Mathematics and Mathematical model
Mathematical notation
Mathematical notation consists of using symbols for representing operations, unspecified numbers, relations, and any other mathematical objects and assembling them into expressions and formulas.
See Mathematics and Mathematical notation
Mathematical object
A mathematical object is an abstract concept arising in mathematics.
See Mathematics and Mathematical object
Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives.
See Mathematics and Mathematical optimization
Mathematical problem
A mathematical problem is a problem that can be represented, analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics.
See Mathematics and Mathematical problem
Mathematical proof
A mathematical proof is a deductive argument for a mathematical statement, showing that the stated assumptions logically guarantee the conclusion.
See Mathematics and Mathematical proof
Mathematical Reviews
Mathematical Reviews is a journal published by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) that contains brief synopses, and in some cases evaluations, of many articles in mathematics, statistics, and theoretical computer science.
See Mathematics and Mathematical Reviews
Mathematical sciences
The mathematical sciences are a group of areas of study that includes, in addition to mathematics, those academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper.
See Mathematics and Mathematical sciences
Mathematical statistics
Mathematical statistics is the application of probability theory, a branch of mathematics, to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data.
See Mathematics and Mathematical statistics
Mathematical structure
In mathematics, a structure is a set provided with some additional features on the set (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology).
See Mathematics and Mathematical structure
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.
See Mathematics and Mathematician
Mathematics and art
Mathematics and art are related in a variety of ways.
See Mathematics and Mathematics and art
Mathematics education
In contemporary education, mathematics education—known in Europe as the didactics or pedagogy of mathematics—is the practice of teaching, learning, and carrying out scholarly research into the transfer of mathematical knowledge.
See Mathematics and Mathematics education
Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Mathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, was built upon syntheses of Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta).
See Mathematics and Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
Mathematics Subject Classification
The Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) is an alphanumerical classification scheme that has collaboratively been produced by staff of, and based on the coverage of, the two major mathematical reviewing databases, Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH.
See Mathematics and Mathematics Subject Classification
Mathematics, Form and Function
Mathematics, Form and Function, a book published in 1986 by Springer-Verlag, is a survey of the whole of mathematics, including its origins and deep structure, by the American mathematician Saunders Mac Lane.
See Mathematics and Mathematics, Form and Function
Matrix (mathematics)
In mathematics, a matrix (matrices) is a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, with elements or entries arranged in rows and columns, which is used to represent a mathematical object or property of such an object.
See Mathematics and Matrix (mathematics)
Matroid
In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, a matroid is a structure that abstracts and generalizes the notion of linear independence in vector spaces.
Measure (mathematics)
In mathematics, the concept of a measure is a generalization and formalization of geometrical measures (length, area, volume) and other common notions, such as magnitude, mass, and probability of events.
See Mathematics and Measure (mathematics)
Measurement
Measurement is the quantification of attributes of an object or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events.
See Mathematics and Measurement
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
See Mathematics and Mesopotamia
Metaphysics
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality.
See Mathematics and Metaphysics
Meteorology
Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting.
See Mathematics and Meteorology
Method of exhaustion
The method of exhaustion is a method of finding the area of a shape by inscribing inside it a sequence of polygons whose areas converge to the area of the containing shape.
See Mathematics and Method of exhaustion
Methodist University
Methodist University is a private university that is affiliated with the North Carolina Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church and located in Fayetteville, North Carolina.
See Mathematics and Methodist University
Millennium Prize Problems
The Millennium Prize Problems are seven well-known complex mathematical problems selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000.
See Mathematics and Millennium Prize Problems
Model theory
In mathematical logic, model theory is the study of the relationship between formal theories (a collection of sentences in a formal language expressing statements about a mathematical structure), and their models (those structures in which the statements of the theory hold).
See Mathematics and Model theory
Modular arithmetic
In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus.
See Mathematics and Modular arithmetic
Multiplication
Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol, by the mid-line dot operator, by juxtaposition, or, on computers, by an asterisk) is one of the four elementary mathematical operations of arithmetic, with the other ones being addition, subtraction, and division.
See Mathematics and Multiplication
Multiplication sign
The multiplication sign, also known as the times sign or the dimension sign, is a mathematical symbol used to denote the operation of multiplication, which results in a product.
See Mathematics and Multiplication sign
Multivariable calculus
Multivariable calculus (also known as multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus with functions of several variables: the differentiation and integration of functions involving multiple variables (multivariate), rather than just one.
See Mathematics and Multivariable calculus
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
Natural number
In mathematics, the natural numbers are the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, etc., possibly excluding 0.
See Mathematics and Natural number
Natural science
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
See Mathematics and Natural science
Neologism
In linguistics, a neologism (also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that nevertheless has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language.
Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders.
See Mathematics and Neuroscience
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation says that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
See Mathematics and Newton's law of universal gravitation
Nikolai Kondratiev
Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kondratiev (also Kondratieff; Russian: Никола́й Дми́триевич Кондра́тьев; 4 March 1892 – 17 September 1938) was a Russian Soviet economist and proponent of the New Economic Policy (NEP) best known for the business cycle theory known as Kondratiev waves.
See Mathematics and Nikolai Kondratiev
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died.
See Mathematics and Nobel Prize
Non-Euclidean geometry
In mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry consists of two geometries based on axioms closely related to those that specify Euclidean geometry.
See Mathematics and Non-Euclidean geometry
Nonlinear system
In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input.
See Mathematics and Nonlinear system
Noun phrase
A noun phrase – or NP or nominal (phrase) – is a phrase that usually has a noun or pronoun as its head, and has the same grammatical functions as a noun.
See Mathematics and Noun phrase
Number
A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label.
Number line
In elementary mathematics, a number line is a picture of a straight line that serves as spatial representation of numbers, usually graduated like a ruler with a particular origin point representing the number zero and evenly spaced marks in either direction representing integers, imagined to extend infinitely.
See Mathematics and Number line
Number theory
Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions.
See Mathematics and Number theory
Numerical analysis
Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).
See Mathematics and Numerical analysis
Numerical linear algebra
Numerical linear algebra, sometimes called applied linear algebra, is the study of how matrix operations can be used to create computer algorithms which efficiently and accurately provide approximate answers to questions in continuous mathematics.
See Mathematics and Numerical linear algebra
Numerology
Numerology (known before the 20th century as arithmancy) is the belief in an occult, divine or mystical relationship between a number and one or more coinciding events.
See Mathematics and Numerology
Oceanography
Oceanography, also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean.
See Mathematics and Oceanography
Omar Khayyam
Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm Nīsābūrī (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), commonly known as Omar Khayyam (عمر خیّام), was a Persian polymath, known for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and poetry.
See Mathematics and Omar Khayyam
Omega baryon
The omega baryons are a family of subatomic hadron (a baryon) particles that are represented by the symbol and are either neutral or have a +2, +1 or −1 elementary charge.
See Mathematics and Omega baryon
Online Etymology Dictionary
The Online Etymology Dictionary or Etymonline, sometimes abbreviated as OED (not to be confused with the Oxford English Dictionary, which the site often cites), is a free online dictionary that describes the origins of English words, written and compiled by Douglas R. Harper.
See Mathematics and Online Etymology Dictionary
Open Court Publishing Company
The Open Court Publishing Company is a publisher with offices in Chicago and LaSalle, Illinois.
See Mathematics and Open Court Publishing Company
Open problem
In science and mathematics, an open problem or an open question is a known problem which can be accurately stated, and which is assumed to have an objective and verifiable solution, but which has not yet been solved (i.e., no solution for it is known).
See Mathematics and Open problem
Operation (mathematics)
In mathematics, an operation is a function which takes zero or more input values (also called "operands" or "arguments") to a well-defined output value.
See Mathematics and Operation (mathematics)
Operations research
Operations research (operational research) (U.S. Air Force Specialty Code: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve decision-making.
See Mathematics and Operations research
Oral tradition
Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication in which knowledge, art, ideas and culture are received, preserved, and transmitted orally from one generation to another.
See Mathematics and Oral tradition
Ordinary differential equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable.
See Mathematics and Ordinary differential equation
Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
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P versus NP problem
The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in theoretical computer science.
See Mathematics and P versus NP problem
Parabola
In mathematics, a parabola is a plane curve which is mirror-symmetrical and is approximately U-shaped.
Paradigm shift
A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.
See Mathematics and Paradigm shift
Parallel (geometry)
In geometry, parallel lines are coplanar infinite straight lines that do not intersect at any point.
See Mathematics and Parallel (geometry)
Parallel postulate
In geometry, the parallel postulate, also called Euclid's fifth postulate because it is the fifth postulate in Euclid's ''Elements'', is a distinctive axiom in Euclidean geometry.
See Mathematics and Parallel postulate
Partial differential equation
In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation which computes a function between various partial derivatives of a multivariable function.
See Mathematics and Partial differential equation
Particle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass.
Paul Erdős
Paul Erdős (Erdős Pál; 26 March 1913 – 20 September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician.
See Mathematics and Paul Erdős
Peano axioms
In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind–Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th-century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano.
See Mathematics and Peano axioms
Pedagogy
Pedagogy, most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political, and psychological development of learners.
Perfect fifth
In music theory, a perfect fifth is the musical interval corresponding to a pair of pitches with a frequency ratio of 3:2, or very nearly so.
See Mathematics and Perfect fifth
Perfect information
In economics, perfect information (sometimes referred to as "no hidden information") is a feature of perfect competition.
See Mathematics and Perfect information
Perspectives on Science
Perspectives on Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes contributions to science studies that integrate historical, philosophical, and sociological perspectives.
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Peter Turchin
Peter Valentinovich Turchin (p; born 22 May 1957) is a Russian-American complexity scientist, specializing in an area of study he and his colleagues developed called cliodynamics—mathematical modeling and statistical analysis of the dynamics of historical societies.
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Philosophy
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. Mathematics and Philosophy are main topic articles.
See Mathematics and Philosophy
Philosophy Now
Philosophy Now is a bimonthly philosophy magazine sold from news-stands and book stores in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, and Canada; it is also available on digital devices, and online.
See Mathematics and Philosophy Now
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of mathematics and its relationship with other human activities.
See Mathematics and Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of Science (journal)
Philosophy of Science is dedicated to the furthering of studies and free discussion from diverse standpoints in the philosophy of science.
See Mathematics and Philosophy of Science (journal)
PhilPapers
PhilPapers is an interactive academic database of journal articles in philosophy.
See Mathematics and PhilPapers
Physics
Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.
Pi Mu Epsilon
Pi Mu Epsilon (ΠΜΕ or PME) is the U.S. honorary national mathematics society.
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Pierre de Fermat
Pierre de Fermat (between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality.
See Mathematics and Pierre de Fermat
Planet
A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself.
Planetary science
Planetary science (or more rarely, planetology) is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), celestial bodies (such as moons, asteroids, comets) and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes of their formation.
See Mathematics and Planetary science
Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.
Pleonasm
Pleonasm is redundancy in linguistic expression, such as "black darkness," "burning fire," "the man he said," or "vibrating with motion." It is a manifestation of tautology by traditional rhetorical criteria and might be considered a fault of style.
Plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated as pl., pl, or), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.
Plus and minus signs
The plus sign and the minus sign are mathematical symbols used to denote positive and negative functions, respectively.
See Mathematics and Plus and minus signs
Poincaré conjecture
In the mathematical field of geometric topology, the Poincaré conjecture is a theorem about the characterization of the 3-sphere, which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space.
See Mathematics and Poincaré conjecture
Point at infinity
In geometry, a point at infinity or ideal point is an idealized limiting point at the "end" of each line.
See Mathematics and Point at infinity
Poker
Poker is a family of comparing card games in which players wager over which hand is best according to that specific game's rules.
Polynomial
In mathematics, a polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and exponentiation to nonnegative integer powers, and has a finite number of terms.
See Mathematics and Polynomial
Popular mathematics
Popular mathematics is mathematical presentation aimed at a general audience.
See Mathematics and Popular mathematics
Population dynamics
Population dynamics is the type of mathematics used to model and study the size and age composition of populations as dynamical systems.
See Mathematics and Population dynamics
Positron
The positron or antielectron is the particle with an electric charge of +1e, a spin of 1/2 (the same as the electron), and the same mass as an electron.
Potential theory
In mathematics and mathematical physics, potential theory is the study of harmonic functions.
See Mathematics and Potential theory
Prehistory
Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems.
See Mathematics and Prehistory
Prime number
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers.
See Mathematics and Prime number
Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
See Mathematics and Princeton University Press
Probability distribution
In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of possible outcomes for an experiment.
See Mathematics and Probability distribution
Probability theory
Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability.
See Mathematics and Probability theory
Program analysis
In computer science, program analysis is the process of automatically analyzing the behavior of computer programs regarding a property such as correctness, robustness, safety and liveness.
See Mathematics and Program analysis
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
The IEA's Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) is an international study of reading (comprehension) achievement in 9-10 year olds.
See Mathematics and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
Projective geometry
In mathematics, projective geometry is the study of geometric properties that are invariant with respect to projective transformations.
See Mathematics and Projective geometry
Proof assistant
In computer science and mathematical logic, a proof assistant or interactive theorem prover is a software tool to assist with the development of formal proofs by human–machine collaboration.
See Mathematics and Proof assistant
Proof theory
Proof theory is a major branchAccording to Wang (1981), pp.
See Mathematics and Proof theory
Proofs from THE BOOK
Proofs from THE BOOK is a book of mathematical proofs by Martin Aigner and Günter M. Ziegler.
See Mathematics and Proofs from THE BOOK
Property (philosophy)
In logic and philosophy (especially metaphysics), a property is a characteristic of an object; a red object is said to have the property of redness.
See Mathematics and Property (philosophy)
Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.
See Mathematics and Pseudoscience
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
See Mathematics and Psychology
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.
Pure mathematics
Pure mathematics is the study of mathematical concepts independently of any application outside mathematics.
See Mathematics and Pure mathematics
Puzzle
A puzzle is a game, problem, or toy that tests a person's ingenuity or knowledge.
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (Πυθαγόρας; BC) was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher, polymath and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism.
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Pythagorean theorem
In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry between the three sides of a right triangle.
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Pythagorean triple
A Pythagorean triple consists of three positive integers,, and, such that.
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Pythagoreanism
Pythagoreanism originated in the 6th century BC, based on and around the teachings and beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans.
See Mathematics and Pythagoreanism
Quadrivium
From the time of Plato through the Middle Ages, the quadrivium (plural: quadrivia) was a grouping of four subjects or arts—arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy—that formed a second curricular stage following preparatory work in the trivium, consisting of grammar, logic, and rhetoric.
See Mathematics and Quadrivium
Quanta Magazine
Quanta Magazine is an editorially independent online publication of the Simons Foundation covering developments in physics, mathematics, biology and computer science.
See Mathematics and Quanta Magazine
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.
See Mathematics and Quantum mechanics
Quasi-empiricism in mathematics
Quasi-empiricism in mathematics is the attempt in the philosophy of mathematics to direct philosophers' attention to mathematical practice, in particular, relations with physics, social sciences, and computational mathematics, rather than solely to issues in the foundations of mathematics.
See Mathematics and Quasi-empiricism in mathematics
Rational choice theory
Rational choice theory refers to a set of guidelines that help understand economic and social behaviour.
See Mathematics and Rational choice theory
Rational number
In mathematics, a rational number is a number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction of two integers, a numerator and a non-zero denominator.
See Mathematics and Rational number
Real algebraic geometry
In mathematics, real algebraic geometry is the sub-branch of algebraic geometry studying real algebraic sets, i.e. real-number solutions to algebraic equations with real-number coefficients, and mappings between them (in particular real polynomial mappings).
See Mathematics and Real algebraic geometry
Real analysis
In mathematics, the branch of real analysis studies the behavior of real numbers, sequences and series of real numbers, and real functions.
See Mathematics and Real analysis
Real number
In mathematics, a real number is a number that can be used to measure a continuous one-dimensional quantity such as a distance, duration or temperature.
See Mathematics and Real number
Reason
Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.
Recreational mathematics
Recreational mathematics is mathematics carried out for recreation (entertainment) rather than as a strictly research- and application-based professional activity or as a part of a student's formal education.
See Mathematics and Recreational mathematics
Regiomontanus
Johannes Müller von Königsberg (6 June 1436 – 6 July 1476), better known as Regiomontanus, was a mathematician, astrologer and astronomer of the German Renaissance, active in Vienna, Buda and Nuremberg.
See Mathematics and Regiomontanus
Relation (mathematics)
In mathematics, a relation on a set may, or may not, hold between two given members of the set.
See Mathematics and Relation (mathematics)
Relationship between mathematics and physics
The relationship between mathematics and physics has been a subject of study of philosophers, mathematicians and physicists since antiquity, and more recently also by historians and educators.
See Mathematics and Relationship between mathematics and physics
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
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René Descartes
René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.
See Mathematics and René Descartes
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP; also designated as papyrus British Museum 10057, pBM 10058, and Brooklyn Museum 37.1784Ea-b) is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics.
See Mathematics and Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
Richard Dedekind
Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind (6 October 1831 – 12 February 1916) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to number theory, abstract algebra (particularly ring theory), and the axiomatic foundations of arithmetic.
See Mathematics and Richard Dedekind
Riemann hypothesis
In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis is the conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part.
See Mathematics and Riemann hypothesis
Riemannian geometry
Riemannian geometry is the branch of differential geometry that studies Riemannian manifolds, defined as smooth manifolds with a Riemannian metric (an inner product on the tangent space at each point that varies smoothly from point to point).
See Mathematics and Riemannian geometry
Rigour
Rigour (British English) or rigor (American English; see spelling differences) describes a condition of stiffness or strictness.
Ring (mathematics)
In mathematics, rings are algebraic structures that generalize fields: multiplication need not be commutative and multiplicative inverses need not exist.
See Mathematics and Ring (mathematics)
Ring theory
In algebra, ring theory is the study of rings—algebraic structures in which addition and multiplication are defined and have similar properties to those operations defined for the integers.
See Mathematics and Ring theory
Risk
In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening.
Roger Apéry
Roger Apéry (14 November 1916, Rouen – 18 December 1994, Caen) was a French mathematician most remembered for Apéry's theorem, which states that is an irrational number.
See Mathematics and Roger Apéry
Rorschach test
The Rorschach test is a projective psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both.
See Mathematics and Rorschach test
Round-off error
In computing, a roundoff error, also called rounding error, is the difference between the result produced by a given algorithm using exact arithmetic and the result produced by the same algorithm using finite-precision, rounded arithmetic.
See Mathematics and Round-off error
RSA (cryptosystem)
RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is a public-key cryptosystem, one of the oldest widely used for secure data transmission.
See Mathematics and RSA (cryptosystem)
Rule of inference
In philosophy of logic and logic, a rule of inference, inference rule or transformation rule is a logical form consisting of a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion (or conclusions).
See Mathematics and Rule of inference
Russell's paradox
In mathematical logic, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy) is a set-theoretic paradox published by the British philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell in 1901.
See Mathematics and Russell's paradox
Sampling (statistics)
In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset or a statistical sample (termed sample for short) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
See Mathematics and Sampling (statistics)
Saunders Mac Lane
Saunders Mac Lane (August 4, 1909 – April 14, 2005), born Leslie Saunders MacLane, was an American mathematician who co-founded category theory with Samuel Eilenberg.
See Mathematics and Saunders Mac Lane
Scheme (mathematics)
In mathematics, specifically algebraic geometry, a scheme is a structure that enlarges the notion of algebraic variety in several ways, such as taking account of multiplicities (the equations x.
See Mathematics and Scheme (mathematics)
Science
Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world. Mathematics and Science are main topic articles.
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
See Mathematics and Science (journal)
Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is an umbrella term used to group together the distinct but related technical disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
See Mathematics and Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
Scientific law
Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena.
See Mathematics and Scientific law
Selection algorithm
In computer science, a selection algorithm is an algorithm for finding the kth smallest value in a collection of ordered values, such as numbers.
See Mathematics and Selection algorithm
Self-similarity
In mathematics, a self-similar object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself (i.e., the whole has the same shape as one or more of the parts).
See Mathematics and Self-similarity
Series (mathematics)
In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, the operation of adding infinitely many quantities, one after the other, to a given starting quantity.
See Mathematics and Series (mathematics)
Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; these things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects of any kind: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometrical shapes, variables, or even other sets.
See Mathematics and Set (mathematics)
Set theory
Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects.
See Mathematics and Set theory
Sexagesimal
Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, is a numeral system with sixty as its base.
See Mathematics and Sexagesimal
Shape
A shape is a graphical representation of an object's form or its external boundary, outline, or external surface.
Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Muẓaffar ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Muẓaffar al-Ṭūsī (شرفالدین مظفر بن محمد بن مظفر توسی; Tus, Iran – Iran) known more often as Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī or Sharaf ad-Dīn aṭ-Ṭūsī, was an Iranian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages).
See Mathematics and Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
Sigma Xi
Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society (ΣΞ) is a non-profit honor society for scientists and engineers.
Simplicity
Simplicity is the state or quality of being simple.
See Mathematics and Simplicity
Sine and cosine
In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle.
See Mathematics and Sine and cosine
Social science
Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.
See Mathematics and Social science
Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.
Solid mechanics
Solid mechanics (also known as mechanics of solids) is the branch of continuum mechanics that studies the behavior of solid materials, especially their motion and deformation under the action of forces, temperature changes, phase changes, and other external or internal agents.
See Mathematics and Solid mechanics
Solid of revolution
In geometry, a solid of revolution is a solid figure obtained by rotating a plane figure around some straight line (the axis of revolution), which may not intersect the generatrix (except at its boundary).
See Mathematics and Solid of revolution
South China Morning Post
The South China Morning Post (SCMP), with its Sunday edition, the Sunday Morning Post, is a Hong Kong-based English-language newspaper owned by Alibaba Group.
See Mathematics and South China Morning Post
Space (mathematics)
In mathematics, a space is a set (sometimes known as a universe) with a definition (structure) of relationships among the elements of the set.
See Mathematics and Space (mathematics)
Spacetime
In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.
Special relativity
In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time.
See Mathematics and Special relativity
Sphere packing
In geometry, a sphere packing is an arrangement of non-overlapping spheres within a containing space.
See Mathematics and Sphere packing
Spherical trigonometry
Spherical trigonometry is the branch of spherical geometry that deals with the metrical relationships between the sides and angles of spherical triangles, traditionally expressed using trigonometric functions.
See Mathematics and Spherical trigonometry
Springer Nature
Springer Nature or the Springer Nature Group is a German-British academic publishing company created by the May 2015 merger of Springer Science+Business Media and Holtzbrinck Publishing Group's Nature Publishing Group, Palgrave Macmillan, and Macmillan Education.
See Mathematics and Springer Nature
Springer Publishing
Springer Publishing Company is an American publishing company of academic journals and books, focusing on the fields of nursing, gerontology, psychology, social work, counseling, public health, and rehabilitation (neuropsychology).
See Mathematics and Springer Publishing
Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
See Mathematics and Springer Science+Business Media
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) is a freely available online philosophy resource published and maintained by Stanford University, encompassing both an online encyclopedia of philosophy and peer-reviewed original publication.
See Mathematics and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Statistical hypothesis test
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data sufficiently support a particular hypothesis.
See Mathematics and Statistical hypothesis test
Statistical theory
The theory of statistics provides a basis for the whole range of techniques, in both study design and data analysis, that are used within applications of statistics.
See Mathematics and Statistical theory
Statistician
A statistician is a person who works with theoretical or applied statistics.
See Mathematics and Statistician
Statistics
Statistics (from German: Statistik, "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. Mathematics and Statistics are formal sciences.
See Mathematics and Statistics
Straightedge and compass construction
In geometry, straightedge-and-compass construction – also known as ruler-and-compass construction, Euclidean construction, or classical construction – is the construction of lengths, angles, and other geometric figures using only an idealized ruler and a pair of compasses.
See Mathematics and Straightedge and compass construction
Structural geology
Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories.
See Mathematics and Structural geology
Subscript and superscript
A subscript or superscript is a character (such as a number or letter) that is set slightly below or above the normal line of type, respectively.
See Mathematics and Subscript and superscript
Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment).
Subtraction
Subtraction (which is signified by the minus sign) is one of the four arithmetic operations along with addition, multiplication and division.
See Mathematics and Subtraction
Surveying
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them.
Symmetry
Symmetry in everyday life refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance.
Symmetry group
In group theory, the symmetry group of a geometric object is the group of all transformations under which the object is invariant, endowed with the group operation of composition.
See Mathematics and Symmetry group
Synthetic geometry
Synthetic geometry (sometimes referred to as axiomatic geometry or even pure geometry) is geometry without the use of coordinates.
See Mathematics and Synthetic geometry
Syracuse, Sicily
Syracuse (Siracusa; Sarausa) is a historic city on the Italian island of Sicily, the capital of the Italian province of Syracuse.
See Mathematics and Syracuse, Sicily
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.
See Mathematics and Tang dynasty
Technical definition
A technical definition is a definition in technical communication describing or explaining technical terminology.
See Mathematics and Technical definition
Technology
Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. Mathematics and Technology are main topic articles.
See Mathematics and Technology
Tests of general relativity
Tests of general relativity serve to establish observational evidence for the theory of general relativity.
See Mathematics and Tests of general relativity
The Mathematical Intelligencer
The Mathematical Intelligencer is a mathematical journal published by Springer Science+Business Media that aims at a conversational and scholarly tone, rather than the technical and specialist tone more common among academic journals.
See Mathematics and The Mathematical Intelligencer
The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is an etymological dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press.
See Mathematics and The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences
"The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences" is a 1960 article written by the physicist Eugene Wigner, published in Communication in Pure and Applied Mathematics.
See Mathematics and The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences
Theodor Zwinger
Theodor Zwinger the Elder (2 August 1533 – 10 March 1588) was a Swiss physician and Renaissance humanist scholar.
See Mathematics and Theodor Zwinger
Theorem
In mathematics and formal logic, a theorem is a statement that has been proven, or can be proven.
Theoretical computer science
Theoretical computer science is a subfield of computer science and mathematics that focuses on the abstract and mathematical foundations of computation. Mathematics and Theoretical computer science are formal sciences.
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Theory
A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking.
Theory of relativity
The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively.
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Timeline of scientific discoveries
The timeline below shows the date of publication of possible major scientific breakthroughs, theories and discoveries, along with the discoverer.
See Mathematics and Timeline of scientific discoveries
Topological space
In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance.
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Topology
Topology (from the Greek words, and) is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing holes, opening holes, tearing, gluing, or passing through itself.
Trader (finance)
A trader is a person, firm, or entity in finance who buys and sells financial instruments, such as forex, cryptocurrencies, stocks, bonds, commodities, derivatives, and mutual funds in the capacity of agent, hedger, arbitrager, or speculator.
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Trajectory
A trajectory or flight path is the path that an object with mass in motion follows through space as a function of time.
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Transcendental number theory
Transcendental number theory is a branch of number theory that investigates transcendental numbers (numbers that are not solutions of any polynomial equation with rational coefficients), in both qualitative and quantitative ways.
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Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA)'s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is a series of international assessments of the mathematics and science knowledge of students around the world.
See Mathematics and Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
Trigonometry
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with relationships between angles and side lengths of triangles.
See Mathematics and Trigonometry
Type theory
In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a type theory is the formal presentation of a specific type system.
See Mathematics and Type theory
Universal algebra
Universal algebra (sometimes called general algebra) is the field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures themselves, not examples ("models") of algebraic structures.
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University
A university is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines.
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University of California, Merced
The University of California, Merced (UC Merced or colloquially, UCM) is a public land-grant research university in Merced, California.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a public collegiate research university in Cambridge, England.
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University of Georgia
The University of Georgia (UGA or Georgia) is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Athens, Georgia, United States.
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University of Kentucky
The University of Kentucky (UK, UKY, or U of K) is a public land-grant research university in Lexington, Kentucky.
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University of St Andrews
The University of St Andrews (Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn; abbreviated as St And, from the Latin Sancti Andreae, in post-nominals) is a public university in St Andrews, Scotland.
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Variable (mathematics)
In mathematics, a variable (from Latin variabilis, "changeable") is a symbol that represents a mathematical object.
See Mathematics and Variable (mathematics)
Vector space
In mathematics and physics, a vector space (also called a linear space) is a set whose elements, often called ''vectors'', can be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers called ''scalars''.
See Mathematics and Vector space
Vedic period
The Vedic period, or the Vedic age, is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (–900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation, which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain BCE.
See Mathematics and Vedic period
Weierstrass function
In mathematics, the Weierstrass function is an example of a real-valued function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere.
See Mathematics and Weierstrass function
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe.
See Mathematics and Western Europe
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.
See Mathematics and Western world
Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem
Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is a proof by British mathematician Andrew Wiles of a special case of the modularity theorem for elliptic curves.
See Mathematics and Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
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Wolf Prize in Mathematics
The Wolf Prize in Mathematics is awarded almost annually by the Wolf Foundation in Israel.
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World Scientific
World Scientific Publishing is an academic publisher of scientific, technical, and medical books and journals headquartered in Singapore.
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World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
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World War II in Yugoslavia
World War II in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941, when the country was invaded and swiftly conquered by Axis forces and partitioned among Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and their client regimes.
See Mathematics and World War II in Yugoslavia
Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory
In set theory, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel, is an axiomatic system that was proposed in the early twentieth century in order to formulate a theory of sets free of paradoxes such as Russell's paradox.
See Mathematics and Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory
See also
Formal sciences
- Actuarial science
- Analytics
- Artificial intelligence
- Artificial intelligence content detection
- Artificial wisdom
- Birkhoff's theorem (equational logic)
- Computational linguistics
- Computer science
- Confrontation analysis
- Cryptography
- Data mining
- Decision theory
- Exact sciences
- Formal linguistics
- Formal ontology
- Formal science
- Game theory
- Grammar systems theory
- Homeokinetics
- Image analysis
- Information theory
- Logic
- Mathematics
- Organoid intelligence
- Oxford model
- Pattern recognition
- Perceptual control theory
- Prescriptive analytics
- Queueing theory
- Risk analysis (business)
- Statistics
- Systems ecology
- Systems science
- Theoretical computer science
- Theoretical linguistics
Main topic articles
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- Information
- Internet
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- Language
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- Life
- List
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- Philosophy
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References
Also known as 00-xx, 00Axx, Areas of mathematics, Branch of mathematics, Branches of mathematics, Fields of mathematics, Index of mathematics, List of basic history of mathematics topics, List of basic mathematical topics, List of basic mathematics topics, List of mathematical topics, List of mathematics categories, List of topics in mathematics, MATH, Matemathics, Math facts, Math research, Mathamatics, Matheamtics, Mathemathics, Mathematic, Mathematical, Mathematical awards, Mathematical concept, Mathematical discipline, Mathematical research, Mathematically, Mathematics as science, Mathematics basic topics, Mathematics research, Mathematics/Schemes, Mathematik, Mathemetics, Mathmatics, Mathmetics, Maths, Methematics, Outline of mathematics, Science of mathematics, Topic outline of mathematics, Topical outline of mathematics.
, Astrology, Astronomy, Augustine of Hippo, Axiom, Axiomatic system, Babylonia, Babylonian mathematics, Beauty, Bertrand Russell, Biology, Boolean algebra, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Butterfly, Byju's, Calculation, Calculus, Cambridge University Press, Cantor's diagonal argument, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Carnegie Mellon University, Cartesian coordinate system, Category theory, Celestial mechanics, Charles Hermite, Chern Medal, Chess, Christian Goldbach, Cicero, Circle, Classical antiquity, Clause, Clinical trial, Cliodynamics, Coding theory, Columbia University, Combinatorial optimization, Combinatorics, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, Commutative algebra, Commutative ring, Compiler, Complex analysis, Complex geometry, Complex number, Complex system, Computability theory, Computational complexity, Computational complexity theory, Computer, Computer algebra, Computer network, Computer program, Computer science, Computer-assisted proof, Concept, Concision, Cone, Conic section, Conjecture, Consistency, Constraint programming, Continuous function, Continuous game, Continuum (set theory), Control theory, Controversy over Cantor's theory, Convex geometry, Convex optimization, Convex set, Corollary, Cost, Countable set, Counterexample, Counting, Cryptography, Curve, Cyclic group, Cylinder, Cylindrical algebraic decomposition, Dark Ages (historiography), David Hilbert, Decidability of first-order theories of the real numbers, Decimal separator, Decision theory, Deductive reasoning, Design of experiments, Differentiable function, Differential calculus, Differential geometry, Diophantine equation, Diophantus, Discrete geometry, Discrete mathematics, Discrete optimization, Discretization, Distribution (mathematics), Division (mathematics), Dover Publications, Early modern period, Economics, Economist, Elementary arithmetic, Ellipse, Emmy Noether, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Engineering, Enumeration, Epistemology, Equals sign, Equation, Error correction code, Estimation theory, Euclid, Euclid's Elements, Euclidean geometry, Euclidean plane, Euclidean space, Eugene Wigner, Exclusive or, Expected loss, Experiment, Expression (mathematics), Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge, Falsifiability, Fashionable Nonsense, Fast Fourier transform, Feit–Thompson theorem, Fermat's Last Theorem, Field (mathematics), Fields Medal, Finance, Financial analyst, Fitness (biology), Flat module, Formal proof, Formal system, Formal verification, Formalism (philosophy of mathematics), Formula, Foundations of mathematics, Four color theorem, Fractal, Fraction, François Viète, Free module, Frequency, Function (mathematics), Functional analysis, G. H. Hardy, Game theory, Gödel's incompleteness theorems, General relativity, Generating function, Geometric transformation, Geometry, Geometry of numbers, Geopolitics, Georg Cantor, George E. Collins, Gerolamo Cardano, Girard Desargues, Glossary of mathematical jargon, Glossary of mathematical symbols, Glyph, Goldbach's conjecture, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Grammatical gender, Graph of a function, Graph theory, Greco-Roman world, Greek alphabet, Greek mathematics, Group theory, Harmonic analysis, Henri Poincaré, Hilbert's problems, Hindu–Arabic numeral system, Hipparchus, History of China, History of logarithms, Homeomorphism, Homo economicus, Homological algebra, Homotopy, Human behavior, Hypergraph, Imperial examination, Implementation, Implicit function, Indian mathematics, Infinite set, Infinity, Information technology consulting, Information theory, Integer, Integer factorization, Integer programming, Integral, Integral symbol, International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Internet, Intuition, Intuitionistic logic, Invariant (mathematics), Isaac Newton, Islamic Golden Age, Jean Bricmont, Jesuits, Johannes Kepler, John Dee, John Napier, Karl Weierstrass, Keith Devlin, Kepler conjecture, Kondratiev wave, Kurt Gödel, L'Enseignement mathématique, L. E. J. Brouwer, Latin alphabet, Laurent Schwartz, Law of excluded middle, Lemma (mathematics), Leonhard Euler, Leroy P. Steele Prize, Less-than sign, Liberal arts education, Lie algebra, Lie group, Line (geometry), Line segment, Linear algebra, Linear equation, List of mathematics awards, Lists of mathematicians, Lists of mathematics topics, Logic, Logical disjunction, Loss function, Lotka–Volterra equations, Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Lynn Steen, Manifold, Marine navigation, Mathematical analysis, Mathematical anxiety, Mathematical Association of America, Mathematical constant, Mathematical economics, Mathematical logic, Mathematical model, Mathematical notation, Mathematical object, Mathematical optimization, Mathematical problem, Mathematical proof, Mathematical Reviews, Mathematical sciences, Mathematical statistics, Mathematical structure, Mathematician, Mathematics and art, Mathematics education, Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world, Mathematics Subject Classification, Mathematics, Form and Function, Matrix (mathematics), Matroid, Measure (mathematics), Measurement, Medicine, Mesopotamia, Metaphysics, Meteorology, Method of exhaustion, Methodist University, Millennium Prize Problems, Model theory, Modular arithmetic, Multiplication, Multiplication sign, Multivariable calculus, NASA, Natural number, Natural science, Neologism, Neuroscience, Newton's law of universal gravitation, Nikolai Kondratiev, Nobel Prize, Non-Euclidean geometry, Nonlinear system, Noun phrase, Number, Number line, Number theory, Numerical analysis, Numerical linear algebra, Numerology, Oceanography, Omar Khayyam, Omega baryon, Online Etymology Dictionary, Open Court Publishing Company, Open problem, Operation (mathematics), Operations research, Oral tradition, Ordinary differential equation, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, P versus NP problem, Parabola, Paradigm shift, Parallel (geometry), Parallel postulate, Partial differential equation, Particle, Paul Erdős, Peano axioms, Pedagogy, Perfect fifth, Perfect information, Perspectives on Science, Peter Turchin, Philosophy, Philosophy Now, Philosophy of mathematics, Philosophy of Science (journal), PhilPapers, Physics, Pi Mu Epsilon, Pierre de Fermat, Planet, Planetary science, Plato, Pleonasm, Plural, Plus and minus signs, Poincaré conjecture, Point at infinity, Poker, Polynomial, Popular mathematics, Population dynamics, Positron, Potential theory, Prehistory, Prime number, Princeton University Press, Probability distribution, Probability theory, Program analysis, Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, Projective geometry, Proof assistant, Proof theory, Proofs from THE BOOK, Property (philosophy), Pseudoscience, Psychology, Ptolemy, Pure mathematics, Puzzle, Pythagoras, Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean triple, Pythagoreanism, Quadrivium, Quanta Magazine, Quantum mechanics, Quasi-empiricism in mathematics, Rational choice theory, Rational number, Real algebraic geometry, Real analysis, Real number, Reason, Recreational mathematics, Regiomontanus, Relation (mathematics), Relationship between mathematics and physics, Renaissance, René Descartes, Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Richard Dedekind, Riemann hypothesis, Riemannian geometry, Rigour, Ring (mathematics), Ring theory, Risk, Roger Apéry, Rorschach test, Round-off error, RSA (cryptosystem), Rule of inference, Russell's paradox, Sampling (statistics), Saunders Mac Lane, Scheme (mathematics), Science, Science (journal), Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, Scientific law, Selection algorithm, Self-similarity, Series (mathematics), Set (mathematics), Set theory, Sexagesimal, Shape, Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi, Sigma Xi, Simplicity, Sine and cosine, Social science, Sociology, Solid mechanics, Solid of revolution, South China Morning Post, Space (mathematics), Spacetime, Special relativity, Sphere packing, Spherical trigonometry, Springer Nature, Springer Publishing, Springer Science+Business Media, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Statistical hypothesis test, Statistical theory, Statistician, Statistics, Straightedge and compass construction, Structural geology, Subscript and superscript, Subset, Subtraction, Surveying, Symmetry, Symmetry group, Synthetic geometry, Syracuse, Sicily, Tang dynasty, Technical definition, Technology, Tests of general relativity, The Mathematical Intelligencer, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, Theodor Zwinger, Theorem, Theoretical computer science, Theory, Theory of relativity, Timeline of scientific discoveries, Topological space, Topology, Trader (finance), Trajectory, Transcendental number theory, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, Trigonometry, Type theory, Universal algebra, University, University of California, Merced, University of Cambridge, University of Georgia, University of Kentucky, University of St Andrews, Variable (mathematics), Vector space, Vedic period, Weierstrass function, Western Europe, Western world, Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, Wiley (publisher), Wolf Prize in Mathematics, World Scientific, World War II, World War II in Yugoslavia, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.