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227 relations: Abbie Lathrop, African clawed frog, Agonist, Albert Sabin, Ancient Greece, Animal model of ischemic stroke, Animal models of depression, Animal testing, Animal testing on invertebrates, Animal testing on rodents, Animal Welfare Act of 1966, Animals in space, Anthrax, Antibiotic, Antigen, Antoine Lavoisier, Anxiety, Arabidopsis thaliana, Aristotle, Autoimmune disease, Bacteriophage, Basal ganglia, Behavior, Biochemistry, Bioethics, Biological life cycle, Biology, Biomechanics, Biotechnology, Bipolar disorder, Brown rat, Caenorhabditis elegans, Calorimeter, Cancer, Carolina anole, Cat, Cell biology, Cell cycle, Cell division, Cell signaling, Cellular differentiation, Chicken, Chimpanzee, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chloroplast, Chromosome, Classical swine fever, Cognition, Common descent, Connectome, ..., Current Drug Metabolism, Developmental biology, Diabetes mellitus, Dictyostelium discoideum, Diphtheria, Dirofilaria immitis, Disease, DNA sequencing, Dog, Domain (biology), Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophilidae, Ecology, Emil von Behring, Emiliania huxleyi, Endophenotype, Ensembl genome database project, Enterobacteria phage T4, Epigenetics, Epilepsy, Erasistratus, Eric Kandel, Escherichia coli, Etiology, Eukaryote, Evolution, Exercise, Experiment, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Fecundity, Feline immunodeficiency virus, Frederick Banting, Generic Model Organism Database, Genetic engineering, Genetics, Genetics (journal), Genome, Genome project, Genomics, Germ theory of disease, Glanders, Glaucoma, Gram-negative bacteria, Green algae, Guinea pig, Halothane, Hamster wheel, Hepatitis, Heredity, History of animal testing, History of model organisms, HIV, Homology (biology), Host (biology), House mouse, Human, Human subject research, Hydra (genus), Immune response, Immunization, Impaired glucose tolerance, In vitro, In vivo, Inbreeding, Infection, Insulin, Ionizing radiation, Japanese rice fish, John Cade, John Macleod (physiologist), Jonas Salk, Kinship, Lambda phage, Louis Pasteur, Maize, Mammal, McGill University, Medication, Mental disorder, Metabolic pathway, Methods in Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Microbiota, Midbrain, Middle cerebral artery, Mitochondrion, Model organism databases, Molecular biology, Molecular genetics, Molecule, Montreal, Morphogenesis, Motility, Mouse model of colorectal and intestinal cancer, Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis, Mummichog, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academy of Medicine, National Anti-Vivisection Society, National Cancer Institute, Nature Methods, Nematode, Neoplasm, Neuroscience, Neurotransmitter, NOD mice, Non-coding DNA, Non-human, Nothobranchius furzeri, Obesity, Organ transplantation, Organelle, Osteoporosis, Ovariectomized rat, Oxidopamine, Pain, Parasitic disease, Parkinson's disease, Pathogen, Pathology, Pentylenetetrazol, Photosynthesis, Physcomitrella patens, Physiology, Plasmodium yoelii, Polio vaccine, Poliomyelitis, Poliomyelitis eradication, Polytene chromosome, Post-traumatic epilepsy, Primate, Programmed cell death, Prokaryote, Protein, Proteomics, Psychology, Rabies, Receptor antagonist, Recombinant DNA, Red junglefowl, RefSeq, Regeneration (biology), Regulation of gene expression, Respiration (physiology), Rhesus macaque, Robert Koch, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Sedentary lifestyle, Selective breeding, Sociology, Species, Stem cell, Stroke, Sydney Brenner, Symptom, Takifugu rubripes, Taxonomy (biology), Tetrahymena, The Arabidopsis Information Resource, The Journal of Experimental Biology, Therapy, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Tissue (biology), Transformation (genetics), Transposable element, Tree of life (biology), Tuberculosis, Vaccine, Vertebrate, Virus, Western clawed frog, Whooping cough, William E. Castle, Yeast, Zebrafish, 1925 serum run to Nome. Expand index (177 more) »
Abbie Lathrop
Abbie E. C. Lathrop (1868 – 1918) was a rodent fancier who bred fancy mice.
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African clawed frog
The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis, also known as the xenopus, African clawed toad, African claw-toed frog or the platanna) is a species of African aquatic frog of the family Pipidae.
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Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.
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Albert Sabin
Albert Bruce Sabin (born Albert Saperstein; August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was a Polish American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral polio vaccine which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease.
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Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 13th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (AD 600).
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Animal model of ischemic stroke
Animal models of ischemic stroke are procedures inducing cerebral ischemia.
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Animal models of depression
Animal models of depression are research tools used to investigate depression and action of antidepressants as a simulation to investigate the symptomatology and pathophysiology of depressive illness or used to screen novel antidepressants.
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Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
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Animal testing on invertebrates
Most animal testing involves invertebrates, especially Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly, and Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode.
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Animal testing on rodents
Rodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly mice and rats, but also guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils and others.
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Animal Welfare Act of 1966
The Animal Welfare Act (Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966, P.L. 89-544) was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 24, 1966.
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Animals in space
Non-human animals in space originally served to test the survivability of spaceflight, before human spaceflights were attempted.
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Anthrax
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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Antoine Lavoisier
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution;; 26 August 17438 May 1794) CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
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Anxiety
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.
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Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small flowering plant native to Eurasia and Africa.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea.
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Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) is a group of subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates including humans, which are situated at the base of the forebrain.
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Behavior
Behavior (American English) or behaviour (Commonwealth English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment.
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Biochemistry
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
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Bioethics
Bioethics is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.
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Biological life cycle
In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Biomechanics
Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).
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Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood.
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Brown rat
The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), also known as the common rat, street rat, sewer rat, Hanover rat, Norway rat, Norwegian rat, Parisian rat or wharf rat, is one of the best known and most common rats.
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Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living (not parasitic), transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, that lives in temperate soil environments.
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Calorimeter
A calorimeter is an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Carolina anole
The Carolina anole (Anolis carolinensis) is an arboreal anole lizard native to the southeastern United States (west to Texas) and introduced elsewhere.
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Cat
The domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus or Felis catus) is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal.
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Cell biology
Cell biology (also called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, the basic unit of life.
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Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Cell signaling
Cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Chicken
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
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Chimpanzee
The taxonomical genus Pan (often referred to as chimpanzees or chimps) consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo.
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single-cell green alga about 10 micrometres in diameter that swims with two flagella.
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Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Classical swine fever
Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera (also sometimes called pig plague based on the German word Schweinepest) is a highly contagious disease of swine (Old World and New World pigs).
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Cognition
Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".
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Common descent
Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.
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Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its "wiring diagram".
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Current Drug Metabolism
Current Drug Metabolism is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the study of drug metabolism.
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Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Dictyostelium discoideum
Dictyostelium discoideum is a species of soil-living amoeba belonging to the phylum Amoebozoa, infraphylum Mycetozoa.
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Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
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Dirofilaria immitis
Dirofilaria immitis, the heartworm or dog heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm that is spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes.
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Disease
A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.
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DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
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Dog
The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the gray wolf or Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus Canis (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore.
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Domain (biology)
In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist.
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Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.
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Drosophilidae
The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes fruit flies.
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Ecology
Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.
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Emil von Behring
Emil von Behring (Emil Adolf von Behring), born as Emil Adolf Behring (15 March 1854 – 31 March 1917), was a German physiologist who received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the first one awarded, for his discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin.
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Emiliania huxleyi
Emiliania huxleyi, often abbreviated "EHUX", is a species of coccolithophore found in almost all ocean ecosystems the equator to sub-polar regions, and from nutrient rich upwelling zones to nutrient poor oligotrophic waters.
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Endophenotype
Endophenotype is a genetic epidemiology term which is used to separate behavioral symptoms into more stable phenotypes with a clear genetic connection.
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Ensembl genome database project
Ensembl genome database project is a joint scientific project between the European Bioinformatics Institute and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, which was launched in 1999 in response to the imminent completion of the Human Genome Project.
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Enterobacteria phage T4
Enterobacteria phage T4 is a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria.
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.
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Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures.
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Erasistratus
Erasistratus (Ἐρασίστρατος; c. 304 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria.
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Eric Kandel
Eric Richard Kandel (born November 7, 1929) is an Austrian-American neuroscientist and a University Professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Etiology
Etiology (alternatively aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation, or origination.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Exercise
Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
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Experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
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Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, sometimes experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of brain inflammation.
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Fecundity
In human demography and population biology, fecundity is the potential for reproduction of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set, or asexual propagules.
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Feline immunodeficiency virus
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that affects cats worldwide.
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Frederick Banting
Sir Frederick Grant Banting (November 14, 1891 – February 21, 1941) was a Canadian medical scientist, physician, painter, and Nobel laureate noted as the co-discoverer of insulin and its therapeutic potential.
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Generic Model Organism Database
The Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project provides biological research communities with a toolkit of open-source software components for visualizing, annotating, managing, and storing biological data.
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Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Genetics (journal)
Genetics is a monthly scientific journal publishing investigations bearing on heredity, genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genome project
Genome projects are scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism (be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, a bacterium, an archaean, a protist or a virus) and to annotate protein-coding genes and other important genome-encoded features.
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Genomics
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.
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Germ theory of disease
The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory of disease.
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Glanders
Glanders (from Middle English glaundres or Old French glandres, both meaning glands; malleus, Rotz; also known as "equinia", "farcy", and "malleus") is an infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses, mules, and donkeys.
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Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.
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Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation.
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Green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia.
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Guinea pig
The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also known as cavy or domestic cavy, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia.
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Halothane
Halothane, sold under the brandname Fluothane among others, is a general anesthetic.
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Hamster wheel
Hamster wheels or running wheel are exercise devices used primarily by hamsters and other rodents, but also by other cursorial animals when given the opportunity.
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Hepatitis
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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History of animal testing
The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first documented to perform experiments on animals.
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History of model organisms
The history of model organisms began with the idea that certain organisms can be studied and used to gain knowledge of other organisms or as a control (ideal) for other organisms of the same species.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.
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Host (biology)
In biology and medicine, a host is an organism that harbours a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont), the guest typically being provided with nourishment and shelter.
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House mouse
The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a small mammal of the order Rodentia, characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, and a long naked or almost hairless tail.
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Human
Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.
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Human subject research
Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects.
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Hydra (genus)
Hydra is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa.
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Immune response
The Immune response is the body's response caused by its immune system being activated by antigens.
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Immunization
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the immunogen).
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Impaired glucose tolerance
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a pre-diabetic state of hyperglycemia that is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Inbreeding
Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically.
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.
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Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
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Japanese rice fish
The Japanese rice fish (Oryzias latipes) also known as the medaka, is a member of genus Oryzias (ricefish), the only genus in the subfamily Oryziinae.
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John Cade
Dr John Frederick Joseph Cade AO (18 January 1912 – 16 November 1980) was an Australian psychiatrist credited with discovering (in 1948) the effects of lithium carbonate as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder (then known as manic depression).
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John Macleod (physiologist)
Prof John James Rickard Macleod, FRS FRSE LLD (6 September 1876 – 16 March 1935) was a Scottish biochemist and physiologist.
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Jonas Salk
Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher and virologist.
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Kinship
In anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated.
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Lambda phage
Enterobacteria phage λ (lambda phage, coliphage λ) is a bacterial virus, or bacteriophage, that infects the bacterial species Escherichia coli (E. coli).
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Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.
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Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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McGill University
McGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Mental disorder
A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.
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Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
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Methods in Molecular Biology
Methods in Molecular Biology is a book series published by Humana Press that covers molecular biology research methods and protocols.
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Microbiology
Microbiology (from Greek μῑκρος, mīkros, "small"; βίος, bios, "life"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells).
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Microbiota
A microbiota is an "ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms" found in and on all multicellular organisms studied to date from plants to animals.
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Midbrain
The midbrain or mesencephalon (from Greek mesos 'middle', and enkephalos 'brain') is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
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Middle cerebral artery
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Model organism databases
Model organism databases (MODs) are biological databases, or knowledgebases, dedicated to the provision of in-depth biological data for intensively studied model organisms.
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Molecular genetics
Molecular genetics is the field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level and thus employs methods of both molecular biology and genetics.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Montreal
Montreal (officially Montréal) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada.
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Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation, literally, "beginning of the shape") is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.
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Motility
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.
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Mouse model of colorectal and intestinal cancer
Mouse models of colorectal cancer and intestinal cancer are experimental systems in which mice are genetically manipulated, fed a modified diet, or challenged with chemicals to develop malignancies in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis
Breast cancer metastatic mouse models are experimental approaches in which mice are genetically manipulated to develop a mammary tumor leading to distant focal lesions of mammary epithelium.
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Mummichog
The mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) is a small killifish found along the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada.
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (also known as "NASEM" or "the National Academies") is the collective scientific national academy of the United States.
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National Academy of Medicine
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), formerly called the Institute of Medicine (IoM), is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization.
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National Anti-Vivisection Society
The National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS) is a national, not-for-profit animal welfare organisation based in London that actively campaigns against animal testing for commercial, educational or scientific research purposes.
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National Cancer Institute
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of eleven agencies that are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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Nature Methods
Nature Methods is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering new scientific techniques.
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Nematode
The nematodes or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes).
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Neoplasm
Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
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Neuroscience
Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system.
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.
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NOD mice
Non-obese diabetic or NOD mice, like the Biobreeding rat, are used as an animal model for type 1 diabetes.
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Non-coding DNA
In genomics and related disciplines, noncoding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.
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Non-human
Non-human (also spelled nonhuman) is any entity displaying some, but not enough, human characteristics to be considered a human.
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Nothobranchius furzeri
Nothobranchius furzeri, the turquoise killifish, is a species of aplocheilid fish native to Africa where it is only known from Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
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Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
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Organ transplantation
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.
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Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone.
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Ovariectomized rat
An ovariectomized rat (OVX) is a female rat whose ovaries have been removed.
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Oxidopamine
Oxidopamine, also known as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamine, is a neurotoxic synthetic organic compound used by researchers to selectively destroy dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in the brain.
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Pain
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.
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Parasitic disease
A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused or transmitted by a parasite.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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Pathology
Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.
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Pentylenetetrazol
Pentylenetetrazol, also known as pentylenetetrazole, metrazol, pentetrazol (INN), pentamethylenetetrazol, Corazol, Cardiazol, deumacard or PTZ, is a drug formerly used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Physcomitrella patens
Physcomitrella patens, the spreading earthmoss, is a moss (bryophyte) used as a model organism for studies on plant evolution, development, and physiology.
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Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.
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Plasmodium yoelii
Plasmodium yoelii is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia.
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Polio vaccine
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).
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Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.
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Poliomyelitis eradication
Poliomyelitis eradication refers to a permanent elimination of all cases of poliomyelitis (polio) infection around the world.
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Polytene chromosome
Polytene chromosomes are large chromosomes which have thousands of DNA strands.
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Post-traumatic epilepsy
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a form of epilepsy that results from brain damage caused by physical trauma to the brain (traumatic brain injury, abbreviated TBI).
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Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: "prime, first rank").
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Programmed cell death
Programmed cell death (or PCD) is the death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program.
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Prokaryote
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Proteomics
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins.
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Psychology
Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.
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Rabies
Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals.
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Receptor antagonist
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
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Red junglefowl
The red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) is a tropical member of the family Phasianidae.
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RefSeq
The Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database is an open access, annotated and curated collection of publicly available nucleotide sequences (DNA, RNA) and their protein products.
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Regeneration (biology)
In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage.
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Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.
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Respiration (physiology)
In physiology, respiration is defined as the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
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Rhesus macaque
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the best-known species of Old World monkeys.
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Robert Koch
Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician and microbiologist.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.
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Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology.
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Sedentary lifestyle
A sedentary lifestyle is a type of lifestyle with little or no physical activity.
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Selective breeding
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Sydney Brenner
Sydney Brenner (born 13 January 1927) is a South African biologist and a 2002 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate, shared with Bob Horvitz and John Sulston.
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Symptom
A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease.
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Takifugu rubripes
Takifugu rubripes, commonly known as the Japanese puffer, Tiger puffer, or torafugu (虎河豚), is a pufferfish in the genus Takifugu. It is distinguished by a very small genome that has been fully sequenced because of its use as a model species and is in widespread use as a reference in genomics.
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Taxonomy (biology)
Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
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Tetrahymena
Tetrahymena is a genus of free-living ciliates that can also switch from commensalistic to pathogenic modes of survival.
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The Arabidopsis Information Resource
The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) is a community resource and online model organism database of genetic and molecular biology data for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, commonly known as mouse-ear cress.
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
The Journal of Experimental Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of comparative physiology and integrative biology.
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Therapy
Therapy (often abbreviated tx, Tx, or Tx) is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan
Thomas Hunt Morgan (September 25, 1866 – December 4, 1945) was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist, and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity.
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Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
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Transformation (genetics)
In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
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Transposable element
A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.
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Tree of life (biology)
The tree of life or universal tree of life is a metaphor, model and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living and extinct, as described in a famous passage in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859).
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Western clawed frog
The western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis) is a species of frog in the family Pipidae, also known as tropical clawed frog.
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Whooping cough
Whooping cough (also known as pertussis or 100-day cough) is a highly contagious bacterial disease.
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William E. Castle
William Ernest Castle (October 25, 1867 – June 3, 1962) was an early American geneticist.
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Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
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Zebrafish
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes.
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1925 serum run to Nome
The 1925 serum run to Nome, also known as the Great Race of Mercy, was a transport of diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled relay across the U.S. territory of Alaska by 20 mushers and about 150 sled dogs in five and a half days, saving the small town of Nome and the surrounding communities from an incipient epidemic.
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Animal model, Animal models, Animal models of behaviour, Animal models of disease, Model animals, Model experimental organism, Model organisms, Model plant, Model research organism, Model species, Models, animal, Mouse model, Mouse models of human disease, Plant model, Rodent model.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism
