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211 relations: Adamawa languages, Adamawa Plateau, Adamawa–Ubangi languages, Adjective, Advanced and retracted tongue root, Africa, Akan language, Akoko language, Alveolar consonant, Anyin language, Applicative voice, Atlantic languages, Atlantic–Congo languages, Austronesian languages, Auxiliary verb, Ayere–Ahan languages, Bak languages, Bambara language, Banda languages, Bantoid languages, Bantu expansion, Bantu languages, Bété language, Beboid languages, Bendi languages, Benin, Benue River, Benue–Congo languages, Buru language (Nigeria), Cambridge University Press, Carl Meinhof, Causative, Central Africa, Central African Republic, Central Sudanic languages, Central Tano languages, Classifier (linguistics), Complementary distribution, Cross River languages, Dagbani language, Dakoid languages, Dan language, Dangme language, Defaka language, Demonstrative, Dida language, Diedrich Hermann Westermann, Dogon languages, Dogon people, Downstep, ..., Dyula language, Eastern Sudanic languages, Edo language, Edoid languages, Efik language, Ekoid languages, Esimbi language, Ethnologue, Ewe language, Fali of Baissa, Fam language, Fon language, Fortis and lenis, Friedrich Müller (linguist), Fula language, Furu languages, Gban language, Gbaya languages, Gbe languages, Genetic relationship (linguistics), Genitive case, Ghana, Ghana–Togo Mountain languages, Glottolog, Gola language, Grammatical gender, Grammatical number, Grassfields languages, Gur languages, Guthrie classification of Bantu languages, Idoma language, Idomoid languages, Igbo language, Igboid languages, Igede language, Ijaw languages, Ijaw people, Ijoid languages, Indiana University Press, Ivory Coast, Jalaa language, Jarawan languages, John Bendor-Samuel, Joseph Greenberg, Journal of African Cultural Studies, Jukun Takum language, Jukunoid languages, Kadu languages, Kainji languages, Karl Richard Lepsius, Kasena language, Katla languages, Kay Williamson, Khoisan, Kogi State, Kordofan, Kordofanian languages, Kru languages, Kru people, Kwa languages, Laal language, Labial consonant, Labial–velar consonant, Lafofa languages, Language family, Languages of Africa, Languages of Nigeria, Limba language, Lingala, Mali, Mambila language, Mambiloid languages, Mamfe languages, Mandé peoples, Mande languages, Mandinka language, Maninka language, Mbam languages, Mbe language, Mel languages, Menchum language, Momo languages, Monzombo language, Mossi language, Mpra language, Mumuye language, Mwani language, Nafaanra, Nasal consonant, Nasal vowel, Niger Delta, Niger River, Niger–Congo languages, Nigeria, Nilo-Saharan languages, Noun class, Noun phrase, Nuba Mountains, Numeral (linguistics), Nupoid languages, Nyabwa language, Oko language, Palatal consonant, Phonology, Plateau languages, Polyglotta Africana, Polyphyly, Preposition and postposition, Pygmy peoples, Rashad languages, Reciprocal (grammar), Relative clause, Roger Blench, Sahel, San people, Savannas languages, Senari languages, Senegal, Senegal River, Senegambian languages, Senufo languages, Senufo people, Shona language, Sigismund Koelle, Singulative number, Songhay languages, Southern Bantoid languages, Subject–object–verb, Subject–verb–object, Sudan, Sudanic languages, Supyire language, Swahili language, Syllable, Talodi–Heiban languages, Temne language, The Languages of Africa, Tigon language, Tikar language, Timbuktu, Tita language, Tivoid languages, Togo, Tone (linguistics), Twi, Ubangian languages, Ukaan language, University Press of America, Velar consonant, Volta–Congo languages, Volta–Niger languages, Vowel harmony, West Africa, Wilhelm Bleek, Wobé language, Wolof language, Yoruba language, Yoruboid languages, Yukuben language, Zialo language, 5.9 kiloyear event. Expand index (161 more) »
Adamawa languages
The Adamawa languages are a putative family of 80–90 languages scattered across the Adamawa Plateau in central Africa, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Chad, spoken altogether by only one and a half million people (as of 1996).
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Adamawa Plateau
The Adamawa Plateau (Massif de l'Adamaoua) is a plateau region in central Africa stretching from south-eastern Nigeria through north-central Cameroon (Adamawa and North Provinces) to the Central African Republic.
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Adamawa–Ubangi languages
The Adamawa–Ubangi languages are a formerly postulated family of languages spoken in Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan, by a total of about 12 million people.
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Adjective
In linguistics, an adjective (abbreviated) is a describing word, the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
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Advanced and retracted tongue root
In phonetics, advanced tongue root and retracted tongue root, abbreviated ATR or RTR, are contrasting states of the root of the tongue during the pronunciation of vowels in some languages, especially in Western and Eastern Africa but also in Kazakh and Mongolian.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Akan language
Akan is a Central Tano language that is the principal native language of the Akan people of Ghana, spoken over much of the southern half of that country, by about 58% of the population, and among 30% of the population of Ivory Coast.
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Akoko language
North Akoko, usually abbreviated to Akoko and also known as Arigidi, is a dialect cluster spoken in Nigeria.
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Alveolar consonant
Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth.
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Anyin language
The Anyin language is spoken principally in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana.
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Applicative voice
The applicative voice (abbreviated or) is a grammatical voice that promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the (core) object argument, and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb.
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Atlantic languages
The Atlantic languages (or West Atlantic languages"West Atlantic" is the traditional term, following Diedrich Hermann Westermann; "Atlantic" is more typical in recent work, particularly since Bendor-Samuel (1989).) of West Africa are an obsolete proposed major group of the Niger–Congo languages.
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Atlantic–Congo languages
The Atlantic–Congo languages are a major division constituting the core of the Niger–Congo language family of Africa, characterised by the noun class systems typical of the family.
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Austronesian languages
The Austronesian languages are a language family that is widely dispersed throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, with a few members in continental Asia.
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Auxiliary verb
An auxiliary verb (abbreviated) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears, such as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc.
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Ayere–Ahan languages
The Ayere–Ahan languages are a pair of languages of Nigeria, Ayere and Àhàn (or Ahaan), that form an independent branch of the Volta–Niger languages.
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Bak languages
The Bak languages are a group of typologically Atlantic languages of Senegal and Guinea Bissau linked in 2010 to the erstwhile Atlantic isolate Bijago.
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Bambara language
The Bambara (Bamana) language, Bamanankan, is a lingua franca and national language of Mali spoken by perhaps 15 million people, natively by 5 million Bambara people and about 10 million second-language users.
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Banda languages
Banda is a family of Ubangian languages spoken by the Banda people of Central Africa.
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Bantoid languages
Bantoid is a putative major division of the Benue–Congo branch of the Niger–Congo language family.
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Bantu expansion
The Bantu expansion is a major series of migrations of the original proto-Bantu language speaking group, who spread from an original nucleus around West Africa-Central Africa across much of sub-Sahara Africa.
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Bantu languages
The Bantu languages (English:, Proto-Bantu: */baⁿtʊ̀/) technically the Narrow Bantu languages, as opposed to "Wide Bantu", a loosely defined categorization which includes other "Bantoid" languages are a large family of languages spoken by the Bantu peoples throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Bété language
Bété is a language cluster of Kru languages in Ivory Coast, in Africa.
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Beboid languages
The Beboid languages constitute a branch, or branches, of Southern Bantoid and are spoken principally in southwest Cameroon, although two languages (Bukwen and Mashi) are spoken over the border in Nigeria.
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Bendi languages
The Bendi languages are a small group of Benue–Congo languages of uncertain affiliation spoken in southeastern Nigeria, with one (Bokyi) having some speakers in Cameroon.
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Benin
Benin (Bénin), officially the Republic of Benin (République du Bénin) and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.
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Benue River
The Benue River (la Bénoué), previously known as the Chadda River or Tchadda, is the major tributary of the Niger River.
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Benue–Congo languages
Benue–Congo (sometimes called East Benue–Congo) is a major subdivision of the Niger–Congo language family which covers most of Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Buru language (Nigeria)
Buru is a Southern Bantoid language of uncertain classification spoken in a single village in Nigeria.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Carl Meinhof
Carl Friedrich Michael Meinhof (July 23, 1857 – February 11, 1944) was a German linguist and one of the first linguists to study African languages.
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Causative
In linguistics, a causative (abbreviated) is a valency-increasing operationPayne, Thomas E. (1997).
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Central Africa
Central Africa is the core region of the African continent which includes Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda.
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Central African Republic
The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka; République centrafricaine, or Centrafrique) is a landlocked country in Central Africa.
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Central Sudanic languages
Central Sudanic is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed Nilo-Saharan language family.
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Central Tano languages
The Central Tano or Akan languages are languages of the Niger-Kongo family (or perhaps the theorised Kwa languages) spoken in Ghana and Ivory Coast by the Akan people.
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Classifier (linguistics)
A classifier (abbreviated or), sometimes called a measure word or counter word, is a word or affix that is used to accompany nouns and can be considered to "classify" a noun depending on the type of its referent.
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Complementary distribution
In linguistics, complementary distribution, as distinct from contrastive distribution and free variation, is the relationship between two different elements of the same kind in which one element is found in one set of environments and the other element is found in a non-intersecting (complementary) set of environments.
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Cross River languages
The Cross River or Delta–Cross languages are a branch of the Benue–Congo language family spoken in south-easternmost Nigeria, with some speakers in south-westernmost Cameroon.
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Dagbani language
Dagbani (or Dagbane), also known as Dagbanli and Dagbanle, is a Gur language spoken in Ghana.
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Dakoid languages
The Dakoid languages are a small putative group of languages spoken in Taraba and Adamawa states of eastern Nigeria.
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Dan language
Dan is a Mande language spoken primarily in Ivory Coast (~800,000 speakers) and Liberia (150,000–200,000 speakers).
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Dangme language
The Dangme language, also Dangme or Adaŋgbi, is a Kwa language spoken in south-eastern Ghana by the Dangme People (Dangmeli).
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Defaka language
Defaka is an endangered and divergent Nigerian language of uncertain classification.
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Demonstrative
Demonstratives (abbreviated) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.
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Dida language
Dida is a dialect cluster of the Kru family spoken in Ivory Coast.
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Diedrich Hermann Westermann
Diedrich Hermann Westermann (June 24, 1875–May 31, 1956) was a German missionary, Africanist, and linguist.
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Dogon languages
The Dogon languages are a small, close-knit language family spoken by the Dogon people of Mali, which is generally believed to belong to the larger Niger–Congo family.
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Dogon people
The Dogon are an ethnic group living in the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa, south of the Niger bend, near the city of Bandiagara, in the Mopti region.
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Downstep
Downstep is a phenomenon in tone languages in which if two syllables have the same tone (for example, both with a high tone or both with a low tone), the second syllable is lower in pitch than the first.
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Dyula language
Jula (or Dyula, Dioula) is a Mande language spoken in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Mali.
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Eastern Sudanic languages
In most classifications, the Eastern Sudanic languages are a group of nine families of languages that may constitute a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family.
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Edo language
Edo (with diacritics, Ẹ̀dó; also called Bini (Benin)) is a Volta–Niger language spoken primarily in Edo State, Nigeria.
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Edoid languages
The Edoid languages are some two-to-three dozen languages spoken in Southern Nigeria, predominantly in the former Bendel State.
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Efik language
Efik proper; Efik.
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Ekoid languages
The Ekoid languages are a dialect cluster of Southern Bantoid languages spoken principally in southeastern Nigeria and in adjacent regions of Cameroon.
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Esimbi language
Esimbi is a Southern Bantoid language of southwestern Cameroon.
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Ethnologue
Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world.
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Ewe language
Ewe (Èʋe or Èʋegbe) is a Niger–Congo language spoken in southeastern Ghana by approximately 6–7 million people as either the first or second language.
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Fali of Baissa
Fali is an unclassified Benue-Congo language of Nigeria, spoken in the town of Baissa in Taraba State.
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Fam language
Fam is a Bantoid language of Nigeria.
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Fon language
Fon (fɔ̀ngbè) is part of the Gbe language cluster and belongs to the Volta–Niger branch of the Niger–Congo languages.
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Fortis and lenis
In linguistics, fortis and lenis (Latin for "strong" and "weak"), sometimes identified with '''tense''' and '''lax''', are pronunciations of consonants with relatively greater and lesser energy.
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Friedrich Müller (linguist)
Friedrich Müller (born 6 March 1834, Jemnik, Austrian Empire (now Jemnice, Czech Republic); died 25 May 1898, Vienna) was an Austrian linguist and ethnologist who originated the term Hamito-Semitic languages for what are now called the Afro-Asiatic languages.
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Fula language
Fula Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh, also known as Fulani or Fulah (Fula: Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular; Peul), is a language spoken as a set of various dialects in a continuum that stretches across some 20 countries in West and Central Africa.
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Furu languages
The Furu languages are a proposed group of poorly attested extinct or nearly extinct and otherwise unclassified Southern Bantoid languages of Cameroon.
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Gban language
Gban, or Gagu (Gagou), is a Mande language of Ivory Coast.
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Gbaya languages
The Gbaya languages, also known as Gbaya–Manza–Ngbaka, are a family of perhaps a dozen languages spoken mainly in the western Central African Republic and across the border in Cameroon, with one language (Ngbaka) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with a few small languages in the Republic of the Congo.
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Gbe languages
The Gbe languages (pronounced) form a cluster of about twenty related languages stretching across the area between eastern Ghana and western Nigeria.
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Genetic relationship (linguistics)
In linguistics, genetic relationship is the usual term for the relationship which exists between languages that are members of the same language family.
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Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive (abbreviated); also called the second case, is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun.
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Ghana
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa.
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Ghana–Togo Mountain languages
The Ghana–Togo Mountain languages, formerly called Togorestsprachen (Togo Remnant languages) and Central Togo languages, form a grouping of about fourteen languages spoken in the mountains of the Ghana–Togo borderland.
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Glottolog
Glottolog is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, developed and maintained first at the former Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and since 2015 at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany.
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Gola language
Gola is an erstwhile Atlantic language of Liberia and Sierra Leone.
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Grammatical gender
In linguistics, grammatical gender is a specific form of noun class system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the language, such as adjectives, articles, pronouns, or verbs.
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Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two", or "three or more").
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Grassfields languages
The Grassfields languages (or Wide Grassfields languages) are a branch of Benue–Congo spoken in the Western High Plateau of Cameroon and a sister group to the Bantu languages.
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Gur languages
The Gur languages, also known as Central Gur, belong to the Niger–Congo languages.
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Guthrie classification of Bantu languages
The 250 or so "Narrow Bantu languages" are conventionally divided up into geographic zones first proposed by Malcolm Guthrie (1967–1971).
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Idoma language
Idoma is the second official language spoken in the Benue State in southeast-central Nigeria, by approximately 600,000 people (1991 estimate).
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Idomoid languages
The Idomoid languages are spoken in central Nigeria.
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Igbo language
Igbo (Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh), is the principal native language of the Igbo people, an ethnic group of southeastern Nigeria.
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Igboid languages
Igboid languages constitute a branch of the Volta–Niger language family.
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Igede language
Igede is a language spoken in Benue State and Cross River State, Nigeria, by 250,000 people.
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Ijaw languages
The Ijaw languages, also spelt Ịjọ, are the languages spoken by the Ijaw people in southern Nigeria.
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Ijaw people
Ijaw people (also known by the subgroups "Ijo" or "Izon") are a collection of peoples indigenous to the Niger Delta in Nigeria, inhabiting regions of the states of Bayelsa, Delta, Ondo, Akwa Ibom and Rivers.
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Ijoid languages
Ijoid is a proposed but undemonstrated group of languages linking the Ijaw languages (Ịjọ) with the endangered Defaka language.
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Indiana University Press
Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.
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Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a sovereign state located in West Africa.
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Jalaa language
Jalaa (autonym: bàsàrə̀n dà jàlààbè̩), also known as Cèntûm, Centúúm or Cen Tuum, is an endangered language of northeastern Nigeria (Loojaa settlement in Balanga Local Government Area, Bauchi State), of uncertain origins.
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Jarawan languages
Jarawan is a dialect cluster that is closely related to, or perhaps a branch of, the Bantu languages.
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John Bendor-Samuel
John Theodore Bendor-Samuel (9 June 1929 – 6 January 2011) was an evangelical Christian missionary and linguist who furthered Bible translation work into African languages, as well as making significant contributions to the study of African linguistics.
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Joseph Greenberg
Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages.
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Journal of African Cultural Studies
The Journal of African Cultural Studies is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on African culture, including African literatures, both written and oral, performance arts, visual arts, music, the role of the media, the relationship between culture and power, culture and gender issues and sociolinguistic topics of cultural interest.
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Jukun Takum language
Jukun (Njikum), or more precisely Jukun Takum, is a Jukunoid language of Cameroon used as a trade language in Nigeria.
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Jukunoid languages
The Jukunoid languages are a branch of the Central Nigerian (or Platoid) languages spoken by the Jukun and related peoples of Nigeria and Cameroon.
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Kadu languages
The Kadu languages, also known as Kadugli–Krongo or Tumtum, are a small language family of the Kordofanian geographic grouping, once included in Niger–Congo but since Thilo Schadeberg (1981) widely seen as Nilo-Saharan.
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Kainji languages
The Kainji languages are a group of sixty or so related languages spoken by about 900,000 people in Nigeria.
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Karl Richard Lepsius
Karl or Carl Richard Lepsius (23 December 1810– 10 July 1884) was a pioneering Prussian Egyptologist and linguist and pioneer of modern archaeology.
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Kasena language
Kasem (Kassena) is the language of the Kassena ethnic group and is a Gur language spoken in the Upper East Region of northern Ghana and in Burkina Faso.
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Katla languages
The Katla languages are two closely related languages that form a small language family in the Nuba Hills of Sudan.
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Kay Williamson
Kay Williamson (1935 – January 3, 2005, Brazil), born Ruth Margaret Williamson was a linguist who specialised in the study of African languages, particularly those of the Niger Delta in Nigeria, where she lived for nearly fifty years.
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Khoisan
Khoisan, or according to the contemporary Khoekhoegowab orthography Khoesān (pronounced), is an artificial catch-all name for the so-called "non-Bantu" indigenous peoples of Southern Africa, combining the Khoekhoen (formerly "Khoikhoi") and the Sān or Sākhoen (also, in Afrikaans: Boesmans, or in English: Bushmen, after Dutch Boschjesmens; and Saake in the Nǁng language).
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Kogi State
Kogi, a state in the central region of Nigeria.
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Kordofan
Kordofan (كردفان) is a former province of central Sudan.
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Kordofanian languages
The Kordofanian languages are a geographic grouping of five language groups spoken in the Nuba Mountains of the Kurdufan, Sudan: Talodi–Heiban languages, Lafofa languages, Rashad languages, Katla languages and Kadu languages.
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Kru languages
The Kru languages belong to the Niger–Congo language family and are spoken by the Kru people from the southeast of Liberia to the east of Ivory Coast.
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Kru people
The Kru or Kroo are a West African ethnic group who originated in eastern Liberia and migrated and settled along various points of the West African coast, notably Freetown, Sierra Leone, but also the Ivorian and Nigerian coasts.
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Kwa languages
The Kwa languages, often specified as New Kwa, are a proposed but as-yet-undemonstrated family of languages spoken in the south-eastern part of Ivory Coast, across southern Ghana, and in central Togo.
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Laal language
Laal is an endangered language isolate spoken by 749 people in three villages in the Moyen-Chari prefecture of Chad on opposite banks of the Chari River, called Gori (lá), Damtar (ɓual), and Mailao.
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Labial consonant
Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.
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Labial–velar consonant
Labial–velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips, such as.
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Lafofa languages
Lafofa, also Tegem, is a Niger–Congo dialect cluster spoken in the southern Nuba Mountains in the south of Sudan.
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Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.
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Languages of Africa
The languages of Africa are divided into six major language families.
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Languages of Nigeria
sign There are over 520 languages spoken in Nigeria.
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Limba language
The Limba language, Hulimba, is an erstwhile Atlantic language of Sierra Leone.
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Lingala
Lingala (Ngala) is a Bantu language spoken throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a large part of the Republic of the Congo, as well as to some degree in Angola and the Central African Republic.
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Mali
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali), is a landlocked country in West Africa, a region geologically identified with the West African Craton.
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Mambila language
Mambila is a dialect chain stretching across Nigeria and Cameroon.
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Mambiloid languages
The twelve Mambiloid languages are a branch of Benue–Congo languages spoken by the Mambila and related people in Nigeria and Cameroon.
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Mamfe languages
The Mamfe or Nyang languages are three languages that form a branch of Southern Bantoid languages spoken in southwest Cameroon.
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Mandé peoples
Mandé is a family of ethnic groups in Western Africa who speak any of the many related Mande languages of the region.
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Mande languages
The Mande languages are spoken in several countries in Africa by the Mandé people and include Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Dioula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai.
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Mandinka language
The Mandinka language (Mandi'nka kango), or Mandingo, is a Mandé language spoken by the Mandinka people of the Casamance region of Senegal, the Gambia, and northern Guinea-Bissau.
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Maninka language
Maninka (Malinke), or more precisely Eastern Maninka, is the name of several closely related languages and dialects of the southeastern Manding subgroup of the Mande branch of the Niger–Congo languages.
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Mbam languages
The Mbam languages are a group of erstwhile zone-A Bantu languages which some lexicostatistical studies suggest are not actually Bantu, but related Southern Bantoid languages.
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Mbe language
Mbe is a language spoken by the Mbube people of the Ogoja, Cross River State region of Nigeria, numbering about 14,300 people in 1973.
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Mel languages
The Mel languages are a branch of Niger–Congo languages spoken in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.
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Menchum language
Menchum, or Befang, is a divergent Southern Bantoid language of Cameroon.
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Momo languages
The Momo languages are a branch of the Southern Bantoid languages spoken in the Western grassfields of Cameroon.
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Monzombo language
Monzombo is a minor Ubangian language of the Congos.
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Mossi language
The Mossi language (known in the language as Mooré; also Mòoré, Mõõré, Moré, Moshi, Moore, More) is a Gur language of the Oti–Volta branch and one of two official regional languages of Burkina Faso, closely related to the Frafra language spoken just across the border in the northern half of Ghana and less-closely to Dagbani and Mampruli further south.
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Mpra language
Mpra, or Mpre, is an extinct language spoken in the village of Butei in central Ghana, located between the towns of Techiman and Tamale near the confluence of the Black and White Voltas.
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Mumuye language
Mumuye is by far the most populous of the Adamawa languages.
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Mwani language
The Mwani language, or Kimwani (pronounced), is spoken on the coast of the Cabo Delgado Province of Mozambique, including the Quirimbas Islands.
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Nafaanra
Nafaanra (sometimes written Nafaara, pronounced) is a Senufo language spoken in northwest Ghana, along the border with Ivory Coast, east of Bondoukou.
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Nasal consonant
In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive, nasal stop in contrast with a nasal fricative, or nasal continuant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.
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Nasal vowel
A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through the nose as well as the mouth, such as the French vowel.
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Niger Delta
The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria.
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Niger River
The Niger River is the principal river of West Africa, extending about.
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Niger–Congo languages
The Niger–Congo languages constitute one of the world's major language families and Africa's largest in terms of geographical area, number of speakers and number of distinct languages.
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Nigeria
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north.
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Nilo-Saharan languages
The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of African languages spoken by some 50–60 million people, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers, including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of the Nile meet.
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Noun class
In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns.
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Noun phrase
A noun phrase or nominal phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase which has a noun (or indefinite pronoun) as its head, or which performs the same grammatical function as such a phrase.
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Nuba Mountains
The Nuba Mountains, also referred to as the Nuba Hills (جبال النوبة), is an area located in South Kordofan, Sudan.
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Numeral (linguistics)
In linguistics, a numeral is a member of a part of speech characterized by the designation of numbers; some examples are the English word 'two' and the compound 'seventy-seventh'.
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Nupoid languages
The Nupoid languages are a branch of Volta–Niger spoken in central Nigeria, including the city of Kaduna and the capital Abuja.
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Nyabwa language
The Nyabwa (or Nyaboa) language is a Kru language spoken in Ivory Coast.
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Oko language
Oko, also known as Ogori-Magongo and Oko-Eni-Osayen, is a dialect cluster spoken in Nigeria.
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Palatal consonant
Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).
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Phonology
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.
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Plateau languages
The forty or so Plateau languages are a tentative group of Benue–Congo languages spoken by 3.5 million people on the Jos Plateau and in adjacent areas in central Nigeria.
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Polyglotta Africana
Polyglotta Africana is an 1854 study by the German missionary Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle, in which the author compares 156 African languages (or about 120 according to today's classification; several varieties considered distinct by Koelle were later shown to belong to the same language).
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Polyphyly
A polyphyletic group is a set of organisms, or other evolving elements, that have been grouped together but do not share an immediate common ancestor.
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Preposition and postposition
Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in English, simply prepositions), are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
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Pygmy peoples
In anthropology, pygmy peoples are ethnic groups whose average height is unusually short.
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Rashad languages
The Rashad languages form a small language family in the Nuba Hills of Sudan.
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Reciprocal (grammar)
A reciprocal (abbreviated) is a linguistic structure that marks a particular kind of relationship between two noun phrases.
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Relative clause
A relative clause is a kind of subordinate clause that contains the element whose interpretation is provided by an antecedent on which the subordinate clause is grammatically dependent; that is, there is an anaphora relation between the relativized element in the relative clause and antecedent on which it depends.
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Roger Blench
Roger Marsh Blench (born 1953) is a British linguist, ethnomusicologist and development anthropologist.
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Sahel
The Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south.
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San people
No description.
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Savannas languages
The Savannas languages, also known as Gur–Adamawa (Adamawa–Gur), is a branch of the Niger–Congo languages that includes Greenberg's Gur and Adamawa–Ubangui families.
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Senari languages
The Senari languages form a central dialect cluster of the Senufo languages.
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Senegal
Senegal (Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa.
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Senegal River
The Senegal River (نهر السنغال, Fleuve Sénégal) is a long river in West Africa that forms the border between Senegal and Mauritania.
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Senegambian languages
The Senegambian or Northern (West) Atlantic languages are a branch of Niger–Congo languages centered on Senegal (and Senegambia), with most languages spoken there and in neighboring southern Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea.
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Senufo languages
The Senufo or Senufic languages (Senoufo in French) has around 15 languages spoken by the Senufo in the north of Ivory Coast, the south of Mali and the southwest of Burkina Faso.
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Senufo people
The Senufo people, also known as Siena, Senefo, Sene, Senoufo, Syénambélé and Bamana, are a West African ethnolinguistic group.
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Shona language
Shona (chiShona) is the most widely spoken Bantu language as a first language and is native to the Shona people of Zimbabwe.
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Sigismund Koelle
Sigismund Wilhelm Kölle (July 14, 1820, Cleebronn-February 18, 1902, London) was a German missionary, and pioneer scholar of the languages of Africa.
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Singulative number
In linguistics, singulative number and collective number (abbreviated and) are terms used when the grammatical number for multiple items is the unmarked form of a noun, and the noun is specially marked to indicate a single item.
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Songhay languages
The Songhay or Songhai languages are a group of closely related languages/dialects centred on the middle stretches of the Niger River in the West African countries of Mali, Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso and Nigeria.
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Southern Bantoid languages
Southern Bantoid (or South Bantoid), also known as Wide Bantu or Bin, is a branch of the Benue–Congo languages of the Niger–Congo language family.
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Subject–object–verb
In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order.
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Subject–verb–object
In linguistic typology, subject–verb–object (SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third.
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Sudan
The Sudan or Sudan (السودان as-Sūdān) also known as North Sudan since South Sudan's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan (جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa.
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Sudanic languages
In early 20th century classification of African languages, Sudanic was a generic term for languages spoken in the Sahel belt, from Ethiopia in the east to Senegal in the west.
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Supyire language
Supyire, or Suppire, is a Senufo language spoken in the Sikasso Region of southeastern Mali and in adjoining regions of Ivory Coast, where it is known as Shempire (Syenpire).
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Swahili language
Swahili, also known as Kiswahili (translation: coast language), is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people.
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Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.
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Talodi–Heiban languages
The Talodi–Heiban languages are a branch of the Niger–Congo family spoken in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan.
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Temne language
Temne (also Themne, Timne) is a language of the Mel branch of the Niger–Congo language family, spoken in Sierra Leone by about 2 million first-language speakers.
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The Languages of Africa
The Languages of Africa is a 1963 book of essays by Joseph Greenberg, in which the author sets forth a genetic classification of African languages that, with some changes, continues to be the most commonly used one today.
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Tigon language
Mbembe, or more specifically Tigon Mbembe, is a Jukunoid language of Cameroon and Nigeria.
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Tikar language
Tikar is a Benue–Congo language of uncertain classification spoken in Cameroon by the Bankim, Ngambe and related Tikar peoples as well as by the Bedzan Pygmies.
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Timbuktu
Timbuktu, also spelt Tinbuktu, Timbuctoo and Timbuktoo (Tombouctou; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu), is an ancient city in Mali, situated north of the Niger River.
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Tita language
Tita is an unclassified Benue–Congo language of Nigeria.
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Tivoid languages
The Tivoid languages are a subfamily of the Southern Bantoid languages spoken in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon.
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Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republic (République Togolaise), is a sovereign state in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.
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Tone (linguistics)
Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning – that is, to distinguish or to inflect words.
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Twi
Twi (pronounced, or Akan Kasa) is a dialect of the Akan language spoken in southern and central Ghana by about 6–9 million Ashanti people as a first and second language.
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Ubangian languages
The Ubangian languages form a fairly close-knit language family of some seventy languages centered on the Central African Republic.
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Ukaan language
Ukaan (also Ikan, Anyaran, Auga, or Kakumo) is a poorly described Niger–Congo language or dialect cluster of uncertain affiliation.
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University Press of America
University Press of America is an academic publisher based in the United States.
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Velar consonant
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).
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Volta–Congo languages
Volta–Congo is a hypothetical major branch of languages of the Niger–Congo family.
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Volta–Niger languages
The Volta–Niger family of languages, also known as West Benue–Congo or East Kwa, is one of the branches of the Niger–Congo language family, with perhaps 50 million speakers.
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Vowel harmony
Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels that occurs in some languages.
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West Africa
West Africa, also called Western Africa and the West of Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa.
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Wilhelm Bleek
Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek (8 March 1827 – 17 August 1875) was a German linguist.
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Wobé language
Wobé (Ouobe) is a Kru language spoken in Ivory Coast.
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Wolof language
Wolof is a language of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people.
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Yoruba language
Yoruba (Yor. èdè Yorùbá) is a language spoken in West Africa.
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Yoruboid languages
Yoruboid is a 'megagroup' of 14 related dialect/language clades, composed of the Igala group, of related dialects spoken in central Nigeria, and the Edekiri group, the members of which are spoken in a band across Togo, Ghana, Benin and southwestern Nigeria.
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Yukuben language
Yukuben, or Uuhum Gigi (Oohum), is a Plateau language of Nigeria.
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Zialo language
Zialo (self-identification Ziolo) is a language spoken by the Zialo people in Guinea.
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5.9 kiloyear event
A satellite image of the Sahara. The Congolese rainforests lie to its south. The 5.9-kiloyear event was one of the most intense aridification events during the Holocene.
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Congo-Kordofanian, Congo-Kordofanian languages, Congo-Saharan, Congo-Saharan languages, Congo–Kordofanian languages, ISO 639:alv, ISO 639:nic, Kongo-Saharan, Kongo-Saharan languages, Kongo–Saharan languages, Niger Congo, Niger Congo A languages, Niger Congo B languages, Niger-Congo, Niger-Congo A languages, Niger-Congo B languages, Niger-Congo Languages, Niger-Congo family, Niger-Congo homeland, Niger-Congo language, Niger-Congo language family, Niger-Congo languages, Niger-Congo urheimat, Niger-Khordofanian languages, Niger-Kordofanian, Niger-Kordofanian languages, Niger-Saharan, Niger-Saharan languages, Niger–Congo, Niger–Congo A languages, Niger–Congo B languages, Niger–Congo family, Niger–Congo homeland, Niger–Congo language, Niger–Congo language family, Niger–Congolese, Niger–Khordofanian languages, Niger–Kordofanian, Niger–Kordofanian languages, Niger–Saharan, Niger—Congo A languages, Niger—Congo B languages, Proto-Niger-Congo, West African languages.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger–Congo_languages
