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Operational amplifier

Index Operational amplifier

An operational amplifier (often op-amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. [1]

139 relations: Active filter, Active load, Alternating current, Amplifier, Analog computer, Analog-to-digital converter, Analogue electronics, Band-pass filter, Bandwidth (signal processing), Biasing, BIBO stability, Bipolar junction transistor, Black box, Blue, Bob Pease, Bob Widlar, Bode plot, Boltzmann constant, Bucknell University, Buffer amplifier, Capacitance, Capacitive coupling, Capacitor, Cascode, Chopper (electronics), Clamper (electronics), Clipping (signal processing), CMOS, Common base, Common collector, Common-mode rejection ratio, Common-mode signal, Comparator, Crossover distortion, Current conveyor, Current limiting, Current mirror, Current-feedback operational amplifier, Cyan, Darlington transistor, Decoupling capacitor, Differential amplifier, Differential signaling, Differentiator, Digital-to-analog converter, Diode modelling, Direct coupling, Direct current, Director (military), DIY audio, ..., Dual in-line package, Edge connector, Electric power, Electrical engineering, Electrical impedance, Electronic circuit, Electronic oscillation, Electronic oscillator, Fairchild Semiconductor, Feedback, Field-effect transistor, Filter (signal processing), Forrest Mims, Frequency compensation, Frequency response, Fully differential amplifier, Gain (electronics), Gain–bandwidth product, George A. Philbrick, Green, High-pass filter, Hybrid-pi model, IC power-supply pin, Input impedance, Input offset voltage, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrated circuit, Integrator, Isolation amplifier, JFET, John R. Ragazzini, Karl D. Swartzel Jr., Leakage (electronics), Linearity, Loebe Julie, Loop gain, Low-pass filter, Magenta, Miller effect, MOSFET, Negative feedback, Negative-feedback amplifier, Noise (electronics), Nyquist stability criterion, Open loop, Open-loop gain, Operating temperature, Operational amplifier applications, Operational transconductance amplifier, Oscillation, Output impedance, Phase (waves), Pinout, Planar process, Positive feedback, Power amplifier classes, Power supply, Power supply rejection ratio, Preamplifier, Precision rectifier, Printed circuit board, Radar, Regenerative circuit, Roll-off, Rubber diode, Sallen–Key topology, Schmitt trigger, Short circuit, Signal generator, Single-ended signaling, Slew rate, Surface-mount technology, Transconductance, Transfer function, Transistor, TRIAC, Triangle wave, Triode, Vacuum tube, Varicap, Voltage, Voltage divider, Voltage regulator, Widlar current source, Wilson current mirror, World War II, Zeros and poles, 1, 12AX7. Expand index (89 more) »

Active filter

An active filter is a type of analog circuit implementing an electronic filter using active components, typically an amplifier.

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Active load

An active load or dynamic load is a component or a circuit that functions as a current-stable nonlinear resistor.

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Alternating current

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction.

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Amplifier

An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase the power of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current).

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Analog computer

An analog computer or analogue computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

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Analog-to-digital converter

In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.

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Analogue electronics

Analogue electronics (also spelled analog electronics) are electronic systems with a continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital electronics where signals usually take only two levels.

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Band-pass filter

A band-pass filter, also bandpass filter or BPF, is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range.

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Bandwidth (signal processing)

Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies.

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Biasing

Biasing in electronics means establishing predetermined voltages or currents at various points of an electronic circuit for the purpose of establishing proper operating conditions in electronic components.

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BIBO stability

In signal processing, specifically control theory, bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stability is a form of stability for linear signals and systems that take inputs.

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Bipolar junction transistor

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Black box

In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings.

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Blue

Blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments in painting and traditional colour theory, as well as in the RGB colour model.

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Bob Pease

Robert Allen Pease (August 22, 1940 – June 18, 2011) was an analog integrated circuit design expert and technical author.

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Bob Widlar

Robert John (Bob) Widlar (pronounced wide-lar; November 30, 1937 – February 27, 1991) was an American electronics engineer and a designer of linear integrated circuits (ICs).

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Bode plot

In electrical engineering and control theory, a Bode plot is a graph of the frequency response of a system.

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Boltzmann constant

The Boltzmann constant, which is named after Ludwig Boltzmann, is a physical constant relating the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the temperature of the gas.

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Bucknell University

Bucknell University is a private liberal arts college in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.

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Buffer amplifier

A buffer amplifier (sometimes simply called a buffer) is one that provides electrical impedance transformation from one circuit to another, with the aim of preventing the signal source from being affected by whatever currents (or voltages, for a current buffer) that the load may produce.

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Capacitance

Capacitance is the ratio of the change in an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential.

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Capacitive coupling

Capacitive coupling is the transfer of energy within an electrical network or between distant networks by means of displacement current between circuit(s) nodes, induced by the electric field.

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Capacitor

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores potential energy in an electric field.

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Cascode

The cascode is a two-stage amplifier that consists of a common-emitter stage feeding into a common-base stage.

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Chopper (electronics)

In electronics, a chopper circuit is used to refer to numerous types of electronic switching devices and circuits used in power control and signal applications.

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Clamper (electronics)

A clamper is an electronic circuit that fixes either the positive or the negative peak excursions of a signal to a defined value by shifting its DC value.

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Clipping (signal processing)

Clipping is a form of distortion that limits a signal once it exceeds a threshold.

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CMOS

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor, abbreviated as CMOS, is a technology for constructing integrated circuits.

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Common base

In electronics, a common-base (also known as grounded-base) amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a current buffer or voltage amplifier.

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Common collector

In electronics, a common collector amplifier (also known as an emitter follower) is one of three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage buffer.

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Common-mode rejection ratio

The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of a differential amplifier (or other device) is a metric used to quantify the ability of the device to reject common-mode signals, i.e., those that appear simultaneously and in-phase on both inputs.

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Common-mode signal

Common-mode signal is the component of an analog signal which is present with one sign on all considered conductors.

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Comparator

In electronics, a comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and outputs a digital signal indicating which is larger.

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Crossover distortion

Crossover distortion is a type of distortion which is caused by switching between devices driving a load, most often when the devices (such as a transistor) are matched.

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Current conveyor

A current conveyor is an abstraction for a three terminal analogue electronic device.

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Current limiting

Current limiting is the practice in electrical or electronic circuits of imposing an upper limit on the current that may be delivered to a load with the purpose of protecting the circuit generating or transmitting the current from harmful effects due to a short-circuit or similar problem in the load.

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Current mirror

A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading.

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Current-feedback operational amplifier

The current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA or CFA) is a type of electronic amplifier whose inverting input is sensitive to current, rather than to voltage as in a conventional voltage-feedback operational amplifier (VFA).

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Cyan

Cyan is a greenish-blue color.

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Darlington transistor

In electronics, the Darlington transistor (commonly called a Darlington pair) is a compound structure of a particular design made by two bipolar transistors connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second one.

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Decoupling capacitor

A decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to decouple one part of an electrical network (circuit) from another.

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Differential amplifier

A differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference between two input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs.

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Differential signaling

Differential signaling is a method for electrically transmitting information using two complementary signals.

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Differentiator

In electronics, a differentiator is a circuit that is designed such that the output of the circuit is approximately directly proportional to the rate of change (the time derivative) of the input.

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Digital-to-analog converter

In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a system that converts a digital signal into an analog signal.

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Diode modelling

In electronics, diode modelling refers to the mathematical models used to approximate the actual behaviour of real diodes to enable calculations and circuit analysis.

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Direct coupling

In electronics, direct coupling or DC coupling (also called conductive coupling) is the transfer of electrical energy by means of physical contact via a conductive medium, in contrast to inductive coupling and capacitive coupling.

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Direct current

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.

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Director (military)

A director, also called an auxiliary predictor, is a mechanical or electronic computer that continuously calculates trigonometric firing solutions for use against a moving target, and transmits targeting data to direct the weapon firing crew.

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DIY audio

DIY Audio means "do it yourself" audio.

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Dual in-line package

In microelectronics, a dual in-line package (DIP or DIL), or dual in-line pin package (DIPP) is an electronic component package with a rectangular housing and two parallel rows of electrical connecting pins.

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Edge connector

An edge connector is the portion of a printed circuit board (PCB) consisting of traces leading to the edge of the board that are intended to plug into a matching socket.

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Electric power

Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.

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Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering is a professional engineering discipline that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.

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Electrical impedance

Electrical impedance is the measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.

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Electronic circuit

An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow.

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Electronic oscillation

Electronic oscillation is a repeating cyclical variation in voltage or current in an electrical circuit, resulting in a periodic waveform.

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Electronic oscillator

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.

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Fairchild Semiconductor

Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. was an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California.

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Feedback

Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop.

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Field-effect transistor

The field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that uses an electric field to control the electrical behaviour of the device.

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Filter (signal processing)

In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a signal.

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Forrest Mims

Forrest M. Mims III is an American amateur scientist, ForrestMims.org, October 30, 2006 magazine columnist, and author of the popular Getting Started in Electronics and Engineer's Mini-Notebook series of instructional books that was originally sold in Radio Shack electronics stores.

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Frequency compensation

In electrical engineering, frequency compensation is a technique used in amplifiers, and especially in amplifiers employing negative feedback.

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Frequency response

Frequency response is the quantitative measure of the output spectrum of a system or device in response to a stimulus, and is used to characterize the dynamics of the system.

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Fully differential amplifier

A fully differential amplifier (FDA) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs and differential outputs.

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Gain (electronics)

In electronics, gain is a measure of the ability of a two-port circuit (often an amplifier) to increase the power or amplitude of a signal from the input to the output port by adding energy converted from some power supply to the signal.

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Gain–bandwidth product

The gain–bandwidth product (designated as GBWP, GBW, GBP, or GB) for an amplifier is the product of the amplifier's bandwidth and the gain at which the bandwidth is measured.

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George A. Philbrick

George A. Philbrick was responsible, through his company (GAP/R), for the 1953 commercialization and wide adoption of operational amplifiers, a now-ubiquitous component of analog electronic systems, and the invention and commercialization of electronic analog computers based on the operational amplifier principle.

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Green

Green is the color between blue and yellow on the visible spectrum.

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High-pass filter

A high-pass filter (HPF) is an electronic filter that passes signals with a frequency higher than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency.

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Hybrid-pi model

The hybrid-pi model is a popular circuit model used for analyzing the small signal behavior of bipolar junction and field effect transistors.

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IC power-supply pin

Almost all integrated circuits (ICs) have at least two pins that connect to the power rails of the circuit in which they are installed.

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Input impedance

The input impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current flow (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic (reactance), into the load network being that is external to the electrical source.

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Input offset voltage

The input offset voltage (V_) is a parameter defining the differential DC voltage required between the inputs of an amplifier, especially an operational amplifier (op-amp), to make the output zero (for voltage amplifiers, 0 volts with respect to ground or between differential outputs, depending on the output type).

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Instrumentation amplifier

An instrumentation (or instrumentational) amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment.

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Integrated circuit

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.

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Integrator

An integrator in measurement and control applications is an element whose output signal is the time integral of its input signal.

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Isolation amplifier

Isolation amplifiers are a form of differential amplifier that allow measurement of small signals in the presence of a high common mode voltage by providing electrical isolation and an electrical safety barrier.

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JFET

The junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET or JUGFET) is the simplest type of field-effect transistor.

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John R. Ragazzini

John Ralph Ragazzini (January 3, 1912 – November 22, 1988) was an American electrical engineer and a professor of Electrical Engineering.

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Karl D. Swartzel Jr.

Karl Dale Swartzel Jr. (June 19, 1907 – April 23, 1998) was the inventor of the operational amplifier (or 'op-amps').

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Leakage (electronics)

In electronics, leakage may refer to a gradual loss of energy from a charged capacitor.

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Linearity

Linearity is the property of a mathematical relationship or function which means that it can be graphically represented as a straight line.

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Loebe Julie

Loebe Julie (December 10, 1920 - June 7, 2015) was an American engineer who has been credited with inventing the first operational amplifier circuit with differential inputs (1943), a topology which allowed much greater versatility in applications circuits and remains in wide use today.

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Loop gain

In electronics and control system theory, loop gain is the sum of the gain, expressed as a ratio or in decibels, around a feedback loop.

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Low-pass filter

A low-pass filter (LPF) is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.

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Magenta

Magenta is a color that is variously defined as purplish-red, reddish-purple, purplish, or mauvish-crimson.

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Miller effect

In electronics, the Miller effect accounts for the increase in the equivalent input capacitance of an inverting voltage amplifier due to amplification of the effect of capacitance between the input and output terminals.

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MOSFET

MOSFET showing gate (G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (white). surface-mount packages. Operating as switches, each of these components can sustain a blocking voltage of 120nbspvolts in the ''off'' state, and can conduct a continuous current of 30 amperes in the ''on'' state, dissipating up to about 100 watts and controlling a load of over 2000 watts. A matchstick is pictured for scale. A cross-section through an nMOSFET when the gate voltage ''V''GS is below the threshold for making a conductive channel; there is little or no conduction between the terminals drain and source; the switch is off. When the gate is more positive, it attracts electrons, inducing an ''n''-type conductive channel in the substrate below the oxide, which allows electrons to flow between the ''n''-doped terminals; the switch is on. Simulation result for formation of inversion channel (electron density) and attainment of threshold voltage (IV) in a nanowire MOSFET. Note that the threshold voltage for this device lies around 0.45 V The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated by the controlled oxidation of silicon.

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Negative feedback

Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.

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Negative-feedback amplifier

A Negative-feedback amplifier (or feedback amplifier) is an electronic amplifier that subtracts a fraction of its output from its input, so that negative feedback opposes the original signal.

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Noise (electronics)

In electronics, noise is an unwanted disturbance in an electrical signal.

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Nyquist stability criterion

In control theory and stability theory, the Nyquist stability criterion, discovered by Swedish-American electrical engineer Harry Nyquist at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1932, on is a graphical technique for determining the stability of a dynamical system.

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Open loop

An open loop is a rhetorical device to instill curiosity by creating anticipation for what will come next.

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Open-loop gain

The open-loop gain of an amplifier is the gain obtained when no overall feedback is used in the circuit.

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Operating temperature

An operating temperature is the temperature at which an electrical or mechanical device operates.

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Operational amplifier applications

This article illustrates some typical operational amplifier applications.

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Operational transconductance amplifier

The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is an amplifier whose differential input voltage produces an output current.

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Oscillation

Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states.

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Output impedance

The output impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current flow (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic (reactance), into the load network being connected that is internal to the electrical source.

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Phase (waves)

Phase is the position of a point in time (an instant) on a waveform cycle.

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Pinout

In electronics, a pinout (sometimes written "pin-out") is a cross-reference between the contacts, or pins, of an electrical connector or electronic component, and their functions.

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Planar process

The planar process is a manufacturing process used in the semiconductor industry to build individual components of a transistor, and in turn, connect those transistors together.

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Positive feedback

Positive feedback is a process that occurs in a feedback loop in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.

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Power amplifier classes

Power amplifier classes are, in electronics, letter symbols applied to different power amplifier types.

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Power supply

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.

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Power supply rejection ratio

In electronic systems, power supply rejection ratio (PSRR), also supply-voltage rejection ratio (kSVR; SVR), is a term widely used to describe the capability of an electronic circuit to suppress any power supply variations to its output signal.

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Preamplifier

A preamplifier (preamp or "pre") is an electronic amplifier that converts a weak electrical signal into an output signal strong enough to be noise-tolerant and strong enough for further processing, or for sending to a power amplifier and a loudspeaker.

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Precision rectifier

The precision rectifier, also known as a super diode, is a configuration obtained with an operational amplifier in order to have a circuit behave like an ideal diode and rectifier.

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Printed circuit board

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate.

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Radar

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.

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Regenerative circuit

A regenerative circuit is an amplifier circuit that employs positive feedback (also known as regeneration); some of the output of the amplifying device is applied to its input without phase inversion, which reinforces the signal, increasing the amplification.

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Roll-off

Roll-off is the steepness of a transmission function with frequency, particularly in electrical network analysis, and most especially in connection with filter circuits in the transition between a passband and a stopband.

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Rubber diode

In electronics, a rubber diode or V multiplier is a Bipolar junction transistor circuit that serves as a voltage reference.

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Sallen–Key topology

The Sallen–Key topology is an electronic filter topology used to implement second-order active filters that is particularly valued for its simplicity.

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Schmitt trigger

In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented by applying positive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier.

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Short circuit

A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path with no or a very low electrical impedance.

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Signal generator

A signal generator is an electronic device that generates repeating or non-repeating electronic signals in either the analog or the digital domain.

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Single-ended signaling

Single-ended signaling is the simplest and most commonly used method of transmitting electrical signals over wires.

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Slew rate

In electronics, slew rate is defined as the change of voltage or current, or any other electrical quantity, per unit of time.

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Surface-mount technology

Surface-mount technology (SMT) is a method for producing electronic circuits in which the components are mounted or placed directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs).

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Transconductance

Transconductance (for transfer conductance), also infrequently called mutual conductance, is the electrical characteristic relating the current through the output of a device to the voltage across the input of a device.

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Transfer function

In engineering, a transfer function (also known as system function or network function) of an electronic or control system component is a mathematical function giving the corresponding output value for each possible value of the input to the device.

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Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

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TRIAC

TRIAC, from triode for alternating current, is a generic trademark for a three terminal electronic component that conducts current in either direction when triggered.

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Triangle wave

A triangle wave is a non-sinusoidal waveform named for its triangular shape.

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Triode

A triode is an electronic amplifying vacuum tube (or valve in British English) consisting of three electrodes inside an evacuated glass envelope: a heated filament or cathode, a grid, and a plate (anode).

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Vacuum tube

In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a tube (North America), or valve (Britain and some other regions) is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container.

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Varicap

In electronics, a varicap diode, varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, variable reactance diode or tuning diode is a type of diode designed to exploit the voltage-dependent capacitance of a reversed-biased p–n junction.

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Voltage

Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure or electric tension (formally denoted or, but more often simply as V or U, for instance in the context of Ohm's or Kirchhoff's circuit laws) is the difference in electric potential between two points.

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Voltage divider

In electronics, a voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is a passive linear circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input voltage (Vin).

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Voltage regulator

A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable DC voltage independent of the load current, temperature and AC line voltage variations.

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Widlar current source

A Widlar current source is a modification of the basic two-transistor current mirror that incorporates an emitter degeneration resistor for only the output transistor, enabling the current source to generate low currents using only moderate resistor values.

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Wilson current mirror

A Wilson current mirror is a three-terminal circuit (Fig. 1) that accepts an input current at the input terminal and provides a "mirrored" current source or sink output at the output terminal.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Zeros and poles

In mathematics, a zero of a function is a value such that.

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1

1 (one, also called unit, unity, and (multiplicative) identity) is a number, numeral, and glyph.

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12AX7

12AX7 (also known as ECC83) is a vacuum tube that is a miniature dual triode - 6AV6 with high voltage gain.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier

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