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250 relations: Acromegaly, Adrenal insufficiency, Alcoholism, Alendronic acid, Aluminium, Amenorrhea, Amyloidosis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Anorexia nervosa, Antacid, Anthropologist, Anticoagulant, Anticonvulsant, Aromatase inhibitor, Asian people, Astley Cooper, Asymptomatic, Back pain, Balance disorder, Barbiturate, Biomarker, Bisphosphonate, Blood test, Body mass index, Bone, Bone density, Bone fracture, Bone remodeling, Bone resorption, Bowel resection, Breast cancer, Bulimia nervosa, Cadmium, Caffeine, Calcaneus, Calcitonin, Calcitriol, Calcium, Calcium metabolism, Cancer, Cauda equina syndrome, Chemotherapy, Chronic kidney disease, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Chronic pain, Coeliac disease, Collapse (medical), Colles' fracture, Complex regional pain syndrome, Crohn's disease, ..., Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, Deep vein thrombosis, Dementia, Denosumab, Developed country, Developing country, Diabetes mellitus, Disease, Distal radius fracture, Dopaminergic cell groups, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, Eicosanoid, Epidermolysis bullosa, Epileptic seizure, Esomeprazole, Estrogen, Estrogen receptor, Ethnic groups in Europe, Etidronic acid, European Union, Exercise, Fall prevention, Family history (medicine), Female, Female athlete triad, Femur, Forearm, Fracture, Frailty syndrome, FRAX, Fuller Albright, Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, Gastrectomy, Gastric acid, Gastrointestinal disease, Gaucher's disease, Glaucoma, Glucocorticoid, Gluten-free diet, Glycogen storage disease, Gold standard (test), Golgi apparatus, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, Haemophilia, Heart arrhythmia, Heavy metals, Heritability, Hip, Hip fracture, Hip protector, Homocystinuria, Human iron metabolism, Hyperparathyroidism, Hyperprolactinaemia, Hyperthyroidism, Hypogonadism, Hypophosphatasia, Hypothalamus, Hypothyroidism, Idiopathic disease, Interleukin, Iron overload, Jean Lobstein, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Kallmann syndrome, Kidney disease, Kidney stone disease, Klinefelter syndrome, Kyphosis, Lactose intolerance, Lansoprazole, Late-onset hypogonadism, Lead, Leukemia, Levothyroxine, Lithium, Liver disease, Lymphocyte, Lymphoma, Macular degeneration, Malabsorption, Malnutrition, Mammary gland, Marfan syndrome, Marrow adipose tissue, Mastocytosis, Matrix (biology), Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Menkes disease, Menopause, Metastasis, Methotrexate, Milk allergy, Movement disorders, Multiple myeloma, Myocardial infarction, National Osteoporosis Society, NF-κB, Old age, Omeprazole, Oophorectomy, Orthostatic hypotension, Osteoblast, Osteoclast, Osteocyte, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Osteoid, Osteomalacia, Osteonecrosis of the jaw, Osteopenia, Osteoprotegerin, Paralysis, Paraproteinemia, Parathyroid gland, Parathyroid hormone, Parenteral nutrition, Parkinson's disease, Partial ileal bypass surgery, Pathologic fracture, Peak bone mass, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, Phenytoin, Phosphate, Phosphoric acid, Pioglitazone, Pneumonia, Porphyria, Prednisone, Premature ovarian failure, Prescrire, Primary biliary cholangitis, Protein (nutrient), Proton-pump inhibitor, Pulmonary embolism, Quality of life, Quantitative computed tomography, Radicular pain, Raloxifene, RANK, RANKL, Recombinant DNA, Reflex syncope, Renal osteodystrophy, Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatology, Rib, Risedronic acid, Rosiglitazone, Sarcoidosis, Sarcopenia, Scoliosis, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Sickle cell disease, Skeletal muscle, Soft drink, Spaceflight, Spinal cord compression, Spinal fracture, Standard deviation, Steroid-induced osteoporosis, Stomach, Stroke, Strontium ranelate, Surgeon General of the United States, Surgery, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Teriparatide, Testicle, Testosterone, Thalassemia, Thiazolidinedione, Thyroid, Tibia, Tobacco smoking, Tumor necrosis factor superfamily, Turner syndrome, Ulcerative colitis, Ultrasound, United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Preventive Services Task Force, Uterus, Venous thrombosis, Vertebra, Vertebral column, Vertebral compression fracture, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Vitamin D, Vitamin D deficiency, Vitamin K, Vitamin K deficiency, Vitamin K2, Warfarin, Weight-bearing, White people, Wnt signaling pathway, Woman, Wrist. Expand index (200 more) »
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a disorder that results from excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed.
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Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones, primarily cortisol; but may also include impaired production of aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid), which regulates sodium conservation, potassium secretion, and water retention.
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Alcoholism
Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems.
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Alendronic acid
Alendronic acid (INN) or alendronate sodium, sold under the trade name Fosamax among others, is a bisphosphonate drug used for osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and several other bone diseases.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Amenorrhea
Amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
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Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal protein, known as amyloid fibrils, builds up in tissue.
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Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis in which there is long term inflammation of the joints of the spine.
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Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by low weight, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin, resulting in food restriction.
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Antacid
An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion or an upset stomach.
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Anthropologist
An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology.
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Anticoagulant
Anticoagulants, commonly referred to as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.
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Anticonvulsant
Anticonvulsants (also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.
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Aromatase inhibitor
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and gynecomastia in men.
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Asian people
Asian people or Asiatic peopleUnited States National Library of Medicine.
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Astley Cooper
Sir Astley Paston Cooper, 1st Baronet (23 August 176812 February 1841) was a British surgeon and anatomist, who made historical contributions to otology, vascular surgery, the anatomy and pathology of the mammary glands and testicles, and the pathology and surgery of hernia.
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Asymptomatic
In medicine, a disease is considered asymptomatic if a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms.
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Back pain
Back pain is pain felt in the back of the body.
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Balance disorder
A balance disorder is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, for example when standing or walking.
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Barbiturate
A barbiturate is a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to death.
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Biomarker
A biomarker, or biological marker, generally refers to a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.
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Bisphosphonate
Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone density, used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases.
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Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.
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Body mass index
The body mass index (BMI) or Quetelet index is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of an individual.
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Bone
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
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Bone density
Bone density, or bone mineral density (BMD), is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.
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Bone fracture
A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone.
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Bone remodeling
Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
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Bone resorption
Bone reabsorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.
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Bowel resection
A bowel resection or enterectomy (enter- + -ectomy) is a surgical procedure in which a part of an intestine (bowel) is removed, from either the small intestine or large intestine.
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Breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.
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Bulimia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa, also known as simply bulimia, is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.
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Cadmium
Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48.
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Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.
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Calcaneus
In humans, the calcaneus (from the Latin calcaneus or calcaneum, meaning heel) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel.
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Calcitonin
Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland, and in many other animals in the ultimopharyngeal body.
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Calcitriol
Calcitriol (INN), also called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other variants, is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D which has three hydroxyl groups.
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Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
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Calcium metabolism
Calcium metabolism refers to the movements and regulation of calcium ions (Ca2+) into and out of various body compartments, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the blood plasma, the extracellular and the intracellular fluid, and bone tissue.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Cauda equina syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition due to damage to the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of kidney disease in which there is gradual loss of kidney function over a period of months or years.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.
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Chronic pain
Chronic pain is pain that lasts a long time.
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Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease, also spelled celiac disease, is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine.
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Collapse (medical)
Collapse is a sudden and often unannounced loss of postural tone (going weak), often but not necessarily accompanied by loss of consciousness.
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Colles' fracture
A Colles' fracture is a type of fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent backwards.
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Complex regional pain syndrome
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or algodystrophy, is a disorder of a portion of the body, usually the arms or legs, which manifests as pain, swelling, limited range of motion, and changes to the skin and bones.
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Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus.
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Cushing's disease
Cushing's disease is a cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism).
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Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol.
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Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.
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Deep vein thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most commonly the legs.
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Dementia
Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning.
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Denosumab
Denosumab (trade names Prolia and Xgeva) is a human monoclonal antibody for the treatment of osteoporosis, treatment-induced bone loss, metastases to bone, and giant cell tumor of bone.
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Developed country
A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
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Developing country
A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Disease
A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.
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Distal radius fracture
A distal radius fracture, also known as wrist fracture, is a break of the part of the radius bone which is close to the wrist.
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Dopaminergic cell groups
Dopaminergic cell groups are collections of neurons in the central nervous system that synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine.
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Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, previously DEXA) is a means of measuring bone mineral density (BMD).
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Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of genetic connective tissue disorders.
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Eicosanoid
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are, similar to arachidonic acid, 20 carbon units in length.
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Epidermolysis bullosa
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of genetic conditions that result in easy blistering of the skin and mucous membranes.
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Epileptic seizure
An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
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Esomeprazole
Esomeprazole, sold under the brand names Nexium among others, is a proton-pump inhibitor which reduces stomach acid.
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Estrogen
Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone.
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Estrogen receptor
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells.
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Ethnic groups in Europe
The Indigenous peoples of Europe are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various indigenous groups that reside in the nations of Europe.
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Etidronic acid
Etidronic acid (INN) or 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) is a bisphosphonate used in detergents, water treatment, cosmetics and pharmaceutical treatment.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Exercise
Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
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Fall prevention
Fall prevention is a variety of actions to help reduce the number of accidental falls suffered by older people.
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Family history (medicine)
In medicine, a family history (FH or FHx) consists of information about disorders from which the direct blood relatives of the patient have suffered.
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Female
Female (♀) is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, that produces non-mobile ova (egg cells).
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Female athlete triad
Female athlete triad is a syndrome in which eating disorders (or low energy availability), amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea, and decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis and osteopenia) are present.
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Femur
The femur (pl. femurs or femora) or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the hip joint) bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles including lizards, and amphibians such as frogs.
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Forearm
The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist.
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Fracture
A fracture is the separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress.
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Frailty syndrome
Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome that embodies an elevated risk of catastrophic declines in health and function among older adults.
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FRAX
FRAX is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the 10-year probability of bone fracture risk.
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Fuller Albright
Fuller Albright (January 12, 1900 – December 8, 1969) was an American endocrinologist who made numerous contributions to his field, especially to the area of calcium metabolism.
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Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase
Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GGCX gene, located on chromosome 2 at 2p12.
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Gastrectomy
A gastrectomy is a partial or total surgical removal of the stomach.
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Gastric acid
Gastric acid, gastric juice or stomach acid, is a digestive fluid formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl).
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Gastrointestinal disease
Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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Gaucher's disease
Gaucher's disease or Gaucher disease (GD) is a genetic disorder in which glucocerebroside (a sphingolipid, also known as glucosylceramide) accumulates in cells and certain organs.
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Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.
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Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.
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Gluten-free diet
A gluten-free diet (GFD) is a diet that strictly excludes gluten, a mixture of proteins found in wheat and related grains, including barley, rye, oat, and all their species and hybrids (such as spelt, kamut, and triticale).
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Glycogen storage disease
A glycogen storage disease (GSD, also glycogenosis and dextrinosis) is a metabolic disorder caused by enzyme deficiencies affecting either glycogen synthesis, glycogen breakdown or glycolysis (glucose breakdown), typically within muscles and/or liver cells.
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Gold standard (test)
In medicine and statistics, gold standard test is usually diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions.
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Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a type of medication which affects gonadotropins and sex hormones.
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Haemophilia
Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.
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Heart arrhythmia
Heart arrhythmia (also known as arrhythmia, dysrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat) is a group of conditions in which the heartbeat is irregular, too fast, or too slow.
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Heavy metals
Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.
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Heritability
Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population.
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Hip
In vertebrate anatomy, hip (or "coxa"Latin coxa was used by Celsus in the sense "hip", but by Pliny the Elder in the sense "hip bone" (Diab, p 77) in medical terminology) refers to either an anatomical region or a joint.
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Hip fracture
A hip fracture is a break that occurs in the upper part of the femur (thigh bone).
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Hip protector
A hip protector is a specialized form of pants or underwear containing pads (either hard or soft) along the outside of each hip/leg, designed to prevent hip fractures following a fall.
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Homocystinuria
Classical homocystinuria, also known as cystathionine beta synthase deficiency or CBS deficiency, is an inherited disorder of the metabolism of the amino acid methionine due to a deficiency of cystathionine beta synthase.
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Human iron metabolism
Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level.
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Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is an increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood.
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Hyperprolactinaemia
Hyperprolactinemia or hyperprolactinaemia is the presence of abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood.
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Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.
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Hypogonadism
Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testes or the ovaries —that may result in diminished sex hormone biosynthesis.
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Hypophosphatasia
Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease.
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus(from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.
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Idiopathic disease
An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparently spontaneous origin.
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Interleukin
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).
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Iron overload
Iron overload (variously known as haemochromatosis, hemochromatosis, hemochromocytosis, Celtic curse, Irish illness, British gene, Scottish sickness and bronzing diabetes) indicates accumulation of iron in the body from any cause.
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Jean Lobstein
Jean Georges Chrétien Frédéric Martin Lobstein (German spelling: Johann Friedrich Georg Christian Martin Lobstein) (8 May 1777 – 7 March 1835) was a German-born, French pathologist and surgeon who was a native of Giessen.
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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common form of arthritis in children and adolescents.
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Kallmann syndrome
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty.
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Kidney disease
Kidney disease, or renal disease, also known as nephropathy, is damage to or disease of a kidney.
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Kidney stone disease
Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) occurs in the urinary tract.
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Klinefelter syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) also known as 47,XXY or XXY, is the set of symptoms that result from two or more X chromosomes in males.
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Kyphosis
Kyphosis (from Greek κυφός kyphos, a hump) is an abnormally excessive convex kyphotic curvature of the spine as it occurs in the cervical, thoracic and sacral regions.
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Lactose intolerance
Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have symptoms due to the decreased ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products.
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Lansoprazole
Lansoprazole, sold under the brand name Prevacid among others, is a medication which inhibits the stomach's production of acid.
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Late-onset hypogonadism
Late-onset hypogonadism is a rare condition in older men, characterized by measurably low testosterone levels and clinical symptoms mostly of a sexual nature, including decreased desire for sex, fewer spontaneous erections, and erectile dysfunction.
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Lead
Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
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Leukemia
Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.
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Levothyroxine
Levothyroxine, also known as -thyroxine, is a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4).
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Lithium
Lithium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.
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Liver disease
Liver disease (also called hepatic disease) is a type of damage to or disease of the liver.
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
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Macular degeneration
Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field.
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Malabsorption
Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
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Malnutrition
Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems.
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Mammary gland
A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring.
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Marfan syndrome
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue.
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Marrow adipose tissue
Marrow adipose tissue (MAT), also known as bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), increases in states of low bone density -osteoporosis, anorexia nervosa/ caloric restriction, skeletal unweighting, anti-diabetes therapies). The marrow adipocytes originate from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) progenitors that also give rise to osteoblasts, among other cell types. Thus, it is thought that MAT results from preferential MSC differentiation into the adipocyte, rather than osteoblast, lineage in the setting of osteoporosis. Since MAT is increased in the setting of obesity and is suppressed by endurance exercise, or vibration, it is likely that MAT physiology- in the setting of mechanical input/exercise- approximates that of white adipose tissue (WAT). MAT has qualities of both white and brown fat. Subcutaneous white fat contain excess energy, indicating a clear evolutionary advantage during times of scarcity. WAT is also the source of adipokines and inflammatory markers which have both positive (e.g., adiponectin) and negative effects on metabolic and cardiovascular endpoints. Visceral abdominal fat (VAT) is a distinct type of WAT that is "proportionally associated with negative metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity", regenerates cortisol, and recently has been tied to decreased bone formation Both types of WAT substantially differ from brown adipose tissue (BAT) as by a group of proteins that help BAT’s thermogenic role. MAT, by its "specific marrow location, and its adipocyte origin from at least LepR+ marrow MSC is separated from non-bone fat storage by larger expression of bone transcription factors", and likely indicates a different fat phenotype. Recently, MAT was noted to "produce a greater proportion of adiponectin - an adipokine associated with improved metabolism - than WAT", suggesting an endocrine function for this depot, akin, but different, from that of WAT.
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Mastocytosis
Mastocytosis, a type of mast cell disease, is a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells (also called mastocytes) and CD34+ mast cell precursors.
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Matrix (biology)
In biology, matrix (plural: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion.
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Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type.
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Menkes disease
Menkes disease (MNK), also known as Menkes syndrome, is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes coding for the copper-transport protein ATP7A, leading to copper deficiency.
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Menopause
Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.
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Metastasis
Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; it is typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor.
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Methotrexate
Methotrexate (MTX), formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immune system suppressant.
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Milk allergy
Milk allergy is an adverse immune reaction to one or more proteins in cow's milk.
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Movement disorders
Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity.
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Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell normally responsible for producing antibodies.
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Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.
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National Osteoporosis Society
The National Osteoporosis Society (NOS), established in 1986, is the only UK-wide charity dedicated to improving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis.
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NF-κB
NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.
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Old age
Old age refers to ages nearing or surpassing the life expectancy of human beings, and is thus the end of the human life cycle.
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Omeprazole
Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.
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Oophorectomy
Oophorectomy (from Greek ᾠοφόρος, ōophóros, 'egg-bearing' + ἐκτομή, ektomḗ, 'a cutting out of') is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.
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Orthostatic hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, occurs when a person's blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position.
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Osteoblast
Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, osteo- and βλαστάνω, blastanō "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone.
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Osteoclast
An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.
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Osteocyte
An osteocyte, a star-shaped type of bone cell, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone tissue, and can live as long as the organism itself.
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones.
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Osteoid
In histology, osteoid is the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue.
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Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium.
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Osteonecrosis of the jaw
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a severe bone disease (osteonecrosis) that affects the jaws (the maxilla and the mandible).
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Osteopenia
Osteopenia is a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal.
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Osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B), is a cytokine receptor of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily encoded by the TNFRSF11B gene.
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Paralysis
Paralysis is a loss of muscle function for one or more muscles.
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Paraproteinemia
Paraproteinemia, also known as monoclonal gammopathy, is the presence of excessive amounts of paraprotein or single monoclonal gammaglobulin in the blood.
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Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods that produce parathyroid hormone.
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Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that is important in bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time.
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Parenteral nutrition
Total parenteral nutrition (PN) is the feeding of a person intravenously, bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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Partial ileal bypass surgery
Partial ileal bypass surgery is a surgical procedure which involves shortening the ileum to shorten the total small intestinal length.
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Pathologic fracture
A pathologic fracture (also called insufficiency fracture) is a bone fracture caused by disease that led to weakness of the bone structure.
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Peak bone mass
Peak bone mass is the maximum amount of bone a person has during their life.
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ or PPARG), also known as the glitazone receptor, or NR1C3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 3) is a type II nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the PPARG gene.
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Phenytoin
Phenytoin (PHT), sold under the brand name Dilantin among others, is an anti-seizure medication.
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Phosphate
A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid.
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Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a mineral (inorganic) and weak acid having the chemical formula H3PO4.
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Pioglitazone
Pioglitazone (brand name Actos) is a prescription drug of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class with hypoglycemic (antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic) action to treat diabetes.
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.
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Porphyria
Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up, negatively affecting the skin or nervous system.
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Prednisone
Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is mostly used to suppress the immune system.
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Premature ovarian failure
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is the loss of function of the ovaries before age 40.
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Prescrire
Prescrire also known as La Revue Prescrire is a monthly medical journal in French which addresses developments in diseases, medications, and in medical techniques and technologies.
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Primary biliary cholangitis
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is an autoimmune disease of the liver.
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Protein (nutrient)
Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body.
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Proton-pump inhibitor
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of stomach acid production.
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Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism).
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Quality of life
Quality of life (QOL) is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life.
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Quantitative computed tomography
Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) is a medical technique that measures bone mineral density (BMD) using a standard X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanner with a calibration standard to convert Hounsfield Units (HU) of the CT image to bone mineral density values.
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Radicular pain
Radicular pain, or radiculitis, is pain "radiated" along the dermatome (sensory distribution) of a nerve due to inflammation or other irritation of the nerve root (radiculopathy) at its connection to the spinal column.
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Raloxifene
Raloxifene, developed by Eli Lilly in 1997 and sold under the brand name Evista among others, is a medication which is used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and to reduce the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or at high risk for breast cancer.
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RANK
Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), also known as TRANCE receptor or TNFRSF11A, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) molecular sub-family.
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RANKL
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand (RANKL), also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11), TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), and osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF11 gene.
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
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Reflex syncope
Reflex syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure.
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Renal osteodystrophy
Renal osteodystrophy is currently defined as an alteration of bone morphology in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
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Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.
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Rheumatology
Rheumatology (Greek ρεύμα, rheuma, flowing current) is a branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases.
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Rib
In vertebrate anatomy, ribs (costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage.
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Risedronic acid
Risedronic acid (INN) often used as its sodium salt risedronate sodium (USAN) is a bisphosphonate used to strengthen bone, treat or prevent osteoporosis, and treat Paget's disease of bone.
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Rosiglitazone
Rosiglitazone (trade name Avandia) is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class.
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Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomas.
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Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia is the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass (0.5–1% loss per year after the age of 50), quality, and strength associated with aging.
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Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spine has a sideways curve.
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.
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Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents.
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Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
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Soft drink
A soft drink (see terminology for other names) typically contains carbonated water (although some lemonades are not carbonated), a sweetener, and a natural or artificial flavoring.
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Spaceflight
Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space.
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Spinal cord compression
Spinal cord compression develops when the spinal cord is compressed by bone fragments from a vertebral fracture, a tumor, abscess, ruptured intervertebral disc or other lesion.
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Spinal fracture
A spinal fracture, also called a vertebral fracture or a broken back, is a fracture affecting the vertebrae of the spinal column.
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Standard deviation
In statistics, the standard deviation (SD, also represented by the Greek letter sigma σ or the Latin letter s) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.
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Steroid-induced osteoporosis
Steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP) is osteoporosis arising due to use of glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) - analogous to Cushing's syndrome and involving mainly the axial skeleton.
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Stomach
The stomach (from ancient Greek στόμαχος, stomachos, stoma means mouth) is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Strontium ranelate
Strontium ranelate, a strontium(II) salt of ranelic acid, is a medication for osteoporosis marketed as Protelos or Protos by Servier.
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Surgeon General of the United States
The Surgeon General of the United States is the operational head of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the federal government of the United States.
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Surgery
Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body.
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Teriparatide
Teriparatide is a recombinant protein form of parathyroid hormone consisting of the first (N-terminus) 34 amino acids, which is the bioactive portion of the hormone.
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Testicle
The testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland in all animals, including humans.
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Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.
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Thalassemia
Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production.
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Thiazolidinedione
The thiazolidinediones, abbreviated as TZD, also known as glitazones after the prototypical drug ciglitazone, are a class of heterocyclic compounds consisting of a five-membered C3NS ring.
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Thyroid
The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.
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Tibia
The tibia (plural tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia), and it connects the knee with the ankle bones.
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Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoking is the practice of smoking tobacco and inhaling tobacco smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases).
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Tumor necrosis factor superfamily
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers.
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Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome (TS), also known as 45,X or 45,X0, is a condition in which a female is partly or completely missing an X chromosome.
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Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a long-term condition that results in inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum.
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Ultrasound
Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing.
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
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United States Preventive Services Task Force
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is "an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention that systematically reviews the evidence of effectiveness and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services".
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Uterus
The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.
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Venous thrombosis
A venous thrombus is a blood clot (thrombus) that forms within a vein.
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Vertebra
In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.
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Vertebral column
The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton.
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Vertebral compression fracture
A compression fracture is a collapse of a vertebra.
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Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is the medical condition of low blood levels of vitamin B12.
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects.
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Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency, or hypovitaminosis D, most commonly results from inadequate sunlight exposure (in particular sunlight with adequate ultraviolet B rays).
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Vitamin K
Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins that the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation (K from Koagulation, Danish for "coagulation") and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues.
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Vitamin K deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency results from insufficient dietary vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 or both.
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Vitamin K2
Vitamin K2 or menaquinone has nine related compounds, generally subdivided into the short-chain menaquinones (with MK-4 as the most important member) and the long-chain menaquinones, of which MK-7, MK-8 and MK-9 are nutritionally the most recognized.
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Warfarin
Warfarin, sold under the brand name Coumadin among others, is a medication that is used as an anticoagulant (blood thinner).
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Weight-bearing
In orthopedics, weight-bearing is the amount of weight a patient puts on the leg on which surgery has been performed.
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White people
White people is a racial classification specifier, used mostly for people of European descent; depending on context, nationality, and point of view, the term has at times been expanded to encompass certain persons of North African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian descent, persons who are often considered non-white in other contexts.
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Wnt signaling pathway
The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.
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Woman
A woman is an adult female human being.
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Wrist
In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as 1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand;Behnke 2006, p. 76. "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal bones."Moore 2006, p. 485. "The wrist (carpus), the proximal segment of the hand, is a complex of eight carpal bones. The carpus articulates proximally with the forearm at the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. The joints formed by the carpus include the wrist (radiocarpal joint), intercarpal, carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints. Augmenting movement at the wrist joint, the rows of carpals glide on each other " (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus and (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints.Behnke 2006, p. 77. "With the large number of bones composing the wrist (ulna, radius, eight carpas, and five metacarpals), it makes sense that there are many, many joints that make up the structure known as the wrist."Baratz 1999, p. 391. "The wrist joint is composed of not only the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints but also the intercarpal articulations." This region also includes the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, bracelet lines, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum. As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as distal radius fracture are often considered fractures to the wrist.
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Albers–Schonberg disease, Bone Loss, Diet and bone health, Osteoperosis, Osteophoroses, Osteophorosis, Osteoporoses, Osteoporotic, Postmenopausal osteoporosis, Risk factors for osteoporosis.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis
