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265 relations: Académie française, Adolf Hitler, Adrien Marquet, Aisne, Albert Chichery, Albert François Lebrun, Albert Rivaud, Albert Rivière, Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Alfonso XIII of Spain, André Gide, André Maginot, André Maurois, Antisemitism, Armistice of 22 June 1940, Arras, Associated Press, Attack on Mers-el-Kébir, Axis powers, École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, Édouard Daladier, Édouard Herriot, Île d'Yeu, Baton (military), Battle of Caporetto, Battle of Dakar, Battle of Dunkirk, Battle of France, Battle of Gabon, Battle of Passchendaele, Battle of St. Quentin (1914), Battle of Verdun, Belgrade, Bordeaux, Brittany, Broadway (Manhattan), Cabinet Secretary, Camille Chautemps, Canadian Rockies, Case Anton, Cauchy-à-la-Tour, Censorship in France, Char B1, Charles de Gaulle, Charles Huntziger, Charles Platon, Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel, Chasseur, Chief of staff, Chief of Staff of the French Army, ..., Chief of the Defence Staff (France), Clermont-Ferrand, Collaboration with the Axis Powers, Colonel, Commander-in-chief, Congress of the French Parliament, Conseil supérieur de la guerre, Continental Divide of the Americas, Defence in depth, Dementia, Departments of France, Deputy Prime Minister of France, Dewoitine, Divisional general, Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, Edward Spears, Edward VIII, Eugénie Pétain, Far-right leagues, Ferdinand Foch, Fernand Bouisson, Fernand de Brinon, Fifth Army (United Kingdom), Figurehead, First Battle of the Marne, FM 24/29 light machine gun, Fort du Portalet, François Darlan, François Lehideux, François Mauriac, François Piétri, Francisco Franco, Franco-British Union, Franklin D. 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Académie française
The Académie française is the pre-eminent French council for matters pertaining to the French language.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Adrien Marquet
Adrien Marquet (6 October 1885 – 3 February 1955) was a socialist mayor of Bordeaux who turned to the far right.
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Aisne
Aisne is a French department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.
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Albert Chichery
Albert Marc Chichery (12 October 1888 – 15 August 1944) was a French politician who was briefly Minister of Commerce and Industry, then Minister of Agriculture and Food Supply, in June–July 1940.
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Albert François Lebrun
Albert François Lebrun (29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940.
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Albert Rivaud
Albert Rivaud (May 14, 1876 – September 15, 1955) was a French philosopher and classical scholar.
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Albert Rivière
Albert Rivière (24 April 1891 – 28 June 1953) was a French tailor and moderate socialist politician.
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Alexander I of Yugoslavia
Alexander I (– 9 October 1934), also known as Alexander the Unifier, served as a prince regent of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1914 and later became King of Yugoslavia from 1921 to 1934 (prior to 1929 the state was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes).
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Alfonso XIII of Spain
Alfonso XIII (Spanish: Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941) was King of Spain from 1886 until the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931.
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André Gide
André Paul Guillaume Gide (22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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André Maginot
André Maginot (17 February 1877 – 7 January 1932) was a French civil servant, soldier, and Member of Parliament.
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André Maurois
André Maurois (born Émile Salomon Wilhelm Herzog; 26 July 1885 – 9 October 1967) was a French author.
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Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
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Armistice of 22 June 1940
The Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36.
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Arras
Arras (Atrecht) is the capital (chef-lieu/préfecture) of the Pas-de-Calais department, which forms part of the region of Hauts-de-France; prior to the reorganization of 2014 it was located in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.
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Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.
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Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
The Attack on Mers-el-Kébir (3 July 1940) also known as the Battle of Mers-el-Kébir, was part of Operation Catapult.
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Axis powers
The Axis powers (Achsenmächte; Potenze dell'Asse; 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku), also known as the Axis and the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allied forces.
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École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
The École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM, literally the "Special Military School of Saint-Cyr") is the foremost French military academy.
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Édouard Daladier
Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French "radical" (i.e. centre-left) politician and the Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War.
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Édouard Herriot
Édouard Marie Herriot (5 July 1872 – 26 March 1957) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic who served three times as Prime Minister and for many years as President of the Chamber of Deputies.
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Île d'Yeu
Île d'Yeu is an island and commune just off the Vendée coast of western France.
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Baton (military)
The ceremonial baton is a short, thick stick-like object, typically in wood or metal, that is traditionally the sign of a field marshal or a similar very high-ranking military officer, and carried as a piece of their uniform.
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Battle of Caporetto
The Battle of Caporetto (also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, the Battle of Kobarid or the Battle of Karfreit as it was known by the Central Powers) was a battle on the Austro-Italian front of World War I. The battle was fought between the Entente and the Central Powers and took place from 24 October to 19 November 1917, near the town of Kobarid (now in north-western Slovenia, then part of the Austrian Littoral).
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Battle of Dakar
The Battle of Dakar, also known as Operation Menace, was an unsuccessful attempt in September 1940 by the Allies to capture the strategic port of Dakar in French West Africa (modern-day Senegal).
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Battle of Dunkirk
The Battle of Dunkirk was a military operation that took place in Dunkirk (Dunkerque), France, during the Second World War.
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Battle of France
The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War.
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Battle of Gabon
The Battle of Gabon (French: bataille du Gabon), also called the Gabon Campaign (campagne du Gabon) or the Battle of Libreville, occurred in November 1940 during World War II.
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Battle of Passchendaele
The Battle of Passchendaele (Flandernschlacht, Deuxième Bataille des Flandres), also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, was a campaign of the First World War, fought by the Allies against the German Empire.
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Battle of St. Quentin (1914)
The Battle of St.
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Battle of Verdun
The Battle of Verdun (Bataille de Verdun,, Schlacht um Verdun), fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916, was the largest and longest battle of the First World War on the Western Front between the German and French armies.
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Belgrade
Belgrade (Beograd / Београд, meaning "White city",; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia.
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Bordeaux
Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: Bordèu) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.
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Brittany
Brittany (Bretagne; Breizh, pronounced or; Gallo: Bertaèyn, pronounced) is a cultural region in the northwest of France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.
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Broadway (Manhattan)
Broadway is a road in the U.S. state of New York.
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Cabinet Secretary
A Cabinet Secretary is usually a senior official (typically a civil servant) who provides services and advice to a Cabinet of Ministers as part of the Cabinet Office.
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Camille Chautemps
Camille Chautemps (1 February 1885 – 1 July 1963) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic, three times President of the Council (Prime Minister).
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Canadian Rockies
The Canadian Rockies (Rocheuses canadiennes) comprise the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains.
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Case Anton
Operation Anton, or Fall Anton, in German, was the codename for the military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942.
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Cauchy-à-la-Tour
Cauchy-à-la-Tour (El-Cauchie-à-l’Tour) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.
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Censorship in France
France has a long history of governmental censorship, particularly in the 16th to 18th centuries, but today freedom of press is guaranteed by the French Constitution and instances of governmental censorship are limited.
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Char B1
The Char B1 was a French heavy tank manufactured before World War II.
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France.
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Charles Huntziger
Charles Huntziger (25 June 1880 – 11 November 1941) was a French Army general during World War I and World War II.
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Charles Platon
René-Charles Platon (19 September 1886 – 28 August 1944) was a French admiral who was responsible for the Colonial Ministry under the Vichy government.
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Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel
Charles Cuthbert Powell Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel CBE PC (born 9 February 1933) is a retired business executive and a Labour peer.
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Chasseur
Chasseur, a French term for "hunter", is the designation given to certain regiments of French and Belgian light infantry (chasseurs à pied) or light cavalry (chasseurs à cheval) to denote troops trained for rapid action.
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Chief of staff
The title chief of staff (or head of staff) identifies the leader of a complex organization, institution, or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to an important individual, such as a president or a senior military officer.
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Chief of Staff of the French Army
The Chief of Staff of the French Army (Chef d'état-major de l'Armée de terre (CEMAT) is the highest rank officer in the chain of command of the French Army. The chief of staff (CEMAT) is assisted by the Major General of the French Army (Major général de l'Armée de terre). The CEMAT title has been in use since 1962; prior to that the position for the general in charge of France's army was referred to as Chief of Staff of the Army (Chef d'État-Major de l'Armée, CEMA).
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Chief of the Defence Staff (France)
The Chief of the General Staff of the Armies ((C)hef d'(É)tat-(M)ajor des (A)rmées) (acronym: C.E.M.A.) is the chief (Chef) of the general staff headquarters (État-Major) of the Armies (Armées) of France and leading senior military officer responsible for usage of the French Armed Forces, ensuring the commandment of all military operations (under reserve of the particular dispositions relative to nuclear deterrence).
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Clermont-Ferrand
Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergnat Clharmou, Augustonemetum) is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, with a population of 141,569 (2012).
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Collaboration with the Axis Powers
Within nations occupied by the Axis Powers in World War II, some citizens and organizations, prompted by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, antisemitism, opportunism, self-defense, or often a combination, knowingly collaborated with the Axis Powers.
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Colonel
Colonel ("kernel", abbreviated Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank below the brigadier and general officer ranks.
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Commander-in-chief
A commander-in-chief, also sometimes called supreme commander, or chief commander, is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation's military forces.
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Congress of the French Parliament
The Congress of the French Parliament (Congrès du Parlement français) is the name given to the body created when both houses of the present-day French Parliament—the National Assembly and the Senate—meet at the Palace of Versailles to vote on revisions to the Constitution or to listen to an address by the President of the French Republic.
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Conseil supérieur de la guerre
The Conseil supérieur de la guerre (CSG, Superior War Council) was the highest military body in France under the Third Republic.
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Continental Divide of the Americas
The Continental Divide of the Americas (also known as the Great Divide, the Continental Gulf of Division, or merely the Continental Divide) is the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas.
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Defence in depth
Defence in depth (also known as deep or elastic defence) is a military strategy that seeks to delay rather than prevent the advance of an attacker, buying time and causing additional casualties by yielding space.
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Dementia
Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning.
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Departments of France
In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government below the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the commune.
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Deputy Prime Minister of France
The Deputy Prime Minister of France, more properly known as the Vice President of the Council of Ministers, was a sinecure position that existed during the Third and Fourth Republics, as well as the Vichy regime during World War II.
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Dewoitine
Constructions Aéronautiques Émile Dewoitine was a French aircraft manufacturer established by Émile Dewoitine at Toulouse in October 1920.
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Divisional general
Divisional general is a rank of general in command of a division.
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Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, (19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928), was a senior officer of the British Army.
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Edward Spears
Major-General Sir Edward Louis Spears, 1st Baronet, (7 August 1886 – 27 January 1974) was a British Army officer and Member of Parliament noted for his role as a liaison officer between British and French forces in two world wars.
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Edward VIII
Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year, after which he became the Duke of Windsor.
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Eugénie Pétain
Eugénie Pétain (5 October 1877 – 30 January 1962) was the wife of the French military commander and political leader Philippe Pétain who ruled Vichy France between 1940 and 1944.
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Far-right leagues
The far-right leagues (ligues d'extrême droite) were several French far-right movements opposed to parliamentarism, which mainly dedicated themselves to military parades, street brawls, demonstrations and riots.
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Ferdinand Foch
Marshal Ferdinand Jean Marie Foch (2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929) was a French general and military theorist who served as the Supreme Allied Commander during the First World War.
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Fernand Bouisson
Fernand Bouisson (1874–1959) was a French politician of the Third Republic, who served as President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1927 to 1936 and briefly as Prime Minister in 1935.
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Fernand de Brinon
Fernand de Brinon, Marquis de Brinon (26 August 1885 – 15 April 1947) was a French lawyer and journalist who was one of the architects of French collaboration with the Nazis during World War II.
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Fifth Army (United Kingdom)
The Fifth Army was a field army of the British Army during World War I that formed part of the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front between 1916 and 1918.
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Figurehead
In politics, a figurehead is a person who holds de jure (in name or by law) an important title or office (often supremely powerful), yet de facto (in reality) executes little actual power.
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First Battle of the Marne
The Battle of the Marne (Première bataille de la Marne, also known as the Miracle of the Marne, Le Miracle de la Marne) was a World War I battle fought from It resulted in an Allied victory against the German armies in the west.
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FM 24/29 light machine gun
The Fusil-mitrailleur Modèle 1924 M29 was the standard light machine gun of the French Army from 1925 until the 1960s and was in use until 2000-2006 with the National Gendarmerie.
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Fort du Portalet
The Fort du Portalet is a fort in the Aspe Valley in Bearn, French Pyrenees, built from 1842 to 1870.
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François Darlan
Jean Louis Xavier François Darlan (7 August 1881 – 24 December 1942) was a French Admiral and political figure.
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François Lehideux
François Lehideux (30 January 1904 – 21 June 1998) was a French industrialist and member of the Vichy government.
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François Mauriac
François Charles Mauriac (11 October 1885 – 1 September 1970) was a French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, and journalist, a member of the Académie française (from 1933), and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952).
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François Piétri
François Piétri (8 August 1882 – 17 August 1966) was a minister in several governments in the later years of the French Third Republic and was French ambassador to Spain from 1940 to 1944 under the Vichy regime.
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Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939, after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, until his death in 1975.
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Franco-British Union
A Franco-British Union is a concept for a union between the two independent sovereign states of the United Kingdom and France.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.
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Frédéric François-Marsal
Frédéric François-Marsal (16 March 1874 – 20 May 1958) was a French Politician of the Third Republic, who served briefly as Prime Minister in 1924.
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Free France
Free France and its Free French Forces (French: France Libre and Forces françaises libres) were the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces, that continued to fight against the Axis powers as one of the Allies after the fall of France.
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Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.
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Freedom of thought
Freedom of thought (also called freedom of conscience or ideas) is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints.
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French Army
The French Army, officially the Ground Army (Armée de terre) (to distinguish it from the French Air Force, Armée de L'air or Air Army) is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces.
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French colonial empire
The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.
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French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) is a communist party in France.
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French Fourth Republic
The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution.
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French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China) (French: Indochine française; Lao: ສະຫະພັນອິນດູຈີນ; Khmer: សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន; Vietnamese: Đông Dương thuộc Pháp/東洋屬法,, frequently abbreviated to Đông Pháp; Chinese: 法属印度支那), officially known as the Indochinese Union (French: Union indochinoise) after 1887 and the Indochinese Federation (French: Fédération indochinoise) after 1947, was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia.
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French legislative election, 1919
The 1919 legislative election, the first election held after World War I, was held on 16 and 30 November 1919.
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French legislative election, 1936
French legislative elections to elect the 16th legislature of the French Third Republic were held on 26 April and 3 May 1936.
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French legislative election, 1951
Legislative elections were held in France on 17 June 1951 to elect the second National Assembly of the Fourth Republic.
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French Ministry for the Economy and Finance
The French Ministry for the Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'économie et des finances), called the Finance Ministry for short and informally referred to as Bercy, is one of the most important ministries in the cabinet of France.
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French people
The French (Français) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France.
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French Section of the Workers' International
The French Section of the Workers' International (Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, SFIO) was a French socialist political party founded in 1905 and replaced in 1969 by the current Socialist Party (PS).
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French Social Party
The French Social Party (Parti Social Français, PSF) was a French nationalist political party founded in 1936 by François de La Rocque, following the dissolution of his Croix-de-Feu league by the Popular Front government.
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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Gaston Doumergue
Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic.
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General officer
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations' air forces or marines.
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Generalissimo
Generalissimo is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the countries where they are used.
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Georges Clemenceau
Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French politician, physician, and journalist who was Prime Minister of France during the First World War.
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Georges Mandel
Georges Mandel (5 June 1885 – 7 July 1944) was a French journalist, politician, and French Resistance leader.
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Georges Pompidou
Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 19112 April 1974) was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history—and later President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974.
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Georges Ripert
Georges Ripert (22 April 1880 – 4 July 1958) was a lawyer who was briefly Secretary of State for Public Instruction and Youth in the Vichy Regime.
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Government in exile
A government in exile is a political group which claims to be a country or semi-sovereign state's legitimate government, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in another state or foreign country.
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Government of France
The Government of the French Republic (Gouvernement de la République française) exercises executive power in France.
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Grande Armée
The Grande Armée (French for Great Army) was the army commanded by Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars.
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Hachette Book Group
Hachette Book Group (HBG) is a publishing company owned by Hachette Livre, the largest publishing company in France, and the third largest trade and educational publisher in the world.
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Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was an American statesman who served as the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953), taking office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
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Hauts-de-France
Hauts-de-France (translates to "Upper France" in English; Heuts-d'Franche) is a region of France created by the territorial reform of French Regions in 2014, from a merger of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy.
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Hôtel de Ville, Paris
The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) in Paris, France, is the building housing the city's local administration.
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Hôtel du Parc
For the former hotel in Cannes, see Château Vallombrosa. The Hôtel du Parc (Park Hotel) is a former hotel in the center of Vichy, a spa town in the center of France which hosted during the Second World War the government of the French state (État français), commonly known as Vichy France.
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Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state.
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Hengshan Road
Hengshan Road, formerly Avenue Pétain, is a street in the former French Concession of Shanghai, China.
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Henri Moysset
Henri Moysset (26 March 1875 – 1 August 1949) was a French historian and politician.
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Henri Queuille
Henri Queuille (31 March 1884 – 15 June 1970) was a French Radical politician prominent in the Third and Fourth Republics.
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Henry du Moulin de Labarthète
Henry du Moulin de Labarthète (1900-1948) was a French senior civil servant, tax auditor, diplomat and memoirist.
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Henry Lémery
Henry Lémery (9 December 1874 – 26 April 1972) was a politician from Martinique who served in the French National Assembly from 1914–1919 and the French Senate from 1920–1941.
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Hermann Göring
Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German political and military leader as well as one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.
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Historiography of the Battle of France
The Historiography of the Battle of France describes how the German victory over French and British forces in the Battle of France had been explained by historians and others.
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Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun
The Mle 1914 Hotchkiss machine gun chambered for the 8mm Lebel cartridge became the standard machine gun of the French Army during World War I. It was manufactured by the French arms company Hotchkiss et Cie, which had been established in the 1860s by American industrialist Benjamin B. Hotchkiss.
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Hubert Gough
General Sir Hubert de la Poer Gough (12 August 1870 – 18 March 1963) was a senior officer in the British Army in the First World War.
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Hubert Lyautey
Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (17 November 1854 – 21 July 1934) was a French Army general and colonial administrator.
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Jacques Chevalier
Jacques Chevalier (13 March 1882 – 19 April 1962) was a French philosopher.
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Jérôme Carcopino
Jérôme Carcopino (27 June 1881 – 17 March 1970) was a French historian and author.
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Józef Piłsudski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski (5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman; he was Chief of State (1918–22), "First Marshal of Poland" (from 1920), and de facto leader (1926–35) of the Second Polish Republic as the Minister of Military Affairs.
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Jean Ybarnégaray
Michel Albert Jean Joseph Ybarnégaray (16 October 1883 – 25 April 1956) was a French Basque politician and founder of the International Association for Basque Pelota.
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Jean Zay
Jean Zay (6 August 1904 – 20 June 1944) was a French freemason and politician.
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Joseph Barthélemy
Joseph Barthélemy (8 July 1874, Toulouse – 14 May 1945) was a French jurist, politician and journalist.
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Joseph Darnand
Joseph Darnand (19 March 1897 – 10 October 1945) was a French soldier, leader of the Vichy French collaborators with Nazi Germany and a Waffen-SS officer.
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Joseph Joffre
Marshal Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre (12 January 1852 – 3 January 1931), was a French general who served as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front from the start of World War I until the end of 1916.
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Joseph Paul-Boncour
Augustin Alfred Joseph Paul-Boncour (4 August 1873 – 28 March 1972) was a French politician and diplomat of the Third Republic.
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Justí Guitart i Vilardebó
Justí Guitart i Vilardebó (December 16, 1875 – January 30, 1940) was the Bishop of Urgell and Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra from 1920 to 1940.
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Léon Blum
André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French politician, identified with the moderate left, and three times Prime Minister of France.
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Le Petit Journal (newspaper)
Le Petit Journal was a conservative daily Parisian newspaper founded by Moïse Polydore Millaud; published from 1863 to 1944.
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Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
The Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism (Légion des volontaires français contre le bolchévisme, or simply Légion des volontaires français, LVF) was a collaborationist militia of Vichy France founded on 8 July 1941.
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Legion of Honour
The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.
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Letter of reprimand
A letter of reprimand is a US Department of Defense procedure involving a letter to an employee or soldier from the superior that details the wrongful actions of the person and the punishment that can be expected.
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Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Liberté, égalité, fraternité, French for "liberty, equality, fraternity", is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto.
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List of Co-Princes of Andorra
This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra.
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List of French Ministers of Veterans Affairs
The Minister of Veterans Affairs has been a cabinet post in France since just after World War I (1914–18).
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List of Marshals of France
Marshal of France (Maréchal de France, plural Maréchaux de France) is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements.
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List of Ministers of Overseas France
The following is a list of ministers of Overseas France.
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List of Naval Ministers of France
One of France's Secretaries of State under the ancien régime was entrusted with control of the French Navy (Secretary of State of the Navy (France). In 1791, this title was changed to Minister of the Navy. Before January 1893, this position also had responsibility for France's colonies, and was usually known as Minister of the Navy and Colonies. In 1947 the naval ministry was absorbed into the Ministry of Defence and reports to the Prime Minister of France and the President of the French Republic at the Elysee Palace.
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List of Presidents of France
Below is a list of Presidents of France.
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List of ticker-tape parades in New York City
Since 1886, those who have made significant achievements, heads of state, returning veterans and sport champions from the New York area have been honored with ticker-tape parades.
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Locarno Treaties
The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland, on 5–16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, and return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (the Weimar Republic).
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Louis Franchet d'Espèrey
Louis Félix Marie François Franchet d'Espèrey (25 May 1856 – 8 July 1942) was a French general during World War I. As commander of the large Allied army based at Salonika, he conducted the successful Macedonian campaign, which caused the collapse of the Southern Front and contributed to the armistice.
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Louis Marin (politician)
Louis Marin (7 February 1871 – 23 May 1960) was a French politician who was Minister for the Liberated Regions in 1924, Minister of Pensions (Veteran Affairs) in 1926–28 and Minister of Health in 1934.
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Louis Maurin
Louis Félix Thomas Maurin (5 January 1869 – 6 June 1956) was a French army general who was twice Minister of War in the 1930s.
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Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
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Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (5 March 1889 – 11 February 1946), also known as L.-O. Frossard or Oscar Frossard, was a French socialist and communist politician.
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Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the combined German Wehrmacht military forces during World War II.
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Maginot Line
The Maginot Line (Ligne Maginot), named after the French Minister of War André Maginot, was a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles, and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications.
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Manhattan
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and its historical birthplace.
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Maquis (World War II)
The Maquis were rural guerrilla bands of French Resistance fighters, called maquisards, during the Occupation of France in World War II.
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Marcel Dassault
Marcel Dassault (born Marcel Bloch; 22 January 1892 – 17 April 1986) was a French aircraft industrialist.
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Marcel Peyrouton
Marcel Peyrouton (2 July 1887 – 6 November 1983) was a French diplomat and politician.
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Marie-Eugène Debeney
Marie-Eugène Debeney (5 May 1864 – 6 November 1943) was a French Army general.
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Marseille
Marseille (Provençal: Marselha), is the second-largest city of France and the largest city of the Provence historical region.
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Mary of Teck
Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes; 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953) was Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Empress of India as the wife of King George V. Although technically a princess of Teck, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, she was born and raised in England.
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MAS-49 rifle
The MAS-49 is a French semi-automatic rifle that replaced various bolt action rifles as the French service rifle that was produced from 1949.
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Maurice Gamelin
Maurice Gustave Gamelin (20 September 1872 – 18 April 1958) was a senior French Army general.
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Maxime Weygand
Maxime Weygand (21 January 1867 – 28 January 1965) was a French military commander in World War I and World War II.
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Metz
Metz (Lorraine Franconian pronunciation) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
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Milice
The Milice française (French Militia), generally called the Milice, was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the French Resistance during World War II.
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Military Medal (Spain)
The Military Medal (Medalla Militar) is a high military award of Spain to recognise battlefield bravery.
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Minister of Air (France)
From 1928-1947, the Minister of Air was, in the Government of France (and during the Vichy Regime), the cabinet member in charge of the French Air Force.
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Minister of Commerce (France)
The Minister of Commerce was a cabinet member in the Government of France.
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Minister of Health (France)
Minister of Health and Solidarity is a cabinet position in the Government of France.
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Minister of Information (France)
The Minister of Information was a cabinet member in the Government of France from 1938 to 1974.
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Minister of Labour (France)
The Minister of Social Affairs and Employment (French: Ministre des Affaires sociales et de l'emploi) is a cabinet member in the Government of France.
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Minister of Public Works (France)
The Minister of Public Works was a cabinet member in the Government of France.
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Minister of State
Minister of State is a title borne by politicians or officials in certain countries governed under a parliamentary system.
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Minister of the Armed Forces (France)
The Ministry of the Armed Forces (Ministre des Armées) is the French cabinet member charged with running the French Armed Forces.
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Minister of the Interior (France)
The Minister of the Interior (Ministre de l'Intérieur) is an important position in the Government of France.
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Ministry of Agriculture (France)
The Ministry of Agriculture, Agrifood, and Forestry (Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agroalimentaire et de la forêt) of France is the governmental body charged with regulation and policy for agriculture, food, and forestry.
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Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the ministry in the government of France that handles France's foreign relations.
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Ministry of Justice (France)
The Ministry of Justice is controlled by the French Minister of Justice - Keeper of the Seals (Ministre de la Justice - Garde des Sceaux), a top-level cabinet position in the French Government.
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Ministry of National Education (France)
The Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research (Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche), or simply "Ministry of National Education", as the title has changed no small number of times in the course of the Fifth Republic is the French government cabinet member charged with running France's public educational system and with the supervision of agreements and authorizations for private teaching organizations.
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Monarchism in France
Monarchism in France is the advocacy of restoring the monarchy (mostly constitutional monarchy) in France, which was abolished after the 1870 defeat by Prussia, arguably before that in 1848 with the establishment of the French Second Republic.
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Montoire-sur-le-Loir
Montoire-sur-le-Loir is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France.
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Morane-Saulnier
Aéroplanes Morane-Saulnier was a French aircraft manufacturing company formed in October 1911 by Raymond Saulnier (1881–1964) and the Morane brothers, Léon (1885–1918) and Robert (1886–1968).
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Morocco
Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.
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Mount Cordonnier
Mount Cordonnier is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia on the Continental Divide.
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Mount Foch
Mount Foch is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia on the Continental Divide.
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Mount Joffre
Mount Joffre is a mountain located on the Continental Divide, in Peter Lougheed Provincial Park, Alberta, and Elk Lakes and Height of the Rockies Provincial Parks in British Columbia.
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Mount Mangin
Mount Mangin is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia on the Continental Divide.
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Mount Pétain
Mount Pétain is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia on the Continental Divide.
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National Assembly (France)
The National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat).
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Nicholas Atkin
Nicholas "Nick" James Atkin (18 September 1960 – 22 October 2009) was professor of modern European history at the University of Reading.
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Nivelle Offensive
The Nivelle Offensive of 1917, was a Franco-British offensive on the Western Front in the First World War.
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Operation Michael
Operation Michael was a major German military offensive during the First World War that began the Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918.
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Operation Torch
Operation Torch (8–16 November 1942, formerly Operation Gymnast) was a Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa, during the North African Campaign of the Second World War.
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Orléans
Orléans is a prefecture and commune in north-central France, about 111 kilometres (69 miles) southwest of Paris.
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Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders ('pas' meaning passage).
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Paul Baudouin
Paul Baudouin (19 December 1894 – 10 February 1964) was a French banker who became a politician and Vichy foreign minister.
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Paul Claudel
Paul Claudel (6 August 1868 – 23 February 1955) was a French poet, dramatist and diplomat, and the younger brother of the sculptress Camille Claudel.
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Paul Reynaud
Paul Reynaud (15 October 1878 – 21 September 1966) was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his stances on economic liberalism and militant opposition to Germany.
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Philippe de Gaulle
Philippe de Gaulle (born 28 December 1921) is a retired French admiral and senator.
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Pierre Caziot
Pierre Caziot (24 September 1876 – 4 January 1953) was a French agricultural expert and administrator who was Minister of Agriculture and Supplies in the Vichy government during World War II (1939–45).
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Pierre de Hérain
Pierre de Hérain (24 July 1904 – 25 September 1972) was a French film director.
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Pierre Laval
Pierre Jean-Marie Laval (28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician.
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Pierre Mendès France
Pierre Isaac Isidore Mendès-France (11 January 1907 – 18 October 1982), known as PMF, was a French politician who served as President of the Council of MinistersEquivalent in the French Fourth Republic to Prime Minister for eight months from 1954 to 1955.
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Pierre Pucheu
Pierre Firmin Pucheu (27 June 1899 – 20 March 1944) was a French industrialist, fascist and member of the Vichy government.
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Pierre-Étienne Flandin
Pierre-Étienne Flandin (12 April 1889 – 13 June 1958) was a French conservative politician of the Third Republic, leader of the Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD), and Prime Minister of France from 8 November 1934 to 31 May 1935.
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Popular Front (France)
The Popular Front (Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period.
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President of France
The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française) is the executive head of state of France in the French Fifth Republic.
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Prime Minister of France
The French Prime Minister (Premier ministre français) in the Fifth Republic is the head of government.
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Provisional Government of the French Republic
The Provisional Government of the French Republic (gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF) was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 following the liberation of continental France after Operations ''Overlord'' and ''Dragoon'', and lasted until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic.
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Pyrenees
The Pyrenees (Pirineos, Pyrénées, Pirineus, Pirineus, Pirenèus, Pirinioak) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France.
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Radical Party (France)
The Radical Party (Parti radical, also Parti radical valoisien, abbreviated to Rad.) was a liberal and social-liberal political party in France.
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Ramon Iglesias i Navarri
Ramon Iglesias i Navarri (28 January 1889 in Vall de Boí – 31 March 1972) was the Bishop of Urgell and Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra from 4 April 1943, until 29 April 1969.
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Raphaël Alibert
Raphaël Alibert (17 February 1887, Saint-Laurent, Lot – 5 June 1963, Paris) was a French politician.
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Raymond Poincaré
Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served three times as 58th Prime Minister of France, and as President of France from 1913 to 1920.
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Révolution nationale
The Révolution nationale (National Revolution) was the official ideological program promoted by the Vichy regime (the “French State”) which had been established in July 1940 and led by Marshal Philippe Pétain.
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Renault FT
The Renault FT (frequently referred to in post-World War I literature as the FT-17, FT17, or similar) was a French light tank that was among the most revolutionary and influential tank designs in history.
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Renault R35
The Renault R35, an abbreviation of Char léger Modèle 1935 R or R 35, was a French light infantry tank of the Second World War.
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René Belin
René Belin (14 April 1898 – 2 January 1977) was a French trade unionist and politician.
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Revue des deux Mondes
The Revue des deux Mondes (Review of the Two Worlds) is a French language monthly literary and cultural affairs magazine that has been published in Paris since 1829.
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Rif Republic
The Republic of the Rif (officially The Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif) was a republic in northern Morocco that existed between 1921 and 1926.
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Rif War
The Rif War was an armed conflict fought from 1920 to 1927 between the colonial power Spain (later joined by France) and the Berber tribes of the Rif mountainous region. Led by Abd el-Krim, the Riffians at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using guerrilla tactics and captured European weapons. After France's military intervention against Abd el-Krim's forces and the major landing of Spanish troops at Al Hoceima, considered the first amphibious landing in history to involve the use of tanks and aircraft, Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French and was taken into exile. In 1909, Rifian tribes aggressively confronted Spanish workers of the iron mines of the Rif, near Melilla, which led to the intervention of the Spanish Army. The military operations in Jebala, in the Moroccan West, began in 1911 with the Larache Landing. Spain worked to pacify a large part of the most violent areas until 1914, a slow process of consolidation of frontiers that lasted until 1919 due to World War I. The following year, after the signing of the Treaty of Fez, the northern Moroccan area was adjudicated to Spain as a protectorate. The Riffian populations strongly resisted the Spanish, unleashing a conflict that would last for several years. In 1921, the Spanish troops suffered the catastrophic Disaster of Annual, the biggest defeat in the history of Spain, in addition to a rebellion led by Rifian leader Abd el-Krim. As a result, the Spanish retreated to a few fortified positions while Abd el-Krim ultimately created an entire independent state: the Republic of the Rif. The development of the conflict and its end coincided with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, who took on command of the campaign from 1924 to 1927. In addition, and after the Battle of Uarga in 1925, the French intervened in the conflict and established a joint collaboration with Spain that culminated in the notorious renowned Alhucemas landing. By 1926 the area had been pacified; Abd-el-Krim surrendered in July 1927; and the Spanish regained the previously lost territory. The Rif War is still considered controversial among historians. Some see in it a harbinger of the decolonization process in North Africa. Others consider it one of the last colonial wars, as it was the decision of the Spanish to conquer the Rif — nominally part of their Moroccan protectorate but de facto independent — that catalyzed the entry of France in 1924. The Rif War left a deep memory both in Spain and in Morocco. The Riffian insurgency of the 1920s can be interpreted as a precursor to the Algerian war of independence, which took place three decades later.
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Robert Nivelle
Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 – 22 March 1924) was a French artillery officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion, and the First World War.
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Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.
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Second Army (France)
The Second Army (IIe Armée) was a field army of the French Army during World War I and World War II.
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Second Battle of Artois
The Second Battle of Artois (Deuxième bataille de l'Artois or Lorettoschlacht) from was a battle on the Western Front during the First World War.
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Second Battle of Champagne
The Second Battle of Champagne (Herbstschlacht or Autumn Battle) in World War I was a French offensive against the German army.
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Second Battle of the Marne
The Second Battle of the Marne (Seconde Bataille de la Marne), or Battle of Reims (15 July – 6 August 1918) was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War.
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Second French Empire
The French Second Empire (Second Empire) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
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Senate (France)
The Senate (Sénat; pronunciation) is the upper house of the French Parliament, presided over by a president.
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Shanghai
Shanghai (Wu Chinese) is one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of China and the most populous city proper in the world, with a population of more than 24 million.
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Sigmaringen
Sigmaringen is a town in southern Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
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Socialist Republican Union
The Socialist Republican Union (Union socialiste républicaine, USR) was a political party in France founded in 1935 during the late Third Republic which united the right-wing of the French Section of the Workers' International.
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SOMUA S35
The SOMUA S35 was a French Cavalry tank of the Second World War.
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Spa town
A spa town is a resort town based on a mineral spa (a developed mineral spring).
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Territory of the Saar Basin
The Territory of the Saar Basin (Saarbeckengebiet, Saarterritorium; Le Territoire du Bassin de la Sarre) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
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The Vichy 80
The Vichy 80 were a group of elected French parliamentarians who, on 10 July 1940, voted against the constitutional change that dissolved the Third Republic and established an authoritarian regime now referred to as Vichy France.
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They shall not pass
"They shall not pass" (On ne passe pas !; ¡No pasarán!; Pe aici nu se trece!) is a slogan used to express determination to defend a position against an enemy.
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Tidworth Camp
Tidworth Camp is a military installation at Tidworth in Wiltshire.
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Toledo, Spain
Toledo is a city and municipality located in central Spain; it is the capital of the province of Toledo and the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha.
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Travail, famille, patrie
Travail, famille, patrie (Labor, family, fatherland) was the tripartite motto of the French State (usually known as Vichy France) during World War II.
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Treason
In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more extreme acts against one's nation or sovereign.
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Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles (Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end.
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Val-de-Grâce
The Val-de-Grâce (Hôpital d'instruction des armées du Val-de-Grâce or HIA Val-de-Grâce) is a military hospital located at 74 boulevard de Port-Royal in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France.
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Vendée
The Vendée is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west-central France, on the Atlantic Ocean.
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Verdun
Verdun (official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a small city in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
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Vichy
Vichy (Vichèi in Occitan) is a city in the Allier department of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais.
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Vichy France
Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
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Vidkun Quisling
Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was a Norwegian military officer and politician who nominally headed the government of Norway during the occupation of the country by Nazi Germany during World War II.
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Vincent Auriol
Vincent Jules Auriol (27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician who served as the first president of the Fourth Republic from 1947 to 1954.
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Vlado Chernozemski
Vlado Chernozemski (Владо Черноземски) (19 October 1897 – 9 October 1934), born Velichko Dimitrov Kerin (Величко Димитров Керин), was a Bulgarian revolutionary.
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Voie Sacrée
The Voie Sacrée ("Sacred Way") is a road that connects Bar-le-Duc to Verdun (Meuse), France.
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.
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Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.
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World Disarmament Conference
The Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments of 1932–1934 (sometimes World Disarmament Conference or Geneva Disarmament Conference) was an effort by member states of the League of Nations, together with the U.S., to actualize the ideology of disarmament.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Yves Bouthillier
Yves Bouthillier (26 February 1901 – 4 January 1977) was a French politician.
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1917 French Army mutinies
The 1917 French Army mutinies took place amongst French Army troops on the Western Front in Northern France during World War I. They started just after the disastrous Second Battle of the Aisne, the main action in the Nivelle Offensive in April 1917.
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6 February 1934 crisis
The 6 February 1934 crisis was an anti-parliamentarist street demonstration in Paris organized by multiple far-right leagues that culminated in a riot on the Place de la Concorde, near the seat of the French National Assembly.
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Redirects here:
General Petain, General Pétain, Henri Petain, Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Petain, Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain, Henri Philippe Petain, Henri Philippe Pétain, Henri Phillippe Petain, Henri Phillippe Pétain, Henri Pétain, Henri-Philippe Petain, Henri-Philippe Pétain, Marechal Petain, Marshal Henri Petain, Marshal Henri Philippe Petain, Marshal Petain, Marshal Philippe Petain, Marshal Pétain, Marshal philippe petain, Marshall Petain, Marshall Pétain, Maréchal Pétain, Petain, Petainisme, Petainist, Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Petain, Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain, Philippe Petain, Pétain, Pétainisme.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Pétain
