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222 relations: Alfred Tarski, Algirdas Julien Greimas, American philosophy, Analytic philosophy, Ancient Greek, Anthony Kenny, Aristotle, Article (grammar), Associationism, Athanasius Kircher, Baroque, Behaviorism, Bertrand Russell, Biosemiotics, Brazil, Carlo Penco, Charles Sanders Peirce, Chinese characters, Cognitive semantics, Communication, Compound (linguistics), Computational theory of mind, Confirmation holism, Conjunctions, Connectionism, Constructivist epistemology, Continental philosophy, Conventionalism, Course in General Linguistics, Cratylus (dialogue), Critical theory, Daniel Dennett, Dasein, David Hume, David Lewis (philosopher), Deconstruction, Descriptivist theory of names, Didacticism, Domain of discourse, Donald Davidson (philosopher), Duhem–Quine thesis, Duns Scotus, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Emergentism, Empiricism, Epistemology, Epithet, Etymology, Eva Picardi, Existentialism, ..., Ferdinand de Saussure, Formalism (philosophy), Framing (social sciences), Fred Dretske, Fuzzy logic, Gender, Genus, George Berkeley, George Orwell, German language, Germanic languages, Gilbert Ryle, Gorgias, Gottlob Frege, Grammar, Grammatical gender, Greek language, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Heideggerian terminology, Henry Thomas Colebrooke, Hermeneutics, Hilary Putnam, Horapollo, IKEA, Indexicality, Indian subcontinent, Institution, Intentionality, Iron Age in India, J. L. Austin, Jacques Derrida, Jan Pinborg, Janet Jackson, Japanese language, Jean François Pons, Jerry Fodor, Johannes Goropius Becanus, John Locke, John Searle, John Wilkins, Justin Timberlake, Kalpa (Vedanga), Kent Bach, Language acquisition, Language acquisition device, Language interpretation, Language of thought hypothesis, Latin, Learning, Lera Boroditsky, Linguistic relativity, Linguistic turn, Literary theory, Logic, Logical positivism, Logical truth, Louis Hjelmslev, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Luigi Pareyson, Martin Heidegger, Mīmāṃsā, Meaning (linguistics), Meaning (non-linguistic), Meaning (philosophy of language), Meaning and Necessity, Measurement, Mediated reference theory, Metaphor, Metonymy, Michael Dummett, Nineteen Eighty-Four, Noam Chomsky, Nominalism, Norman Kretzmann, Noun, Nyaya, On Denoting, Ontology, Ordinary language philosophy, P. F. Strawson, Part of speech, Paul Grice, Paul Horwich, Paul Ricœur, Pejorative, Performative utterance, Peter Abelard, Phenomenology (philosophy), Philosophical language, Philosophical realism, Philosophy of mind, Phoneme, Physics, Pirahã, Plato, Pragmatics, Predicate (grammar), Principle of compositionality, Profanity, Propaganda, Proposition, Propositional attitude, Propositional function, Psycholinguistics, Psychological nativism, Radical translation, Reductionism, Reference, Referring expression, Renaissance, Rhetoric, Rhianus, Richard Montague, Rigid designator, Robert Brandom, Roland Barthes, Roman Jakobson, Rudolf Carnap, Russian language, Ruth Millikan, Sanskrit, Saul Kripke, Søren Kierkegaard, Scholasticism, Semantic externalism, Semantic holism, Semantics, Semiotics, Sense and reference, Shabda, Social structure, Socrates, Sorites paradox, Spanish language, Species, Speech, Speech act, Stanford University, Stephen Neale, Stoicism, Structuralism, Stylistics, Sum of Logic, Symbolic interactionism, Synonym, Syntax, Thomas Sebeok, Thought, Thure von Uexküll, Tower of Babel, Transformational grammar, Translation, Transparency (linguistic), Truth, Truth value, Truth-bearer, Tullio De Mauro, Tyler Burge, Umberto Eco, Universal (metaphysics), Use–mention distinction, Vagueness, Varadarāja, Vāc, Vedic period, Vyākaraṇa, Wardrobe malfunction, Wilhelm Dilthey, Willard Van Orman Quine, William of Ockham, Word and Object, Yāska. Expand index (172 more) »
Alfred Tarski
Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983), born Alfred Teitelbaum,School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews,, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews.
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Algirdas Julien Greimas
Algirdas Julien Greimas (born Algirdas Julius Greimas; 9 March 1917 – 27 February 1992), was a French-Lithuanian literary scientist, known among other things for the Greimas Square (le carré sémiotique).
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American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States.
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Analytic philosophy
Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a style of philosophy that became dominant in the Western world at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Anthony Kenny
Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny (born 16 March 1931) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Article (grammar)
An article (with the linguistic glossing abbreviation) is a word that is used with a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, and in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope.
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Associationism
Associationism is the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one mental state with its successor states.
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Athanasius Kircher
Athanasius Kircher, S.J. (sometimes erroneously spelled Kirchner; Athanasius Kircherus, 2 May 1602 – 28 November 1680) was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works, most notably in the fields of comparative religion, geology, and medicine.
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Baroque
The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century.
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism (or behaviourism) is a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals.
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Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate.
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Biosemiotics
Biosemiotics (from the Greek βίος bios, "life" and σημειωτικός sēmeiōtikos, "observant of signs) is a field of semiotics and biology that studies the prelinguistic meaning-making, or production and interpretation of signs and codes in the biological realm.
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Brazil
Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.
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Carlo Penco
Carlo Penco (born August 1948) is an Italian analytic philosopher and full professor in philosophy of language at the University of Genoa in Italy.
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Charles Sanders Peirce
Charles Sanders Peirce ("purse"; 10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".
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Chinese characters
Chinese characters are logograms primarily used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese.
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Cognitive semantics
Cognitive semantics is part of the cognitive linguistics movement.
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Communication
Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.
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Compound (linguistics)
In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem.
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Computational theory of mind
In philosophy, the computational theory of mind (CTM) refers to a family of views that hold that the human mind is an information processing system and that cognition and consciousness together are a form of computation.
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Confirmation holism
In the epistemology of science, confirmation holism, also called epistemological holism, is the view that no individual statement can be confirmed or disconfirmed by an empirical test, but only a set of statements (a whole theory).
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Conjunctions
Conjunctions, is a biannual American literary journal based at Bard College.
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Connectionism
Connectionism is an approach in the fields of cognitive science, that hopes to represent mental phenomena using artificial neural networks.
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Constructivist epistemology
Constructivist epistemology is a branch in philosophy of science maintaining that scientific knowledge is constructed by the scientific community, who seek to measure and construct models of the natural world.
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Continental philosophy
Continental philosophy is a set of 19th- and 20th-century philosophical traditions from mainland Europe.
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Conventionalism
Conventionalism is the philosophical attitude that fundamental principles of a certain kind are grounded on (explicit or implicit) agreements in society, rather than on external reality.
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Course in General Linguistics
Course in General Linguistics (Cours de linguistique générale) is a book compiled by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye from notes on lectures given by Ferdinand de Saussure at the University of Geneva between 1906 and 1911.
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Cratylus (dialogue)
Cratylus (Κρατύλος, Kratylos) is the name of a dialogue by Plato.
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Critical theory
Critical theory is a school of thought that stresses the reflective assessment and critique of society and culture by applying knowledge from the social sciences and the humanities.
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Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett III (born March 28, 1942) is an American philosopher, writer, and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.
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Dasein
Dasein is a German word that means "being there" or "presence" (German: da "there"; sein "being"), and is often translated into English with the word "existence".
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David Hume
David Hume (born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
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David Lewis (philosopher)
David Kellogg Lewis (September 28, 1941 – October 14, 2001) was an American philosopher.
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Deconstruction
Deconstruction is a critique of the relationship between text and meaning originated by the philosopher Jacques Derrida.
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Descriptivist theory of names
The descriptivist theory of proper names is that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions.
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Didacticism
Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature and other types of art.
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Domain of discourse
In the formal sciences, the domain of discourse, also called the universe of discourse, universal set, or simply universe, is the set of entities over which certain variables of interest in some formal treatment may range.
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Donald Davidson (philosopher)
Donald Herbert Davidson (March 6, 1917 – August 30, 2003) was an American philosopher.
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Duhem–Quine thesis
The Duhem–Quine thesis, also called the Duhem–Quine problem, after Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine, is that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions (also called auxiliary assumptions or auxiliary hypotheses).
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Duns Scotus
John Duns, commonly called Duns Scotus (1266 – 8 November 1308), is generally considered to be one of the three most important philosopher-theologians of the High Middle Ages (together with Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham).
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Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt.
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Emergentism
In philosophy, emergentism is the belief in emergence, particularly as it involves consciousness and the philosophy of mind, and as it contrasts (or not) with reductionism.
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Empiricism
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.
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Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.
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Epithet
An epithet (from ἐπίθετον epitheton, neuter of ἐπίθετος epithetos, "attributed, added") is a byname, or a descriptive term (word or phrase), accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage.
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Etymology
EtymologyThe New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".
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Eva Picardi
Eva Picardi (1948–23 April 2017) was an Italian philosopher.
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Existentialism
Existentialism is a tradition of philosophical inquiry associated mainly with certain 19th and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed.
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Ferdinand de Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure (26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician.
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Formalism (philosophy)
The term formalism describes an emphasis on form over content or meaning in the arts, literature, or philosophy.
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Framing (social sciences)
In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies, organize, perceive, and communicate about reality.
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Fred Dretske
Frederick Irwin "Fred" Dretske (December 9, 1932 – July 24, 2013) was an American philosopher noted for his contributions to epistemology and the philosophy of mind.
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Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1.
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Gender
Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity.
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Genus
A genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology.
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George Berkeley
George Berkeley (12 March 168514 January 1753) — known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne) — was an Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others).
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George Orwell
Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic whose work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism and outspoken support of democratic socialism.
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German language
German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.
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Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania, and Southern Africa.
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Gilbert Ryle
Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900 – 6 October 1976) was a British philosopher.
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Gorgias
Gorgias (Γοργίας; c. 485 – c. 380 BC) was a Greek sophist, Siceliote, pre-Socratic philosopher and rhetorician who was a native of Leontini in Sicily.
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Gottlob Frege
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician.
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Grammar
In linguistics, grammar (from Greek: γραμματική) is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language.
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Grammatical gender
In linguistics, grammatical gender is a specific form of noun class system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the language, such as adjectives, articles, pronouns, or verbs.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Hans-Georg Gadamer
Hans-Georg Gadamer (February 11, 1900 – March 13, 2002) was a German philosopher of the continental tradition, best known for his 1960 magnum opus Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode) on hermeneutics.
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Heideggerian terminology
Martin Heidegger, the 20th-century German philosopher, produced a large body of work that intended a profound change of direction for philosophy.
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Henry Thomas Colebrooke
Henry Thomas Colebrooke FRS FRSE (15 June 1765 – 10 March 1837) was an English orientalist and mathematician.
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Hermeneutics
Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.
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Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist, and a major figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century.
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Horapollo
Horapollo (from Horus Apollo; Ὡραπόλλων) is the supposed author of a treatise, titled Hieroglyphica, Egyptian hieroglyphs, extant in a Greek translation by one Philippus, dating to about the 5th century.
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IKEA
IKEA is a Swedish-founded multinational group, that designs and sells, kitchen appliances and home accessories.
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Indexicality
In semiotics, linguistics, anthropology and philosophy of language, indexicality is the phenomenon of a sign pointing to (or indexing) some object in the context in which it occurs.
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Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.
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Institution
Institutions are "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior".
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Intentionality
Intentionality is a philosophical concept and is defined by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as "the power of minds to be about, to represent, or to stand for, things, properties and states of affairs".
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Iron Age in India
In the prehistory of the Indian subcontinent, an "Iron Age" is recognized as succeeding the Late Harappan (Cemetery H) culture.
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J. L. Austin
John Langshaw "J.
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Jacques Derrida
Jacques Derrida (born Jackie Élie Derrida;. See also. July 15, 1930 – October 9, 2004) was a French Algerian-born philosopher best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction, which he discussed in numerous texts, and developed in the context of phenomenology.
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Jan Pinborg
Jan Pinborg (1937–1982) was a renowned historian of medieval linguistics and philosophy of language, and the most famous member of the Copenhagen School of Medieval Philosophy pioneered by Heinrich Roos in the 1940s.
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Janet Jackson
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress.
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Japanese language
is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language.
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Jean François Pons
Jean François Pons (1688–1752) was a French Jesuit who pioneered the study of Sanskrit in the West.
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Jerry Fodor
Jerry Alan Fodor (April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and cognitive scientist.
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Johannes Goropius Becanus
Johannes Goropius Becanus (23 June 1519 – 28 June 1572), born Jan Gerartsen, was a Dutch physician, linguist, and humanist.
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John Locke
John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".
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John Searle
John Rogers Searle (born 31 July 1932) is an American philosopher.
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John Wilkins
John Wilkins, (16141672) was an Anglican clergyman, natural philosopher and author, and was one of the founders of the Royal Society.
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Justin Timberlake
Justin Randall Timberlake (born January 31, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter, actor, dancer, and record producer.
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Kalpa (Vedanga)
Kalpa (कल्प) means "proper, fit" and is one of the six disciplines of the Vedānga, or ancillary science connected with the Vedas – the scriptures of Hinduism.
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Kent Bach
Kent Bach (born 1943) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at San Francisco State University.
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Language acquisition
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
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Language acquisition device
The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a hypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children's innate predisposition for language acquisition.
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Language interpretation
Interpretation or interpreting is a translational activity in which one produces a first and final translation on the basis of a one-time exposure to an utterance in a source language.
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Language of thought hypothesis
The language of thought hypothesis (LOTH), sometimes known as thought ordered mental expression (TOME), is a view in linguistics, philosophy of mind and cognitive science, forwarded by American philosopher Jerry Fodor.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.
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Lera Boroditsky
Lera Boroditsky (born 1976/77 in Belarus) is a cognitive scientist and professor known for her research in the fields of language and cognition.
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Linguistic relativity
The hypothesis of linguistic relativity holds that the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition.
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Linguistic turn
The linguistic turn was a major development in Western philosophy during the early 20th century, the most important characteristic of which is the focusing of philosophy and the other humanities primarily on the relationship between philosophy and language.
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Literary theory
Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature.
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Logic
Logic (from the logikḗ), originally meaning "the word" or "what is spoken", but coming to mean "thought" or "reason", is a subject concerned with the most general laws of truth, and is now generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of valid inference.
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Logical positivism
Logical positivism and logical empiricism, which together formed neopositivism, was a movement in Western philosophy whose central thesis was verificationism, a theory of knowledge which asserted that only statements verifiable through empirical observation are cognitively meaningful.
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Logical truth
Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic, and there are different theories on its nature.
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Louis Hjelmslev
Louis Trolle Hjelmslev (3 October 1899, Copenhagen – 30 May 1965, Copenhagen) was a Danish linguist whose ideas formed the basis of the Copenhagen School of linguistics.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
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Luigi Pareyson
Luigi Pareysón (4 February 1918 – 18 September 1991) was an Italian philosopher.
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Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger (26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition and philosophical hermeneutics, and is "widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20th century." Heidegger is best known for his contributions to phenomenology and existentialism, though as the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy cautions, "his thinking should be identified as part of such philosophical movements only with extreme care and qualification".
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Mīmāṃsā
Mimansa (purv mi mansa) is a Sanskrit word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation".
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Meaning (linguistics)
In linguistics, meaning is the information or concepts that a sender intends to convey, or does convey, in communication with a receiver.
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Meaning (non-linguistic)
A non-linguistic meaning is an actual or possible derivation from sentience, which is not associated with signs that have any original or primary intent of communication.
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Meaning (philosophy of language)
The nature of meaning, its definition, elements, and types, was discussed by philosophers Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas.
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Meaning and Necessity
Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic is a 1947 book about logic by the philosopher Rudolf Carnap.
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Measurement
Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events.
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Mediated reference theory
A mediated reference theory is any semantic theory that posits that words refer to something in the external world, but insists that there is more to the meaning of a name than simply the object to which it refers.
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Metaphor
A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly refers to one thing by mentioning another for rhetorical effect.
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Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.
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Michael Dummett
Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett, FBA (27 June 192527 December 2011) was an English philosopher, described as "among the most significant British philosophers of the last century and a leading campaigner for racial tolerance and equality." He was, until 1992, Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford.
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Nineteen Eighty-Four
Nineteen Eighty-Four, often published as 1984, is a dystopian novel published in 1949 by English author George Orwell.
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Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic and political activist.
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Nominalism
In metaphysics, nominalism is a philosophical view which denies the existence of universals and abstract objects, but affirms the existence of general or abstract terms and predicates.
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Norman Kretzmann
Norman J. Kretzmann (4 November 1928 – 1 August 1998) was a Professor of Philosophy at Cornell University who specialised in the history of medieval philosophy and the philosophy of religion.
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Noun
A noun (from Latin nōmen, literally meaning "name") is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
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Nyaya
(Sanskrit: न्याय, ny-āyá), literally means "rules", "method" or "judgment".
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On Denoting
"On Denoting" is an essay by Bertrand Russell.
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Ontology
Ontology (introduced in 1606) is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
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Ordinary language philosophy
Ordinary language philosophy is a philosophical methodology that sees traditional philosophical problems as rooted in misunderstandings philosophers develop by distorting or forgetting what words actually mean in everyday use.
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P. F. Strawson
Sir Peter Frederick Strawson FBA (23 November 1919 – 13 February 2006), usually cited as P. F. Strawson, was an English philosopher.
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Part of speech
In traditional grammar, a part of speech (abbreviated form: PoS or POS) is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) which have similar grammatical properties.
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Paul Grice
Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language, whose work on meaning has influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
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Paul Horwich
Paul Horwich (born 1947) is a British analytic philosopher at New York University, whose work includes writings on causality and philosophy of science and philosophy of physics, the philosophy of language (especially truth, and meaning) and Wittgenstein's later philosophy.
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Paul Ricœur
Jean Paul Gustave Ricœur (27 February 1913 – 20 May 2005) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutics.
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Pejorative
A pejorative (also called a derogatory term, a slur, a term of abuse, or a term of disparagement) is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative connotation or a low opinion of someone or something, showing a lack of respect for someone or something.
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Performative utterance
In the philosophy of language and speech acts theory, performative utterances are sentences which are not only describing a given reality, but also changing the social reality they are describing.
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Peter Abelard
Peter Abelard (Petrus Abaelardus or Abailardus; Pierre Abélard,; 1079 – 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and preeminent logician.
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Phenomenology (philosophy)
Phenomenology (from Greek phainómenon "that which appears" and lógos "study") is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness.
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Philosophical language
A philosophical language is any constructed language that is constructed from first principles, like a logical language, but may entail a strong claim of absolute perfection or transcendent or even mystical truth rather than satisfaction of pragmatic goals.
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Philosophical realism
Realism (in philosophy) about a given object is the view that this object exists in reality independently of our conceptual scheme.
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Philosophy of mind
Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind.
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Phoneme
A phoneme is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Pirahã
The Pirahã (pronounced) are an indigenous people of the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil.
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Plato
Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.
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Predicate (grammar)
There are two competing notions of the predicate in theories of grammar.
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Principle of compositionality
In mathematics, semantics, and philosophy of language, the principle of compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them.
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Profanity
Profanity is socially offensive language, which may also be called swear words, curse words, cuss words, bad language, strong language, offensive language, crude language, coarse language, foul language, bad words, oaths, blasphemous language, vulgar language, lewd language, choice words, or expletives.
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Propaganda
Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
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Proposition
The term proposition has a broad use in contemporary analytic philosophy.
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Propositional attitude
A propositional attitude is a mental state held by an agent toward a proposition.
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Propositional function
A propositional function in logic, is a sentence expressed in a way that would assume the value of true or false, except that within the sentence is a variable (x) that is not defined or specified, which leaves the statement undetermined.
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Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.
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Psychological nativism
In the field of psychology, nativism is the view that certain skills or abilities are "native" or hard-wired into the brain at birth.
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Radical translation
Radical translation is a thought experiment in Word and Object, a major philosophical work from American philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine.
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Reductionism
Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena.
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Reference
Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object.
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Referring expression
In linguistics, a referring expression (RE) is any noun phrase, or surrogate for a noun phrase, whose function in discourse is to identify some individual object.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
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Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.
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Rhianus
Rhianus (Greek: Ῥιανὸς ὁ Κρής) was a Greek poet and grammarian, a native of Crete, friend and contemporary of Eratosthenes (275 BC – 195 BC).
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Richard Montague
Richard Merritt Montague (September 20, 1930 – March 7, 1971) was an American mathematician and philosopher.
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Rigid designator
In modal logic and the philosophy of language, a term is said to be a rigid designator or absolute substantial term when it designates (picks out, denotes, refers to) the same thing in all possible worlds in which that thing exists and does not designate anything else in those possible worlds in which that thing does not exist.
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Robert Brandom
Robert Boyce Brandom (born March 13, 1950) is an American philosopher who teaches at the University of Pittsburgh.
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Roland Barthes
Roland Gérard Barthes (12 November 1915 – 26 March 1980) was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic, and semiotician.
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Roman Jakobson
Roman Osipovich Jakobson (Рома́н О́сипович Якобсо́н; October 11, 1896Kucera, Henry. 1983. "Roman Jakobson." Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America 59(4): 871–883. – July 18,, compiled by Stephen Rudy 1982) was a Russian–American linguist and literary theorist.
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Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was a German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter.
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Russian language
Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Ruth Millikan
Ruth Garrett Millikan (born 1933) is a leading American philosopher of biology, psychology, and language who spent most of her career at the University of Connecticut.
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Sanskrit
Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.
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Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician.
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Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet, social critic and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.
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Scholasticism
Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context.
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Semantic externalism
In the philosophy of language, semantic externalism (the opposite of semantic internalism) is the view that the meaning of a term is determined, in whole or in part, by factors external to the speaker.
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Semantic holism
Semantic holism is a theory in the philosophy of language to the effect that a certain part of language, be it a term or a complete sentence, can only be understood through its relations to a (previously understood) larger segment of language.
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Semantics
Semantics (from σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.
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Semiotics
Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the study of meaning-making, the study of sign process (semiosis) and meaningful communication.
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Sense and reference
In the philosophy of language, the distinction between sense and reference was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892 (in his paper "On Sense and Reference"; German: "Über Sinn und Bedeutung"), reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning.
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Shabda
Shabda, or, is the Sanskrit word for "speech sound".
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Social structure
In the social sciences, social structure is the patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of the individuals.
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Socrates
Socrates (Sōkrátēs,; – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher, of the Western ethical tradition of thought.
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Sorites paradox
The sorites paradox (sometimes known as the paradox of the heap) is a paradox that arises from vague predicates.
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Spanish language
Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.
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Speech
Speech is the vocalized form of communication used by humans and some animals, which is based upon the syntactic combination of items drawn from the lexicon.
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Speech act
A speech act in linguistics and the philosophy of language is an utterance that has performative function in language and communication.
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Stanford University
Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University, colloquially the Farm) is a private research university in Stanford, California.
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Stephen Neale
Stephen Roy Albert Neale (born 9 January 1958) is a British Analytic philosopher and specialist in the philosophy of language who has written extensively about meaning, information, interpretation, and communication, and more generally about issues at the intersection of philosophy and linguistics.
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Stoicism
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BC.
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Structuralism
In sociology, anthropology, and linguistics, structuralism is the methodology that implies elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.
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Stylistics
Stylistics, a branch of applied linguistics, is the study and interpretation of texts in regard to their linguistic and tonal style.
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Sum of Logic
The Summa Logicae ("Sum of Logic") is a textbook on logic by William of Ockham.
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Symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images, normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others.
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Synonym
A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language.
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Syntax
In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order.
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Thomas Sebeok
Thomas Albert Sebeok (born Sebők,, in Budapest, Hungary, on November 9, 1920; died December 21, 2001 in Bloomington, Indiana) was a polymath American semiotician and linguist.
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Thought
Thought encompasses a “goal oriented flow of ideas and associations that leads to reality-oriented conclusion.” Although thinking is an activity of an existential value for humans, there is no consensus as to how it is defined or understood.
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Thure von Uexküll
Karl Kuno Thure Baron von Uexküll (March 15, 1908, Heidelberg – September 29, 2004, Freiburg) was a German scholar of psychosomatic medicine and biosemiotics.
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Tower of Babel
The Tower of Babel (מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל, Migdal Bāḇēl) as told in Genesis 11:1-9 is an origin myth meant to explain why the world's peoples speak different languages.
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Transformational grammar
In linguistics, transformational grammar (TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) is part of the theory of generative grammar, especially of natural languages.
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Translation
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.
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Transparency (linguistic)
Linguistic transparency is a phrase which is used in multiple, overlapping subjects in the fields of linguistics and the philosophy of language.
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Truth
Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard.
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Truth value
In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth.
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Truth-bearer
A truth-bearer is an entity that is said to be either true or false and nothing else.
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Tullio De Mauro
Tullio De Mauro (31 March 1932 – 5 January 2017) was an Italian linguist, a professor emeritus of general linguistics at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" and an Italian politician.
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Tyler Burge
Tyler Burge (born 1946) is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at UCLA.
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Umberto Eco
Umberto Eco (5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian novelist, literary critic, philosopher, semiotician, and university professor.
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Universal (metaphysics)
In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities.
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Use–mention distinction
The use–mention distinction is a foundational concept of analytic philosophy, according to which it is necessary to make a distinction between using a word (or phrase) and mentioning it,Devitt and Sterelny (1999) pp.
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Vagueness
In analytic philosophy and linguistics, a concept may be considered vague if its extension is deemed lacking in clarity, if there is uncertainty about which objects belong to the concept or which exhibit characteristics that have this predicate (so-called "border-line cases"), or if the Sorites paradox applies to the concept or predicate.
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Varadarāja
Varadarāja was a 17th-century Sanskrit grammarian.
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Vāc
Vāc (वाच्) is the Sanskrit word for "speech", from a verbal root "speak, tell, utter".
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Vedic period
The Vedic period, or Vedic age, is the period in the history of the northwestern Indian subcontinent between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation in the central Gangetic Plain which began in BCE.
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Vyākaraṇa
Vyākaraṇa (Sanskrit: "explanation, analysis") refers to one of the six ancient Vedangas, ancillary science connected with the Vedas, which are scriptures in Hinduism.
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Wardrobe malfunction
A wardrobe malfunction is accidental exposure of a person's intimate parts due to a temporary failure of clothing to do its job.
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Wilhelm Dilthey
Wilhelm Dilthey (19 November 1833 – 1 October 1911) was a German historian, psychologist, sociologist, and hermeneutic philosopher, who held G. W. F. Hegel's Chair in Philosophy at the University of Berlin.
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Willard Van Orman Quine
Willard Van Orman Quine (known to intimates as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century." From 1930 until his death 70 years later, Quine was continually affiliated with Harvard University in one way or another, first as a student, then as a professor of philosophy and a teacher of logic and set theory, and finally as a professor emeritus who published or revised several books in retirement.
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William of Ockham
William of Ockham (also Occam, from Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.
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Word and Object
Word and Object is a 1960 work by philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine, in which the author expands upon the line of thought of his earlier writings in From a Logical Point of View (1953), and reformulates some of his earlier arguments, such as his attack in "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" on the analytic-synthetic distinction.
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Yāska
was an early Sanskrit grammarian who preceded Pāṇini (fl. 6-5th century BCE, Quote: "Ashtadhyayi, Sanskrit Aṣṭādhyāyī (“Eight Chapters”), Sanskrit treatise on grammar written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini."), assumed to have lived in the 7th century BCE.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language
