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176 relations: Adam Szejnfeld, Adolf Hitler, Age of Enlightenment, Albatros Flugzeugwerke, Allgemeine SS, Andrzej Gronowicz, Antisemitism, Apostolic Administrator, Arsenal, Baroque Revival architecture, Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, Ben Mendelsohn, Berlin, Bernard Schultze, Black Death, Bohemia, Bromberg (region), Bydgoszcz, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, Casimir IV Jagiellon, Castellan, Catholic Church, Central European Summer Time, Central European Time, Charter, Châtellerault, Cholera, Christian, Civic Platform, Co-cathedral, Congress of Vienna, Congress Poland, Constance of Austria, Counter-Reformation, Deluge (history), Dirk Galuba, Duchy of Warsaw, Eberhard Schenk, Erwin Kramer, First Polish Army (1944–1945), Fisherman, Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50), Fokker D.VII, France, Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg, Fritz Goerdeler, Garrison, German Army (German Empire), German World War II strongholds, ..., Germanisation, Germans, Germany, Gestapo, Ghetto, Gmina, Gothic Revival architecture, Grand Duchy of Posen, Great Northern War, Greater Poland, Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919), Greater Poland Voivodeship, Gwda, Habsburg Monarchy, Hein Kötz, House of Habsburg, Iberian Peninsula, Inspector General of the Bundeswehr, Jadwiga of Poland, Jakub Rutnicki, Jesus, Jews, Jo Mihaly, Johanna Töpfer, Karl Retzlaw, Kasia Smutniak, Köppen climate classification, Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385), Kingdom of Prussia, Kościan, Kreis Kolmar in Posen, Kresy, Kristallnacht, Kronstadt, Krzyż Wielkopolski, Kuyavia, Law and Justice, Left and Democrats, List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Germany between 1821 and 1993, Luftstreitkräfte, Lumberjack, Lutheranism, Maks Kraczkowski, Maximilian Kaller, Mongols, Motorcycle speedway, Napoleon, Nazi Party, Netze District, Okrąglak roundhouse in Piła, Partitions of Poland, Philips, Piła County, Piła Voivodeship, Poland, Polish language, Polish People's Party, Polish population transfers (1944–1946), Polonia Piła, Pomeranian Wall, Posen-West Prussia, Potsdam Conference, Pottery, Powiat, Poznań, Protestantism, Province of Brandenburg, Province of Pomerania (1815–1945), Province of Posen, Province of Silesia, Prussian Eastern Railway, PTPS Piła, Quad/Graphics, Red Army, Reformation, Regierungsbezirk, Renaissance architecture, Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg, Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów, Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl, Russia, Russian Empire, Saw, Sawmill, Schlochau (district), Schwerin, Second Polish Republic, Sejm, Senate of Poland, Settler, Seven Years' War, Sigismund I the Old, Sigismund III Vasa, Sister city, Slavs, Stanisław Chmielewski, Stanisław Kalemba, Stanisław Staszic, Stanisław Stec, Stanislaus Kostka, Starosta, Stefan Czarniecki, Stephen Báthory, Swedish Empire, Synagogue, Szczecin, Teutonic Order, Tomasz Górski (politician), Trade fair, Treaties of Tilsit, Treaty of Versailles, Tuczno, Vehicle registration plates of Poland, Vogt, Voivode, Voivodeships of Poland, Volleyball in Poland, Wałcz, Warta, West Prussia, Wolfgang Altenburg, Wolfgang Thonke, World War I, Września, Wschowa, 77th SS-Standarte. Expand index (126 more) »
Adam Szejnfeld
Adam Stanislaw Szejnfeld (born November 13, 1958) is a Polish politician.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Albatros Flugzeugwerke
Albatros-Flugzeugwerke GmbH was a German aircraft manufacturer best known for supplying the German airforces during World War I. The company was based in Johannisthal, Berlin, where it was founded by Walter Huth and Otto Wiener on December 20, 1909.
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Allgemeine SS
The Allgemeine SS (General SS) was the most numerous branch of the Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany, and it was managed by the SS Main Office (SS-Hauptamt).
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Andrzej Gronowicz
Andrzej Gronowicz (born March 7, 1951 in Piła) is a Polish sprint canoer who competed in the 1970s.
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Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
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Apostolic Administrator
An apostolic administrator in the Catholic Church is a prelate appointed by the Pope to serve as the ordinary for an apostolic administration.
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Arsenal
An arsenal is a place where arms and ammunition are made, maintained and repaired, stored, or issued, in any combination, whether privately or publicly owned.
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Baroque Revival architecture
The Baroque Revival, also known as Neo-Baroque (or Second Empire architecture in France), was an architectural style of the late 19th century.
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Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older name: Auerstädt) were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the River Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia.
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Ben Mendelsohn
Paul Benjamin "Ben" Mendelsohn (born 3 April 1969) is an Australian actor, who first rose to prominence in Australia for his role in The Year My Voice Broke (1987) and internationally for his role in the crime drama Animal Kingdom (2010).
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Berlin
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.
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Bernard Schultze
Bernard Schultze (31 May 1915 in Schneidemühl, now Piła, Poland – 14 April 2005 in Cologne) was a German painter who co-founded the Quadriga group of artists.
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Black Death
The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague, the Black Plague, or simply the Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.
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Bohemia
Bohemia (Čechy;; Czechy; Bohême; Bohemia; Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic.
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Bromberg (region)
Bromberg was the northern of two Prussian administrative regions, or Regierungsbezirke (Rejencja), of the Grand Duchy of Posen (1815–49) and its successor, the Province of Posen (1849–1918).
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Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz (Bromberg; Bydgostia) is a city in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers.
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Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (31 July 1884 – 2 February 1945) was a monarchist conservative German politician, executive, economist, civil servant, and opponent of the Nazi regime.
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Casimir IV Jagiellon
Casimir IV KG (Kazimierz IV Andrzej Jagiellończyk; Kazimieras Jogailaitis; 30 November 1427 – 7 June 1492) of the Jagiellonian dynasty was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440 and King of Poland from 1447, until his death.
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Castellan
A castellan was the governor or captain of a castellany and its castle.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Central European Summer Time
Central European Summer Time (CEST), sometime referred also as Central European Daylight Time (CEDT), is the standard clock time observed during the period of summer daylight-saving in those European countries which observe Central European Time (UTC+1) during the other part of the year.
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Central European Time
Central European Time (CET), used in most parts of Europe and a few North African countries, is a standard time which is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
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Charter
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified.
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Châtellerault
Châtellerault is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in France.
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Cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
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Christian
A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
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Civic Platform
Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO)The party is officially the Civic Platform of the Republic of Poland (Platforma Obywatelska Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej).
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Co-cathedral
A co-cathedral is a cathedral church which shares the function of being a bishop's seat, or cathedra, with another cathedral, often in another city (usually a former see, anchor city of the metropolitan area, and/or the civil capital).
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (Wiener Kongress) also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.
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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832.
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Constance of Austria
Constance of Austria (Konstanza; Konstancja; 24 December 1588 – 10 July 1631) was queen of Poland as the second wife of King Sigismund III Vasa and the mother of King John II Casimir.
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Counter-Reformation
The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).
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Deluge (history)
The term Deluge (pоtор szwedzki, švedų tvanas) denotes a series of mid-17th-century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Dirk Galuba
Dirk Galuba (born 28 August 1940 in Schneidemühl now Piła, Poland) is a German television actor.
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Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie, Duché de Varsovie, Herzogtum Warschau) was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit.
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Eberhard Schenk
Eberhard Schenk (17 July 1929; Schneidemühl (now known as Piła, Poland) – 23 July 2010, Bergen auf Rügen, Germany) was a German Track and field athlete.
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Erwin Kramer
Erwin Kramer (22 August 1902 – 10 November 1979) was a German politician, East German Minister of transportation and General Director of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany).
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First Polish Army (1944–1945)
The Polish First Army (Pierwsza Armia Wojska Polskiego, 1 AWP for short, also known as Berling's Army) was a Polish Army unit formed in the Soviet Union in 1944, from the previously existing Polish I Corps as part of the People's Army of Poland (LWP), a formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the East.
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Fisherman
A fisherman or fisher is someone who captures fish and other animals from a body of water, or gathers shellfish.
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Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)
During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, German citizens and people of German ancestry fled or were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries and sent to the remaining territory of Germany and Austria.
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Fokker D.VII
The Fokker D.VII was a German World War I fighter aircraft designed by Reinhold Platz of the Fokker-Flugzeugwerke.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
Frederick Augustus I (full name: Frederick Augustus Joseph Maria Anthony John Nepomuk Aloysius Xavier; Friedrich August Josef Maria Anton Johann Nepomuk Alois Xavier; Fryderyk August Józef Maria Antoni Jan Nepomucen Alojzy Ksawery Wettyn; 23 December 1750 – 5 May 1827) was a member of the House of Wettin who reigned as Elector of Saxony from 1763 to 1806 (as Frederick Augustus III) and as King of Saxony from 1806 to 1827.
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Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg
Frederick II of Brandenburg (19 November 1413 – 10 February 1471), nicknamed "the Iron" (der Eiserne) and sometimes "Irontooth" (Eisenzahn), was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg from 1440 until his abdication in 1470, and was a member of the House of Hohenzollern.
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Fritz Goerdeler
Fritz Hermann Goerdeler (6 March 1886 – 1 March 1945) was a German jurist and resistance fighter.
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Garrison
Garrison (various spellings) (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip") is the collective term for a body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base.
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German Army (German Empire)
The Imperial German Army (Deutsches Heer) was the name given to the combined land and air forces of the German Empire (excluding the Marine-Fliegerabteilung maritime aviation formations of the Imperial German Navy).
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German World War II strongholds
German strongholds during World War II (Festung "fortresses") were the selected towns and cities so designated by Adolf Hitler to resist the Allied offensives where the defenders were ordered to defend them at all costs.
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Germanisation
Germanisation (also spelled Germanization) is the spread of the German language, people and culture or policies which introduced these changes.
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Germans
Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Gestapo
The Gestapo, abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.
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Ghetto
A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group live, typically as a result of social, legal, or economic pressure.
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Gmina
The gmina (Polish pronunciation, plural gminy) is the principal unit of the administrative division of Poland, similar to a municipality.
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Gothic Revival architecture
Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England.
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Grand Duchy of Posen
The Grand Duchy of Posen (Großherzogtum Posen; Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie) was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, created from territories annexed by Prussia after the Partitions of Poland, and formally established following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.
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Great Northern War
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
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Greater Poland
Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska (Großpolen; Latin: Polonia Maior), is a historical region of west-central Poland.
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Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
The Greater Poland uprising of 1918–1919, or Wielkopolska uprising of 1918–1919 (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1918–19 roku; Großpolnischer Aufstand) or Posnanian War was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland region (German: Grand Duchy of Poznań or Provinz Posen) against German rule.
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Greater Poland Voivodeship
Greater Poland Voivodeship (in Polish: Województwo Wielkopolskie), also known as Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Wielkopolska Province, or Greater Poland Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland.
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Gwda
The Gwda (Küddow) is a river in Poland, a tributary of the Noteć.
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Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.
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Hein Kötz
Hein Kötz (born 14 November 1935) is a German jurist, former Director of the Max-Planck-Institute for foreign and international private law (MPI-PRIV), the Bucerius Law School and Vice President of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
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House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is located in the southwest corner of Europe.
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Inspector General of the Bundeswehr
The Inspector General of the Bundeswehr (Generalinspekteur der Bundeswehr, GenInspBw), also translated as Chief of Staff of the Federal Armed Forces, is the highest-ranking military post held by a commissioned officer in the Bundeswehr, the present-day armed forces of Germany.
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Jadwiga of Poland
Jadwiga, also known as Hedwig (Hedvig; 1373/4 – 17 July 1399), was the first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland, reigning from 16 October 1384 until her death.
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Jakub Rutnicki
Jakub Rutnicki (born December 3, 1978 in Szamotuły) is a Polish politician.
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Jesus
Jesus, also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Jo Mihaly
Elfriede Alice "Piete" Kuhr (1902 – 1989), known professionally as Jo Mihaly, was a German dancer and writer.
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Johanna Töpfer
Johanna Töpfer, née Schrocko (3 April 1929 – 7 January 1990), was an East German politician and Deputy Director of the FDGB.
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Karl Retzlaw
Karl Retzlaw (10 February 1896 – 20 June 1979) was a German politician, representative of the Social Democratic Party, Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany and Communist Party of Germany.
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Kasia Smutniak
Kasia Smutniak (full name Katarzyna Anna Smutniak), born 13 August 1979 in Piła, is a Polish actress and model.
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Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.
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Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was the Polish state from the coronation of the first King Bolesław I the Brave in 1025 to the union with Lithuania and the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1385.
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Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.
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Kościan
Kościan (Kosten) is a town on the Obra canal in west-central Poland, with a population of 23 952 inhabitants as of June 2014.
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Kreis Kolmar in Posen
The Kreis Kolmar in Posen (as of 1877; 1818–1877 Kreis Chodziesen) was one of several Kreise (English: counties or districts) in the northern government Region of Bromberg, in the Prussian Province of Posen.
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Kresy
Kresy Wschodnie or Kresy (Eastern Borderlands, or Borderlands) was the Eastern part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period constituting nearly half of the territory of the state.
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Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht (lit. "Crystal Night") or Reichskristallnacht, also referred to as the Night of Broken Glass, Reichspogromnacht or simply Pogromnacht, and Novemberpogrome (Yiddish: קרישטאָל נאַכט krishtol nakt), was a pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians.
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Kronstadt
Kronstadt (Кроншта́дт), also spelled Kronshtadt, Cronstadt or Kronštádt (Krone for "crown" and Stadt for "city"; Kroonlinn), is a municipal town in Kronshtadtsky District of the federal city of Saint Petersburg, Russia, located on Kotlin Island, west of Saint Petersburg proper near the head of the Gulf of Finland.
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Krzyż Wielkopolski
Krzyż Wielkopolski (Kreuz (Ostbahn)) is a town in Poland, with 6,317 inhabitants (2004) in Czarnków-Trzcianka County, Greater Poland Voivodship.
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Kuyavia
Kuyavia (Kujawy, Kujawien, Cuiavia), also referred to as Cuyavia, is a historical region in north-central Poland, situated on the left bank of Vistula, as well as east from Noteć River and Lake Gopło.
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Law and Justice
Law and Justice (Polish), abbreviated to PiS, is a national-conservative, and Christian democratic political party in Poland.
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Left and Democrats
Left and Democrats (Lewica i Demokraci, LiD) was a centre-left electoral alliance of political parties in Poland which was created on 3 September 2006, before the Warsaw municipal election of 2006.
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List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Germany between 1821 and 1993
This list refers to the Roman Catholic dioceses and ecclesiastical provinces in Germany and the organisational changes between 1821 and 1994.
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Luftstreitkräfte
The Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte (German Air Force)—known before October 1916 as the Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches (Imperial German Flying Corps) or simply Die Fliegertruppe—was the World War I (1914–18) air arm of the German Army, of which it remained an integral part.
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Lumberjack
Lumberjacks are North American workers in the logging industry who perform the initial harvesting and transport of trees for ultimate processing into forest products.
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Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483–1546), a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.
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Maks Kraczkowski
Maks Kraczkowski (born March 9, 1979 in Warsaw) is a Polish politician.
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Maximilian Kaller
Maximilian Kaller (10 October 1880 – 7 July 1947) was Roman Catholic Bishop of Ermland (Warmia) in East Prussia from 1930–1947, however, de facto expelled since mid-August 1945 he served as special bishop for the homeland-expellees until his death.
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Mongols
The Mongols (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
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Motorcycle speedway
Motorcycle speedway, usually referred to as speedway, is a motorcycle sport involving four and sometimes up to six riders competing over four anti-clockwise laps of an oval circuit.
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Napoleon
Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
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Nazi Party
The National Socialist German Workers' Party (abbreviated NSDAP), commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party, was a far-right political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945 and supported the ideology of Nazism.
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Netze District
The Netze District or District of the Netze (Netzedistrikt or Netze-Distrikt; Obwód Nadnotecki) was a territory in the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 until 1807.
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Okrąglak roundhouse in Piła
The Okrąglak roundhouse in Piła, Poland dates from the period 1870–1874, and is related to intensive development of railways in Prussia.
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Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
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Philips
Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Philips, stylized as PHILIPS) is a Dutch multinational technology company headquartered in Amsterdam currently focused in the area of healthcare.
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Piła County
Piła County (powiat pilski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland.
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Piła Voivodeship
Piła Voivodeship was a voivodeship (unit of administrative division and local government) in Poland from 1975 to 1998.
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Polish language
Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.
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Polish People's Party
The Polish People's Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, abbreviated to PSL (traditionally translated as Polish Peasants' Party), often shortened to ludowcy ('the populars') is an agrarian and Christian democratic political party in Poland. It has 14 members of the Sejm and four Members of the European Parliament. It was the junior partner in a coalition with Civic Platform. It is a member of the European People's Party and the European People's Party group in the European Parliament. The party was formed in 1990 as a left-wing party. The PSL formed a coalition with the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) after winning 132 seats in the Sejm at the 1993 election, with PSL leader Waldemar Pawlak as Prime Minister until 1995. The party fell to 27 at the next election, and moved towards the centre at the end of the 1990s. In 2001, the party re-entered a coalition with the SLD, but withdrew in 2003. After the 2007 election, the PSL entered a coalition with the centre-right Civic Platform (PO). The party's name traces its tradition to an agrarian party in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Galician Poland, which sent MPs to the parliament in Vienna. Until the 2014 local election, the PSL formed self-government coalition in fifteen to sixteen regional assemblies.
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Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
The Polish population transfers in 1944–46 from the eastern half of prewar Poland (also known as the expulsions of Poles from the Kresy macroregion), refer to the forced migrations of Poles toward the end – and in the aftermath – of World War II.
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Polonia Piła
Polonia Piła is a motorcycle speedway club in the Polish town of Piła.
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Pomeranian Wall
The Pomeranian Wall, Pomeranian Line or Pomeranian Position (Die Pommernstellung, Wał Pomorski) was a line of fortifications constructed by Nazi Germany in the Pomeranian Lakeland region.
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Posen-West Prussia
The Frontier March of Posen-West Prussia (Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen, Marchia Graniczna Poznańsko-Zachodniopruska) was a province of the Free State of Prussia within the German Weimar Republic.
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Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference (Potsdamer Konferenz) was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm, in Potsdam, occupied Germany, from 17 July to 2 August 1945.
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Pottery
Pottery is the ceramic material which makes up pottery wares, of which major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain.
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Powiat
A powiat (pronounced; Polish plural: powiaty) is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture (LAU-1, formerly NUTS-4) in other countries.
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Poznań
Poznań (Posen; known also by other historical names) is a city on the Warta River in west-central Poland, in the Greater Poland region.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Province of Brandenburg
The Province of Brandenburg (Provinz Brandenburg) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815 to 1945, from 1871 within the German Reich.
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Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)
The Province of Pomerania (Provinz Pommern) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815 until 1945.
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Province of Posen
The Province of Posen (Provinz Posen, Prowincja Poznańska) was a province of Prussia from 1848 and as such part of the German Empire from 1871 until 1918.
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Province of Silesia
The Province of Silesia (Provinz Schlesien; Prowincja Śląska; Silesian: Prowincyjŏ Ślōnskŏ) was a province of the German Kingdom of Prussia, existing from 1815 to 1919, when it was divided into the Upper and Lower Silesia provinces, and briefly again from 1938 to 1941.
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Prussian Eastern Railway
The Prussian Eastern Railway (Preußische Ostbahn) was the railway in the eastern Kingdom of Prussia until 1918.
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PTPS Piła
Pilskie Towarzystwo Piłki Siatkowej Piła or simply PTPS Piła, is a Polish women's volleyball club based in Piła and playing in the Orlen Liga.
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Quad/Graphics
Quad/Graphics is an American printing company, based in Sussex, Wisconsin.
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Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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Reformation
The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.
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Regierungsbezirk
A German Regierungsbezirk (often abbreviated to Reg.-Bez.; administrative district) is an administrative district of one of the nation's federal states.
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Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 17th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg (Coslinen(sis) – Colubregan(us)) is a Latin rite suffragan diocese in the Ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień in northwestern Poland.
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów (Viridimontanensis-Gorzoviensis) is a Latin rite suffragan diocese in the Ecclesiastical province of Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień in Lubuskie, Poland.
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Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl
The Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl (Freie Prälatur Schneidemühl, Territorialis Praelatura Schneidemuhlensis, Niezależna Prałatura Pilska) was a Roman Catholic territorial prelature in first Germany (Nazi Germany as of 1933) and then Poland.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Saw
A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade, wire, or chain with a hard toothed edge.
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Sawmill
A sawmill or lumber mill is a facility where logs are cut into lumber.
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Schlochau (district)
Kreis Schlochau (Landkreis Schlochau as of 1939) was a Kreis, or district, of Prussia from 1818-1945.
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Schwerin
Schwerin (or; Mecklenburgian: Swerin; Polish: Swarzyn or Zwierzyn; Latin: Suerina) is the capital and second-largest city of the northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
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Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).
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Sejm
The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.
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Senate of Poland
The Senate (Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the 'Sejm'.
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Settler
A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established a permanent residence there, often to colonize the area.
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Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.
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Sigismund I the Old
Sigismund I of Poland (Zygmunt I Stary, Žygimantas I Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548), of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548.
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Sigismund III Vasa
Sigismund III Vasa (also known as Sigismund III of Poland, Zygmunt III Waza, Sigismund, Žygimantas Vaza, English exonym: Sigmund; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, monarch of the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he is known simply as Sigismund) from 1592 as a composite monarchy until he was deposed in 1599.
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Sister city
Twin towns or sister cities are a form of legal or social agreement between towns, cities, counties, oblasts, prefectures, provinces, regions, states, and even countries in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.
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Slavs
Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the various Slavic languages of the larger Balto-Slavic linguistic group.
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Stanisław Chmielewski
Stanisław Marcin Chmielewski (born October 23, 1958 in Złotów) is a Polish politician.
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Stanisław Kalemba
Stanisław Kalemba (born 25 October 1947) is a Polish politician.
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Stanisław Staszic
Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic (baptised 6 November 1755 – 20 January 1826) was a leading figure in the Polish Enlightenment: a Catholic priest, philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator and statesman.
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Stanisław Stec
Stanisław Stec (pronounced; born March 22, 1941 in Jazowsko) is a Polish politician.
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Stanislaus Kostka
Stanisław Kostka S.J. (28 October 1550 – 15 August 1568) was a Polish novice of the Society of Jesus.
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Starosta
The title of starost or starosta (Cyrillic: старост/а, Latin: capitaneus, Starost, Hauptmann) is a Slavic term that originally referred to the administrator of the assets of a "clan, kindred, extended family".
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Stefan Czarniecki
Stefan Czarniecki of the Łodzia coat of arms (1599 – 16 February 1665) was a Polish nobleman, general and military commander.
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Stephen Báthory
Stephen Báthory (Báthory István; Stefan Batory; Steponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–76), Prince of Transylvania (1576–86), from 1576 Queen Anna Jagiellon's husband and jure uxoris King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586).
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Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire (Stormaktstiden, "Great Power Era") was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries.
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Synagogue
A synagogue, also spelled synagog (pronounced; from Greek συναγωγή,, 'assembly', בית כנסת, 'house of assembly' or, "house of prayer", Yiddish: שול shul, Ladino: אסנוגה or קהל), is a Jewish house of prayer.
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Szczecin
Szczecin (German and Swedish Stettin), known also by other alternative names) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major seaport and Poland's seventh-largest city. As of June 2011, the population was 407,811. Szczecin is located on the Oder, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin is adjacent to the town of Police and is the urban centre of the Szczecin agglomeration, an extended metropolitan area that includes communities in the German states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The city's recorded history began in the 8th century as a Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of the Ducal castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, the Duchy of Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the House of Griffins established themselves as local rulers and the population was Christianized. After the Treaty of Stettin in 1630, the town came under the control of the Swedish Empire and became in 1648 the Capital of Swedish Pomerania until 1720, when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia and then the German Empire. Following World War II Stettin became part of Poland, resulting in expulsion of the German population. Szczecin is the administrative and industrial centre of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the site of the University of Szczecin, Pomeranian Medical University, Maritime University, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Art Academy, and the see of the Szczecin-Kamień Catholic Archdiocese. From 1999 onwards, Szczecin has served as the site of the headquarters of NATO's Multinational Corps Northeast. Szczecin was a candidate for the European Capital of Culture in 2016.
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Teutonic Order
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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Tomasz Górski (politician)
Tomasz Górski (born August 15, 1973 in Poznań) is a Polish politician.
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Trade fair
A trade fair (trade show, trade exhibition, or expo) is an exhibition organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products and services, meet with industry partners and customers, study activities of rivals, and examine recent market trends and opportunities.
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Treaties of Tilsit
The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland.
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Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles (Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end.
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Tuczno
Tuczno (Tütz, earlier Tietz) is a town and former pre-diocesan Catholic see in Wałcz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland, with 2,014 inhabitants (2004).
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Vehicle registration plates of Poland
Vehicle registration plates of Poland indicate the region of registration of the vehicle encoded in the number plate.
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Vogt
A Vogt (from the Old High German, also Voigt or Fauth; plural Vögte; Dutch (land-) voogd; Danish foged; Norwegian fogd; Swedish fogde; wójt; Finnish vouti; Romanian voit; ultimately from Latin vocatus) in the Holy Roman Empire was a title of a reeve or advocate, an overlord (mostly of nobility) exerting guardianship or military protection as well as secular justice (Blutgericht) over a certain territory (Landgericht).
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Voivode
VoivodeAlso spelled "voievod", "woiwode", "voivod", "voyvode", "vojvoda", or "woiwod" (Old Slavic, literally "war-leader" or "warlord") is an Eastern European title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force.
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Voivodeships of Poland
A województwo (plural: województwa) is the highest-level administrative subdivision of Poland, corresponding to a "province" in many other countries.
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Volleyball in Poland
Volleyball in Poland is a popular team sport.
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Wałcz
Wałcz (German: Deutsch Krone) is a county town in Wałcz County of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland.
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Warta
The Warta (Polish pronunciation: Warthe; Varta) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder River (Odra).
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West Prussia
The Province of West Prussia (Provinz Westpreußen; Zôpadné Prësë; Prusy Zachodnie) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1824 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); it also briefly formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia until 1919/20.
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Wolfgang Altenburg
Wolfgang Altenburg (born 24 June 1928) is a retired German general.
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Wolfgang Thonke
Wolfgang Thonke (born December 28, 1938), is a journalist, graduated military scientist, major general (ret.), and was the last Deputy Commanding General (A3) of the National People's Army Air Force in the former German Democratic Republic.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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Września
Września (Wreschen) is a town in west-central Poland with 28,600 inhabitants (1995).
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Wschowa
Wschowa (Fraustadt) is a town in the Lubusz Voivodeship in Poland with 14,607 inhabitants (2004).
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77th SS-Standarte
The 77th SS-Standarte was a regiment formation of the Allgemeine-SS that operated from the city of Schneidemühl in eastern Germany (now Poland).
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Redirects here:
Piła (miasto), Piła (parliamentary constituency), Schneidemuehl, Schneidemuhl, Schneidemühl, Schniedemuhl.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piła
