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Polymorphism (biology)

Index Polymorphism (biology)

In biology, polymorphism is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 120 relations: ABO blood group system, Adaptation, Allele, Allen & Unwin, Alligator, Allopatric speciation, Ancient Greek, Ant, Apostatic selection, Arthur Cain, Balancing selection, Baltimore, Batesian mimicry, Bee, Berkeley, California, Binomial nomenclature, Biodiversity, Biology, Blood type, Blue-tailed damselfly, Boston, Botany, Cell biology, Chromatography, Chromosome, Cnidaria, Columbia University Press, Cultivar, Cyril Clarke, DNA, E. B. Ford, Ecological genetics, Effective fitness, Epistasis, Evolution, Faber & Faber, Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Form (botany), Form (zoology), Fossil, Frequency-dependent selection, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, G. Ledyard Stebbins, Gardening, Gene family, Gene polymorphism, Genetic drift, Genetic linkage, Genetic variation, Geneticist, ... Expand index (70 more) »

  2. Morphas

ABO blood group system

The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes (red blood cells).

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Adaptation

In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.

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Allele

An allele, or allelomorph, is a variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location, or locus, on a DNA molecule.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Allele

Allen & Unwin

George Allen & Unwin was a British publishing company formed in 1911 when Sir Stanley Unwin purchased a controlling interest in George Allen & Co.

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Alligator

An alligator, or colloquially gator, is a large reptile in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae of the order Crocodilia.

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Allopatric speciation

Allopatric speciation – also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, or its earlier name the dumbbell model – is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations become geographically isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Allopatric speciation

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

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Ant

Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Ant

Apostatic selection

Apostatic selection is a form of negative frequency-dependent selection.

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Arthur Cain

Arthur James Cain FRS (25 July 1921 – 20 August 1999) was a British evolutionary biologist and ecologist.

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Balancing selection

Balancing selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies larger than expected from genetic drift alone.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Balancing selection

Baltimore

Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland.

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Batesian mimicry

Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both.

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Bee

Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey.

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Berkeley, California

Berkeley is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States.

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Binomial nomenclature

In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Binomial nomenclature

Biodiversity

Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is the variety and variability of life on Earth.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Biodiversity

Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Biology

Blood type

A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).

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Blue-tailed damselfly

The blue-tailed damselfly or common bluetail (Ischnura elegans) is a damselfly, belonging to the family Coenagrionidae.

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Boston

Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.

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Botany

Botany, also called plant science (or plant sciences), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.

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Cell biology

Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.

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Chromatography

In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.

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Chromosome

A chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.

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Cnidaria

Cnidaria is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in fresh water and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish, hydroids, sea anemones, corals and some of the smallest marine parasites.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Cultivar

A cultivar is a kind of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and which retains those traits when propagated.

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Cyril Clarke

Sir Cyril Astley Clarke, KBE, FRCP, FRCOG, (Hon) FRC Path, FRS (22 August 1907 – 21 November 2000) was a British physician, geneticist and lepidopterist.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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E. B. Ford

Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist.

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Ecological genetics

Ecological genetics is the study of genetics in natural populations.

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Effective fitness

In natural evolution and artificial evolution (e.g. artificial life and evolutionary computation) the fitness (or performance or objective measure) of a schema is rescaled to give its effective fitness which takes into account crossover and mutation.

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Epistasis

Epistasis is a phenomenon in genetics in which the effect of a gene mutation is dependent on the presence or absence of mutations in one or more other genes, respectively termed modifier genes.

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Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Faber & Faber

Faber and Faber Limited, commonly known as Faber & Faber or simply Faber, is an independent publishing house in London.

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Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH

The Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH or CEPH, formerly the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (the Center for the Study of Human Polymorphisms), is an international genetic research center located in Paris, France.

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Form (botany)

In botanical nomenclature, a form (forma, plural formae) is one of the "secondary" taxonomic ranks, below that of variety, which in turn is below that of species; it is an infraspecific taxon.

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Form (zoology)

In zoology, the word "form" or "forma" (literally Latin for form) is a strictly informal term that is sometimes used to describe organisms.

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Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

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Frequency-dependent selection

Frequency-dependent selection is an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype depends on the phenotype or genotype composition of a given population.

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G. Evelyn Hutchinson

George Evelyn Hutchinson (January 30, 1903 – May 17, 1991) was a British ecologist sometimes described as the "father of modern ecology." He contributed for more than sixty years to the fields of limnology, systems ecology, radiation ecology, entomology, genetics, biogeochemistry, a mathematical theory of population growth, art history, philosophy, religion, and anthropology.

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G. Ledyard Stebbins

George Ledyard Stebbins Jr. (January 6, 1906 – January 19, 2000) was an American botanist and geneticist who is widely regarded as one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century.

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Gardening

Gardening is the process of growing plants for their vegetables, fruits, flowers, herbs, and appearances within a designated space.

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Gene family

A gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally with similar biochemical functions.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Gene family

Gene polymorphism

A gene is said to be polymorphic if more than one allele occupies that gene's locus within a population.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Gene polymorphism

Genetic drift

Genetic drift, also known as random genetic drift, allelic drift or the Wright effect, refers to random fluctuations in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Genetic drift

Genetic linkage

Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Genetic linkage

Genetic variation

Genetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Genetic variation

Geneticist

A geneticist is a biologist or physician who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms.

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Genotype

The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Genotype

Haplotype

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb or Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transport of oxygen in red blood cells.

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Heredity

Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.

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Heterosis

Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring.

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Heterostyly

Heterostyly is a unique form of polymorphism and herkogamy in flowers.

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Heterozygote advantage

A heterozygote advantage describes the case in which the heterozygous genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype.

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Holocene

The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.

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Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Hymenoptera

Intellectual property

Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect.

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International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN or ICNafp) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants".

See Polymorphism (biology) and International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals.

See Polymorphism (biology) and International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

J. B. S. Haldane

John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (5 November 18921 December 1964), nicknamed "Jack" or "JBS", was a British-Indian scientist who worked in physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and mathematics.

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Jaguar

The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a large cat species and the only living member of the genus Panthera native to the Americas.

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Jellyfish

Jellyfish, also known as sea jellies, are the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, which is a major part of the phylum Cnidaria.

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John Maynard Smith

John Maynard Smith (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical and mathematical evolutionary biologist and geneticist.

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Johns Hopkins University

Johns Hopkins University (often abbreviated as Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, Johns, or JHU) is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Journal of Theoretical Biology

The Journal of Theoretical Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering theoretical biology, as well as mathematical, computational, and statistical aspects of biology.

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Julian Huxley

Sir Julian Sorell Huxley (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist.

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List of polymorphisms

In biology, polymorphism is the occurrence of two or more clearly different forms or phenotypes in a population of a species.

See Polymorphism (biology) and List of polymorphisms

Locus (genetics)

In genetics, a locus (loci) is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Locus (genetics)

Mark and recapture

Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size where it is impractical to count every individual.

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Melanism

Melanism is the congenital excess of melanin in an organism resulting in dark pigment.

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Mesolithic

The Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos 'middle' + λίθος, lithos 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

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Mimicry

In evolutionary biology, mimicry is an evolved resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species.

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MIT Press

The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Modern synthesis (20th century)

The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework.

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Molecular biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.

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Molecular evolution

Molecular evolution describes how inherited DNA and/or RNA change over evolutionary time, and the consequences of this for proteins and other components of cells and organisms.

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Motoo Kimura

(November 13, 1924 – November 13, 1994) was a Japanese biologist best known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968.

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Multimodal distribution

In statistics, a multimodal distribution is a probability distribution with more than one mode (i.e., more than one local peak of the distribution).

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Neutral theory of molecular evolution

The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that most evolutionary changes occur at the molecular level, and most of the variation within and between species are due to random genetic drift of mutant alleles that are selectively neutral.

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New York City

New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Obelia

Obelia is a genus of hydrozoans, a class of mainly marine and some freshwater animal species that have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Panmixia

Panmixia (or panmixis) means uniform random fertilization.

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Papilio dardanus

Парусник Дардан (лат. Papilio dardanus), the Saharan swallowtail, African swallowtail, mocker swallowtail or flying handkerchief, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae (the swallowtails).

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Phenotype

In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

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Phenotypic trait

A phenotypic trait, simply trait, or character state is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Phenotypic trait

Philip Sheppard (biologist)

Professor Philip MacDonald Sheppard, F.R.S. (27 July 1921 – 17 October 1976) was a British geneticist and lepidopterist.

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Plant variety (law)

Plant variety is a legal term, following the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Convention.

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Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy (from Greek, 'more', and, 'way') occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Pleiotropy

Ploidy

Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.

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Polyphenism

A polyphenic trait is a trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype as a result of differing environmental conditions.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Polyphenism

Population

Population is the term typically used to refer to the number of people in a single area.

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Prey switching

Prey switching is frequency-dependent predation, where the predator preferentially consumes the most common type of prey.

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Ring species

In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which interbreeds with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end populations" in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linked" population and the next.

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Ronald Fisher

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was a British polymath who was active as a mathematician, statistician, biologist, geneticist, and academic.

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Sewall Wright

Sewall Green Wright FRS (For) Honorary FRSE (December 21, 1889March 3, 1988) was an American geneticist known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis.

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Sexual dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction.

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Single-nucleotide polymorphism

In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; plural SNPs) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome.

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Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.

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Subspecies

In biological classification, subspecies (subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Subspecies

Subvariety

A subvariety (Latin: subvarietas) in botanical nomenclature is a taxonomic rank.

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Supergene

A supergene is a chromosomal region encompassing multiple neighboring genes that are inherited together because of close genetic linkage, i.e. much less recombination than would normally be expected.

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Sympatry

In biology, two related species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter one another.

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Taxonomy (biology)

In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.

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Theodosius Dobzhansky

Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky (Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добржа́нський; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was an American geneticist and evolutionary biologist.

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Trinomial nomenclature

In biology, trinomial nomenclature is the system of names for taxa below the rank of species.

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University of California Press

The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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Variety (botany)

In botanical nomenclature, variety (abbreviated var.; in varietas) is a taxonomic rank below that of species and subspecies, but above that of form.

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Viticulture

Viticulture (vitis cultura, "vine-growing"), viniculture (vinis cultura, "wine-growing"), or winegrowing is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes.

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Wasp

A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder.

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XY sex-determination system

The XY sex-determination system is a sex-determination system used to classify many mammals, including humans, some insects (Drosophila), some snakes, some fish (guppies), and some plants (Ginkgo tree).

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Zooid

A zooid or zoöid is a single animal that is part of a colonial animal.

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Zoology

ZoologyThe pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon.

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Zygosity

Zygosity (the noun, zygote, is from the Greek "yoked," from "yoke") is the degree to which both copies of a chromosome or gene have the same genetic sequence.

See Polymorphism (biology) and Zygosity

See also

Morphas

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)

Also known as Biological diamorphism, Biological polymorphism, Color morph, Color phase, Coloration morph, Colour morph, Colour morphs, Colour phase, Genetic alterations, Individual variation, Monomorphism (biology), Morph (biology), Morph (zoology), Morpha, Morphotype, Polymorphic species, Polymorphic variant, Polymorphism (DNA), Polymorphism (genetics), Sequence polymorphism, Variant (zoology).

, Genotype, Haplotype, Harvard University Press, Hemoglobin, Heredity, Heterosis, Heterostyly, Heterozygote advantage, Holocene, Hymenoptera, Intellectual property, International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, J. B. S. Haldane, Jaguar, Jellyfish, John Maynard Smith, Johns Hopkins University, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Julian Huxley, List of polymorphisms, Locus (genetics), Mark and recapture, Melanism, Mesolithic, Mimicry, MIT Press, Modern synthesis (20th century), Molecular biology, Molecular evolution, Motoo Kimura, Multimodal distribution, Mutation, Natural selection, Neutral theory of molecular evolution, New York City, Obelia, Oxford University Press, Panmixia, Papilio dardanus, Phenotype, Phenotypic trait, Philip Sheppard (biologist), Plant variety (law), Pleiotropy, Ploidy, Polyphenism, Population, Prey switching, Ring species, Ronald Fisher, Sewall Wright, Sexual dimorphism, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Speciation, Subspecies, Subvariety, Supergene, Sympatry, Taxonomy (biology), Theodosius Dobzhansky, Trinomial nomenclature, University of California Press, Variety (botany), Viticulture, Wasp, XY sex-determination system, Zooid, Zoology, Zygosity.