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47 relations: Anderson localization, Bohr model, Chemical potential, Composite fermion, Conventional electrical unit, Cyclotron, De Haas–van Alphen effect, Electric current, Electrical resistance and conductance, Elementary charge, Emmanuel Rashba, Fine-structure constant, Fractional quantum Hall effect, Gallium arsenide, Gauge theory, Geometric phase, Graphene, Hall effect, Hall effect sensor, Heterojunction, Hofstadter's butterfly, Klaus von Klitzing, Landau quantization, Lorentz force, Magnesium, Magnetic field, Magnetic flux quantum, Michael Pepper, MOSFET, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nu (letter), Oxide, Planck constant, Quantum anomalous Hall effect, Quantum cellular automaton, Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum Hall transitions, Quantum mechanics, Quantum spin Hall effect, Robert B. Laughlin, Self-similarity, Shubnikov–de Haas effect, Temperature, Topological quantum number, Two-dimensional electron gas, Unit of measurement, Zinc.
Anderson localization
In condensed matter physics, Anderson localization (also known as strong localization) is the absence of diffusion of waves in a disordered medium.
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Bohr model
In atomic physics, the Rutherford–Bohr model or Bohr model or Bohr diagram, introduced by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity.
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Chemical potential
In thermodynamics, chemical potential of a species is a form of energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction or phase transition due to a change of the particle number of the given species.
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Composite fermion
A composite fermion is the topological bound state of an electron and an even number of quantized vortices, sometimes visually pictured as the bound state of an electron and, attached, an even number of magnetic flux quanta.
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Conventional electrical unit
A conventional electrical unit (or conventional unit where there is no risk of ambiguity) is a unit of measurement in the field of electricity which is based on the so-called "conventional values" of the Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant agreed by the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) in 1988.
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Cyclotron
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1929-1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932.
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De Haas–van Alphen effect
The de Haas–van Alphen effect, often abbreviated to dHvA, is a quantum mechanical effect in which the magnetic susceptibility of a pure metal crystal oscillates as the intensity of an applied magnetic field H is increased.
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Electric current
An electric current is a flow of electric charge.
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Electrical resistance and conductance
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor.
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Elementary charge
The elementary charge, usually denoted as or sometimes, is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the magnitude of the electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge.
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Emmanuel Rashba
Emmanuel I. Rashba (born October 30, 1927, Kiev) is a Soviet-American theoretical physicist of Jewish origin who worked at Ukraine, Russia and the US.
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Fine-structure constant
In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as Sommerfeld's constant, commonly denoted (the Greek letter ''alpha''), is a fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
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Fractional quantum Hall effect
The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a physical phenomenon in which the Hall conductance of 2D electrons shows precisely quantised plateaus at fractional values of e^2/h.
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Gallium arsenide
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a compound of the elements gallium and arsenic.
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Gauge theory
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian is invariant under certain Lie groups of local transformations.
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Geometric phase
In classical and quantum mechanics, the geometric phase, Pancharatnam–Berry phase (named after S. Pancharatnam and Sir Michael Berry), Pancharatnam phase or most commonly Berry phase, is a phase difference acquired over the course of a cycle, when a system is subjected to cyclic adiabatic processes, which results from the geometrical properties of the parameter space of the Hamiltonian.
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Graphene
Graphene is a semi-metal with a small overlap between the valence and the conduction bands (zero bandgap material).
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Hall effect
The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current.
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Hall effect sensor
A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic field.
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Heterojunction
A heterojunction is the interface that occurs between two layers or regions of dissimilar crystalline semiconductors.
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Hofstadter's butterfly
In physics, Hofstadter's butterfly is a mathematical object describing the theorised behaviour of electrons in a magnetic field, discovered in 1976 by Douglas Hofstadter.
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Klaus von Klitzing
Klaus von Klitzing (born 28 June 1943, Schroda) is a German physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics.
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Landau quantization
Landau quantization in quantum mechanics is the quantization of the cyclotron orbits of charged particles in magnetic fields.
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Lorentz force
In physics (particularly in electromagnetism) the Lorentz force is the combination of electric and magnetic force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Magnetic field
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.
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Magnetic flux quantum
The magnetic flux, represented by the symbol, threading some contour or loop is defined as the magnetic field multiplied by the loop area, i.e..
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Michael Pepper
Sir Michael Pepper, FRS, FREng (born 10 August 1942) is a British physicist notable for his work in semiconductor nanostructures.
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MOSFET
MOSFET showing gate (G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (white). surface-mount packages. Operating as switches, each of these components can sustain a blocking voltage of 120nbspvolts in the ''off'' state, and can conduct a continuous current of 30 amperes in the ''on'' state, dissipating up to about 100 watts and controlling a load of over 2000 watts. A matchstick is pictured for scale. A cross-section through an nMOSFET when the gate voltage ''V''GS is below the threshold for making a conductive channel; there is little or no conduction between the terminals drain and source; the switch is off. When the gate is more positive, it attracts electrons, inducing an ''n''-type conductive channel in the substrate below the oxide, which allows electrons to flow between the ''n''-doped terminals; the switch is on. Simulation result for formation of inversion channel (electron density) and attainment of threshold voltage (IV) in a nanowire MOSFET. Note that the threshold voltage for this device lies around 0.45 V The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated by the controlled oxidation of silicon.
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Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.
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Nu (letter)
Nu (uppercase Ν lowercase ν; νι ni) or ny is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.
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Planck constant
The Planck constant (denoted, also called Planck's constant) is a physical constant that is the quantum of action, central in quantum mechanics.
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Quantum anomalous Hall effect
Quantum anomalous Hall effect is the "quantum" version of the anomalous Hall effect.
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Quantum cellular automaton
A quantum cellular automaton (QCA) is an abstract model of quantum computation, devised in analogy to conventional models of cellular automata introduced by von Neumann.
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Quantum electrodynamics
In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics.
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Quantum Hall transitions
Quantum Hall transitions are the quantum phase transitions that occur between different robustly quantized electronic phases of the quantum Hall effect.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Quantum spin Hall effect
The quantum spin Hall state is a state of matter proposed to exist in special, two-dimensional, semiconductors that have a quantized spin-Hall conductance and a vanishing charge-Hall conductance.
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Robert B. Laughlin
Robert Betts Laughlin (born November 1, 1950) is the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University.
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Self-similarity
In mathematics, a self-similar object is exactly or approximately similar to a part of itself (i.e. the whole has the same shape as one or more of the parts).
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Shubnikov–de Haas effect
An oscillation in the conductivity of a material that occurs at low temperatures in the presence of very intense magnetic fields, the Shubnikov–de Haas effect (SdH) is a macroscopic manifestation of the inherent quantum mechanical nature of matter.
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Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.
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Topological quantum number
In physics, a topological quantum number (also called topological charge) is any quantity, in a physical theory, that takes on only one of a discrete set of values, due to topological considerations.
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Two-dimensional electron gas
A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is a scientific model in solid-state physics.
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Unit of measurement
A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity.
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Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
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Integer quantum Hall, QHE, Quantum Effects, Quantum Hall, Quantum Hall Effect, Quantum hall effect, Von Klitzing constant.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect
