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Selma to Montgomery marches

Index Selma to Montgomery marches

The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 237 relations: Abraham Joshua Heschel, Academy Award for Best Picture, Academy Awards, Activism, African Americans, Alabama, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Alabama Highway Patrol, Alabama National Guard, Alabama State Capitol, Alabama State Sovereignty Commission, Alabama State University, Albany Movement, Albert J. Lingo, Albert Turner (activist), Alcohol abuse, Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, Amelia Boynton Robinson, American Broadcasting Company, American Civil War, American Nazi Party, Andrew Aydin, Andrew Young, Annie Lee Cooper, Archbishop Iakovos of America, Associated Press, Ava DuVernay, Barack Obama, Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech, Baton (law enforcement), Battle of Appomattox Court House, BBC News, Bearing the Cross, Bernard Lafayette, Big tent, Black Belt (region of Alabama), Black nationalism, Bloody Tuesday (1964), Bob Mants, Boston, Bribery, Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama), By any means necessary, C. T. Vivian, Catholic Church, Citizens' Councils, City of St. Jude, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Civil rights movement, Cleveland Sellers, ... Expand index (187 more) »

  2. 1965 in Alabama
  3. 1965 in the United States
  4. 1965 protests
  5. All-American Roads
  6. History of racism in Alabama
  7. Law enforcement in Alabama
  8. March 1965 events in the United States
  9. Martin Luther King Jr.
  10. Protest marches in the United States
  11. Protests in Alabama
  12. Riots and civil disorder in Alabama

Abraham Joshua Heschel

Abraham Joshua Heschel (January 11, 1907 – December 23, 1972) was a Polish-American rabbi and one of the leading Jewish theologians and Jewish philosophers of the 20th century.

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Academy Award for Best Picture

The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards (also known as Oscars) presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929.

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Academy Awards

The Academy Awards of Merit, commonly known as the Oscars or Academy Awards, are awards for artistic and technical merit for the film industry.

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Activism

Activism (or advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good.

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African Americans

African Americans, also known as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa.

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Alabama

Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Alabama Department of Archives and History

The Alabama Department of Archives and History is the official repository of archival records for the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Alabama Highway Patrol

The Alabama Highway Patrol is the highway patrol organization for the U.S. state of Alabama, and has complete jurisdiction anywhere in the State.

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Alabama National Guard

The Alabama National Guard is the National Guard of the U.S State of Alabama, and consists of the Alabama Army National Guard and the Alabama Air National Guard.

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Alabama State Capitol

The Alabama State Capitol, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the First Confederate Capitol, is the state capitol building for Alabama.

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Alabama State Sovereignty Commission

The Alabama State Sovereignty Commission was a government agency established in the U.S. state of Alabama to combat desegregation, which operated from 1963 to 1973. Selma to Montgomery marches and Alabama State Sovereignty Commission are African-American history of Alabama and history of racism in Alabama.

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Alabama State University

Alabama State University (ASU, Bama State, or Alabama State) is a public historically black university in Montgomery, Alabama. Selma to Montgomery marches and Alabama State University are African-American history of Alabama.

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Albany Movement

The Albany Movement was a desegregation and voters' rights coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, in November 1961. Selma to Montgomery marches and Albany Movement are Martin Luther King Jr..

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Albert J. Lingo

Albert J. Lingo (January 22, 1910 – August 19, 1969) was appointed in 1963 by Alabama Gov.

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Albert Turner (activist)

Albert Turner (February 29, 1936 – April 13, 2000) was an American civil rights activist and an advisor to Martin Luther King Jr. He was Alabama field secretary for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and helped lead the voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery; and assisted others escape beating during the Bloody Sunday.

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Alcohol abuse

Alcohol abuse encompasses a spectrum of alcohol-related substance abuse, ranging from the consumption of more than 2 drinks per day on average for men, or more than 1 drink per day on average for women, to binge drinking or alcohol use disorder.

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Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award

The Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award honors excellence in broadcast and digital journalism in the public service and is considered one of the most prestigious awards in journalism.

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Amelia Boynton Robinson

Amelia Isadora Platts Boynton Robinson (August 18, 1905 – August 26, 2015) was an American activist who was a leader of the American Civil Rights Movement in Selma, Alabama, and a key figure in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches.

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American Broadcasting Company

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network that serves as the flagship property of the Disney Entertainment division of the Walt Disney Company.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union.

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American Nazi Party

The American Nazi Party (ANP) is an American far-right and neo-Nazi political party founded by George Lincoln Rockwell and headquartered in Arlington, Virginia.

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Andrew Aydin

Andrew Aydin (born August 25, 1983) is an American comics writer, known as the Digital Director & Policy Advisor to Georgia congressman John Lewis, and co-author, with Lewis, of March, Lewis' #1 New York Times bestselling autobiographical graphic novel trilogy.

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Andrew Young

Andrew Jackson Young Jr. (born March 12, 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, and activist.

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Annie Lee Cooper

Annie Lee Wilkerson Cooper (born Annie Lee Wilkerson; June 2, 1910 – November 24, 2010) was an African-American civil rights activist.

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Archbishop Iakovos of America

Archbishop Iakovos of North and South America (Ιάκωβος; born Demetrios Koukouzis (Δημήτριος Κουκούζης); July 29, 1911 – April 10, 2005) was the primate of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America (now the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America) from 1959 until his resignation in 1996.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Ava DuVernay

Ava Marie DuVernay (born August 24, 1972) is an American filmmaker, screenwriter, and producer.

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017.

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Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech

On March 7, 2015, President of the United States Barack Obama delivered a speech at Edmund Pettus Bridge to mark the 50th anniversary of the Selma to Montgomery marches on the subject of race relations within the United States.

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Baton (law enforcement)

A baton (also truncheon, nightstick, billy club, billystick, cosh, lathi, or simply stick) is a roughly cylindrical club made of wood, rubber, plastic, or metal.

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Battle of Appomattox Court House

The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought in Appomattox County, Virginia, on the morning of April 9, 1865, was one of the last battles of the American Civil War (1861–1865).

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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Bearing the Cross

Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference is a 1986 book by David J. Garrow about Martin Luther King Jr., the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the American Civil Rights Movement.

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Bernard Lafayette

Bernard Lafayette (or LaFayette), Jr. (born July 29, 1940) is an American civil rights activist and organizer, who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement.

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Big tent

A big tent party, or catch-all party, is a term used in reference to a political party having members covering a broad spectrum of beliefs.

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Black Belt (region of Alabama)

The Black Belt is a region of the U.S. state of Alabama. Selma to Montgomery marches and Black Belt (region of Alabama) are African-American history of Alabama.

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Black nationalism

Black nationalism is a nationalist movement which seeks representation for black people as a distinct national identity, especially in racialized, colonial and postcolonial societies.

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Bloody Tuesday (1964)

Bloody Tuesday was a march that occurred on June 9, 1964, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, during the Civil Rights Movement. Selma to Montgomery marches and Bloody Tuesday (1964) are African-American history of Alabama, history of racism in Alabama, protest marches in the United States and protests in Alabama.

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Bob Mants

Robert "Bob" Mants, Jr. (April 25, 1943 – December 7, 2011) was an American civil rights activist, serving as a field secretary for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

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Boston

Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.

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Bribery

Bribery is the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official, or other person, in charge of a public or legal duty and to incline the individual to act contrary to their duty and the known rules of honesty and integrity.

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Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)

Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church is a church at 410 Martin Luther King Jr.

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By any means necessary

By any means necessary is an English phrase or a translation of a French phrase that has been attributed to at least three famous sources.

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C. T. Vivian

Cordy Tindell Vivian (July 30, 1924July 17, 2020) was an American minister, author, and close friend and lieutenant of Martin Luther King Jr. during the civil rights movement.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Citizens' Councils

The Citizens' Councils (commonly referred to as the White Citizens' Councils) were an associated network of white supremacist, segregationist organizations in the United States, concentrated in the South and created as part of a white backlash against the US Supreme Court's landmark Brown v.

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City of St. Jude

The City of St.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.

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Civil rights movement

The civil rights movement was a social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement in the country. Selma to Montgomery marches and civil rights movement are history of African-American civil rights.

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Cleveland Sellers

Cleveland "Cleve" Sellers Jr. (born November 8, 1944) is an American educator and civil rights activist.

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COINTELPRO

COINTELPRO (a syllabic abbreviation derived from Counter Intelligence Program) was a series of covert and illegal projects conducted between 1956 and 1971 by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting American political organizations that the FBI perceived as subversive.

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Colia Clark

Colia L. Liddell Lafayette Clark (July 21, 1940 – November 4, 2022) was an American activist and politician.

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Common (rapper)

Lonnie Rashid Lynn (born March 14, 1972), known professionally as Common (formerly known as Common Sense), is an American rapper and actor from Chicago, Illinois.

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Communist Party USA

The Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revolution.

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Community organizing

Community organizing is a process where people who live in proximity to each other or share some common problem come together into an organization that acts in their shared self-interest.

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Congress of Racial Equality

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the civil rights movement.

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Congressional Gold Medal

The Congressional Gold Medal is the oldest and highest civilian award in the United States, alongside the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Selma to Montgomery marches and Congressional Gold Medal are Congressional Gold Medal recipients.

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Constitution of the United States

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States.

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Constitutional right

A constitutional right can be a prerogative or a duty, a power or a restraint of power, recognized and established by a sovereign state or union of states.

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Coretta Scott King

Coretta Scott King (Scott; April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, and civil rights leader who was the wife of Martin Luther King Jr. from 1953 until his death. Selma to Montgomery marches and Coretta Scott King are Congressional Gold Medal recipients.

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Court order

A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings.

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Dallas County Voters League

The Dallas County Voters League (DCVL) was a local organization in Dallas County, Alabama, which contains the city of Selma, that sought to register black voters during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Selma to Montgomery marches and Dallas County Voters League are African-American history of Alabama and history of voting rights in the United States.

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Dallas County, Alabama

Dallas County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Daniel Holcombe Thomas

Daniel Holcombe Thomas (August 25, 1906 – April 13, 2000) was a United States district judge who served nearly five decades on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama.

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David Garrow

David Jeffries Garrow (born May 11, 1953) is an American author and historian.

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David Oyelowo

David Oyetokunbo Oyelowo (born 1 April 1976) is a British-American actor, director and producer.

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Deep South

The Deep South or the Lower South is a cultural and geographic subregion of the Southern United States.

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Diane Nash

Diane Judith Nash (born May 15, 1938) is an American civil rights activist, and a leader and strategist of the student wing of the Civil Rights Movement.

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Dick Gregory

Richard Claxton Gregory (October 12, 1932 – August 19, 2017) was an American comedian, actor, writer, activist and social critic.

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Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era

Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era in the United States, especially in the Southern United States, was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting. Selma to Montgomery marches and Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era are history of African-American civil rights and history of voting rights in the United States.

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Drive-in theater

A drive-in theater/theatre or drive-in cinema is a form of cinema structure consisting of a large outdoor movie screen, a projection booth, a concession stand, and a large parking area for automobiles.

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Edmund Pettus Bridge

The Edmund Pettus Bridge carries U.S. Route 80 Business (US 80 Bus.) across the Alabama River in Selma, Alabama. Selma to Montgomery marches and Edmund Pettus Bridge are history of racism in Alabama and Riots and civil disorder in Alabama.

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Edmundites

The Society of Saint Edmund (Societas Patrum S. Edmundi) also known as the Edmundites, is a clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men in the Catholic Church founded in 1843, in Pontigny, France, by Jean Baptiste Muard.

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Emmy Awards

The Emmy Awards, or Emmys, are an extensive range of awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international television industry.

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Encyclopedia of Alabama

The Encyclopedia of Alabama is an online encyclopedia of the state of Alabama's history, culture, geography, and natural environment.

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Erie, Pennsylvania

Erie is a city on the south shore of Lake Erie and the county seat of Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Extreme poverty

Extreme poverty is the most severe type of poverty, defined by the United Nations (UN) as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.

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Eyes on the Prize

Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement is an American television series and 14-part documentary about the 20th-century civil rights movement in the United States.

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Fay Bellamy Powell

Fay D. Bellamy Powell (May 1, 1938 – January 5, 2013) was an African-American civil rights activist.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Ferris State University

Ferris State University (FSU or Ferris) is a public university with its main campus in Big Rapids, Michigan.

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First Amendment to the United States Constitution

The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents the government from making laws respecting an establishment of religion; prohibiting the free exercise of religion; or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the freedom of assembly, or the right to petition the government for redress of grievances.

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Frank Minis Johnson

Frank Minis Johnson Jr. (October 30, 1918 – July 23, 1999) was a United States district judge and United States circuit judge serving 1955 to 1999 on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.

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Frankie Laine

Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American singer and songwriter whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of "That's My Desire" in 2005.

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Fred Shuttlesworth

Freddie Lee Shuttlesworth (born Freddie Lee Robinson, March 18, 1922 – October 5, 2011) was an American civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other forms of racism as a minister in Birmingham, Alabama.

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Frederick D. Reese

Frederick Douglas Reese (November 28, 1929 – April 5, 2018) was an American civil rights activist, educator and minister from Selma, Alabama.

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Freedom of information in the United States

Freedom of information in the United States relates to the public's ability to access government records, meetings, and other information.

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Gary Thomas Rowe Jr.

Gary Thomas Rowe Jr. (August 13, 1933 – May 25, 1998), known in Witness Protection as Thomas Neil Moore, was a paid informant and agent provocateur for the FBI.

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George Lincoln Rockwell

George Lincoln Rockwell (March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was an American Neo-Nazi/fascist activist and exhibitionist.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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George Wallace

George Corley Wallace Jr. (August 25, 1919 – September 13, 1998) was an American politician and judge who served as the 45th governor of Alabama for four terms.

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Glory (Common and John Legend song)

"Glory" is a song by American rapper Common (Lonnie Lynn, as awarded) and American singer John Legend.

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Graphic novel

A graphic novel is a long-form work of sequential art.

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Grassroots democracy

Grassroots democracy is a tendency towards designing political processes that shift as much decision-making authority as practical to the organization's lowest geographic or social level of organization.

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Great Pilgrimage

The Great Pilgrimage of 1913 was a march in Britain by suffragists campaigning nonviolently for women's suffrage, organised by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS).

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Great Society

The Great Society was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and 1965.

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Greene County, Alabama

Greene County is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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H. Rap Brown

Jamil Abdullah al-Amin (born Hubert Gerold Brown; October 4, 1943), is an American human rights activist, Muslim cleric, black separatist, and convicted murderer who was the fifth chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in the 1960s.

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Hale County, Alabama

Hale County is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Hammermill Paper Company

Hammermill Paper Company is an American paper manufacturer originally founded in 1898 as the Ernst R. Behrend Company.

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Harry Belafonte

Harry Belafonte (born Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.; March 1, 1927 – April 25, 2023) was an American singer, actor, and civil rights activist who popularized calypso music with international audiences in the 1950s and 1960s.

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Henri Nouwen

Henri Jozef Machiel Nouwen (January 24, 1932 – September 21, 1996) was a Dutch Catholic priest, professor, writer and theologian.

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History Channel

History (stylized in all caps), formerly and commonly known as the History Channel, is an American pay television network and flagship channel owned by A&E Networks, a joint venture between Hearst Communications and The Walt Disney Company's General Entertainment Content Division.

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Hosea Williams

Hosea Lorenzo Williams (January 5, 1926 – November 16, 2000) was an American civil rights leader, activist, ordained minister, businessman, philanthropist, scientist, and politician.

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House slave

A house slave was a slave who worked, and often lived, in the house of the slave-owner, performing domestic labor.

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How Long, Not Long

"How Long, Not Long" is the popular name given to the public speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. on the steps of the State Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama. Selma to Montgomery marches and How Long, Not Long are 1965 in the United States and history of African-American civil rights.

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Infection

An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce.

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Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is an American nonprofit digital library founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle.

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J. L. Chestnut Jr.

J.

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James Baldwin

James Arthur Baldwin (né Jones; August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American writer and civil rights activist who garnered acclaim for his essays, novels, plays, and poems.

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James Bevel

James Luther Bevel (October 19, 1936 – December 19, 2008) was an American minister and leader of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

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James Bonard Fowler

James Bonard Fowler (September 10, 1933 – July 5, 2015) was a convicted drug trafficker and an Alabama state trooper, known for fatally shooting civil rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson on February 18, 1965, during a peaceful march by protesters seeking voting rights.

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James Forman

James Forman (October 4, 1928 – January 10, 2005) was a prominent African-American leader in the civil rights movement.

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James Hare (judge)

James Albert Hare Jr. (May 17, 1906 – May 20, 1969) was a politician from the U.S. state of Alabama and a veteran of the United States Army during World War II.

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James Karales

James H. Karales (July 15, 1930, Canton, Ohio – April 1, 2002, Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y.) was an American photographer and photo-essayist best known for his work with ''Look'' magazine from 1960 to 1971.

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James Orange

James Edward Orange (October 29, 1942February 16, 2008), also known as "Shackdaddy", was a leading civil rights activist in the Civil Rights Movement in America.

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James Reeb

James Joseph Reeb (January 1, 1927 – March 11, 1965) was an American Unitarian Universalist minister, pastor, and activist during the civil rights movement in Washington, D.C., and Boston, Massachusetts.

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Jet (magazine)

Jet is an American weekly digital magazine focusing on news, culture, and entertainment related to the African-American community.

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Jewish Telegraphic Agency

The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) is an international news agency and wire service that primarily covers Judaism- and Jewish-related topics and news.

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Jim Clark (sheriff)

James Gardner Clark, Jr. (September 17, 1922 – June 4, 2007), AP via NBC News, June 6, 2007 was the sheriff of Dallas County, Alabama, United States from 1955 to 1966.

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Jim Crow laws

The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American. Selma to Montgomery marches and Jim Crow laws are history of African-American civil rights.

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Joan Baez

Joan Chandos Baez (born January 9, 1941) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and activist.

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John Lewis

John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights activist who served in the United States House of Representatives for from 1987 until his death in 2020.

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Joint session of the United States Congress

A joint session of the United States Congress is a gathering of members of the two chambers of the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

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Jonathan Daniels

Jonathan Myrick Daniels (March 20, 1939 – August 20, 1965) was an Episcopal seminarian and civil rights activist. Selma to Montgomery marches and Jonathan Daniels are African-American history of Alabama.

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Joseph Ellwanger

Joseph W. Ellwanger Jr. (born February 18, 1934) is a Lutheran pastor, author, and civil rights activist. Selma to Montgomery marches and Joseph Ellwanger are African-American history of Alabama.

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Joseph Smitherman

Joseph Thomas Smitherman (December 24, 1929 – September 11, 2005) was an American politician who served more than 35 years as mayor of Selma, Alabama.

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Julian Bond

Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American social activist, leader of the civil rights movement, politician, professor, and writer.

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Keitz & Herndon

Keitz and Herndon was an American television production company that made cartoons, advertisements, short educational films, and commercials founded in 1952 in Oak Cliff neighborhood in Dallas, Texas.

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Kippah

A (plural: kippot),, yamaka, bullcap, or is a brimless cap, usually made of cloth, traditionally worn by Jewish males to fulfill the customary requirement that the head be covered.

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Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan, commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist, far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups.

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Laurie Pritchett

Laurie Pritchett (December 9, 1926 – November 13, 2000) was city Chief of Police in Albany, Georgia, best known for his actions in 1961 and 1962 suppressing the city's civil rights demonstrations by the Albany Movement.

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LeRoy Collins

Thomas LeRoy Collins (March 10, 1909 – March 12, 1991) was an American politician who served as the 33rd governor of Florida from 1955 to 1961.

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List of governors of Alabama

The governor of Alabama is the head of government of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Literacy test

A literacy test assesses a person's literacy skills: their ability to read and write. Selma to Montgomery marches and literacy test are history of African-American civil rights and history of voting rights in the United States.

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Lowndes County Freedom Organization

The Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), also known as the Lowndes County Freedom Party (LCFP) or Black Panther party, was an American political party founded during 1965 in Lowndes County, Alabama. Selma to Montgomery marches and Lowndes County Freedom Organization are African-American history of Alabama, history of African-American civil rights and history of voting rights in the United States.

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Lowndes County, Alabama

Lowndes County is in the central part of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969.

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Malcolm X

Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an African-American revolutionary, Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement until his assassination in 1965.

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March (comics)

The March trilogy is an autobiographical black and white graphic novel trilogy about the civil rights movement, told through the perspective of civil rights leader and U.S. Congressman John Lewis.

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Marengo County, Alabama

Marengo County is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Marie Foster

Marie Priscilla Martin Foster (October 24, 1917 – September 6, 2003) was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. during the 1960s.

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Marion, Alabama

Marion is a city in and the county seat of Perry County, Alabama, United States.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. Selma to Montgomery marches and Martin Luther King Jr. are Congressional Gold Medal recipients.

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Maurice Davis

Maurice Davis (December 15, 1921 – December 14, 1993) was a rabbi and activist.

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Middlebury College

Middlebury College is a private liberal arts college in Middlebury, Vermont.

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Miller Center of Public Affairs

The Miller Center is a nonpartisan affiliate of the University of Virginia that specializes in United States presidential scholarship, public policy, and political history.

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Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), also referred to simply as the Freedom Democratic Party, was an American political party that existed in the state of Mississippi from 1964 to 1968, during the Civil Rights Movement. Selma to Montgomery marches and Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party are history of African-American civil rights and history of voting rights in the United States.

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Montgomery Advertiser

The Montgomery Advertiser is a daily newspaper and news website located in Montgomery, Alabama.

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Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County.

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Mud March (suffragists)

The United Procession of Women, or Mud March as it became known, was a peaceful demonstration in London on 9 February 1907 organised by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), in which more than three thousand women marched from Hyde Park Corner to the Strand in support of women's suffrage.

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Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson

Jimmie Lee Jackson (December 16, 1938 – February 26, 1965) was an African American civil rights activist in Marion, Alabama, and a deacon in the Baptist church. Selma to Montgomery marches and Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson are 1965 in Alabama, African-American history of Alabama, history of racism in Alabama, history of voting rights in the United States and law enforcement in Alabama.

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The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (NAACP LDF, the Legal Defense Fund, or LDF) is an American civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

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Nate Powell

Nathan Lee Powell (born 1978) is an American graphic novelist and musician.

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National Endowment for the Humanities

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent federal agency of the U.S. government, established by the, dedicated to supporting research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities.

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National Park Service

The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government, within the U.S. Department of the Interior.

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National States' Rights Party

The National States' Rights Party was a white supremacist political party that briefly played a minor role in the politics of the United States.

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National Voting Rights Museum

The National Voting Rights Museum and Institute, established in 1991 and opened in 1993, is an American museum in Selma, Alabama, which honors, chronicles, collects, archives, and displays the artifacts and testimony of the activists who participated in the events leading up to and including the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, and passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, as well as those who worked for the African-American Voting Rights and Women's Suffrage movements.

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New York Daily News

The New York Daily News, officially titled the Daily News, is an American newspaper based in Jersey City, New Jersey.

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Nicholas Katzenbach

Nicholas deBelleville Katzenbach (January 17, 1922 – May 8, 2012) was an American lawyer who served as United States Attorney General during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration.

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Nina Simone

Nina Simone (born Eunice Kathleen Waymon; February 21, 1933 – April 21, 2003) was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, composer, arranger and civil rights activist.

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Nonviolence

Nonviolence is the personal practice of not causing harm to others under any condition.

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Nun

A nun is a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service and contemplation, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery or convent.

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Oberlin College

Oberlin College is a private liberal arts college and conservatory of music in Oberlin, Ohio, United States.

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Organization of Afro-American Unity

The Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) was a Pan-Africanist organization founded by Malcolm X in 1964.

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Padayatra

A padayatra (translit-std) is a journey undertaken by politicians or prominent citizens to interact more closely with different parts of society, educate about issues concerning them, and galvanize his or her supporters.

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Paul Moore Jr.

Paul Moore Jr. (November 15, 1919 – May 1, 2003) was a bishop of the Episcopal Church and former United States Marine Corps officer.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Peabody Awards

The George Foster Peabody Awards (or simply Peabody Awards or the Peabodys) program, named for the American businessman and philanthropist George Peabody, honor what are described as the most powerful, enlightening, and invigorating stories in all of television, radio, and online media.

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Pennsylvania State University Libraries

The Penn State University Libraries consists of 36 libraries at 22 locations in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

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Perry County, Alabama

Perry County is a county located in the Black Belt region in the central part of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Peter, Paul and Mary

Peter, Paul and Mary were an American folk group formed in New York City in 1961 during the American folk music revival phenomenon.

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Political demonstration

A political demonstration is an action by a mass group or collection of groups of people in favor of a political or other cause or people partaking in a protest against a cause of concern; it often consists of walking in a mass march formation and either beginning with or meeting at a designated endpoint, or rally, in order to hear speakers.

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Poll taxes in the United States

A poll tax is a tax of a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources. Selma to Montgomery marches and poll taxes in the United States are history of voting rights in the United States.

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Posse comitatus

The posse comitatus (from the Latin for "power of the county"), frequently shortened to posse, is in common law a group of people mobilized by the conservator of peace – typically a reeve, sheriff, chief, or another special/regional designee like an officer of the peace potentially accompanied by or with the direction of a justice or ajudged parajudicial process given the imminence of actual damage – to suppress lawlessness, defend the people, or otherwise protect the place, property, and public welfare.

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Prathia Hall

Prathia Laura Ann Hall Wynn (January 1, 1940 – August 12, 2002) was an American leader and activist in the Civil Rights Movement, a womanist theologian, and ethicist.

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Racial segregation

Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

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Racial segregation in the United States

Facilities and services such as housing, healthcare, education, employment, and transportation have been systematically separated in the United States based on racial categorizations.

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Racism

Racism is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Ralph Abernathy

Ralph David Abernathy Sr. (March 11, 1926 – April 17, 1990) was an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister.

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Ralph Bunche

Ralph Johnson Bunche (August 7, 1904 – December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist, diplomat, and leading actor in the mid-20th-century decolonization process and US civil rights movement, who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Israel.

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Ramsey Clark

William Ramsey Clark (December 18, 1927 – April 9, 2021) was an American lawyer, activist, and federal government official.

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Restraining order

A restraining order or protective order, is an order used by a court to protect a person in a situation often involving alleged domestic violence, child abuse, assault, harassment, stalking, or sexual assault.

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Richie Jean Jackson

Richie Jean Sherrod Jackson (née Sherrod; August 30, 1932 – November 10, 2013), was an American author, teacher, and civil rights activist.

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Right to petition

The right to petition government for redress of grievances is the right to make a complaint to, or seek the assistance of, one's government, without fear of punishment or reprisals.

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Robert W. Spike

Robert Warren Spike (November 13, 1923 – October 17, 1966) was an American clergyman, theologian, and civil rights leader.

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Sammy Davis Jr.

Samuel George Davis Jr. (December 8, 1925 – May 16, 1990) was an American singer, actor, comedian and dancer.

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Sammy Younge Jr.

Samuel Leamon Younge Jr. (November 17, 1944 – January 3, 1966) was a civil rights and voting rights activist who was murdered for trying to desegregate a "whites only" restroom. Selma to Montgomery marches and Sammy Younge Jr. are African-American history of Alabama and history of racism in Alabama.

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SCOPE Project

The Summer Community Organization and Political Education (SCOPE) Project of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was a voter registration civil rights initiative conducted from 1965 to 1966 in 120 counties in six southern states.

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Selma (film)

Selma is a 2014 historical drama film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Paul Webb.

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Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail

The Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail is a National Historic Trail in Alabama. Selma to Montgomery marches and Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail are history of African-American civil rights.

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Selma, Alabama

Selma is a city in and the county seat of Dallas County, in the Black Belt region of south central Alabama and extending to the west.

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Selma, Lord, Selma

Selma, Lord, Selma is a 1999 American made-for-television biographical drama film based on true events that happened in March 1965, known as Bloody Sunday in Selma, Alabama.

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Sharecropping

Sharecropping is a legal arrangement in which a landowner allows a tenant (sharecropper) to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land.

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Silent Sentinels

The Silent Sentinels, also known as the Sentinels of Liberty, were a group of over 2,000 women in favor of women's suffrage organized by Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party, who nonviolently protested in front of the White House during Woodrow Wilson's presidency starting on January 10, 1917.

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Sit-in

A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. Selma to Montgomery marches and sit-in are history of African-American civil rights.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia. Selma to Montgomery marches and Southern Christian Leadership Conference are Martin Luther King Jr..

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Southern United States

The Southern United States, sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States.

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Spider Martin

James "Spider" Martin (April 1, 1939 – April 8, 2003) was an American photographer known for his work documenting the American Civil Rights Movement in 1965, specifically Bloody Sunday and other incidents from the Selma to Montgomery marches.

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State police

State police, provincial police or regional police are a type of sub-national territorial police force found in nations organized as federations, typically in North America, South Asia, and Oceania.

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States' rights

In American political discourse, states' rights are political powers held for the state governments rather than the federal government according to the United States Constitution, reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the Tenth Amendment.

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Stokely Carmichael

Kwame Ture (born Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael; June 29, 1941November 15, 1998) was an American activist who played a major role in the civil rights movement in the United States and the global pan-African movement.

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced) was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the civil rights movement during the 1960s. Selma to Montgomery marches and student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee are history of African-American civil rights.

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Suffrage Hikes

The Suffrage Hikes of 1912 to 1914 brought attention to the issue of women's suffrage. Selma to Montgomery marches and suffrage Hikes are protest marches in the United States.

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Tear gas

Tear gas, also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator, sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial self-defense spray, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears.

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The Anniston Star

The Anniston Star is the daily newspaper serving Anniston, Alabama, and the surrounding six-county region.

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The Chad Mitchell Trio

The Chad Mitchell Trio, later known as The Mitchell Trio, were an American vocal group who became known during the 1960s.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Walt Disney Company

The Walt Disney Company is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate that is headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Tim Roth

Timothy Simon Roth (born 14 May 1961) is an English actor and producer.

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Tom Wilkinson

Thomas Geoffrey Wilkinson (5 February 1948 – 30 December 2023) was an English actor.

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Tony Bennett

Anthony Dominick Benedetto (August 3, 1926 – July 21, 2023), known professionally as Tony Bennett, was an American jazz and traditional pop singer.

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Top Shelf Productions

Top Shelf Productions is an American publishing company founded in 1997, originally owned and operated by Chris Staros and Brett Warnock and a small staff.

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Tuskegee University

Tuskegee University (Tuskegee or TU; formerly known as the Tuskegee Institute) is a private, historically black land-grant university in Tuskegee, Alabama. Selma to Montgomery marches and Tuskegee University are African-American history of Alabama.

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U.S. Route 80

U.S. Route 80 or U.S. Highway 80 (US 80) is a major east–west United States Numbered Highway in the Southern United States, much of which was once part of the early auto trail known as the Dixie Overland Highway.

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United Press International

United Press International (UPI) is an American international news agency whose newswires, photo, news film, and audio services provided news material to thousands of newspapers, magazines, radio and television stations for most of the 20th century until its eventual decline beginning in the early 1980s.

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United States Capitol

The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government.

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United States Commission on Civil Rights

The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (CCR) is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the Eisenhower administration, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues in the United States.

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United States Department of the Interior

The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources.

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United States Marshals Service

The United States Marshals Service (USMS) is a federal law enforcement agency in the United States.

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University of Virginia

The University of Virginia (UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States.

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Viola Liuzzo

Viola Fauver Liuzzo (née Gregg; April 11, 1925 – March 25, 1965) was an American civil rights activist in Detroit, Michigan.

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Voting

Voting is a method by which a group, such as a meeting or an electorate, convenes together for the purpose of making a collective decision or expressing an opinion usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. Selma to Montgomery marches and voting Rights Act of 1965 are history of voting rights in the United States.

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Walter C. Givhan

Walter Coats Givhan (May 7, 1902 – February 18, 1976) was an American politician.

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Walter Reuther

Walter Philip Reuther (September 1, 1907 – May 9, 1970) was an American leader of organized labor and civil rights activist who built the United Automobile Workers (UAW) into one of the most progressive labor unions in American history.

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Wide Area Telephone Service

Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS) was a flat-rate long-distance service for customer dial-type telecommunications in the service areas of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP).

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Wilcox County, Alabama

Wilcox County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama.

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William L. Dickinson

William Louis Dickinson (June 5, 1925 – March 31, 2008) was an American politician.

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Woman Suffrage Procession

The Woman Suffrage Procession on March 3, 1913, was the first suffragist parade in Washington, D.C. It was also the first large, organized march on Washington for political purposes.

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Women's Coronation Procession

The Women's Coronation Procession was a suffragette march through London, England, on 17 June 1911, just before the Coronation of George V and Mary, demanding women's suffrage in the coronation year.

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Women's Sunday

Women's Sunday was a suffragette march and rally held in London on 21 June 1908.

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YouTube

YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google.

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16th Street Baptist Church bombing

The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was a terrorist bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama on September 15, 1963.

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1964 Democratic National Convention

The 1964 Democratic National Convention of the Democratic Party, took place at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey, from August 24 to 27, 1964.

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89th United States Congress

The 89th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives.

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See also

1965 in Alabama

1965 in the United States

1965 protests

All-American Roads

History of racism in Alabama

Law enforcement in Alabama

March 1965 events in the United States

Martin Luther King Jr.

Protest marches in the United States

Protests in Alabama

Riots and civil disorder in Alabama

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches

Also known as 1965 Selma Voting Rights Movement, Bloody Sunday (1965), Bloody Sunday (Selma), March from Selma to Montgomery, March on Selma, Montgomery Rights March, Selma Bridge Crossing Jubilee, Selma Freedom March, Selma Jubilee, Selma March, Selma Movement, Selma Voting Rights Movement, Selma to Montgomery March, Selma to Montgomery March Byway, Selma to Montgomery Trail, Selma-to-Montgomery, Selma-to-Montgomery March, The Selma March, The Selma Marches.

, COINTELPRO, Colia Clark, Common (rapper), Communist Party USA, Community organizing, Congress of Racial Equality, Congressional Gold Medal, Constitution of the United States, Constitutional right, Coretta Scott King, Court order, Dallas County Voters League, Dallas County, Alabama, Daniel Holcombe Thomas, David Garrow, David Oyelowo, Deep South, Diane Nash, Dick Gregory, Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era, Drive-in theater, Edmund Pettus Bridge, Edmundites, Emmy Awards, Encyclopedia of Alabama, Erie, Pennsylvania, Extreme poverty, Eyes on the Prize, Fay Bellamy Powell, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Ferris State University, First Amendment to the United States Constitution, Frank Minis Johnson, Frankie Laine, Fred Shuttlesworth, Frederick D. Reese, Freedom of information in the United States, Gary Thomas Rowe Jr., George Lincoln Rockwell, George W. Bush, George Wallace, Glory (Common and John Legend song), Graphic novel, Grassroots democracy, Great Pilgrimage, Great Society, Greene County, Alabama, H. Rap Brown, Hale County, Alabama, Hammermill Paper Company, Harry Belafonte, Henri Nouwen, History Channel, Hosea Williams, House slave, How Long, Not Long, Infection, Internet Archive, J. L. Chestnut Jr., James Baldwin, James Bevel, James Bonard Fowler, James Forman, James Hare (judge), James Karales, James Orange, James Reeb, Jet (magazine), Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jim Clark (sheriff), Jim Crow laws, Joan Baez, John Lewis, Joint session of the United States Congress, Jonathan Daniels, Joseph Ellwanger, Joseph Smitherman, Julian Bond, Keitz & Herndon, Kippah, Ku Klux Klan, Laurie Pritchett, LeRoy Collins, List of governors of Alabama, Literacy test, Lowndes County Freedom Organization, Lowndes County, Alabama, Lyndon B. Johnson, Malcolm X, March (comics), Marengo County, Alabama, Marie Foster, Marion, Alabama, Martin Luther King Jr., Maurice Davis, Middlebury College, Miller Center of Public Affairs, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Montgomery Advertiser, Montgomery, Alabama, Mud March (suffragists), Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Nate Powell, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Park Service, National States' Rights Party, National Voting Rights Museum, New York Daily News, Nicholas Katzenbach, Nina Simone, Nonviolence, Nun, Oberlin College, Organization of Afro-American Unity, Padayatra, Paul Moore Jr., PBS, Peabody Awards, Pennsylvania State University Libraries, Perry County, Alabama, Peter, Paul and Mary, Political demonstration, Poll taxes in the United States, Posse comitatus, Prathia Hall, Racial segregation, Racial segregation in the United States, Racism, Ralph Abernathy, Ralph Bunche, Ramsey Clark, Restraining order, Richie Jean Jackson, Right to petition, Robert W. Spike, Sammy Davis Jr., Sammy Younge Jr., SCOPE Project, Selma (film), Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail, Selma, Alabama, Selma, Lord, Selma, Sharecropping, Silent Sentinels, Sit-in, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Southern United States, Spider Martin, State police, States' rights, Stokely Carmichael, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Suffrage Hikes, Tear gas, The Anniston Star, The Chad Mitchell Trio, The New York Times, The Walt Disney Company, The Washington Post, Tim Roth, Tom Wilkinson, Tony Bennett, Top Shelf Productions, Tuskegee University, U.S. Route 80, United Press International, United States Capitol, United States Commission on Civil Rights, United States Department of the Interior, United States Marshals Service, University of Virginia, Viola Liuzzo, Voting, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Walter C. Givhan, Walter Reuther, Wide Area Telephone Service, Wilcox County, Alabama, William L. Dickinson, Woman Suffrage Procession, Women's Coronation Procession, Women's Sunday, YouTube, 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, 1964 Democratic National Convention, 89th United States Congress.