Communication

921 relations: AB Felix, Aberjona River, Abiogenesis, Acacia dealbata, Acetaldehyde, Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, Acetamide, Acetate, Acetic acid (data page), Acetic acid bacteria, Acetic acid/hydrocortisone, Acetic anhydride, Acetic formic anhydride, Acetic oxalic anhydride, Acetobacter, Acetobacter aceti, Acetogenesis, Acetoin, Acetone, Aceturic acid, Acetyl bromide, Acetyl chloride, Acetyl fluoride, Acetyl group, Acetyl iodide, Acetylated lanolin alcohol, Acetylcholine, Acetylcholinesterase, Acid, Acid dissociation constant, Acid dye, Acid fuchsin, Acid maceration, Acid strength, Acid-base extraction, Acid–base reaction, Acidity regulator, Acidogenesis, Acidophile, Acids in wine, Acidulant, Acrylic acid, Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Acyl group, Acyl halide, Acylhydrazine, Adenosine reuptake inhibitor, Adipic acid, Aenigmastropheus, Aging of wine, ..., Albright-Goldman oxidation, Alcohol (drug), Alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone), Alcoholic liver disease, Aldehyde, ALDH2, Aldol 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AB Felix

AB Felix was a Swedish food company with seat in Eslöv.

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Aberjona River

The Aberjona River is a,U.S. Geological Survey.

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Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life,Compare: Also occasionally called biopoiesis.

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Acacia dealbata

Acacia dealbata (known as silver wattle, blue wattle or mimosa) is a species of Acacia, native to southeastern Australia in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and the Australian Capital Territory and widely introduced in Mediterranean, warm temperate, and highland tropical landscapes.

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Acetaldehyde

Acetaldehyde (systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me.

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Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases are dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyze the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetic acid.

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Acetamide

Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2.

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Acetate

An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with an alkaline, earthy, metallic or nonmetallic and other base.

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Acetic acid (data page)

and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetic acid.

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Acetic acid bacteria

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during fermentation.

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Acetic acid/hydrocortisone

Acetic acid/hydrocortisone is a commonly used combination drug to treat infections of the outer ear and ear canal.

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Acetic anhydride

Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3CO)2O.

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Acetic formic anhydride

Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C.

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Acetic oxalic anhydride

Acetic oxalic anhydride is an organic compound with a chemical formula of and a structural formula of (H3C-(C.

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Acetobacter

Acetobacter is a genus of acetic acid bacteria.

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Acetobacter aceti

Acetobacter aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium that moves using its peritrichous flagella.

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Acetogenesis

Acetogenesis is a process through which acetate is produced from CO2 and an electron source (e.g., H2, CO, formate, etc.) by anaerobic bacteria via the reductive acetyl-CoA or Wood-Ljungdahl pathway.

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Acetoin

Acetoin, also known as 3-hydroxybutanone or acetyl methyl carbinol, with the molecular formula is C4H8O2, is a colorless or pale yellow to green yellow liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor.

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Acetone

Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO.

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Aceturic acid

Aceturic acid (N-acetylglycine) is a derivative of the amino acid glycine.

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Acetyl bromide

Acetyl bromide is an acyl bromide compound.

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Acetyl chloride

Acetyl chloride, CH3COCl is an acid chloride derived from acetic acid.

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Acetyl fluoride

Acetyl fluoride is an acyl halide with the chemical formula C2H3FO.

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Acetyl group

In organic chemistry, acetyl is a moiety, the acyl with chemical formula CH3CO.

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Acetyl iodide

Acetyl iodide is an organoiodine compound with the formula CH3C(O)I.

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Acetylated lanolin alcohol

Acetylated lanolin alcohol (sometimes known as sheep alcohol, lanolin alcohol, or wool alcohol) is a non-drying organic compound produced from lanolin, the fat of wool shearings, which has been reacted with acetic acid and a small amount of lye.

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Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells.

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Acetylcholinesterase

Acetylcholinesterase, encoded by HGNC gene ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7) is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters. AChE is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. It belongs to carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides.

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Acid

An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).

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Acid dissociation constant

An acid dissociation constant, Ka, (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.

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Acid dye

An acid dye is a dye that is typically applied to a textile at low pH.

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Acid fuchsin

Acid fuchsin or fuchsine acid is an acidic magenta dye with chemical formula C20H17N3Na2O9S3.

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Acid maceration

Acid maceration is a technique to extract organic microfossils from a surrounding rock matrix using acid.

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Acid strength

The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton (H+).

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Acid-base extraction

Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential liquid–liquid extractions to purify acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical properties.

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Acid–base reaction

An acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base, which can be used to determine pH.

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Acidity regulator

Acidity regulators, or pH control agents, are food additives used to change or maintain pH (acidity or basicity).

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Acidogenesis

Acidogenesis is the second stage in the four stages of anaerobic digestion.

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Acidophile

Acidophiles or acidophilic organisms are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually at pH 2.0 or below).

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Acids in wine

The acids in wine are an important component in both winemaking and the finished product of wine.

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Acidulant

Acidulants are chemical compounds that confer a tart, sour, or acidic flavor to foods.

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Acrylic acid

Acrylic acid (IUPAC: propenoic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH2.

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Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) (chemical formula (C8H8)x·(C4H6)y·(C3H3N)z) is a common thermoplastic polymer.

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Acyl group

An acyl group is a moiety derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid, including inorganic acids.

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Acyl halide

An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid by replacing a hydroxyl group with a halide group.

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Acylhydrazine

Acylhydrazines are a class of organic compounds and can be regarded as nitrogen derivatives of carboxylic acids having the general structure R-CO-NR1-NR2R3, where R1, R2 and R3 can be organic radicals or hydrogen.

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Adenosine reuptake inhibitor

An adenosine reuptake inhibitor (AdoRI) is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the purine nucleoside and neurotransmitter adenosine by blocking the action of one or more of the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs).

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Adipic acid

Adipic acid or hexanedioic acid is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(COOH)2.

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Aenigmastropheus

Aenigmastropheus is an extinct genus of early archosauromorph reptiles known from the middle Late Permian Usili Formation of Songea District, southern Tanzania.

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Aging of wine

The aging of wine (American spelling) or ageing of wine (British spelling) is potentially able to improve the quality of wine.

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Albright-Goldman oxidation

The Albright-Goldman oxidation is a name reaction of organic chemistry, first described by the American chemists J. Donald Albright and Leon Goldman in 1965.

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Alcohol (drug)

Alcohol, also known by its chemical name ethanol, is a psychoactive substance or drug that is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor).

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Alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone)

Alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone) (type III ADH, membrane associated quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase) is an enzyme with systematic name alcohol:quinone oxidoreductase.

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Alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease is a term that encompasses the liver manifestations of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.

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Aldehyde

An aldehyde or alkanal is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.

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ALDH2

Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDH2 gene located on chromosome 12.

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Aldol condensation

An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which an enol or an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone.

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Alkaloid

Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.

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Alkylation

Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another.

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Alkynylation

Alkynylation is an addition reaction in organic synthesis where a terminal alkyne adds to a carbonyl group to form an α-alkynyl alcohol.

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Allegheny National Forest

The Allegheny National Forest is a National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania.

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Allyl acetate

Allyl acetate is an organic compound with formula C3H5OC(O)CH3.

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Alpha-Pinene

α-Pinene is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of two isomers of pinene.

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Aluminium acetate

Aluminium acetate or aluminium ethanoate (also "aluminum ~"), sometimes abbreviated AlAc in geochemistry, can refer to a number of different salts of aluminum with acetic acid.

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Aluminium acetotartrate

Aluminium acetotartrate (or ALSOL) is an organic acid, astringent, and disinfectant.

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Aluminium sulfacetate

Aluminium sulfacetate is a chemical compound of aluminium with formula.

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Aluminium triacetate

Aluminium triacetate, formally named aluminium acetate, is a chemical compound with composition.

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Amfenac

Amfenac, also known as 2-amino-3-benzoylbenzeneacetic acid, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with acetic acid moiety.

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Amide

An amide (or or), also known as an acid amide, is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups).

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Amine oxide

An amine oxide, also known as amine-N-oxide and N-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group R3N+−O−, an N−O coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon side chains attached to N. Sometimes it is written as R3N→O or, wrongly, as R3N.

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Aminoacylase 1 deficiency

Aminoacylase 1 deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism.

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Ammeline

Ammeline (4,6-diamino-2-hydroxy-1,3,5-triazine) is a triazine derivative.

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Ammonia

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

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Ammonium acetate

Ammonium acetate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2.

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Amphibacillus xylanus

Amphibacillus xylanus is a gram-positive-spore forming bacterium with cells 0.3 μm to 0.5 μm in diameter and 0.9 μm to 1.9 μm in length.

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Amyl acetate

Amyl acetate (pentyl acetate) is an organic compound and an ester with the chemical formula CH3COO4CH3 and the molecular weight 130.19g/mol.

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Anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.

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Ant eggs

Ant eggs (ไข่มดเเดง) refer to both the eggs and pupae of weaver ants (known in Thailand as red ants), that are harvested and consumed as food in several countries across Southeast Asia, especially Laos and Northeastern Thailand (Isan).

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Antamanide

Antamanide is a cyclic decapeptide isolated from a fungus, the death cap: Amanita phalloides.

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Anthrone

Anthrone is a tricyclic aromatic ketone.

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Antimicrobial

An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.

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Antimony(III) acetate

Antimony(III) acetate is the compound of antimony with the chemical formula of Sb(CH3CO2)3.

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Antipyrine and benzocaine ear drops

Antipyrine and benzocaine ear drops is a medication for the treatment of ear pain caused by otitis media.

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Apple cider vinegar

Apple cider vinegar is a vinegar made from apples, sugar and yeast.

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Archaea

Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.

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Arthur Godfrey Peuchen

Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Godfrey Peuchen (April 18, 1859 – December 7, 1929) was a Canadian businessman and RMS ''Titanic'' survivor.

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Arthur Van Gehuchten

Arthur Van (or van) Gehuchten (20 April 1861 – 9 December 1914) was a Belgian anatomist, born in Antwerp.

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Ascaridole

Ascaridole is a natural organic compound classified as a bicyclic monoterpene that has an unusual bridging peroxide functional group.

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Aspergillic acid

Aspergillic acid is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C12H20N2O2.

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Aspergillus penicillioides

Aspergillus penicillioides is a fungus of the genus Aspergillus, and is among the most xerophilic fungi.

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Aspirin

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.

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ATC code G01

G01.

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ATC code M01

M01 *.

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ATC code S02

S02.

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Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh)

Riversleigh, in the north-west of Queensland, is Australia's most famous fossil site.

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Australodelphis

Australodelphis mirus is an extinct Pliocene dolphin.

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Autoprotolysis

In autoprotolysis a proton is transferred between two identical molecules, one of which acts as a Brønsted acid, releasing a proton which is accepted by the other molecule acting as a Brønsted base.

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Azeotrope

An azeotrope (gK, US) or a constant boiling point mixture is a mixture of two or more liquids whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation.

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Azeotrope tables

This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents.

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Azobenzene

Azobenzene is a chemical compound composed of two phenyl rings linked by a N.

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Épée

The modern épée derives from the 19th-century Épée de Combat (itself a derivative of the French small sword), and is the largest and heaviest of the three weapons used in sport fencing.

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Bacterial cellulose

Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the formula produced by certain types of bacteria.

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Bamberger triazine synthesis

The Bamberger triazine synthesis in organic chemistry is a classic organic synthesis of a triazine first reported by Eugen Bamberger in 1892.

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BAPTA

BAPTA (1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid) is a calcium-specific aminopolycarboxylic acid.

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Barfoed's test

Barfoed's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of monosaccharides.

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Barium acetate

Barium acetate (Ba(C2H3O2)2) is the salt of barium(II) and acetic acid.

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Base (chemistry)

In chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus paper blue), react with acids to form salts, promote certain chemical reactions (base catalysis), accept protons from any proton donor, and/or contain completely or partially displaceable OH− ions.

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Basic beryllium acetate

Basic beryllium acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Be4O(O2CCH3)6.

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Beckmann rearrangement

The Beckmann rearrangement, named after the German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann (1853–1923), is an acid-catalyzed rearrangement of an oxime to substituted amide.

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Bengali cuisine

Bengali cuisine is a culinary style originating in Bengal, a region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, which is now divided between Bangladesh and the West Bengal state of India.

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Benzene

Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.

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Benzotriazole

Benzotriazole (BTA) is a heterocyclic compound containing three nitrogen atoms, with the chemical formula C6H5N3.

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Benzyl acetate

Benzyl acetate is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O2.

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Benzyl group

In organic chemistry, benzyl is the substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure C6H5CH2–.

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Bergman cyclization

The Bergman cyclization or Bergman reaction or Bergman cycloaromatization is an organic reaction and more specifically a rearrangement reaction taking place when an enediyne is heated in presence of a suitable hydrogen donor (Scheme 1).

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Bicarbonate

In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.

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Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels

The bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels can be accomplished using the MixAlco process.

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Biodegradable athletic footwear

Biodegradable athletic footwear is footwear that uses biodegradable materials with the ability to compost at the end-of-life phase.

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Biohydrogen

Biohydrogen is H2 that is produced biologically.

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Biomimetic synthesis

Biomimetic synthesis is an area of organic chemical synthesis that is specifically biologically inspired, so-named in 1917 by the English organic chemist and Nobel laureate Sir Robert Robinson.

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Blood sugar level

The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals.

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Body odor

Body odor (American English) or body odour (British English; see spelling differences) is present in animals and humans, and its intensity can be influenced by many factors (behavioral patterns, survival strategies).

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Boiling-point elevation

Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent.

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Borscht

Borscht is a sour soup popular in several Eastern European cuisines, including Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian, Romanian, Ashkenazi Jewish and Armenian cuisines.

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Botulism

Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

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Bouin solution

Bouin solution, or Bouin's solution, is a compound fixative used in histology.

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BP

BP plc (stylised as bp), formerly British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.

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Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

The Brønsted–Lowry theory is an acid–base reaction theory which was proposed independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry in 1923.

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Breaking Bad

Breaking Bad is an American neo-Western crime drama television series created and produced by Vince Gilligan.

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Breathalyzer

A breathalyzer or breathalyser (a portmanteau of breath and analyzer/analyser) is a device for estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample.

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Brettanomyces

Brettanomyces is a non-spore forming genus of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae, and is often colloquially referred to as "Brett".

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Bristol Dinosaur Project

The Bristol Dinosaur Project is a public engagement and educational initiative run by the University of Bristol.

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British Celanese

British Celanese was a chemical company based in England.

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Britton-Robinson buffer

Britton–Robinson buffer (aka BRB aka PEM) is a "universal" pH buffer used for the range pH 2 to pH 12.

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Brivudine

Brivudine (trade names Zostex, Mevir, Brivir, among others) is an antiviral drug used in the treatment of herpes zoster ("shingles").

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Bromoacetic acid

Bromoacetic acid is the chemical compound with the formula CH2BrCO2H.

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Bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I)

Bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I) is an inorganic compound of rhenium, commonly used for the syntheses of other rhenium complexes.

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Bryan Higgins

Bryan Higgins (1741 – 1818) was an Irish natural philosopher in chemistry.

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BTBP

The bis-triazinyl bipyridines (BTBPs) are a class of chemical compounds which are tetradentate ligands similar in shape to quaterpyridine.

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Buffer solution

A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa.

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Buna Werke Schkopau

Buna Werke Schkopau were a chemical company specialising in the production of polymer materials such as plastics and artificial rubber.

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Butanol fuel

Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine.

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Butyl acetate

n-Butyl acetate, also known as butyl ethanoate, is an ester which is a colorless flammable liquid at room temperature.

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Butyric acid

Butyric acid (from βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, abbreviated BTA, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH.

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Byne's disease

Byne's disease, more accurately known as Bynesian decay, is a peculiar and permanently damaging condition (resulting from an ongoing chemical reaction) which often attacks mollusk shells that are in storage or on display for long periods of time.

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C2H4O2

C2H4O2 may refer to: Compounds sharing the molecular formula.

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Cacodylic acid

Cacodylic acid is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2AsO2H.

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Cadmium acetate

Cadmium acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Cd(CH3CO2)2.

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Cadmium bromide

Cadmium bromide is a cream-coloured crystalline ionic cadmium salt of hydrobromic acid that is soluble in water.

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Caesium acetate

Caesium acetate or cesium acetate is an ionic caesium compound with the molecular formula CH3CO2Cs.

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Calcium acetate

Calcium acetate is a chemical compound which is a calcium salt of acetic acid.

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Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.

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Calcium chloride

Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound, a salt with the chemical formula CaCl2.

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Calcium magnesium acetate

Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is a deicer and can be used as an alternative to road salt.

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Calcium permanganate

Calcium permanganate is an oxidizing agent and chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca(MnO4)2.

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Calclacite

Calclacite is a mineral and an organic compound.

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Calotype

Calotype or talbotype is an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot, using paper coated with silver iodide.

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Camille Matignon

Arthème Camille Matignon (3 January 1867 – 18 March 1934) was a French chemist noted for his work in thermochemistry.

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Candida krusei

Candida krusei is a budding yeast (a species of fungus) involved in chocolate production.

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Candida tropicalis

Candida tropicalis is a species of yeast in the genus Candida.

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Caramel color

Caramel color or caramel coloring is a water-soluble food coloring.

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Carbanion

A carbanion is an anion in which carbon is threevalent (forms three bonds) and bears a formal negative charge in at least one significant mesomeric contributor (resonance form).

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Carbazole

Carbazole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound.

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Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).

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Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms.

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Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air.

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Carbonyl alpha-substitution reactions

Alpha-substitution reactions occur at the position next to the carbonyl group, the α-position, and involve the substitution of an α hydrogen atom by an electrophile, E, through either an enol or enolate ion intermediate.

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Carbonylation

Carbonylation refers to reactions that introduce carbon monoxide into organic and inorganic substrates.

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Carboxylic acid

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(.

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Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786) was a Swedish Pomeranian and German pharmaceutical chemist.

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Carlisis wahlbergi

Carlisis wahlbergi (Stål, 1858) aka the Gardenia twig wilter is a Central and Southern African species of Coreidae in the order Hemiptera.

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Carnoy's solution

Carnoy's solution is a fixative composed of 60% ethanol, 30% chloroform and 10% glacial acetic acid,1gm of ferric chloride.

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Carpet cleaning

Carpet cleaning, for appearance, and the removal of stains, dirt, and allergens is done through several methods.

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Carvone

Carvone is a member of a family of chemicals called terpenoids.

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Castor oil

Castor oil is a vegetable oil obtained by pressing the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis).

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Catabolism

Catabolism (from Greek κάτω kato, "downward" and βάλλειν ballein, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

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Catalysis

Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.

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Cativa process

The Cativa process is a method for the production of acetic acid by the carbonylation of methanol.

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Cauim

Cauim is a traditional alcoholic beverage or beer of the indigenous peoples in Brazil since pre-Columbian times.

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Cefuroxime axetil

Cefuroxime axetil is a second generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic.

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Celanese

Celanese Corporation, also known as Hoechst Celanese, is a Fortune 500 global technology and specialty materials company with its headquarters in Irving, Texas, United States.

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Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.

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Cellulose acetate

Cellulose acetate is the acetate ester of cellulose.

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Cellulose acetate film

Cellulose acetate film, or safety film, is used in photography as a base material for photographic emulsions.

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Cellulose acetate phthalate

Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), also known as cellacefate and cellulosi acetas phthalas, is a commonly used polymer phthalate in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, such as the enteric coating of tablets or capsules and for controlled release formulations.

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Cellulose diacetate

Cellulose diacetate, sometimes simply called diacetate, is a synthetic polymer made by treating cellulose with acetic acid.

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Cellulose triacetate

Cellulose triacetate, (triacetate, CTA or TAC) is a chemical compound produced from cellulose and a source of acetate esters, typically acetic anhydride.

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Cement mill

A cement mill (or finish mill in North American usage) is the equipment used to grind the hard, nodular clinker from the cement kiln into the fine grey powder that is cement.

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Cerumenolytic

A cerumenolytic is an ear wax (cerumen) softening agent.

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Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix.

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Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), also known as cervical dysplasia, is the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer.

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Cervical screening

Cervical screening is the process of detecting and removing abnormal tissue or cells in the cervix before cervical cancer develops.

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Cetylpyridinium chloride

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a cationic quaternary ammonium compound used in some types of mouthwashes, toothpastes, lozenges, throat sprays, breath sprays, and nasal sprays.

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Charlot equation

The Charlot equation, named after Gaston Charlot, is used in analytical chemistry to relate the hydrogen ion concentration, and therefore the pH, with the formal analytical concentration of an acid and its conjugate base.

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Chemical equilibrium

In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.

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Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.

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Chemical potential

In thermodynamics, chemical potential of a species is a form of energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction or phase transition due to a change of the particle number of the given species.

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Chemical process of decomposition

Decomposition in animals is a process that begins immediately after death and involves the destruction of soft tissue, leaving behind skeletonized remains.

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Chemistry set

A chemistry set is an educational toy allowing the user (typically a teenager) to perform simple chemistry experiments.

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Chenodeoxycholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic acid (also known as chenodesoxycholic acid, chenocholic acid and 3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid) is a bile acid.

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Chisso

The, since 2012 reorganized as JNC (Japan New Chisso), is a Japanese chemical company.

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Chlorine azide

Chlorine azide (ClN3) is an inorganic compound that was discovered in 1908 by Friedrich Raschig.

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Chlorine gas poisoning

Chlorine gas poisoning is illness resulting from the effects of exposure to chlorine beyond the threshold limit value.

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Chloroacetic acid

Chloroacetic acid, industrially known as monochloroacetic acid (MCA) is the organochlorine compound with the formula ClCH2CO2H.

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Chloroacetic acids

In organic chemistry, the chloroacetic acids (systematic name chloroethanoic acids) are three related chlorocarbon carboxylic acids.

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Chocolate

Chocolate is a typically sweet, usually brown food preparation of Theobroma cacao seeds, roasted and ground.

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Cholesterol total synthesis

Cholesterol total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule cholesterol and is considered a great scientific achievement.

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Cholic acid

Cholic acid, also known as 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is a primary bile acid that is insoluble in water (soluble in alcohol and acetic acid), it is a white crystalline substance.

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Cholinesterase

In biochemistry, a cholinesterase or choline esterase is an esterase that lyses choline-based esters, several of which serve as neurotransmitters.

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Chromium trioxide

Chromium trioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CrO3.

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Chromoendoscopy

Chromoendoscopy is a medical procedure wherein dyes (often the same stains used in histology) are instilled into the gastrointestinal tract at the time of visualization with fibre-optic endoscopy.

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Cider

Cider is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples.

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Cigarette filter

A cigarette filter is a component of a cigarette, along with cigarette paper, capsules and adhesives.

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Clandestine chemistry

Clandestine chemistry is chemistry carried out in secret, and particularly in illegal drug laboratories.

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Classification of wine

The classification of wine can be done according to various methods including place of origin or appellation, vinification methods and style, sweetness and vintage,J.

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Cleaning agent

Cleaning agents are substances (usually liquids, powders, sprays, or granules) used to remove dirt, including dust, stains, bad smells, and clutter on surfaces.

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Clonixin

Clonixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

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Clostridium aerotolerans

Clostridium aerotolerans is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium.

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Clostridium argentinense

Clostridium argentinense is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium.

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Clostridium tyrobutyricum

Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a rod-shape, gram-positive bacteria that grows under anaerobic condition and produces butyric acid, acetic acid and hydrogen gas as their major fermentation products from glucose and xylose.

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CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase

Acetyl-CoA Synthase (ACS), not to be confused with Acetyl-CoA Synthetase or Acetate-CoA Ligase (ADP forming), is a Nickel containing enzyme involved in the metabolic processes of cells.

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Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

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Coffee bean

A coffee bean is a seed of the coffee plant and the source for coffee.

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Coleslaw

Coleslaw (from the Dutch term koolsla meaning 'cabbage salad'), also known as cole slaw or slaw, is a salad consisting primarily of finely-shredded raw cabbage with a salad dressing, commonly either vinaigrette or mayonnaise.

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Collodion

Collodion is a flammable, syrupy solution of pyroxylin (a.k.a. "nitrocellulose", "cellulose nitrate", "flash paper", and "gun cotton") in ether and alcohol.

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Colposcopy

Colposcopy (hollow, womb, vagina + skopos "look at") is a medical diagnostic procedure to examine an illuminated, magnified view of the cervix and the tissues of the vagina and vulva.

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Commodity chemicals

Commodity chemicals (or bulk commodities or bulk chemicals) are a group of chemicals that are made on a very large scale to satisfy global markets.

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Common ion effect

The common ion effect states that in a chemical solution, if the concentration of any one of the ions is increased, then, some of the ions in excess should be removed from solution, by combining with the oppositely charged ions.

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Comparative genomic hybridization

Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells.

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Compounds of fluorine

Fluorine forms a great variety of chemical compounds, within which it almost always adopts an oxidation state of −1.

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Compounds of lead

Compounds of lead exist in two main oxidation states: +2 and +4.

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Compounds of oxygen

The oxidation state of oxygen is −2 in almost all known compounds of oxygen.

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Conche

A conche is a surface scraping mixer and agitator that evenly distributes cocoa butter within chocolate, and may act as a "polisher" of the particles.

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Conjugate acid

A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a species formed by the reception of a proton (H+) by a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it.

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Coomassie Brilliant Blue

Coomassie Brilliant Blue is the name of two similar triphenylmethane dyes that were developed for use in the textile industry but are now commonly used for staining proteins in analytical biochemistry.

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Copper chromite

Copper chromite is an inorganic compound with the formula Cu2Cr2O5 which is used to catalyze reactions in organic synthesis.

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Copper(II) acetate

Copper(II) acetate, also referred to as cupric acetate, is the chemical compound with the formula Cu(OAc)2 where AcO− is acetate.

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Cornforth reagent

The Cornforth reagent or pyridinium dichromate (PDC) is a pyridinium salt of dichromate with the chemical formula 2.

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Corrosive substance

A corrosive substance is one that will destroy and damage other substances with which it comes into contact.

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Crumb rubber

Crumb rubber is recycled rubber produced from automotive and truck scrap tires.

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Curculin

Curculin is a sweet protein that was discovered and isolated in 1990 from the fruit of Curculigo latifolia (Hypoxidaceae), a plant from Malaysia.

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Cyanoacetamide

2-Cyanoacetamide is an organic compound.

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Cyanocobalamin

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of 12.

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Cycloheptanone

Cycloheptanone, (CH2)6CO, is a cyclic ketone also referred to as suberone.

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Cyclohexane (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on cyclohexane.

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Cyclohexanone oxime

Cyclohexanone oxime is an organic compound containing the functional group oxime.

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Cyproterone acetate

Cyproterone acetate (CPA), sold alone under the brand name Androcur or with ethinylestradiol (EE) under the brand names Diane or Diane-35 among others, is an antiandrogen and progestogen which is used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like acne, excessive hair growth, early puberty, and prostate cancer, as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, and in birth control pills.

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Cysteine

Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.

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Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with how the chromosomes relate to cell behaviour, particularly to their behaviour during mitosis and meiosis.

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Dean–Stark apparatus

Collection vessel The Dean–Stark apparatus, Dean–Stark receiver, distilling trap, or Dean–Stark Head is a piece of laboratory glassware used in synthetic chemistry to collect water (or occasionally other liquid) from a reactor.

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Debromoaplysiatoxin

Debromoaplysiatoxin is a toxic agent produced by the blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula.

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Dehydrogenase

A dehydrogenase (also called DH or DHase in the literature) is an enzyme belonging to the group of oxidoreductases that oxidizes a substrate by reducing an electron acceptor, usually NAD+/NADP+ or a flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN.

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Denaturation (biochemistry)

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.

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Dendrophthoe falcata

Dendrophthoe falcata is one of the hemiparasitic plants that belong to the Loranthaceae family of mistletoes.

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Deoxycholic acid

Deoxycholic acid (conjugate base deoxycholate), also known as cholanoic acid, Kybella, Celluform Plus, Belkyra, and 3α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, is a bile acid.

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Descaling agent

A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.

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Desorption electrospray ionization

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is an ambient ionization technique that can be coupled to mass spectrometry for chemical analysis of samples at atmospheric conditions.

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Dess–Martin periodinane

Dess–Martin periodinane (DMP) is a chemical reagent used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones.

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Diacetyl

Diacetyl (IUPAC systematic name: butanedione or butane-2,3-dione) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3CO)2.

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Diazodinitrophenol

Diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) was the first diazo compound produced; it was subsequently used to make dyes and explosives.

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Dichloroacetic acid

Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), sometimes called bichloroacetic acid (BCA), is the chemical compound with formula.

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Dicycloverine

Dicycloverine, also known as dicyclomine, is a prescription medication that relieves muscle spasms in the gastrointestinal tract through an apparent mechanism of nonselective smooth muscle relaxation, and that presents a range of anticholinergic side effects.

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Diels–Reese reaction

The Diels–Reese Reaction is a reaction between hydrazobenzene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (or related esters) first reported in 1934 by Otto Diels and Johannes Reese.

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Dietary fiber

Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants.

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Diethyl azodicarboxylate

Diethyl azodicarboxylate, conventionally abbreviated as DEAD and sometimes as DEADCAT, is an organic compound with the structural formula CH3CH2O2CN.

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Diethyl ether peroxide

Diethyl ether peroxides are a class of organic peroxides that slowly form in diethyl ether upon storage under air, light, or in the presence of metal by autoxidation.

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Diethylene glycol dinitrate

Diethylene glycol dinitrate is a nitrated alcohol ester produced by the action of concentrated nitric acid, normally admixed with an excess of strong sulfuric acid as a dehydrating agent, upon diethylene glycol.

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Difluoroacetic acid

Difluoroacetic acid is a chemical compound with formula CHF2COOH.

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Digestion

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.

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Diglycolic acid

Diglycolic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, its acidity is between the one of acetic acid and oxalic acid.

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Dille–Koppanyi reagent

The Dille–Koppanyi reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify barbiturates.

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Dimer (chemistry)

A dimer (di-, "two" + -mer, "parts") is an oligomer consisting of two monomers joined by bonds that can be either strong or weak, covalent or intermolecular.

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Dimethyl ether

Dimethyl ether (DME), also known as methoxymethane, is the organic compound with the formula CH3OCH3, simplified to C2H6O.

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Dimethylacetamide

Dimethylacetamide (DMAc or DMA) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)N(CH3)2.

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Dinosaur egg

Dinosaur eggs are the organic vessels in which a dinosaur embryo develops.

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Diphenolic acid

Diphenolic acid is a carboxylic acid with molecular formula C17H18O4.

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Diphenyl carbonate

Diphenyl carbonate is an acyclic carbonate ester.

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Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers

The angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), also called angiotensin (AT1) receptor antagonists or sartans, are a group of antihypertensive drugs that act by blocking the effects of the hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) in the body, thereby lowering blood pressure.

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Disodium tetracarbonylferrate

Disodium tetracarbonylferrate is the organoiron compound with the formula Na2.

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Disproportionation

Disproportionation, sometimes called dismutation, is a redox reaction in which a compound of intermediate oxidation state converts to two different compounds, one of higher and one of lower oxidation states.

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Dissociation (chemistry)

Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.

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Dissociation constant

In chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, a dissociation constant (K_d) is a specific type of equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate) reversibly into smaller components, as when a complex falls apart into its component molecules, or when a salt splits up into its component ions.

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Disulfiram

Disulfiram (sold under the trade names Antabuse and Antabus) is a drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol).

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Disulfiram-like drug

A disulfiram-like drug is a drug that causes hypersensitivity to the unpleasant and toxic effects of alcohol.

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Dodecahedrane

Dodecahedrane is a chemical compound (C20H20) first synthesised by Leo Paquette of Ohio State University in 1982, primarily for the "aesthetically pleasing symmetry of the dodecahedral framework".

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Dodecyl acetate

Dodecyl acetate or lauryl acetate, CH3COO(CH2)11CH3, is the dodecyl ester of acetic acid.

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Dulcin

Dulcin is an artificial sweetener about 250 times sweeter than sugar, discovered in 1883 by the Polish chemist Józef (Joseph) Berlinerblau (27 August 1859 – 1935).

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Dye

A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.

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Dynamic equilibrium

In chemistry, a dynamic equilibrium exists once a reversible reaction ceases to change its ratio of reactants/products, but substances move between the chemicals at an equal rate, meaning there is no net change.

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E number

E numbers are codes for substances that are permitted to be used as food additives for use within the European Union and EFTA.

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E-SCREEN

E-SCREEN is a cell proliferation assay based on the enhanced proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in the presence of estrogen active substances.

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E260

E260 may refer to.

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EA-3990

EA-3990 is a deadly carbamate nerve agent.

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Ear drop

Ear drops are a form of medicine used to treat or prevent ear infections, especially infections of the outer ear and ear canal (otitis externa).

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Ear mite

Ear mites are mites that live in the ears of animals and humans.

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Eastman Chemical Company

Eastman Chemical Company, an American Fortune 500 company, is a global specialty chemical company that produces a broad range of advanced materials, chemicals and fibers for everyday purposes.

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Ebullioscopic constant

In thermodynamics, the ebullioscopic constant, K_\mathrm b, relates molality b to boiling point elevation.

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Economy of Tiruchirappalli

The economy of Tiruchirappalli is mainly industrial.

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Eggshell and protein membrane separation

Eggshell and protein membrane separation is a recycling process.

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Electrokinetic remediation

Electrokinetics remediation, also termed electrokinetics, is a technique of using direct electric current to remove organic, inorganic and heavy metal particles from the soil by electric potential.

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Electronic tongue

The electronic tongue is an instrument that measures and compares tastes.

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Electrophile

In organic chemistry, an electrophile is a reagent attracted to electrons.

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Electrophilic amination

Electrophilic amination is a chemical process involving the formation of a carbon–nitrogen bond through the reaction of a nucleophilic carbanion with an electrophilic source of nitrogen.

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Electrophilic halogenation

In organic chemistry, an electrophilic aromatic halogenation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution.

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Empirical formula

In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound.

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Encephalartos

Encephalartos is a genus of cycad native to Africa. Several species of Encephalartos are commonly referred to as bread trees, bread palms or kaffir bread, since a bread-like starchy food can be prepared from the centre of the stem. The genus name is derived from the Greek words en (within), kephali (head), and artos (bread), referring to the use of the pith to make food. They are, in evolutionary terms, some of the most primitive living gymnosperms. All the species are endangered, some critically, due to their exploitation by collectors and traditional medicine gatherers. The whole genus is listed under CITES Appendix I / EU Annex A. CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except for certain non-commercial motives, such as scientific research.

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Endiandric acid C

Endiandric acid C, isolated from the tree Endiandra introrsa, is a well characterized chemical compound.

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Enthalpy change of solution

The enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of dissolution, or heat of solution is the enthalpy change associated with the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure resulting in infinite dilution.

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Enthalpy of fusion

The enthalpy of fusion of a substance, also known as (latent) heat of fusion, is the change in its enthalpy resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid, at constant pressure.

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Eosin

Eosin is the name of several fluorescent acidic compounds which bind to and form salts with basic, or eosinophilic, compounds like proteins containing amino acid residues such as arginine and lysine, and stains them dark red or pink as a result of the actions of bromine on fluorescein.

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Ernst Gottfried Fischer

Ernst Gottfried Fischer (17 July 1754 – 27 January 1831) was a German chemist.

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Eschenmoser fragmentation

The Eschenmoser fragmentation, first published in 1967, is the chemical reaction of α,β-epoxyketones (1) with aryl sulfonylhydrazines (2) to give alkynes (3) and carbonyl compounds (4).

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Eslicarbazepine acetate

Eslicarbazepine acetate (trade names Aptiom in North America, Zebinix in Europe, Exalief in Russia, Eslicarba in Egypt), abbreviated as ESL, is an anticonvulsant medication approved for use in Europe and the United States as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy (additional therapy) for partial-onset seizures epilepsy.

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Ester

In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group.

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Estradiol acetate

Estradiol acetate, sold under the brand names Femtrace, Femring, and Menoring, is an estrogen medication which is used as a part of hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere throughout the world.

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Etching (microfabrication)

Etching is used in microfabrication to chemically remove layers from the surface of a wafer during manufacturing.

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Ethane

Ethane is an organic chemical compound with chemical formula.

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Ethanol

Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.

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Ethanol from coal

Ethanol from coal is the ethanol produced using coal as its carbon source.

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Ethanol metabolism

Ethanol, an alcohol found in nature and in alcoholic drinks, is metabolized through a complex catabolic metabolic pathway.

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Ethenone

Ethenone is the formal name for ketene, an organic compound with formula C2H2O or H2C.

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Ethyl acetate

Ethyl acetate (systematically ethyl ethanoate, commonly abbreviated EtOAc or EA) is the organic compound with the formula, simplified to.

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Ethyl acetate (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethyl acetate.

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Ethyl bromoacetate

Ethyl bromoacetate is the chemical compound with the formula CH2BrCO2C2H5.

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Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate

Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate (oxyma) is the oxime of ethyl cyanoacetate and finds use as an additive for carbodiimides, such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in peptide synthesis.

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Ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide, called oxirane by IUPAC, is an organic compound with the formula. It is a cyclic ether and the simplest epoxide: a three-membered ring consisting of one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms. Ethylene oxide is a colorless and flammable gas with a faintly sweet odor. Because it is a strained ring, ethylene oxide easily participates in a number of addition reactions that result in ring-opening. Ethylene oxide is isomeric with acetaldehyde and with vinyl alcohol. Ethylene oxide is industrially produced by oxidation of ethylene in the presence of silver catalyst. The reactivity that is responsible for many of ethylene oxide's hazards also make it useful. Although too dangerous for direct household use and generally unfamiliar to consumers, ethylene oxide is used for making many consumer products as well as non-consumer chemicals and intermediates. These products include detergents, thickeners, solvents, plastics, and various organic chemicals such as ethylene glycol, ethanolamines, simple and complex glycols, polyglycol ethers, and other compounds. Although it is a vital raw material with diverse applications, including the manufacture of products like polysorbate 20 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) that are often more effective and less toxic than alternative materials, ethylene oxide itself is a very hazardous substance. At room temperature it is a flammable, carcinogenic, mutagenic, irritating, and anaesthetic gas. As a toxic gas that leaves no residue on items it contacts, ethylene oxide is a surface disinfectant that is widely used in hospitals and the medical equipment industry to replace steam in the sterilization of heat-sensitive tools and equipment, such as disposable plastic syringes. It is so flammable and extremely explosive that it is used as a main component of thermobaric weapons; therefore, it is commonly handled and shipped as a refrigerated liquid to control its hazardous nature.Rebsdat, Siegfried and Mayer, Dieter (2005) "Ethylene Oxide" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim..

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Ethylic

Ethylic is an adjective for a molecule containing an ethyl group.

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Ethylidene diacetate

Ethylidene diacetate is an organic compound with the formula (CH3CO2)2CHCH3.

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Etidronic acid

Etidronic acid (INN) or 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) is a bisphosphonate used in detergents, water treatment, cosmetics and pharmaceutical treatment.

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Eyes (cheese)

Eyes are the round holes that are a characteristic feature of Swiss-type cheese (e.g. Emmentaler cheese) and some Dutch-type cheeses.

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Failed terrorism plots

Failed terrorism plots are terrorist plots that have either been foiled or uncovered by authorities or failed through mistakes.

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Fatty acid metabolism

Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).

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Fermentation

Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen.

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Fermentation in food processing

Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic conditions.

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Fermentation in winemaking

The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage.

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Fermentative hydrogen production

Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrates to H2.

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Film stock

Film stock is an analog medium that is used for recording motion pictures or animation.

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Fire-setting

Fire-setting is a method of traditional mining used most commonly from prehistoric times up to the Middle Ages.

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Fischer–Speier esterification

Fischer esterification or Fischer–Speier esterification is a special type of esterification by refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst.

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Fish

Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.

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Fish physiology

Fish physiology is the scientific study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish.

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Fixation (histology)

In the fields of histology, pathology, and cell biology, fixation is the preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction.

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Flammability limit

Mixtures of dispersed combustible materials (such as gaseous or vaporised fuels, and some dusts) and air will burn only if the fuel concentration lies within well-defined lower and upper bounds determined experimentally, referred to as flammability limits or explosive limits.

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Flash vacuum pyrolysis

Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) is a technique in organic synthesis.

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Flavor

Flavor (American English) or flavour (British English; see spelling differences) is the sensory impression of food or other substance, and is determined primarily by the chemical senses of taste and smell.

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Fleming–Tamao oxidation

The Fleming–Tamao oxidation, or Tamao–Kumada–Fleming oxidation, converts a carbon–silicon bond to a carbon–oxygen bond with a peroxy acid or hydrogen peroxide.

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Florida v. Jardines

Florida v. Jardines,, is a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that police use of a trained detection dog to sniff for narcotics on the front porch of a private home is a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and therefore, without consent, requires both probable cause and a search warrant.

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Flow-FISH

Flow-FISH (fluorescent in-situ hybridization) is a cytogenetic technique to quantify the copy number of specific repetitive elements in genomic DNA of whole cell populations via the combination of flow cytometry with cytogenetic fluorescent in situ hybridization staining protocols.

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Fluorenone

Fluorenone is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C13H8O.

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Fluorine

Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9.

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Fluoro-Jade stain

Fluoro-Jade stain is a fluorochrome derived from fluorescein, and is commonly used in neuroscience disciplines to label degenerating neurons in ex vivo tissue of the central nervous system.

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Fluoroelastomer

A fluoroelastomer is a fluorocarbon-based synthetic rubber.

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Fluorosulfuric acid

Fluorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurofluoridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula HSO3F.

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Flux (metallurgy)

In metallurgy, a flux (derived from Latin fluxus meaning “flow”) is a chemical cleaning agent, flowing agent, or purifying agent.

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Food additive

Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste, appearance, or other qualities.

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Foot odor

Foot odor (or foot odour) is a type of body odor that affects the feet of humans.

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Foreign relations of Switzerland

The foreign relations of Switzerland are the primary responsibility of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA).

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Forestal

Forestal is a solvent used in chromatography, composed of acetic acid, water, and hydrochloric acid in a 30:10:3 ratio by volume.

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Formic acid

Formic acid, systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid.

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Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan

The were a group of man-made diseases all caused by environmental pollution due to improper handling of industrial wastes by Japanese corporations.

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François-Marie Raoult

Raoult was born at Fournes, in the département of Nord.

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Freeze-casting

Freeze-casting is a technique that exploits the highly anisotropic solidification behavior of a solvent (generally water) in a well-dispersed slurry to template controllably a directionally porous ceramic.

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Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

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Furfural

Furfural is an organic compound produced from a variety of agricultural byproducts, including corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust.

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G. H. Nichols and Company

G.

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GAA

GAA may refer to.

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Galactosemic cataract

A galactosemic cataract is cataract which is associated with the consequences of galactosemia.

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Galantamine total synthesis

The article concerns the total synthesis of galanthamine, a drug used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

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Gemella

Gemella is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that thrive best at high partial pressure of CO2.

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Genital wart

Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV).

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Geochemistry of carbon

The geochemistry of carbon is the study of the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the Earth.

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Geopolymer

Geopolymers are inorganic, typically ceramic, materials that form long-range, covalently bonded, non-crystalline (amorphous) networks.

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Geranyl acetate

Geranyl acetate is a natural organic compound that is classified as a monoterpene.

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Gertrude Maud Robinson

Gertrude Maud Robinson (formerly Walsh) was an influential organic chemist most famous for her work on plant pigments; the Piloty-Robinson Pyrrole Synthesis, which is named for her; her syntheses of fatty acids; and her synthesis of δ-hexenolactone,Medawar, P.B.; Robinson, G.M.; Robinson, R. A Synthetic Differential Growth Inhibitor.

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Gilman test

The Gilman test is a chemical test for the detection of Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents.

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Glaze defects

Glaze defects are any flaws in the surface quality of a ceramic glaze, its physical structure or its interaction with the body.

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Glossary of chemical formulas

This is a list of common chemical compounds with chemical formulas and CAS numbers, indexed by formula.

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Glossary of winemaking terms

This glossary of winemaking terms lists some of terms and definitions involved in making wine, fruit wine, and mead.

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Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a bacterium with a rod-like shape, has circular ends, and can be classified as a Gram-negative bacterium.

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Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

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Glycerine acetate

Glycerine acetate is a mixture of esters produced from the esterification of glycerol (1) with acetic acid.

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Glycine

Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.

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Glycolic acid

Glycolic acid (hydroacetic acid or hydroxyacetic acid); chemical formula C2H4O3 (also written as HOCH2CO2H), is the smallest α-hydroxy acid (AHA).

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Glyoxylic acid

Glyoxylic acid or oxoacetic acid is an organic compound.

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Gogonasus

Gogonasus (meaning "snout from Gogo") was a lobe-finned fish known from 3-dimensionally preserved 380 million-year-old fossils found from the Gogo Formation in Western Australia.

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Gogoselachus

Gogoselachus ("shark from the Gogo formation") is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish known from the late Devonian of Australia.

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Grantville Gazette III

The Grantville Gazette III is the third collaborative and the fourth anthology in the 1632 series edited by the series creator, Eric Flint.

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Green manure

In agriculture, green manure is created by leaving uprooted or sown crop parts to wither on a field so that they serve as a mulch and soil amendment.

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Grunwald–Winstein equation

In physical organic chemistry, the Grunwald–Winstein equation is a linear free energy relationship between relative rate constants and the ionizing power of various solvent systems, describing the effect of solvent as nucleophile on different substrates.

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Gueuze

Gueuze (or geuze) is a type of lambic, a Belgian beer.

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Gut flora

Gut flora, or gut microbiota, or gastrointestinal microbiota, is the complex community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans and other animals, including insects.

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HAC

HAC may refer to.

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Haloacetic acids

Haloacetic acids are carboxylic acids in which a halogen atom takes the place of a hydrogen atom in acetic acid.

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Hammett equation

The Hammett equation in organic chemistry describes a linear free-energy relationship relating reaction rates and equilibrium constants for many reactions involving benzoic acid derivatives with meta- and para-substituents to each other with just two parameters: a substituent constant and a reaction constant.

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Hangover

A hangover is the experience of various unpleasant physiological and psychological effects following the consumption of alcohol, such as wine, beer and distilled spirits.

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Heptyl acetate

Heptyl acetate (C9H18O2), also known as acetate C-7, is a colorless alcohol-soluble liquid that is the ester formed by the condensation of 1-heptanol and acetic acid.

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Hermann Kolbe

Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe (27 September 1818 – 25 November 1884), was a seminal contributor in the birth of modern organic chemistry.

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Hexamethylbenzene

Hexamethylbenzene, also known as mellitene, is a hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C12H18 and the condensed structural formula C6(CH3)6.

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High-performance liquid chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture.

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History of chemistry

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.

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History of medicine in Cyprus

The practice of medicine and therapeutics in Cyprus has its roots into ancient times.

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History of molecular theory

In chemistry, the history of molecular theory traces the origins of the concept or idea of the existence of strong chemical bonds between two or more atoms.

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HNA

HNA may refer to.

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Hoac

* An abbreviation of the chemical compound of Acetic acid.

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Homogeneous catalysis

In chemistry, homogeneous catalysis is catalysis in a solution by a soluble catalyst.

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Honey

Honey is a sweet, viscous food substance produced by bees and some related insects.

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Hot-melt adhesive

Hot melt adhesive (HMA), also known as hot glue, is a form of thermoplastic adhesive that is commonly sold as solid cylindrical sticks of various diameters designed to be applied using a hot glue gun.

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Human brain

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

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Human microbiota

The human microbiota is the aggregate of microorganisms that resides on or within any of a number of human tissues and biofluids, including the skin, mammary glands, placenta, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, biliary and gastrointestinal tracts.

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Human papillomavirus infection

Human papillomavirus infection is an infection by human papillomavirus (HPV).

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Hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing (also fracking, fraccing, frac'ing, hydrofracturing or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid.

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Hydrocortisone aceponate

Hydrocortisone aceponate is a corticosteroid that is used in form of creams for the treatment of various dermatoses (skin conditions).

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Hydroformylation

Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes.

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Hydrofuramide

Hydrofuramide is a condensation product of three molar equivalents of furfural with two molar equivalents of ammonia.

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Hydroiodic acid

Hydroiodic acid (or hydriodic acid) is a highly acidic aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide (HI) (concentrated solution usually 48 - 57% HI).

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Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.

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Hydroxyl value

In analytical chemistry, the hydroxyl value is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid taken up on acetylation of one gram of a chemical substance that contains free hydroxyl groups.

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Hydroxylated lecithin

Hydroxylated lecithin is chemically modified lecithin.

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Hymecromone

Hymecromone (4-methylumbelliferone) is a drug used in bile therapy.

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Idrialin

Idrialin is a mineral wax which can be distilled from the mineral idrialite.

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Imidazole

Imidazole is an organic compound with the formula C3N2H4.

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Inbicon

Inbicon is a Danish company that produces cellulosic ethanol.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of chemistry articles

Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

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Indole

Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with formula C8H7N.

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Inductive effect

In chemistry and physics, the inductive effect is an experimentally observed effect of the transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond.

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Industrial fermentation

Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi as well as eukaryotic cells like CHO cells and insect cells, to make products useful to humans.

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International Numbering System for Food Additives

The International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS) is a European-based naming system for food additives, aimed at providing a short designation of what may be a lengthy actual name.

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Interventional oncology

Interventional oncology (abbreviated IO) is a subspecialty field of interventional radiology that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and cancer-related problems using targeted minimally invasive procedures performed under image guidance.

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Invisible ink

Invisible ink, also known as security ink, is a substance used for writing, which is invisible either on application or soon thereafter, and can later be made visible by some means.

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Iodane

Iodanes are chemical compounds containing hypervalent iodine.

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Iodine

Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53.

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Iodine monochloride

Iodine monochloride is an interhalogen compound with the formula.

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Iodoacetic acid

Iodoacetic acid is a derivative of acetic acid.

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Iodosobenzene

Iodosobenzene or iodosylbenzene is an organoiodine compound with the empirical formula C6H5IO.

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Ionic liquid

An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state.

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Iridium

Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77.

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Iron(II) acetate

Iron(II) acetate is an coordination complex with formula Fe(C2H3O2)2.

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Iron(III) oxide

Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe2O3.

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Iron–sulfur world hypothesis

The iron–sulfur world hypothesis is a set of proposals for the origin of life and the early evolution of life advanced in a series of articles between 1988 and 1992 by Günter Wächtershäuser, a Munich patent lawyer with a degree in chemistry, who had been encouraged and supported by philosopher Karl R. Popper to publish his ideas.

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Isoamyl acetate

Isoamyl acetate, also known as isopentyl acetate, is an organic compound that is the ester formed from isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid.

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Isobutyl acetate

The chemical compound isobutyl acetate, also known as 2-methylpropyl ethanoate (IUPAC name) or β-methylpropyl acetate, is a common solvent.

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Isopropyl acetate

Isopropyl acetate is an ester, an organic compound which is the product of esterification of acetic acid and isopropanol.

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Isotopic analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance

Isotopic analysis is one of the most difficult scientific processes in the history of man.

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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

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Ivanov reaction

The Ivanov reaction is the chemical reaction of the dianions (endiolates) of aryl acetic acids (Ivanov reagents) with electrophiles, primarily carbonyl compounds or isocyanates.

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Β-Alanine

β-Alanine (or beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which is an amino acid in which the amino group is at the β-position from the carboxylate group (i.e., two atoms away, see Figure 1).

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Jabir ibn Hayyan

Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān (جابر بن حیانl fa, often given the nisbas al-Bariqi, al-Azdi, al-Kufi, al-Tusi or al-Sufi; fl. c. 721c. 815), also known by the Latinization Geber, was a polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geographer, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician.

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Jaffe reaction

The Jaffe reaction is a colorimetric method used in clinical chemistry to determine creatinine levels in blood and urine.

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Jal Mandir

The Jal Mandir meaning Water Temple, also known as Apapuri, in Pawapuri, meaning a town without sins, in the Indian state of Bihar, is a highly revered temple dedicated to Lord Mahavira, the 24th Thirthankara (religious preacher of Jainism) and founder of Jain religion, which marks the place of his cremation.

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James Bryant Conant

James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893 – February 11, 1978) was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany.

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James Muspratt

James Muspratt (12 August 1793 – 4 May 1886) was a British chemical manufacturer who was the first to make alkali by the Leblanc process on a large scale in the United Kingdom.

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Jöns Jacob Berzelius

Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848), named by himself and contemporary society as Jacob Berzelius, was a Swedish chemist.

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Jean-Baptiste Dumas

Jean Baptiste André Dumas (14 July 180010 April 1884) was a French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights (relative atomic masses) and molecular weights by measuring vapor densities.

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Jellyfish

Jellyfish or sea jelly is the informal common name given to the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, a major part of the phylum Cnidaria.

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Johan Afzelius

Johan Afzelius (13 June 1753 in Larv – 20 May 1837 in Uppsala) was a Swedish chemist and notable as the doctoral advisor of one of the founders of modern chemistry, Jöns Jacob Berzelius.

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Jundiz recycling plant

The Jundiz recycling plant is located in the Basque Country (autonomous community), particularly in Vitoria-Gasteiz Jundiz Álava.

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Kamtech Logistics Uganda Limited

Kamtech Logistics Uganda Limited (KLUL), is an ethanol manufacturing company in Uganda.

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Karl August Burow

Karl Heinrich August Burow (10 November 1809 in Elbing – 15 April 1874 in Königsberg) was a German surgeon and ophthalmologist.

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Karlsruhe Congress

The Karlsruhe Congress was an international meeting of chemists held in Karlsruhe, Germany from 3 to 5 September 1860.

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Kefir

Kefir or kephir, alternatively milk kefir or búlgaros, is a fermented milk drink that originated in the Caucasus Mountains made with kefir "grains", a yeast/bacterial fermentation starter.

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Keller's reagent

Keller's reagent can refer to either of two different mixtures of acids.

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Kendal Black Drop

Kendal Black Drop was a drug based on opium.

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Kepone

Kepone, also known as chlordecone, is an organochlorine compound and a colourless solid.

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Ketchup

Ketchup (also catsup) is a condiment.

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Ketene

A ketene is an organic compound of the form R′R″C.

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Ketone bodies

Ketone bodies are three water-soluble molecules (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and their spontaneous breakdown product, acetone) containing the ketone group that are produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of low food intake (fasting), carbohydrate restrictive diets, starvation, prolonged intense exercise, alcoholism or in untreated (or inadequately treated) type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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Ketorolac

Ketorolac, sold under the brand name Toradol among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the family of heterocyclic acetic acid derivatives, used as an analgesic.

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Klenät

Klenät, klena, klejne, kleina, kleyna, and fattigmann are all names for a fried pastry common in the Nordic countries.

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Knorr pyrrole synthesis

The Knorr pyrrole synthesis is a widely used chemical reaction that synthesizes substituted pyrroles (3).

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Koch reaction

The Koch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary carboxylic acids from alcohols or alkenes.

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Kolbe electrolysis

The Kolbe electrolysis or Kolbe reaction is an organic reaction named after Hermann Kolbe.

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Kombucha

Kombucha (also tea mushroom, Manchurian mushroom, formal name: Medusomyces gisevii) is a variety of fermented, lightly effervescent sweetened black or green tea drinks commonly intended as functional beverages for their supposed health benefits.

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Kröhnke pyridine synthesis

The Kröhnke pyridine synthesis is reaction in organic synthesis between α-pyridinium methyl ketone salts and α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds used to generate highly functionalized pyridines.

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Krische allylation

The Krische allylation involves the iridium-catalyzed enantioselective addition of an allyl group to an aldehyde or an alcohol, resulting in the formation of a secondary alcohol and a new carbon-carbon bond.

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Kusaya

is a Japanese style salted-dried fish and fermented fish.

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Kuwajima Taxol total synthesis

The Kuwajima Taxol total synthesis by the group of Isao Kuwajima of the Tokyo Institute of Technology is one of several efforts in taxol total synthesis published in the 1990s.

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Lacosamide

Lacosamide (INN, formerly known as erlosamide, harkeroside, SPM 927, or ADD 234037), is a medication for the adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures and diabetic neuropathic pain.

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Lactic acid

Lactic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)COOH.

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Lactobacillus acetotolerans

Lactobacillus acetotolerans (New Latin 'vinegar-tolerating milk-bacillus') is a species of gram positive bacteria in the genus Lactobacillus.

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Lactobacillus brevis

Lactobacillus brevis is a gram-positive, rod shaped species of lactic acid bacteria which is heterofermentive, creating CO2 and lactic acid during fermentation.

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Lactobacillus buchneri

Lactobacillus buchneri is a gram-positive, non-spore forming, anaerobic, rod prokaryote.

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Lactobacillus reuteri

Lactobacillus reuteri is a Gram-positive bacterium that naturally inhabits the gut of mammals and birds.

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Lactulose

Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.

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Larazotide

Larazotide (INN; also known as AT-1001; formulated as the salt with acetic acid, larazotide acetate) is a synthetic eight amino acid peptide that functions as a tight junction regulator and reverses leaky junctions to their normally closed state.

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Lavender Hill

Lavender Hill is a hill, and a shopping and residential street, near Clapham Junction in Battersea, south London.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Lead dioxide

Lead(IV) oxide, commonly called lead dioxide or plumbic oxide or anhydrous plumbic acid (sometimes wrongly called lead peroxide) is a chemical compound with the formula PbO2.

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Lead paint

Lead paint or lead-based paint is paint containing lead.

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Lead(II) acetate

Lead(II) acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2), also known as lead acetate, lead diacetate, plumbous acetate, sugar of lead, lead sugar, salt of Saturn, or Goulard's powder, is a white crystalline chemical compound with a sweetish taste.

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Lead(II) azide

Lead azide (Pb(N3)2) is an inorganic compound.

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Lead(II) chloride

Lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) is an inorganic compound which is a white solid under ambient conditions.

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Lead(II) chromate

Lead(II) chromate (PbCrO4) is a chemical compound, a chromate of lead.

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Lead(II) hydroxide

Lead(II) hydroxide, Pb(OH)2, is a hydroxide of lead, with lead in oxidation state +2.

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Lead(II,IV) oxide

Lead(II,IV) oxide, also called minium, red lead or triplumbic tetroxide, is a bright red or orange crystalline or amorphous pigment.

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Lead(IV) acetate

Lead(IV) acetate or lead tetraacetate is a chemical compound with chemical formula Pb(C2H3O2)4.

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Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis

The Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis is a series of organic reactions that produce indoles from o-nitrotoluenes 1.

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Lemon battery

A lemon battery is a simple battery often made for the purpose of education.

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Lenin's Mausoleum

Lenin's Mausoleum (formerly Lenin's & Stalin's Mausoleum (1953-1961)) (p), also known as Lenin's Tomb, situated in Red Square in the centre of Moscow, is a mausoleum that currently serves as the resting place of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin.

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Letts nitrile synthesis

The Letts nitrile synthesis is a chemical reaction of aromatic carboxylic acids with metal thiocyanates to form nitriles.

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Leveling effect

Leveling effect or solvent leveling refers to the effect of solvent on the properties of acids and bases.

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Liesegang rings

Liesegang rings are a phenomenon seen in many, if not most, chemical systems undergoing a precipitation reaction, under certain conditions of concentration and in the absence of convection.

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Liquid Light

Liquid Light is a New Jersey-based company that develops and licenses electrochemical process technology to make chemicals from carbon dioxide (CO2).

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Liquid smoke

Liquid smoke is a water-soluble yellow to red liquid used for flavoring.

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Liquid–liquid extraction

Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar).

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List of additives for hydraulic fracturing

The differences between additives for hydraulic fracturing in different countries are the type of chemicals used (hazardous, non-hazardous), the disclosure of chemicals and the composition of fracturing fluid.

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List of additives in cigarettes

This is the list of 599 additives in cigarettes submitted to the United States Department of Health and Human Services in April 1994.

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List of biomolecules

This is a list of articles that describe particular biomolecules or types of biomolecules.

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List of boiling and freezing information of solvents

No description.

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List of carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds characterized by a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group.

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List of chemistry mnemonics

A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long term memory and make the process of consolidation easier.

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List of commonly available chemicals

Many chemicals are commonly available in pure form.

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List of compounds with carbon number 2

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 2 carbon atoms.

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List of Doctor Who universe creatures and aliens (Q–Z)

This is a list of fictional creatures and aliens from the universe of the long-running BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who, including Torchwood, The Sarah Jane Adventures, K-9 and K-9 and Company.

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List of drugs: Bi-Bo

No description.

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List of food additives

;Acids: Food acids are added to make flavors "sharper", and also act as preservatives and antioxidants.

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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/A

Category:Lists of words.

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List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules

This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes, grouped by the number of component atoms.

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List of Latin words with English derivatives

This is a list of Latin words with derivatives in English (and other modern languages).

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List of MeSH codes (D02)

This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (D10)

This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of methanol poisoning incidents

Outbreaks of methanol poisoning have occurred when methanol is used to adulterate moonshine (bootleg liquor).

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List of reagents

This is a list of inorganic and organic reagents commonly used in chemistry.

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List of UN numbers 1701 to 1800

The UN numbers from UN1701 to UN1800 as assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.

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List of UN numbers 2701 to 2800

The UN numbers from UN2701 to UN2800 as assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.

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List of UN numbers 3401 to 3500

The UN numbers from UN3401 to UN3500 as assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.

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List of water-miscible solvents

The following compounds are liquid at room temperature and are completely miscible with water; they are often used as solvents.

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Lithium acetate

Lithium acetate (CH3COOLi) is a salt of lithium and acetic acid.

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Liver cancer

Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver.

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Louis Fieser

Louis Frederick Fieser (April 7, 1899 – July 25, 1977) was an American organic chemist, professor, and in 1968, professor emeritus at Harvard University.

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Louis Jacques Thénard

Louis Jacques Thénard (4 May 1777 – 21 June 1857) was a French chemist.

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Luting agent

A luting agent is an application of a dental cement.

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Lysidine (chemical)

Lysidine is a derivative of 2-imidazoline derivative.

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Maceration (wine)

Maceration is the winemaking process where the phenolic materials of the grape—tannins, coloring agents (anthocyanins) and flavor compounds—are leached from the grape skins, seeds and stems into the must.

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Magnesium acetate

Anhydrous magnesium acetate has the chemical formula Mg(C2H3O2)2 and in its hydrated form, magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, it has the chemical formula Mg(CH3COO)2 • 4H2O. In this compound magnesium has an oxidation state of 2+. Magnesium acetate is the magnesium salt of acetic acid. It is deliquescent and upon heating, it decomposes to form magnesium oxide. Magnesium acetate is commonly used as a source of magnesium in biological reactions.

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Malonic acid

Malonic acid (IUPAC systematic name: propanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure CH2(COOH)2.

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Malonic ester synthesis

The malonic ester synthesis is a chemical reaction where diethyl malonate or another ester of malonic acid is alkylated at the carbon alpha (directly adjacent) to both carbonyl groups, and then converted to a substituted acetic acid.

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Manganese(II) acetate

Manganese(II) acetate are chemical compounds with the formula Mn(CH3CO2)2.(H2O)n where n.

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Manganese(III) acetate

Manganese(III) acetate is a chemical compound that is used as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and materials science.

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Manganese-mediated coupling reactions

Manganese-mediated coupling reactions are radical coupling reactions between enolizable carbonyl compounds and unsaturated compounds initiated by a manganese(III) salt, typically manganese(III) acetate.

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Mannitol

Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol which is also used as a medication.

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Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau

Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau (October 27, 1910 – January 12, 2000) was an American chemical engineer who designed the first commercial penicillin production plant.

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Mascarpone

Mascarpone is an Italian cream cheese coagulated by the addition of certain acidic substances such as lemon juice, vinegar, citric acid or acetic acid.

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Masson's trichrome stain

Masson's trichrome is a three-colour staining protocol used in histology.

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Mastigoproctus colombianus

Mastigoproctus colombianus is a whip scorpion species found in Colombia, South America, near west deserts areas.

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Mastigoproctus giganteus

Mastigoproctus giganteus, the giant whip scorpion, also called the giant vinegaroon or grampus, is a species of whip scorpions in the family Thelyphonidae.

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Materpiscis

Materpiscis (Latin for mother fish) is a genus of ptyctodontid placoderm (a class of extinct, superficially shark-like armored fishes) from the Late Devonian located at the Gogo Formation of Western Australia.

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MDAI

MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane) is a drug developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University.

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Meat

Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food.

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Meerwein arylation

The Meerwein arylation is an organic reaction involving the addition of an aryl diazonium salt (ArN2X) to an electron-poor alkene usually supported by a metal salt.

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Mephedrone

Mephedrone, also known as 4-methyl methcathinone (4-MMC) or 4-methyl ephedrone, is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.

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Mercury(II) acetate

Mercury(II) acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Hg(O2CCH3)2.

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Metal aquo complex

Metal aquo complexes are coordination compounds containing metal ions with only water as a ligand.

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Metal carbonyl

Metal carbonyls are coordination complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands.

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Methane functionalization

Methane functionalization is the process of converting methane in its gaseous state to another molecule with a functional group, typically methanol or acetic acid, through the use of transition metal catalysts.

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Methanogenesis

Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens.

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Methanol

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH).

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Methyl acetate

Methyl acetate, also known as MeOAc, acetic acid methyl ester or methyl ethanoate, is a carboxylate ester with the formula CH3COOCH3.

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Methyl group

A methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms — CH3.

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Methyl iodide

Methyl iodide, also called iodomethane, and commonly abbreviated "MeI", is the chemical compound with the formula CH3I.

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Methyl isocyanide

Methyl isocyanide or isocyanomethane is an organic compound and a member of the isocyanide family.

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Methyl red

Methyl red (2-(N,N-dimethyl-4-aminophenyl) azobenzenecarboxylic acid), also called C.I. Acid Red 2, is an indicator dye that turns red in acidic solutions.

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Methylthiomethyl ether

In organic chemistry a methylthiomethyl (MTM) ether is a protective group for hydroxyl groups.

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Metronidazole

Metronidazole, marketed under the brand name Flagyl among others, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication.

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Microbes in human culture

Microbes (microorganisms) play many roles in the practical aspects of human culture, and sometimes appear in literature, music, film, and art.

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Microbial electrolysis cell

A microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is a technology related to Microbial fuel cells (MFC).

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Microbial electrosynthesis

Microbial electrosynthesis is a form of microbial electrocatalysis in which electrons are supplied to living microorganisms via a cathode in an electrochemical cell by applying an electric current.

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Microbial food cultures

Microbial food cultures are live bacteria, yeasts or moulds used in food production.

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Microbial metabolism

Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Migratory insertion

A migratory insertion is a type of reaction in organometallic chemistry wherein two ligands on a metal complex combine.

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Minamata disease

, sometimes referred to as, is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning.

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Molar conductivity

Molar conductivity is defined as the conductivity of an electrolyte solution divided by the molar concentration of the electrolyte, and so measures the efficiency with which a given electrolyte conducts electricity in solution.

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Molybdenum(II) acetate

Molybdenum(II) acetate is a coordination compound with the formula Mo2(O2CCH3)4.

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Monocalcium phosphate

Monocalcium phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(H2PO4)2 ("ACMP" or "CMP-A" for anhydrous monocalcium phosphate).

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Monsanto

Monsanto Company was an agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation.

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Monsanto process

The Monsanto process is an industrial method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol.

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Mordançage

Mordançage is an alternative photographic process that alters silver gelatin prints to give them a degraded effect.

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Morphine

Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals.

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MOSCED

MOSCED (short for “modified separation of cohesive energy density model) is a thermodynamic model for the estimation of limiting activity coefficients (also known as activity coefficient at infinite dilution).

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Mother of vinegar

Mother of vinegar is a substance composed of a form of cellulose and acetic acid bacteria that develops on fermenting alcoholic liquids, which turns alcohol into acetic acid with the help of oxygen from the air.

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Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis

The Mukaiyama taxol total synthesis published by the group of Teruaki Mukaiyama of the Tokyo University of Science between 1997 and 1999 was the 6th successful taxol total synthesis.

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Mycorrhizal bioremediation

Mycorrhizal amelioration of heavy metals or pollutants is a process by which mycorrhizal fungi in a mutualistic relationship with plants can sequester toxic compounds from the environment, as a form of bioremediation.

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Mythimna unipuncta

Mythimna unipuncta or true armyworm moth is a nocturnal agricultural pest belonging to the family Noctuidae.

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N-Acetylglucosamine

N-Acetylglucosamine (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or GlcNAc, or NAG) is a monosaccharide and a derivative of glucose.

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N-Hydroxyphthalimide

N-Hydroxyphthalimide is the N-hydroxy derivative of phthalimide.

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NanoPutian

NanoPutians are a series of organic molecules whose structural formulae resemble human forms.

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Nata de coco

Nata de coco (also marketed as "coconut gel") is a chewy, translucent, jelly-like food produced by the fermentation of coconut water, which gels through the production of microbial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum.

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National Pollutant Inventory

The National Pollutant Inventory or NPI is a database of Australian pollution emissions managed by the Australian Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments.

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Neighbouring group participation

Neighbouring group participation (NGP) (also known as anchimeric assistance) in organic chemistry has been defined by IUPAC as the interaction of a reaction centre with a lone pair of electrons in an atom or the electrons present in a sigma bond or pi bond contained within the parent molecule but not conjugated with the reaction centre.

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Nerve guidance conduit

A nerve guidance conduit (also referred to as an artificial nerve conduit or artificial nerve graft, as opposed to an autograft) is an artificial means of guiding axonal regrowth to facilitate nerve regeneration and is one of several clinical treatments for nerve injuries.

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Neutralization (chemistry)

In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences), is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other.

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Nikolai Menshutkin

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin (Николáй Алексáндрович Меншýткин; –) was a Russian chemist who discovered the process of converting a tertiary amine to a quaternary ammonium salt via the reaction with an alkyl halide, now known as the Menshutkin reaction.

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Nile blue

Nile blue (or Nile blue A) is a stain used in biology and histology.

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Nitrocellulose

Nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, and flash string) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent.

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Nitroxyl

Nitroxyl (common name) or azanone (IUPAC name) is the chemical compound HNO.

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Nobin Chandra Das

Nobin Chandra Das (1845–1925) was a notable Bengali confectioner, entrepreneur, businessman and Bengali cultural icon of the second half of 19th century and early 20th century.

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Non-brewed condiment

Non-brewed condiment is a vinegar substitute created with water, acetic acid, flavourings and often caramel colour.

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Nonaqueous titration

Nonaqueous titration is the titration of substances dissolved in solvents other than water.

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Norethisterone

Norethisterone, also known as norethindrone and sold under the brand names Aygestin and Primolut N among many others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders.

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Nosema apis

Nosema apis is a microsporidian, a small, unicellular parasite recently reclassified as a fungus that mainly affects honey bees.

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Nucleophilic acyl substitution

Nucleophilic acyl substitution describe a class of substitution reactions involving nucleophiles and acyl compounds.

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O-Toluidine

o-Toluidine (ortho-toluidine) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C7H9N.

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Octyl acetate

Octyl acetate, or octyl ethanoate, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)7O2CCH3.

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Olation

In inorganic chemistry, olation is the process by which metal ions form polymeric oxides in aqueous solution.

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Oral candidiasis

Oral candidiasis, also known as oral thrush among other names, is candidiasis that occurs in the mouth.

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Organic acid

An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties.

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Organic acid anhydride

An organic acid anhydride is an acid anhydride that is an organic compound.

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Organic beans

Organic beans are produced and processed without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.

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Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.

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Organic farming

Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices.

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Organoiodine compound

Organoiodine compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more carbon–iodine bonds.

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Organoiridium compound

Organoiridium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a iridium-carbon chemical bond.

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Organometallic chemistry

Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin, as well.

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Organorhenium chemistry

Organorhenium chemistry describes the compounds with Re-C bonds.

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Organorhodium chemistry

Organorhodium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a rhodium-carbon chemical bond, and the study of rhodium and rhodium compounds as catalysts in organic reactions.

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Organosolv

In industrial paper-making processes, organosolv is a pulping technique that uses an organic solvent to solubilise lignin and hemicellulose.

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Orthoacetic acid

Orthoacetic acid or ethane-1,1,1-triol is an hypothetical organic compound with formula or H3C-C(OH)3.

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Oseltamivir total synthesis

Oseltamivir total synthesis concerns the total synthesis of the antiinfluenza drug oseltamivir marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the trade name Tamiflu.

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Ostchem Holding

Ostchem Holding is a holding company that unites a group of chemical factories and supporting companies.

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Otitis externa

Otitis externa, also called swimmer's ear, is inflammation of the ear canal.

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Otitis externa in animals

Otitis externa is an inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal.

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Otomycosis

Otomycosis is a fungal ear infection, a superficial mycotic infection of the outer ear canal.

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Ototoxicity

Ototoxicity is the property of being toxic to the ear (oto-), specifically the cochlea or auditory nerve and sometimes the vestibular system, for example, as a side effect of a drug.

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Outline of alchemy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to alchemy: Alchemy – A philosophical tradition recognized as protoscience, that includes the application of Hermetic principles, and practices related to mythology, religion, and spirituality.

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Outline of nutrition

The following outline is provided as an overview of and a topical guide to nutrition.

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Oxalic acid

Oxalic acid is an organic compound with the formula C2H2O4.

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Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) (UK, US) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Oxime

An oxime is a chemical compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula R1R2C.

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Oxobacter

Oxobacter is a genus of Gram-positive obligately anaerobic rod-shaped acetogenic bacteria.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Ozone

Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.

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Pain in amphibians

Pain is an aversive sensation and feeling associated with actual, or potential, tissue damage.

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Pain in crustaceans

The question of whether crustaceans experience pain is a matter of scientific debate.

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Pain in fish

Whether fish feel pain is a contentious issue.

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Pain in invertebrates

Pain in invertebrates is a contentious issue.

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Palladium

Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46.

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Palladium(II) acetate

Palladium(II) acetate is a chemical compound of palladium described by the formula n, abbreviated n. It is more reactive than the analogous platinum compound.

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Paracetamol

--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.

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Paraldehyde

Paraldehyde is the cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde molecules.

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Patina

Patina is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, bronze and similar metals (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones, and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of a surface through age and exposure.

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Pearl

A pearl is a hard glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as a conulariid.

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Penicillium digitatum

Penicillium digitatum (/ˌpɛnɪˈsɪlɪəm/digitatum/) is a mesophilic fungus found in the soil of citrus-producing areas.

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Pentacarbonylhydridorhenium

Pentacarbonylhydridorhenium is a chemical compound with the formula ReH(CO)5.

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Pepstatin

Pepstatin is a potent inhibitor of aspartyl proteases.

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Peptide synthesis

In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds.

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Peracetic acid

Peracetic acid (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA), is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.

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Period 5 element

A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.

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Peroxide value

Detection of peroxide gives the initial evidence of rancidity in unsaturated fats and oils.

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Petrochemical

Petrochemicals (also known as petroleum distillates) are chemical products derived from petroleum.

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Petronas

PETRONAS, short for Petroliam Nasional Berhad (National Petroleum, Limited), is a Malaysian oil and gas company that was founded on 17 August 1974.

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Phenanthrene

Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings.

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Phenethyl acetate

Phenethyl acetate is the ester resulting from the condensation of acetic acid and phenethyl alcohol.

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Phenothiazine

Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula S(C6H4)2NH and is related to the thiazine-class of heterocyclic compounds.

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Phenylpropiolic acid

Phenylpropiolic acid, C6H5CCCO2H, formed by the action of alcoholic potash on cinnamic acid dibromide, C6H5CHBrCHBrCO2H, crystallizes in long needles or prisms which melt at 136–137 °C.

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Phosgene

Phosgene is the chemical compound with the formula COCl2.

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Photochlorination

Photochlorination is a chemical reaction which is initiated by light, in which either hydrogen is replaced by chlorine in a hydrocarbon compound or chlorine is reacted via an addition reaction to an aromatic or olefinic hydrocarbon.

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Photographic processing

Photographic processing or development is the chemical means by which photographic film or paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image.

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Picene

Picene is a hydrocarbon found in the pitchy residue obtained in the distillation of peat tar and of petroleum.

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Picramic acid

Picramic acid, also known as 2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol, is an acid obtained by neutralizing an alcoholic solution of picric acid with ammonium hydroxide.

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Pierre Adet

Pierre-Auguste Adet (May 17, 1763 Nevers – March 19, 1834 Paris) was a French scientist, politician, and diplomat.

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Pigment

A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.

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Plantar fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is a disorder of the connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot.

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Polydimethylsiloxane

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones.

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Polythiophene

Polythiophenes (PTs) are polymerized thiophenes, a sulfur heterocycle.

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Polyvinyl acetate

Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA, PVAc, poly(ethenyl ethanoate): commonly referred to as wood glue, white glue, carpenter's glue, school glue, Elmer's glue in the US, or PVA glue) is an aliphatic rubbery synthetic polymer with the formula (C4H6O2)n.

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Ponceau S

Ponceau S, Acid Red 112, or C.I. 27195 (systematic name: 3-hydroxy-4-(2-sulfo-4-phenylazo)-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid sodium salt) is a sodium salt of a diazo dye of a light red color, that may be used to prepare a stain for rapid reversible detection of protein bands on nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Western blotting), as well as on cellulose acetate membranes.

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Portuguese man o' war

The Atlantic Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis), also known as the man-of-war, is a marine hydrozoan of the family Physaliidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

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Potassium acetate

Potassium acetate (KCH3COO) is the potassium salt of acetic acid.

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Potassium bitartrate

Potassium bitartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, with formula K C4 H5 O6, is a byproduct of winemaking.

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Potassium dichromate

Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7, is a common inorganic chemical reagent, most commonly used as an oxidizing agent in various laboratory and industrial applications. As with all hexavalent chromium compounds, it is acutely and chronically harmful to health. It is a crystalline ionic solid with a very bright, red-orange color. The salt is popular in the laboratory because it is not deliquescent, in contrast to the more industrially relevant salt sodium dichromate.Gerd Anger, Jost Halstenberg, Klaus Hochgeschwender, Christoph Scherhag, Ulrich Korallus, Herbert Knopf, Peter Schmidt, Manfred Ohlinger, "Chromium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.

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Potassium octachlorodimolybdate

Potassium octachlorodimolybdate (systematically named potassium bis(tetrachloridomolybdate)(Mo–Mo)(4−)) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written as). It is known as a red-coloured, microcrystalline solid.

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Preferred IUPAC name

In chemical nomenclature, a preferred IUPAC name (PIN) is a unique name, assigned to a chemical substance and preferred among the possible names generated by IUPAC nomenclature.

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Primary standard

A primary standard in metrology is a standard that is sufficiently accurate such that it is not calibrated by or subordinate to other standards.

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Prins reaction

The Prins reaction is an organic reaction consisting of an electrophilic addition of an aldehyde or ketone to an alkene or alkyne followed by capture of a nucleophile.

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Proofing (baking technique)

Proofing (also called proving or more rarely blooming), as the term is used by bakers, is the final rise of shaped bread dough before baking.

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Propellane

In organic chemistry, propellane is any member of a class of polycyclic hydrocarbons, whose carbon skeleton consists of three rings of carbon atoms sharing a common carbon–carbon covalent bond.

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Propiolic acid

Propiolic acid is the organic compound with the formula HC2CO2H.

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Propionic acid

Propionic acid (from the Greek words protos, meaning "first", and pion, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula C2H5COOH.

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Propionic anhydride

Propanoic anhydride is an organic compound with the formula (CH3CH2CO)2O.

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Propionispira raffinosivorans

Propionispira raffinosivorans is a motile, obligate anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria.

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Propyl acetate

Propyl acetate, also known as propyl ethanoate, is a chemical compound used as a solvent and an example of an ester.

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Propylene glycol

Propylene glycol (IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol) is a synthetic organic compound with the chemical formula C3H8O2.

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Propylene oxide

Propylene oxide is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3CHCH2O.

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Protic solvent

In chemistry, a protic solvent is a solvent that has a hydrogen atom bound to an oxygen (as in a hydroxyl group) or a nitrogen (as in an amine group).

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Protonolysis

Protonolysis is the cleavage of a chemical bond by acids.

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Pulp (paper)

Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibres from wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags.

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Pyrobaculum

Pyrobaculum is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae.

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Pyroligneous acid

Pyroligneous acid, also called wood vinegar or wood acid, is a dark liquid produced by the destructive distillation of wood and other plant materials.

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Pyruvic acid

Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group.

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Quadricyclane

Quadricyclane is a strained, multi-cyclic hydrocarbon with potential uses as an additive for rocket propellants as well in solar energy conversion.

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Quinine total synthesis

In total synthesis, the quinine total synthesis describes the efforts in synthesis of quinine over a 150-year period.

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Quinoline

Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C9H7N.

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Radical theory

Radical theory is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry describing the structure of organic compounds.

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Radiographer

Radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, diagnostic radiographers and medical radiation technologists are healthcare professionals who specialise in the imaging of human anatomy for the diagnosis and treatment of pathology.

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Ralph Landau

Ralph Landau (May 19, 1916 – April 5, 2004) was a chemical engineer and entrepreneur active in the chemical and petrochemical industries.

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Reactive airway disease

Reactive airway disease is a group of conditions that include reversible airway narrowing due to an external stimulation.

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Reactive distillation

Reactive distillation is a process where the chemical reactor is also the still.

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Reduction of nitro compounds

The chemical reactions described as reduction of nitro compounds can be affected by many reagents and reaction conditions.

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Reissert indole synthesis

The Reissert indole synthesis is a series of chemical reactions designed to synthesize indole or substituted-indoles (4 and 5) from ortho-nitrotoluene 1 and diethyl oxalate 2.

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Relative permittivity

The relative permittivity of a material is its (absolute) permittivity expressed as a ratio relative to the permittivity of vacuum.

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Resonance (chemistry)

In chemistry, resonance or mesomerism is a way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the bonding cannot be expressed by one single Lewis structure.

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Resorcinol

Resorcinol (or resorcin) is a benzenediol (''m''-dihydroxybenzene).

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Retained name

In chemistry, a retained name is a name for a chemical compound that is recommended for use by a system of chemical nomenclature (for example, IUPAC nomenclature), but that is not fully systematic.

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Retene

Retene, methyl isopropyl phenanthrene or 1-methyl-7-isopropyl phenanthrene, C18H18, is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in the coal tar fraction, boiling above 360 °C.

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Rhenium

Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75.

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Rhizobium binae

Rhizobium binae is a gram-negative bacterium which was isolated from root nodules of lentils in Bangladesh.

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Rhizobium lentis

Rhizobium lentis is a gram-negative bacterium which was isolated from root nodules of lentils in Bangladesh.

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Rhodamine B

Rhodamine B is a chemical compound and a dye.

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Rhodium

Rhodium is a chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45.

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Rhodium(II) acetate

Rhodium(II) acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Rh2(AcO)4, where AcO− is the acetate ion.

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Rhodium(III) chloride

Rhodium(III) chloride refers to inorganic compounds with the formula RhCl3(H2O)n, where n varies from 0 to 3.

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Rhodospirillales

The Rhodospirillales are an order of Proteobacteria, with two families: the Acetobacteraceae and the Rhodospirillaceae.

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Rice vinegar

Rice vinegar is a vinegar made from fermented rice in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

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Ring-closing metathesis

Ring-closing metathesis, or RCM, is a widely used variation of olefin metathesis in organic chemistry for the synthesis of various unsaturated rings via the intramolecular metathesis of two terminal alkenes, which forms the cycloalkene as the E- or Z- isomers and volatile ethylene.

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Rivalta test

Rivalta's test is used in order to differentiate a transudate from an exudate.

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Romundina

Romundina stellina is a small, heavily armored extinct species of acanthothoracid placoderm which lived in shallow marine environments in the early Devonian (Lochkovian).

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Rosocyanine

Rosocyanine and Rubrocurcumin are two red colored materials, which are formed by the reaction between curcumin and borates.

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RTV silicone

RTV Silicone (Room-Temperature-Vulcanizing silicone) is a type of silicone rubber made from a two-component system (base plus curative; A+B) available in a hardness range of very soft to medium--usually from 15 to 40 Shore A. RTV silicones can be cured with a catalyst consisting of either platinum or a tin compound such as dibutyltin dilaurate.

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Rubottom oxidation

The Rubottom oxidation is a useful, high-yielding chemical reaction between silyl enol ethers and peroxyacids to give the corresponding α-hydroxy carbonyl product.

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Rumen

The rumen, also known as a paunch, forms the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals.

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Ruminant

Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.

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Russian Internet Restriction Bill

Russian Internet restriction bill (Federal law of Russian Federation no. 139-FZ of 2012-07-28) is a law passed by the Russian State Duma in 2012 which replaced procedure of shutting down telecom operators by prosecutors' orders with a blacklist of Internet sites containing alleged child pornography, drug-related material, extremist material, and other content illegal in Russia.

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Saegusa–Ito oxidation

The Saegusa–Ito oxidation is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry.

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Safotibant

Safotibant (INN) also known by the research code LF22-0542 is a non-peptide bradykinin B1 antagonist.

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Salicylaldoxime

Salicylaldoxime is an organic compound described by the formula C6H4CH.

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Salt (chemistry)

In chemistry, a salt is an ionic compound that can be formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.

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Salt End

Salt End or Saltend is a hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in an area known as Holderness.

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Salt metathesis reaction

A salt metathesis reaction (from the Greek μετάθεσις, "transposition"), sometimes called a double replacement reaction or double displacement reaction, is a chemical process involving the exchange of bonds between two reacting chemical species, which results in the creation of products with similar or identical bonding affiliations.

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Salt spray test

The salt spray (or salt fog) test is a standardized and popular corrosion test method, used to check corrosion resistance of materials and surface coatings.

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Santonin

Santonin is a drug which was widely used in the past as an anthelminthic, a drug that expels parasitic worms (helminths) by paralyzing them, which allows them to be passed out of the body.

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Schkopau

Schkopau is a municipality in the Saalekreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Scripps Energy & Materials Center

The Scripps Energy & Materials Center (SEMC) is an American research center that focuses on research in the basic energy and materials sciences.

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Sec-Amyl acetate

sec-Amyl acetate is an organic compound and an ester.

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Sensory systems in fish

Most fish possess highly developed sense organs.

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Shades of cyan

This article is about notable tints and shades of the color cyan, a greenish blue.

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Sharkdefense

SharkDefense is a research organization and think tank focused on shark bycatch reduction.

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Short-chain fatty acid

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), also referred to as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), are fatty acids with two to six carbon atoms.

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Silage

Silage is fermented, high-moisture stored fodder which can be fed to cattle, sheep and other such ruminants (cud-chewing animals) or used as a biofuel feedstock for anaerobic digesters.

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Silane

Silane is an inorganic compound with chemical formula, SiH4, making it a group 14 hydride.

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Silicone

Silicones, also known as polysiloxanes, are polymers that include any inert, synthetic compound made up of repeating units of siloxane, which is a chain of alternating silicon atoms and oxygen atoms, combined with carbon, hydrogen, and sometimes other elements.

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Silicone rubber

Silicone rubber is an elastomer (rubber-like material) composed of silicone—itself a polymer—containing silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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Silicotungstic acid

Silicotungstic acid (also known as tungstosilicic acid) is the most commonly encountered heteropoly acid.

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Silver acetate

Silver acetate is an inorganic compound with the empirical formula CH3CO2Ag (or AgC2H3O2).

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Silver stain

Silver staining is the use of silver to selectively alter the appearance of a target in microscopy of histological sections; in temperature gradient gel electrophoresis; and in polyacrylamide gels.

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Silver sulfite

Silver sulfite is the chemical compound with the formula Ag2SO3.

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Slitheen

The Slitheen are a family of massive, bipedal extraterrestrials from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and are adversaries of the Ninth Doctor and later Sarah Jane Smith.

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Small shelly fauna

The small shelly fauna, small shelly fossils (SSF), or early skeletal fossils (ESF) are mineralized fossils, many only a few millimetres long, with a nearly continuous record from the latest stages of the Ediacaran to the end of the Early Cambrian Period.

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Smoke

Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.

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Smoking (cooking)

Smoking is the process of flavoring, browning, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood.

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Social Immunity

Social immunity (also termed collective immunity) describes the additional level of disease protection arising in social groups from collective disease defences, performed either jointly or towards one another.

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Sodium acetate

Sodium acetate, CH3COONa, also abbreviated NaOAc, is the sodium salt of acetic acid.

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Sodium benzoate

Sodium benzoate is a substance which has the chemical formula NaC7H5O2.

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Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3.

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Sodium diacetate

Sodium diacetate is a compound with formula.

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Sodium ethyl xanthate

Sodium ethyl xanthate (SEX) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2OCS2Na.

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Sodium hypochlorite

No description.

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Sodium iodate

Sodium iodate (NaIO3) is the sodium salt of iodic acid.

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Sodium salts

Sodium salts are salts composed of sodium cations and the conjugate base anions of some inorganic or organic acid.

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Sodium triacetoxyborohydride

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride, also known as sodium triacetoxyhydroborate, commonly abbreviated STAB, is a chemical compound with the formula Na(CH3COO)3BH.

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Soil acidification

Soil acidification is the buildup of hydrogen cations, also called protons, reducing the soil pH.

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Sol–gel process

In materials science, the sol–gel process is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules.

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Solvent

A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution.

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Solvent effects

In chemistry, solvent effects are the influence of a solvent on chemical reactivity or molecular associations.

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Sophineta

Sophineta is an extinct genus of small basal lepidosauromorph reptile known from the Early Triassic (late Olenekian age) of Małopolska Province, southern Poland.

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Sourdough

Sourdough bread is made by the fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli and yeast.

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Soured milk

Soured milk denotes a range of food products produced by the acidification of milk.

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Spadenose shark

The spadenose shark (Scoliodon laticaudus) is a species of requiem shark, and part of the family Carcharhinidae.

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Speculum (medical)

A speculum (Latin for "mirror"; plural specula or speculums) is a medical tool for investigating body orifices, with a form dependent on the orifice for which it is designed.

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Stain removal

Stain removal is the process of removing a mark or spot left by one substance on a specific surface like a fabric.

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Stainless steel

In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable (inoxidizable), is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass.

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Sterling Chemicals

Sterling Chemicals is a chemicals producer, located in Houston, Texas.

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Stop bath

Stop bath is a chemical bath usually used in processing traditional black-and-white photographic films, plates, and paper used after the material has finished developing.

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Strychnine total synthesis

Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine.

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Succinic acid fermentation

Microbial production of Succinic acid can be performed with wild bacteria like Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens and Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens or genetically modified Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Saccharomyces cerevisia.

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Sudan stain

Sudan stains and Sudan dyes are synthetic organic compounds that are used as dyes for various plastics (plastic colorants) and are also used to stain sudanophilic biological samples, usually lipids.

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Sulfonic acid

A sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula R−S(.

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Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a mineral acid with molecular formula H2SO4.

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Sulfuryl chloride

Sulfuryl chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula SO2Cl2.

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Supermolecule

The term supermolecule (or supramolecule) was introduced by Karl Lothar Wolf et al. (Übermoleküle) in 1937 to describe hydrogen-bonded acetic acid dimers.

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Surface tension

Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible.

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Surströmming

Surströmming (Swedish for "sour herring") is a type of fermented Baltic Sea herring.

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Svensk Etanolkemi

The company Svensk Etanolkemi AB, or Sekab is a major Nordic producer of ethanol, ethanol derivatives such as acetic acid and ethyl acetate, and ethanol fuels such as E85.

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Sweetness

Sweetness is a basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars.

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Syngas fermentation

Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process.

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Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry

The values below are standard reduction potentials for half-reactions measured at 25°C, 1 atmosphere and a pH of 7 in aqueous solution.

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TAE buffer

TAE buffer is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, acetic acid and EDTA.

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Talbot v Laroche

Talbot v. Laroche (unreported) was an 1854 legal action, pivotal to the history of photography, by which William Fox Talbot sought to assert that Martin Laroche's use of the unpatented, collodion process infringed his calotype patent.

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Tamarillo

The tamarillo is a small tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshade family).

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Tanning (leather)

Tanned leather in Marrakesh Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather.

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Tapatío hot sauce

Tapatío is a hot sauce, produced in Vernon, California, that can be found at many supermarkets, pharmacies, and liquor stores in the United States.

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TCX Technology

TCX Technology is the brand name for a hydrocarbon-based ethanol production process developed and marketed by Celanese Corporation.

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Terbium(III,IV) oxide

Terbium(III,IV) oxide, occasionally called tetraterbium heptaoxide, has the formula Tb4O7, though some texts refer to it as TbO1.75.

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Terephthalic acid

Terephthalic acid is an organic compound with formula C6H4(CO2H)2.

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Tert-Butyl acetate

tert-Butyl acetate, t-butyl acetate or TBAc is a colorless flammable liquid with a camphor- or blueberry-like smell.

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Tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl

tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl, also known as TBDPS, is a protecting group for alcohols.

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Tetraacetylethylenediamine

Tetraacetylethylenediamine, commonly abbreviated as TAED, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3C(O))2NCH2CH2N(C(O)CH3)2.

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Tetrahydropyran

Tetrahydropyran (THP) is the organic compound consisting of a saturated six-membered ring containing five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.

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Tetranitromethane

Tetranitromethane or TNM is an organic oxidizer with chemical formula C(NO2)4.

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Tetraphenyl butadiene

Tetraphenyl butadiene (1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene or TPB) is an organic chemical compound used as an electroluminescent dye.

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Tetraphenylmethane

Tetraphenylmethane is an organic compound consisting of a methane core with four phenyl substituents.

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Tetrazene explosive

Tetrazene (1-(5-tetrazolyl)-3-guanyl tetrazene hydrate) is an explosive material used for sensitization of the priming compositions.

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Thebacon

Thebacon (INN; pronounced), or dihydrocodeinone enol acetate, is a semisynthetic opioid that is similar to hydrocodone and is most commonly synthesised from thebaine.

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Thelyphonida

Thelyphonida is an arachnid order comprising invertebrates commonly known as whip scorpions or vinegaroons (also spelled vinegarroons and vinegarones).

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Thermoanaerobacter kivui

Thermoanaerobacter kivui (formerly Acetogenium kivui) is an thermophilic, anaerobic, non-sporeforming species of bacteria.

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Thin-layer chromatography

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures.

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Thioacetic acid

Thioacetic acid is an organosulfur compound with the molecular formula CH3COSH.

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Thiocyanogen

Thiocyanogen, (SCN)2, is a pseudohalogen derived from the pseudohalide thiocyanate, −. This hexatomic compound exhibits C2 point group symmetry and has the connectivity NCS-SCN.

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Timeline of chemistry

The timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.

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Tincture

A tincture is typically an alcoholic extract of plant or animal material or solution of such, or of a low volatility substance (such as iodine and mercurochrome).

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Tiruchirappalli

Tiruchirappalli (formerly Trichinopoly in English), also called Trichy, is a major tier II city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli District.

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Tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues.

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Titanium isopropoxide

Titanium isopropoxide, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is a chemical compound with the formula.

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Titration

Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the concentration of an identified analyte.

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Tobacco smoke

Cigarette smoke is an aerosol produced by the incomplete combustion of tobacco during the smoking of cigarettes.

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Tocopherol

Tocopherols (TCP) are a class of organic chemical compounds (more precisely, various methylated phenols), many of which have vitamin E activity.

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Tocopheryl acetate

Tocopheryl acetate, also known as vitamin E acetate, is a common vitamin supplement with the molecular formula C31H52O3 (for 'α' form).

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Tofu

Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food cultivated by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft white blocks.

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Tolmetin

Tolmetin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the heterocyclic acetic acid derivative class.

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Tosyl

A toluenesulfonyl (shortened tosyl, abbreviated Ts or Tos) group is CH3C6H4SO2.

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Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is a soil sample extraction method for chemical analysis employed as an analytical method to simulate leaching through a landfill.

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Traditional Balsamic Vinegar

Traditional Balsamic Vinegar (or Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale) is a type of balsamic vinegar produced in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy.

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Trenbolone acetate

Trenbolone acetate, sold under brand names such as Finajet and Finaplix among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in veterinary medicine, specifically to increase the profitability of livestock by promoting muscle growth in cattle.

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Treponema socranskii

Treponema socranskii was isolated from gum swabs of people with periodontitis and clinically-induced periodontitis.

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Triacetin

The triglyceride 1,2,3-triacetoxypropane is more generally known as triacetin and glycerin triacetate.

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Trichloroacetic acid

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA; TCAA; also known as trichloroethanoic acid) is an analogue of acetic acid in which the three hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have all been replaced by chlorine atoms.

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Trichloromethyl

Trichloromethyl is a functional group that has the formula –CCl3.

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Trichrome staining

Trichrome staining is a histological staining method that uses two or more acid dyes in conjunction with a polyacid.

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Tridecylic acid

Tridecylic acid, or tridecanoic acid, is a 13-carbon saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)11COOH.

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Triethyl orthoacetate

Triethyl orthoacetate is the ethyl orthoester of acetic acid.

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Triethylammonium acetate

Triethylammonium acetate is a volatile buffering agent, which, when diluted in water, maintains pH at about 7.

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Triethylene glycol

Triethylene glycol, TEG, or triglycol is a colorless odorless viscous liquid with molecular formula HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH.

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Triflic acid

Triflic acid, also known as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, TFMS, TFSA, HOTf or TfOH, is a sulfonic acid with the chemical formula CF3SO3H.

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Trifluoroacetic acid

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CF3CO2H.

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Tsukemono

are Japanese preserved vegetables (usually pickled in salt, brine, or a bed of rice bran).

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Tube cleaning

For the article about the tube cleaning of steam locomotive boilers see: Tube cleaning (locomotive).

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Turk's solution

Used in hematology, Türk's solution is a composed of a stain (gentian violet) and 1-2% acetic acid.

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Tyler poison gas plot

The Tyler poison gas plot was an American domestic terrorism plan in Tyler, Texas, thwarted in April 2003 with the arrest of three individuals and the seizure of a cyanide gas bomb along with a large arsenal.

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Ultramarine

Ultramarine is a deep blue color and a pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder.

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Uranyl acetate

Uranyl acetate (UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O) is the acetate salt of uranyl and is a yellow-green crystalline solid made up of yellow-green rhombic crystals and has a slight acetic odor.

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Uroporphyrinogen

Uroporphyrinogens are cyclic tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups ("P" groups) and four acetic acid groups ("A" groups).

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Uroporphyrinogen I

Uroporphyrinogen I is an isomer of uroporphyrinogen III, a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of heme.

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Uroporphyrinogen III

Uroporphyrinogen III is a tetrapyrrole, the first macrocyclic intermediate in the biosynthesis of heme, chlorophyll, vitamin B12, and siroheme.

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Urushibara nickel

Urushibara nickel is a nickel based hydrogenation catalyst, named after Yoshiyuki Urushibara.

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Vaginal lubrication

Vaginal lubrication is a naturally produced fluid that lubricates a woman's vagina.

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Van 't Hoff factor

The van 't Hoff factor (named after Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute upon colligative properties such as osmotic pressure, relative lowering in vapor pressure, boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression.

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Van der Waals constants (data page)

The following table lists the van der Waals constants (from the van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids.

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Van Slyke determination

The Van Slyke determination is a chemical test for the determination of amino acids containing a primary amine group.

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Vanadium tetrafluoride

Vanadium(IV) fluoride (VF4) is an inorganic compound of vanadium and fluorine.

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Vanilla

Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily from the Mexican species, flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia).

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Varrentrapp reaction

The Varrentrapp reaction, also named Varrentrapp degradation, is a name reaction in the organic chemistry.

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Vegetable

Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food as part of a meal.

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Verdigris

Verdigris is the common name for a green pigment obtained through the application of acetic acid to copper plates or the natural patina formed when copper, brass or bronze is weathered and exposed to air or seawater over a period of time.

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Vinegar

Vinegar is a liquid consisting of about 5–20% acetic acid (CH3COOH), water (H2O), and trace chemicals that may include flavorings.

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Vinegar test

Vinegar test is a cervical cancer testing method that uses acetic acid, a major component of vinegar.

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Vinyl acetate

Vinyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO2CH.

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Vinylon

Vinylon, also known as Vinalon, is a synthetic fiber produced from polyvinyl alcohol, using anthracite and limestone as raw materials.

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Vitamin B12 total synthesis

The total synthesis of the complex biomolecule vitamin B12 was first accomplished by the collaborating research groups of Robert Burns Woodward at Harvard and Albert Eschenmoser at ETH in 1972.

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Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a group of eight compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.

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Viton

Viton is a brand of FKM, a synthetic rubber and fluoropolymer elastomer commonly used in O-rings, chemical-resistant gloves, and other molded or extruded goods.

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Vulcanization

Vulcanization or vulcanisation is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by heating them with sulfur or other equivalent curatives or accelerators.

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VX (nerve agent)

VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate.

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Wacker process

The Wacker process or the Hoechst-Wacker process (named after the chemical companies of the same name) refers to the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde in the presence of palladium(II) chloride as the catalyst.

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Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement

A Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement is a class of carbocation 1,2-rearrangement reactions in which a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon.

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Wöhler synthesis

The Wöhler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea.

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Wender Taxol total synthesis

The Wender Taxol total synthesis in organic chemistry describes a Taxol total synthesis (one of six to date) by the group of Paul Wender at Stanford University published in 1997.

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Wet storage stain

Wet storage stain, more commonly known as white rust or white corrosion, is a type of zinc corrosion.

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Wharton reaction

The Wharton olefin synthesis is a chemical reaction that involves the reduction of α,β-epoxy ketones using hydrazine to give allylic alcohols.

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Wheat beer

Wheat beer is a beer, usually top-fermented, which is brewed with a large proportion of wheat relative to the amount of malted barley.

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White catalyst

The White catalyst is a transition metal coordination complex named after the chemist by whom it was first synthesized, M. Christina White, a professor at the University of Illinois.

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White lead

White lead is the basic lead carbonate, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2.

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White–Chen catalyst

The White–Chen catalyst is an Iron-based coordination complex named after Professor M. Christina White and her graduate student Mark S. Chen.

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Wieland-Gumlich aldehyde

The so-called Wieland-Gumlich aldehyde (6) is an indoline derived by chemical degradation from strychnine.

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Wieland–Miescher ketone

The Wieland–Miescher ketone is a racemic bicyclic diketone (enedione) and is a versatile synthon which has so far been employed in the total synthesis of more than 50 natural products, predominantly sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes and steroids possessing possible biological properties including anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antineurodegenerative and immunomodulatory activities.

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William Higgins (chemist)

William Higgins (1763 – June 1825), an Irish chemist, was one of the early proponents of atomic theory.

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Williamsport and North Branch Railroad

The Williamsport and North Branch Railroad was a short line that operated in north-central Pennsylvania between 1872 and 1937.

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Wine fault

A wine fault or defect is an unpleasant characteristic of a wine often resulting from poor winemaking practices or storage conditions, and leading to wine spoilage.

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Wine tasting descriptors

The use of wine tasting descriptors allows the taster to qualitatively relate the aromas and flavors that the taster experiences and can be used in assessing the overall quality of wine.

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Winemaking

Winemaking or vinification is the production of wine, starting with the selection of the fruit, its fermentation into alcohol, and the bottling of the finished liquid.

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Wohl degradation

The Wohl degradation in carbohydrate chemistry is a chain contraction method for aldoses.

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Wolff rearrangement

The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement.

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Wood preservation

All measures that are taken to ensure a long life of wood fall under the definition wood preservation (timber treatment).

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Woodward cis-hydroxylation

The Woodward cis-hydroxylation (also known as the Woodward reaction) is the chemical reaction of alkenes with iodine and silver acetate in wet acetic acid to form cis-diols.

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World War Three (Doctor Who)

"World War Three" is the fifth episode of the first series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who which was first broadcast on BBC One on 23 April 2005.

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Wright etch

The Wright Etch is a preferential etch for revealing defects in and oriented, p- and n-type silicon.

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Yeast

Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.

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Yeast in winemaking

The role of yeast in winemaking is the most important element that distinguishes wine from grape juice.

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Yield (chemistry)

In chemistry, yield, also referred to as reaction yield, is the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction.

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Yorkshire and the Humber

Yorkshire and the Humber is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes.

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Zasmidium cellare

Zasmidium cellare, also known as cellar mold, is a species of fungus that exists in dark, ethanol-rich environments and is brown to black in colour.

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Zeisel determination

The Zeisel determination or Zeisel test is a chemical test for the presence of esters or ethers in a chemical substance.

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Zenker's fixative

Zenker's fixative is a rapid-acting fixative for animal tissues.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zinc acetate

Zinc acetate is a salt with the formula Zn(O2CCH3)2, which commonly occurs as the dihydrate Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2.

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Zinc cyanide

Zinc cyanide is the inorganic compound with the formula Zn(CN)2.

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Zinc–copper couple

Zinc–copper couple is an alloy of zinc and copper that is employed as a reagent in organic synthesis.

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Zincography

Zincography was a planographic printing process that used zinc plates.

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Zomepirac

Zomepirac is an orally effective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has antipyretic actions.

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Zona Libre (lotion)

Zona Libre is a lotion produced in Argentina.

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Zygosaccharomyces

Zygosaccharomyces is a genus of yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae.

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Zygosaccharomyces bailii

Zygosaccharomyces bailii is a species in the genus Zygosaccharomyces.

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(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene

(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, also known as phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA) is a hypervalent iodine chemical reagent with formula.

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1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone

1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone is a chemical compound that is a derivative of anthrone.

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1-Octen-3-yl acetate

1-Octen-3-yl acetate is a chemical compound with molecular formula C10H18O2.

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1-Pentanol

1-Pentanol, (or n-pentanol, pentan-1-ol), is an alcohol with five carbon atoms and the molecular formula C5H11OH.

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1-Propanol

1-Propanol is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH (sometimes represented as PrOH or n-PrOH).

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1.1.1-Propellane

Propellane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the propellane family.

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1847 in science

The year 1847 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1912 in science

The year 1912 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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2,3,4-Pentanetrione

2,3,4-Pentanetrione (or IUPAC name pentane-2,3,4-trione, triketopentane or dimethyl triketone) is the simplest linear triketone, a ketone with three C.

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2-Carbomethoxytropinone

2-Carbomethoxytropinone (2-CMT) is a commonly used organic intermediate in the synthesis of cocaine and its analogues.

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2-Ethoxyethyl acetate

No description.

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2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

2-Nitrobenzaldehyde is an organic aromatic compound containing a nitro group ortho to formyl.

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2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde

2-Nitrocinnamaldehyde, ortho-nitrocinnamaldehyde or o-nitrocinnamaldehyde is an organic aromatic compound containing a nitro group ortho- to the 1-position of cinnamaldehyde.

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2.2.2-Propellane

Propellane, formally tricyclooctane is an organic compound, a member of the propellane family.

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3-Hydroxypropionic acid

3-Hydroxypropionic acid is a carboxylic acid, specifically a beta hydroxy acid.

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4-Dimethylaminopyridine

4-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) is a derivative of pyridine with the chemical formula (CH3)2NC5H4N.

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4-HO-DET

4-HO-DET, also known as 4-hydroxy-diethyl-tryptamine, CZ-74, is a hallucinogenic drug and psychedelic compound of moderate duration.

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6-Deoxyerythronolide B synthase

6-Deoxyerythronolide B Synthase or DEBS has been identified as a Type 1 polyketide synthase.

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6-Monoacetylcodeine

6-Monoacetylcodeine (6-MAC) is an acetate ester of codeine in which the hydroxyl group on the 6 position has been acetylated.

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6-Monoacetylmorphine

6-Monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM, 6-acetylmorphine, or 6-AM) is one of three active metabolites of heroin (diacetylmorphine), the others being morphine and the much less active 3-monoacetylmorphine (3-MAM).

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Redirects here:

ATC code G01AD02, ATC code S02AA10, ATCvet code QG01AD02, ATCvet code QS02AA10, AcOH, Acetic, Acetic (acid), Acetic Acid, Acetic acids, Acetyl hydroxide, Ascetic acid, CH3CO2H, CH3COOH, Ethanoic Acid, Ethanoic acid, Ethylic acid, Glacia acetic acid, Glacial acetic acid, HAc, HC2H3O2, HOAc, Hydrogen acetate, Methane carbon dioxide, Methanecarboxylic acid, Methanol carbonylation.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid