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607 relations: Acanthophis, Acetyl group, Acetyl-CoA, Acetylcholine receptor, Acetylcholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, ACH, Aconitine, Act, Action potential, Activation-synthesis hypothesis, Active site, Adrenaline, Agrin, Alcohol (drug), Alex Karczmar, Alpha motor neuron, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, Alpha-3 beta-2 nicotinic receptor, Alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor, Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor, Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor, Alpha-GPC, Alpha-neurotoxin, Altinicline, Alvameline, Alzheimer's disease, Amifampridine, Aminosteroid, Amniotic epithelial cell, Amphetamine, Anagyrine, Anatoxin-a, Anatoxin-a(S), Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Antiarrhythmic agent, Anticholinergic, Antihistamine, Antiparkinson medication, Apple juice, Arecoline, Arousal, ATC code S01, Atracurium besilate, Atropine, Australian funnel-web spider, Autonomic nervous system, Autopharmacology, Autoreceptor, Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, ..., Axon reflex, B vitamins, Basal 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Whittaker, Vigilance (psychology), Visual hallucinations in psychosis, VX (nerve agent), William D.M. Paton, Yellow-lipped sea krait, Yt antigen system, ZK-93426, (CH3)3N+CH2CH2OCOCH3, 1950 French Annapurna expedition, 5-HT receptor, 5-HT1A receptor. Expand index (557 more) »
Acanthophis
Acanthophis is a genus of elapid snakes.
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Acetyl group
In organic chemistry, acetyl is a moiety, the acyl with chemical formula CH3CO.
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Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
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Acetylcholine receptor
An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.
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Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase, encoded by HGNC gene ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7) is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters. AChE is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. It belongs to carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides.
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (often abbreviated AChEI) or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical or a drug that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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ACH
Ach or ACH may refer to.
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Aconitine
Aconitine is an alkaloid toxin produced by the Aconitum plant, also known as devil's helmet or monkshood.
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Act
Act or ACT may refer to.
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Action potential
In physiology, an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise.
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Activation-synthesis hypothesis
The activation-synthesis hypothesis, proposed by Harvard University psychiatrists John Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, is a neurobiological theory of dreams first published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in December 1977.
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Active site
In biology, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
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Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.
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Agrin
Agrin is a large proteoglycan whose best-characterised role is in the development of the neuromuscular junction during embryogenesis.
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Alcohol (drug)
Alcohol, also known by its chemical name ethanol, is a psychoactive substance or drug that is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor).
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Alex Karczmar
Alexander George Karczmar (May 9, 1917 – September 1, 2017), was an American neuroscientist and academician.
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Alpha motor neuron
Alpha (α) motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord.
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Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein.
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Alpha-3 beta-2 nicotinic receptor
The alpha-3 beta-2 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α3β2 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, consisting of α3 and β2 subunits.
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Alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor
The alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α3β4 receptor and the ganglion-type nicotinic receptor,Pharmacology, (Rang, Dale, Ritter & Moore,, 5th ed., Churchill Livingstone 2003) p. 138.
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Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor
The alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α4β2 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor implicated in learning, consisting of α4 and β2 subunits.
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Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor
The alpha-7 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α7 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor implicated in long term memory, consisting entirely of α7 subunits.
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Alpha-GPC
L-Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC, choline alfoscerate) is a natural choline compound found in the brain.
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Alpha-neurotoxin
α-Neurotoxins are a group of neurotoxic snake peptides that come from the venom of snakes in the families Elapidae and Hydrophidae that cause paralysis, respiratory failure, and death.
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Altinicline
Altinicline (SIB-1508Y, SIB-1765F) is a drug which acts as an agonist at neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with high selectivity for the α4β2 subtype.
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Alvameline
Alvameline (Lu 25-109) is a M1 receptor agonist and M2/M3 receptor antagonist that was under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, but produced poor results in clinical trials and was subsequently discontinued.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Amifampridine
Amifampridine (pyridine-3,4-diamine, 3,4-diaminopyridine, 3,4-DAP) is used as a drug, predominantly in the treatment of a number of rare muscle diseases. The free base form of the drug has been used to treat congenital myasthenic syndromes and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) through compassionate use programs since the 1990s and was recommended as a first line treatment for LEMS in 2006, using ad hoc forms of the drug, since there was no marketed form. Around 2000 doctors at Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris created a phosphate salt form, which was developed through a series of companies ending with BioMarin Pharmaceutical which obtained European approval in 2009 under the trade name Firdapse, and which licensed the US rights to Catalyst Pharmaceuticals in 2012. As of January 2017, Catalyst and another US company, Jacobus Pharmaceuticals, which had been manufacturing the free base form and giving it away for free since the 1990s, were racing to obtain FDA approval for their versions first; the company that obtained the approval would have seven years of marketing exclusivity. Amifampridine phosphate has orphan drug status in the EU for Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome and Catalyst holds both an orphan designation and a breakthrough therapy designation in the US..
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Aminosteroid
Aminosteroids are a group of steroids with a similar structure based on an amino-substituted steroid nucleus.
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Amniotic epithelial cell
An amniotic epithelial cell is a form of stem cell extracted from the lining of the inner membrane of the placenta.
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Amphetamine
Amphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.
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Anagyrine
Anagyrine is a teratogenic alkaloid commonly found in many species of lupinus plants.
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Anatoxin-a
Anatoxin-a, also known as Very Fast Death Factor (VFDF), is a secondary, bicyclic amine alkaloid and cyanotoxin with acute neurotoxicity.
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Anatoxin-a(S)
Anatoxin-a(S) "Salivary" is a naturally occurring cyanotoxin commonly isolated from cyanobacteria (specifically of the genus Anabaena) and causes excess salivation in mammals via inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) that causes angiostrongyliasis, the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Basin.
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Antiarrhythmic agent
Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
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Anticholinergic
An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system.
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Antihistamine
Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis and other allergies.
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Antiparkinson medication
An antiparkinson medication is a type of drug which is intended to treat and relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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Apple juice
Apple juice is a fruit juice made by the maceration and pressing of an apple.
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Arecoline
Arecoline is a nicotinic acid-based alkaloid found in the areca nut, the fruit of the areca palm (Areca catechu).
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Arousal
Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception.
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ATC code S01
S01.
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Atracurium besilate
Atracurium besilate, also known as atracurium besylate, is a medication used in addition to other medications to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation.
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Atropine
Atropine is a medication to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate and to decrease saliva production during surgery.
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Australian funnel-web spider
The Atracidae, commonly known as Australian funnel-web spiders, are a family of mygalomorph spiders.
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Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs.
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Autopharmacology
Autopharmacology relates to the scientific study of the regulation of body functions by the activity of its naturally existent (or endogenous) chemical factors of the tissues.
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Autoreceptor
An autoreceptor is a type of receptor located in the membranes of presynaptic nerve cells.
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Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy
Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is an epileptic disorder that causes frequent violent seizures during sleep.
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Axon reflex
The axon reflex (or the flare response) is the response stimulated by peripheral nerves of the body that travels away from the nerve cell body and branches to stimulate target organs.
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B vitamins
B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism.
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Basal forebrain
The basal forebrain structures are located in the forebrain to the front of and below the striatum.
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Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) is a group of subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates including humans, which are situated at the base of the forebrain.
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Bathmotropic
Bathmotropic often refers to modifying the degree of excitability specifically of the heart; in general, it refers to modification of the degree of excitability (threshold of excitation) of musculature in general, including the heart.
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Batrachotoxin
Batrachotoxin (BTX) is an extremely potent cardiotoxic and neurotoxic steroidal alkaloid found in certain species of frogs (poison dart frog), melyrid beetles, and birds (the pitohui, blue-capped ifrit, and little shrikethrush).
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Bendiocarb
Bendiocarb is an acutely toxic carbamate insecticide used in public health and agriculture and is effective against a wide range of nuisance and disease vector insects.
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate.
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Benjamin Dale
Benjamin James Dale (17 July 188530 July 1943) was an English composer and academic who had a long association with the Royal Academy of Music.
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Benzatropine
Benzatropine, also known as benztropine, is an anticholinergic marketed under the trade name Cogentin which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonism, and dystonia.
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Benzilylcholine mustard
Benzilylcholine mustard (N-2-chloroethyl-N-methyl 2-aminoethyl benzilate) is a modified version of acetylcholine, so named because after cyclization in solution it forms an iminium derivative that is structurally similar to benzilylcholine.
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Benzodiazepine dependence
Benzodiazepine dependence or benzodiazepine addiction is when one has developed one or more of either tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drug seeking behaviors, such as continued use despite harmful effects, and maladaptive pattern of substance use, according to the DSM-IV.
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Bernard Katz
Sir Bernard Katz, FRS (26 March 1911 – 20 April 2003) was a German-born Australian physician and biophysicist, noted for his work on nerve physiology.
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Besipirdine
Besipirdine (besipirdine hydrochloride, or HP749), an indole-substituted analog of 4-aminopyridine, is a nootropic drug developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Beta-bungarotoxin
β-Bungarotoxin is a form of bungarotoxin that is fairly common in Krait (Bungarus multicinctus) venoms.
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Betahistine
Betahistine, sold under the brand name Serc among others, is an anti-vertigo medication.
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Bethanechol
Bethanechol is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors.
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Big Nothing
Big Nothing is a 2006 British-Canadian black comedy crime film directed by Jean-Baptiste Andrea starring David Schwimmer and Simon Pegg.
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Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease
The biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common causes of adult dementia, is not yet very well understood.
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Biological functions of nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) is a molecule and chemical compound with chemical formula of NO.
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Blue-ringed octopus
Blue-ringed octopuses, comprising the genus Hapalochlaena, are four highly venomous species of octopus that are found in tide pools and coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian oceans, from Japan to Australia.
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Botulinum toxin
Botulinum toxin (BTX) or Botox is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.
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Botulism
Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
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Braak staging
Braak staging refers to two methods used to classify the degree of pathology in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Bronchoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction is the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
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Bronchospasm
Bronchospasm or a bronchial spasm is a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles.
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Brugada syndrome
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a genetic condition that results in abnormal electrical activity within the heart, increasing the risk of sudden cardiac death.
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Bruxism
Bruxism is excessive teeth grinding or jaw clenching.
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Bryan Molloy
Dr Bryan Barnet Molloy (30 March 1939 – 20 May 2004) was a Scottish chemist, known notably for helping to invent the antidepressant Prozac, a name for fluoxetine.
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Bungarotoxin
Bungarotoxins are a group of closely related neurotoxic proteins of the three-finger toxin superfamily found in the venom of kraits including Bungarus multicinctus.
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Butyrylcholine
Butyrylcholine is a choline-based ester that can function as a neurotransmitter.
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Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.
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Calcium metabolism
Calcium metabolism refers to the movements and regulation of calcium ions (Ca2+) into and out of various body compartments, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the blood plasma, the extracellular and the intracellular fluid, and bone tissue.
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Camylofin
Camylofin is an antimuscarinic.
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Cannabinoid receptor type 1
The cannabinoid type 1 receptor, often abbreviated as CB1, is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor located in the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Carbachol
Carbachol (Carbastat, Carboptic, Isopto Carbachol, Miostat), also known as carbamylcholine, is a cholinomimetic drug that binds and activates acetylcholine receptors.
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Carbaryl
Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) is a chemical in the carbamate family used chiefly as an insecticide.
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Carbon-11-choline
Carbon-11 choline is the basis of medical imaging technologies.
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Carbophenothion
Carbophenothion also known as Stauffer R 1303 as for the manufacturer, Stauffer Chemical, is an organophosphorus chemical compound.
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Cardiac action potential
The cardiac action potential is a brief change in voltage (membrane potential) across the cell membrane of heart cells.
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Cardiac physiology
Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; myocardium structure; the electrical conduction system of the heart; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another.
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Carlos Chagas Filho
Carlos Chagas Filho (September 10, 1910 – February 16, 2000) was a Brazilian physician, biologist and scientist active in the field of neuroscience.
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Carotid body
The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork (bifurcation) of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat).
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Case Vanderwolf
Cornelius Hendrik "Case" Vanderwolf (1935 - 2015) was a Canadian neuroscientist.
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Cat cognitive support diets
In general, cognitive support diets are formulated to include nutrients that have a known role in brain development, function and/or maintenance, with the goal of improving and preserving mental processes such as attentiveness, short-term and long-term memory, learning, and problem solving.
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Cat intelligence
Cat intelligence is the capacity of the domesticated cat to solve problems and adapt to its environment.
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Cation–pi interaction
Cation–π interaction is a noncovalent molecular interaction between the face of an electron-rich π system (e.g. benzene, ethylene, acetylene) and an adjacent cation (e.g. Li+, Na+).
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CDP-choline pathway
The CDP-choline pathway, first identified by Eugene Kennedy in 1956, is the predominant mechanism by which mammalian cells synthesize phosphatidylcholine (PC) for incorporation into membranes or lipid-derived signalling molecules.
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CEBPB
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEBPB gene.
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Celiac ganglia
The celiac ganglia or coeliac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen.
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Cell signaling
Cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions.
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Cell surface receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the membranes of cells.
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Central nervous system fatigue
Central nervous system fatigue, or central fatigue, is a form of fatigue that is associated with changes in the synaptic concentration of neurotransmitters within the central nervous system (CNS; including the brain and spinal cord) which affects exercise performance and muscle function and cannot be explained by peripheral factors that affect muscle function.
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Cerebellum
The cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.
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Charcot–Wilbrand syndrome
Charcot–Wilbrand syndrome (CWS) describes dream loss following focal brain damage specifically characterized by visual agnosia and loss of ability to mentally recall or "revisualize" images.
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Chemesthesis
Chemesthesis is defined as the chemical sensibility of the skin and mucous membranes.
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Chemoreceptor trigger zone
The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) is an area of the medulla oblongata that receives inputs from blood-borne drugs or hormones, and communicates with other structures in the vomiting center to initiate vomiting.
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Chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide, trade name Librium, is a sedative and hypnotic medication of the benzodiazepine class; it is used to treat anxiety, insomnia and withdrawal symptoms from alcohol and/or drug abuse.
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Chlorethoxyfos
Chlorethoxyfos (O,O-diethyl-O-(1,2,2,2-tetrachloroethyl)phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide.
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Chlorfenvinphos
Chlorfenvinphos is the common name of an organophosphorus compound that was widely used as an insecticide and an acaricide.
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Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine (CPZ), marketed under the trade names Thorazine and Largactil among others, is an antipsychotic medication.
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Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos (CPS), sold under many brandnames, is an organophosphate pesticide used to kill a number of pests including insects and worms.
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Cholangiocyte
Cholangiocytes are the epithelial cells of the bile duct.
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Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin (CCK or CCK-PZ; from Greek chole, "bile"; cysto, "sac"; kinin, "move"; hence, move the bile-sac (gallbladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.
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Choline
Choline is a water-soluble vitamin-like essential nutrient.
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Choline acetyltransferase
Choline acetyltransferase (commonly abbreviated as ChAT, but sometimes CAT) is a transferase enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Choline transporter
The high-affinity choline transporter (ChT) also known as solute carrier family 5 member 7 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the SLC5A7 gene.
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Cholinergic
In general, the word choline refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the ''N'',''N'',''N''-trimethylethanolammonium cation.
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Cholinergic crisis
A cholinergic crisis is an over-stimulation at a neuromuscular junction due to an excess of acetylcholine (ACh), as of a result of the inactivity (perhaps even inhibition) of the AChE enzyme, which normally breaks down acetylcholine.
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Cholinergic neuron
A cholinergic neuron is a nerve cell which mainly uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to send its messages.
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Cholinesterase
In biochemistry, a cholinesterase or choline esterase is an esterase that lyses choline-based esters, several of which serve as neurotransmitters.
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Christiane Linster
Christiane Linster is a Luxembourg-born behavioral neuroscientist and a professor in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior at Cornell University.
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CHRNA7
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7, also known as nAChRα7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNA7 gene.
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Chronotropic
Chronotropic effects (from chrono-, meaning time, and tropos, "a turn") are those that change the heart rate.
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Cisapride
Cisapride is a gastroprokinetic agent, a drug that increases motility in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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Citicoline
Citicoline (INN), also known as cytidine diphosphate-choline (CDP-Choline) or cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine is an intermediate in the generation of phosphatidylcholine from choline, a common biochemical process in cell membranes.
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Clonazepam
Clonazepam, sold under the brand name Klonopin among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat seizures, panic disorder, and for the movement disorder known as akathisia.
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Clothianidin
Clothianidin is an insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG.
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Cobratoxin
α-Cobratoxin is a substance of the venom of certain Naja cobras.
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Cognitive neuroscience of dreams
Scholarly interest in the process and functions of dreaming has been present since Sigmund Freud's interpretations in the 1900s.
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Con Stough
Con Stough is Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology at Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, director of the Swinburne Centre for Neuropsychology and director of the newly formed National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM) Collaborative Centre for the study of herbal and natural medicines for neurocognition.
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Congenital myasthenic syndrome
Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by defects of several types at the neuromuscular junction.
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Cooperative binding
Molecular binding is an interaction between molecules that results in a stable physical association between those molecules.
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Corneal ulcer
Corneal ulcer, or ulcerative keratitis, is an inflammatory or more seriously, infective condition of the cornea involving disruption of its epithelial layer with involvement of the corneal stroma.
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Corneal ulcers in animals
A corneal ulcer, or ulcerative keratitis, is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer.
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Curare
Curare or is a common name for various plant extract alkaloid arrow poisons originating from Central and South America.
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Cushing ulcer
A Cushing ulcer, named after Harvey Cushing, is a gastric ulcer associated with elevated intracranial pressure.
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Cyanocobalamin
Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of 12.
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Cyanotoxin
Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by bacteria called cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae).
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Cycrimine
Cycrimine (trade name Pagitane) is a central anticholinergic drug designed to reduce the levels of acetylcholine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Cymserine
Cymserine is a drug related to physostigmine, which acts as a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, with moderate selectivity (15×) for the plasma cholinesterase enzyme butyrylcholinesterase, and relatively weaker inhibition of the better-known acetylcholinesterase enzyme.
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Cys-loop receptor
The Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily is composed of nicotinic acetylcholine, GABAA, GABAA-ρ, glycine, 5-HT3 receptors, and zinc-activated ion channel that are composed of five protein subunits that form a pentameric arrangement around a central pore.
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Dale's principle
In neuroscience, Dale's principle (or Dale's law) is a rule attributed to the English neuroscientist Henry Hallett Dale.
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David Nachmansohn
David Nachmansohn (17 March 1899 – 2 November 1983) was a German-Jewish biochemist responsible for elucidating the role of phosphocreatine in energy production in the muscles, and the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerve stimulation.
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Decamethonium
Decamethonium (Syncurine) is a depolarizing muscle relaxant or neuromuscular blocking agent, and is used in anesthesia to induce paralysis.
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December 1961
The following events occurred in December 1961.
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Dementia with Lewy bodies
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia accompanied by changes in behavior, cognition and movement.
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Dendrotoxin
Dendrotoxins are a class of presynaptic neurotoxins produced by mamba snakes (Dendroaspis) that block particular subtypes of voltage-gated potassium channels in neurons, thereby enhancing the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.
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Denervation
Denervation is any loss of nerve supply regardless of the cause.
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Desformylflustrabromine
Desformylflustrabromine (dFBr) is a tryptamine derivative which was first isolated as an active metabolite of the marine bryozoan Flustra foliacea.
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Development of the nervous system
Development of the nervous system refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to adulthood.
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Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.
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Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body.
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Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is an oily, colorless liquid with the chemical formula C6H14FO3P.
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Dimenhydrinate
Dimenhydrinate, marketed as Dramamine and Gravol among others, is an over-the-counter medication used to treat motion sickness and nausea.
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Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ ATPase) and inhibit gastric acid secretion.
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Dopaminergic pathways
Dopaminergic pathways, sometimes called dopaminergic projections, are the sets of projection neurons in the brain that synthesize and release the neurotransmitter dopamine.
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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the brain of humans and non-human primates.
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Drug action
The action of drugs on the human body is called pharmacodynamics, and what the body does with the drug is called pharmacokinetics.
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Dysgeusia
Dysgeusia, also known as parageusia, is a distortion of the sense of taste.
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Dyssynergia
Dyssynergia is any disturbance of muscular coordination, resulting in uncoordinated and abrupt movements.
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Dystonia
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures.
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Dystroglycan
Dystroglycan is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAG1 gene.
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EA-3990
EA-3990 is a deadly carbamate nerve agent.
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EA-4056
EA-4056 is a deadly carbamate nerve agent.
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Eastern brown snake
The eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis), often referred to as the common brown snake, is an extremely venomous snake of the family Elapidae, native to eastern and central Australia and southern New Guinea.
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Eating disorders and memory
Many memory impairments exist as a result from or cause of eating disorders.
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Edith Bülbring
Edith Bülbring, FRS (27 December 1903 – 5 July 1990) was a British scientist in the field of smooth muscle physiology, one of the first women accepted to the Royal Society as a fellow (FRS).
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Edrophonium
Edrophonium is a readily reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Edward Kravitz
Edward Arthur Kravitz (born December 19, 1932) is the George Packer Berry Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School.
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Effects of cannabis
The effects of cannabis are caused by the chemical compounds in the plant, including cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is only one of more than 100 different cannabinoids present in the plant.
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Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
It has been estimated that over 20% of adults suffer from some form of sleep deprivation.
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Electric organ (biology)
In biology, the electric organ is an organ common to all electric fish used for the purposes of creating an electric field.
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Emodepside
Emodepside is an anthelmintic drug that is effective against a number of gastrointestinal nematodes, is licensed for use in cats and belongs to the class of drugs known as the octadepsipeptides, a relatively new class of anthelmintic (research into these compounds began in the early 1990s), which are suspected to achieve their anti-parasitic effect by a novel mechanism of action due to their ability to kill nematodes resistant to other anthelmintics.
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Emoxypine
Emoxypine (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine), also known as Mexidol or Mexifin when used as the succinate salt, is an antioxidant manufactured in Russia by Pharmasoft Pharmaceuticals.
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End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction.
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Endocrinology
Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones.
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Endocytic cycle
The whole cycle of endocytosis plus exocytosis is known as the endocytic cycle.
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Enteric nervous system
The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Enzyme inhibitor
4QI9) An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
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Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid
The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids or EETs are signaling molecules formed within various types of cells by the metabolism of arachidonic acid by a specific subset of Cytochrome P450 enzymes termed cytochrome P450 epoxygenases.
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Erection
An erection (clinically: penile erection or penile tumescence) is a physiological phenomenon in which the penis becomes firm, engorged, and enlarged.
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Ernest Sachs Jr.
Ernest Sachs Jr. (1916-2001) was an American neurosurgeon.
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Esophageal achalasia
Esophageal achalasia, often called simple achalasia, is a failure of smooth muscle fibers to relax, which can cause the lower esophageal sphincter to remain closed.
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Esophageal spasm
Esophageal spasm or oesophageal spasm is a disorder of esophageal motility.
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Esterase
An esterase is a hydrolase enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis.
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Ethion
Ethion (C9H22O4P2S4) is an organophosphate insecticide.
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Eve Marder
Eve Marder (born May 30, 1948 in New York City) is an American neuroscientist known for her work on neural circuits in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system (STNS).
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential
In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.
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Excitatory synapse
An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.
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Explicit memory
Explicit memory (or declarative memory) is one of the two main types of long-term human memory.
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Expressive aphasia
Expressive aphasia, also known as Broca's aphasia, is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact.
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Extrafusal muscle fiber
Extrafusal muscle fibers are the skeletal standard muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement.
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Fascia dentata
The fascia dentata is the earliest stage of the hippocampal circuit.
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Fasciculin
Fasciculins are a class of toxic proteins found in certain snake venoms, notably some species of mamba.
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Fear processing in the brain
Many experiments have been done to find out how the brain interprets stimuli and how animals develop fear responses.
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Feprosidnine
Feprosidnine (Sydnophen) is a stimulant drug which was developed in the USSR in the 1970s.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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FG-7142
FG-7142 (ZK-31906) is a drug which acts as a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine allosteric site of the GABAA receptor.
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Fight-or-flight response
The fight-or-flight response (also called hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.
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Fish acute toxicity syndrome
Fish acute toxicity syndrome (FATS) is a set of common chemical and functional responses in fish resulting from a short-term, acute exposure to a lethal concentration of a toxicant, a chemical or material that can produce an unfavorable effect in a living organism.
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Flaccid paralysis
Flaccid paralysis is an illness characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause (e.g., trauma).
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Fly spray
Fly spray is a chemical insecticide that comes in an aerosol can that is sprayed into the air to kill flies.
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Functional Ensemble of Temperament
Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) is a neurochemical model suggesting specific functional roles of main neurotransmitter systems in regulation of behavior.
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G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel
The G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) are a family of inward-rectifier potassium ion channels which are activated (opened) via a signal transduction cascade starting with ligand-stimulated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
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G protein-gated ion channel
G protein-gated ion channels are a family of transmembrane ion channels in neurons and atrial myocytes that are directly gated by G proteins.
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G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.
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Galanin
Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals.
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Galantamine
Galantamine (Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl, Lycoremine) is used for the treatment of cognitive decline in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and various other memory impairments.
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Gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine triethiodide (Flaxedil) is a non-depolarising muscle relaxant.
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Gastric acid
Gastric acid, gastric juice or stomach acid, is a digestive fluid formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl).
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GDF2
Growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF2) also known as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF2 gene.
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General anaesthesia
General anaesthesia or general anesthesia (see spelling differences) is a medically induced coma with loss of protective reflexes, resulting from the administration of one or more general anaesthetic agents.
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Gerald Fischbach
Gerald D. Fischbach (born November 15, 1938) is an American neuroscientist.
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Ghrelin
Ghrelin (pronounced), the "hunger hormone", also known as lenomorelin (INN), is a peptide hormone produced by ghrelinergic cells in the gastrointestinal tract which functions as a neuropeptide in the central nervous system.
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Gi alpha subunit
Gi alpha subunit (Gαi, or Gi/G0 or Gi protein) is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP.
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Glomus cell
A glomus cell (type I) is a peripheral chemoreceptor, mainly located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies, that helps the body regulate breathing.
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Glossary of biology
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.
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Glossary of entomology terms
This glossary of entomology describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists.
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Glucagon
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas.
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Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
In neuroscience, glutamate refers to the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter: a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells.
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Glycated hemoglobin
Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, A1C, or Hb1c; sometimes also referred to as being Hb1c or HGBA1C) is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the three-month average plasma glucose concentration.
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Grid cell
A grid cell is a type of neuron in the brains of many species that allows them to understand their position in space.
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Growth differentiation factor
Growth differentiation factors (GDFs) are a subfamily of proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that have functions predominantly in development.
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Gut–brain axis
The gut–brain axis is the biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the central nervous system (CNS).
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H2 antagonist
H2 antagonists, sometimes referred to as H2RA and also called H2 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the histamine H2 receptors of the parietal cells in the stomach.
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H3 receptor antagonist
An H3 receptor antagonist is a classification of drugs used to block the action of histamine at the H3 receptor.
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Habenula
In neuroanatomy, habenula (diminutive of Latin habena meaning rein) originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland (pineal habenula; pedunculus of pineal body), but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus.
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Hachiro Sugimoto
is a Japanese chemist and pharmacologist, known for his discovery of Donepezil.
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Hair cell
Hair cells are the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates.
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Hallucinogen
A hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness.
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Harlequin syndrome
Harlequin syndrome is a condition characterized by asymmetric sweating and flushing on the upper thoracic region of the chest, neck and face.
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Health effects of wine
The health effects of wine are mainly determined by its active ingredient alcohol.
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Heart rate
Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute (bpm).
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Helminth protein
A helminth protein, or helminthic antigen, is a protein derived from a parasitic worm that causes an immune reaction.
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Hemiballismus
Ballismus or ballism (called hemiballismus or hemiballism in its unilateral form) is a very rare movement disorder.
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Hemicholinium-3
Hemicholinium-3 (HC3), also known as hemicholine, is a drug which blocks the reuptake of choline by the high-affinity choline transporter (ChT; encoded in humans by the gene SLC5A7) at the presynapse.
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Henry Hallett Dale
Sir Henry Hallett Dale (9 June 1875 – 23 July 1968) was an English pharmacologist and physiologist.
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Henry Markram
Henry John Markram (born 28 March 1962) is a Professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland and director of the Blue Brain Project and founder of the Human Brain Project.
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Hermona Soreq
Hermona Soreq (חרמונה שורק) is an Israeli professor of Molecular Neuroscience at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
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Heteroreceptor
A heteroreceptor is a receptor regulating the synthesis and/or the release of mediators other than its own ligand.
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Heterotrimeric G protein
"G protein" usually refers to the membrane-associated heterotrimeric G proteins, sometimes referred to as the "large" G proteins (as opposed to the subclass of smaller, monomeric small GTPases).
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Hexamethonium
Hexamethonium is a non-depolarising ganglionic blocker, a nicotinic nACh (NN) receptor antagonist that acts in autonomic ganglia by binding mostly in or on the NN receptor, and not the acetylcholine binding site itself.
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Histamine
Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.
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Histamine H3 receptor
Histamine H3 receptors are expressed in the central nervous system and to a lesser extent the peripheral nervous system, where they act as autoreceptors in presynaptic histaminergic neurons, and also control histamine turnover by feedback inhibition of histamine synthesis and release.
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History of catecholamine research
The catecholamines comprise the endogenous substances dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine) as well as numerous artificially synthesized compounds such as isoprenaline.
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History of psychiatry
Specialty in psychiatry can be traced in Ancient India.
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Hoarse voice
A hoarse voice, also known as hoarseness or dysphonia, is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy, raspy, or strained, or is softer in volume or lower in pitch.
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Hornet
Hornets (insects in the genera Vespa and Provespa) are the largest of the eusocial wasps, and are similar in appearance to their close relatives yellowjackets.
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Human brain
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
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Huperzine A
Huperzine A is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene alkaloid compound found in the firmoss Huperzia serrata and in varying quantities in other Huperzia species, including H. elmeri, H. carinat, and H. aqualupian.
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Hyoscine
Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine, is a medication used to treat motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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Hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine (also known as daturine) is a tropane alkaloid.
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Hyperforin
Hyperforin is a phytochemical produced by some of the members of the plant genus Hypericum, notably Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort).
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Hypergraphia
Hypergraphia is a behavioral condition characterized by the intense desire to write or draw.
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Hypomagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia, also spelled hypomagnesaemia, is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is a low level of magnesium in the blood.
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Idiopathic pure sudomotor failure
Idiopathic pure sudomotor failure (IPSF) is the most common cause of a rare disorder known as acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis (AIGA), a clinical syndrome characterized by generalized decrease or absence of sweating without other autonomic and somatic nervous dysfunctions and without persistent organic cutaneous lesions.
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Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide that acts as an insect neurotoxin and belongs to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of insects.
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Imipramine
Imipramine, sold under the brand name Tofranil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which is used mainly in the treatment of depression.
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Indeloxazine
Indeloxazine (INN) (Elen, Noin) is an antidepressant and cerebral activator that was marketed in Japan and South Korea by Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms associated with cerebrovascular diseases, namely depression resulting from stroke, emotional disturbance, and avolition.
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Index of biochemistry articles
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.
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Index of chemistry articles
Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
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Indian grey mongoose
The Indian grey mongoose or common grey mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi) is a mongoose species mainly found in West Asia and on the Indian subcontinent.
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Inflammatory reflex
The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion.
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.
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Inland taipan
The inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), also commonly known as the western taipan, the small-scaled snake, or the fierce snake,White, Julian (November 1991).
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Inositol trisphosphate
Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (also commonly known as triphosphoinositol; abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3), together with diacylglycerol (DAG), is a secondary messenger molecule used in signal transduction and lipid signaling in biological cells.
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Insect physiology
Insect physiology includes the physiology and biochemistry of insect organ systems.
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Insecticide
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects.
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Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.
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Interneuron
An interneuron (also called internuncial neuron, relay neuron, association neuron, connector neuron, intermediate neuron or local circuit neuron) is a broad class of neurons found in the human body.
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Interpeduncular nucleus
The Interpeduncular nucleus is an unpaired, ovoid cell group at the base of the midbrain tegmentum.
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Interstitial cell of Cajal
The interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) is a type of interstitial cell found in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Iontophoresis
Iontophoresis is a process of transdermal drug delivery by use of a voltage gradient on the skin.
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Islands of Calleja
The islands of Calleja (IC, ISC, or IClj) are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals.
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Italian crested newt
The Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex) is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae.
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Itopride
Itopride (INN) (brand name Ganaton) is a prokinetic benzamide derivative unlike metoclopramide or domperidone.
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Ivan Izquierdo
Ivan Antonio Izquierdo (born 1937) is an Argentine Brazilian scientist and a pioneer in the study of the neurobiology of learning and memory.
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Jean-Charles Schwartz
Jean Charles Schwartz is a French neurobiologist.
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Jean-Pierre Changeux
Jean-Pierre Changeux (born 6 April 1936) is a French neuroscientist known for his research in several fields of biology, from the structure and function of proteins (with a focus on the allosteric proteins), to the early development of the nervous system up to cognitive functions.
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Joel Elkes
Joel Elkes (pronounced el' kez) (12 November 1913, Königsberg – 30 October 2015, Sarasota) was a leading medical researcher specialising in the chemistry of the brain.
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Joel Sussman
Joel L. Sussman (born September 24, 1943) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for his studies on acetylcholinesterase, a key protein involved in transmission of nerve signals.
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John Eccles (neurophysiologist)
Sir John Carew Eccles (27 January 1903 – 2 May 1997) was an Australian neurophysiologist and philosopher who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse.
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John Gaddum
Sir John Henry Gaddum (31 March 1900 – 30 June 1965) was an English pharmacologist who discovered Substance P, a neuropeptide in 1931 along with Ulf von Euler.
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José Raúl Capablanca
José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 November 1888 – 8 March 1942) was a Cuban chess player who was world chess champion from 1921 to 1927.
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Kalicludine
Kalicludine (AsKC) is a blocker of the voltage-dependent potassium channel Kv1.2 found in the snakeslocks anemone Anemonia viridis (Anemonia sulcata), which it uses to paralyse prey.
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Kappa-bungarotoxin
Kappa-bungarotoxin (often written κ-Bgt; historically also called toxin F) is a protein neurotoxin of the bungarotoxin family that is found in the venom of the many-banded krait, a snake found in Taiwan.
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Kenyon cell
Kenyon cells are the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom body, a neuropil found in the brains of most arthropods and some annelids.
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Kolanticon
Kolanticon is the brand name of a multi-ingredient drug preparation marketed in the United Kingdom by Peckforton Pharmaceuticals.
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Krešimir Krnjević
Krešimir Krnjević (born 7 September 1927 in Zagreb) is a Canadian-British neurophysiologist.
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Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness of the limbs.
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Lamotrigine
Lamotrigine, sold as the brand name Lamictal among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder.
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Lars-Erik Tammelin
Lars-Erik Tammelin (16 March 1923 – 3 January 1991) was a Swedish chemist, defence researcher and civil servant.
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Latent inhibition
Latent inhibition is a technical term used in classical conditioning to refer to the observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a signal or conditioned stimulus) than a new stimulus.
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Lateral grey column
The lateral grey column (lateral column, lateral cornu, lateral horn of spinal cord, intermediolateral column) is one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord (which give the shape of a butterfly); the others being the anterior and posterior grey columns.
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Lateral line
The lateral line is a system of sense organs found in aquatic vertebrates, used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water.
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Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (or lateroposterior tegmental nucleus) is a nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum.
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Latrodectism
Latrodectism is the illness caused by the bite of Latrodectus spiders (the black widow spider and related species).
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Latrotoxin
A latrotoxin is a high-molecular mass neurotoxin found in the venom of spiders of the genus Latrodectus (widow spiders).
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Lecozotan
Lecozotan is an investigational drug by Wyeth tested for improvement of cognitive functions of Alzheimer's disease patients.
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Leptophos
Leptophos (O-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate) belongs to the organophosphates and at room temperature it is a stable white solid.
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Lethal injection
Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person (typically a barbiturate, paralytic, and potassium solution) for the express purpose of causing immediate death.
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Libido
Libido, colloquially known as sex drive, is a person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity.
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Ligand-gated ion channel
Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.
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List of biomolecules
This is a list of articles that describe particular biomolecules or types of biomolecules.
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List of British innovations and discoveries
The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including predecessor states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom.
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List of chemical warfare agents
A chemical weapon agent (CWA) is a chemical substance whose toxic properties are used to kill, injure or incapacitate human beings.
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List of drugs: Ac
No description.
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List of English inventions and discoveries
English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England (that is, someone born in England - including to non-English parents - or born abroad with at least one English parent and who had the majority of their education or career in England).
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List of human blood components
In blood banking, the fractions of Whole Blood used for transfusion are also called components.
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List of investigational antidepressants
This is a list of investigational antidepressants, or antidepressants that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of mood disorders but are not yet approved.
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List of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs
This is a list of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical treatment of sexual dysfunction but are not yet approved.
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List of medical abbreviations: A
Category:Lists of medical abbreviations.
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List of MeSH codes (D02)
This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.
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List of regions in the human brain
The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies.
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List of University of Sydney people
This is a list of University of Sydney people, including notable alumni and staff.
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Long-term depression
Long-term depression (LTD), in neurophysiology, is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus.
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Lower motor neuron
Lower motor neurons (LMNs) are motor neurons located in either the anterior grey column, anterior nerve roots (spinal lower motor neurons) or the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem and cranial nerves with motor function (cranial nerve lower motor neurons).
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Lung
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.
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Lupinine
Lupinine is a quinolizidine alkaloid present in the genus Lupinus (colloquially referred to as lupins) of the flowering plant family Fabaceae.
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LYNX1
Ly6/neurotoxin 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the LYNX1 gene.
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M current
M current is a type of noninactivating potassium current first discovered in bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells The M-channel is a voltage-gated K+ channel that is named after the receptor it is influenced by.
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Malathion
Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide which acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Malleability of intelligence
Malleability of intelligence describes the processes by which intelligence can increase or decrease over time and is not static.
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Mamba
Mambas are fast-moving venomous snakes of the genus Dendroaspis (which literally means "tree asp") in the family Elapidae.
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Management of Parkinson's disease
Management of Parkinson's disease (PD), due to its chronic nature, requires a broad-based program including patient and family education, support group services, general wellness maintenance, exercise, and nutrition.
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Management of strabismus
The management of strabismus may include the use of drugs or surgery to correct the strabismus.
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Manojit Mohan Dhar
Manojit Mohan Dhar (1927–2003) was an Indian natural product chemist and the director of Central Drug Research Institute.
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Margatoxin
Margatoxin (MgTX) is a peptide that selectively inhibits Kv1.3 voltage-dependent potassium channels.
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Marianne Fillenz
Marianne Fillenz (1924 - 2012) was a Neuroscientist at the University of Oxford.
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Marthe Vogt
Marthe Louise Vogt (September 8, 1903 – September 9, 2003) was a German scientist recognized as one of the leading neuroscientists of the twentieth century.
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Mary Pickford (physiologist)
Lillian Mary Pickford (14 August 1902 – 14 August 2002) was a pioneering neuroendocrinologist.
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Max Bennett (scientist)
Maxwell Richard Bennett (born February 19, 1939) is an Australian neuroscientist specializing in the function of synapses.
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Meconium aspiration syndrome
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) also known as neonatal aspiration of meconium is a medical condition affecting newborn infants.
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Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)
The Medical Research Council (MRC) is responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom.
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Melanin-concentrating hormone
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic 19-amino acid orexigenic hypothalamic peptide originally isolated from the pituitary gland of teleost fish, where it controls skin pigmentation.
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Memantine
Memantine is used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors. It was first synthesized by Eli Lilly and Company in 1968 as a potential agent to treat diabetes; the NMDA activity was discovered in the 1980s.
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Mesencephalic locomotor region
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is a functionally defined area of the brainstem that is associated with the initiation and control of locomotor movements in vertebrate species.
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Metalearning (neuroscience)
Metalearning is a neuroscientific term proposed by Kenji Doya, as a theory for how neurotransmitters facilitate distributed learning mechanisms in the Basal Ganglia.
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Methacholine
Methacholine (INN, USAN) (trade name Provocholine) is a synthetic choline ester that acts as a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist in the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Methoctramine
Methoctramine is a polymethylene tetraamine that acts as a muscarinic antagonist.
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Methyllycaconitine
Methyllycaconitine (MLA) is a diterpenoid alkaloid found in many species of Delphinium (larkspurs).
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Methylscopolamine bromide
Methylscopolamine or methscopolamine, usually provided as the bromide salt (trade name Pamine) but sometimes as the nitrate salt Hyoscine methonitrate, is an oral medication used along with other medications to treat peptic ulcers by reducing stomach acid secretion.
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Mianserin
Mianserin, sold under the brand name Tolvon among others, is an atypical antidepressant which is used in the treatment of depression in Europe and elsewhere in the world.
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Michael Hasselmo
Michael Hasselmo is a neuroscientist at Boston University.
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Michael J. Kuhar
Michael J Kuhar (born 1944), a neuroscientist, professor, and author, is currently Candler Professor of Neuropharmacology at The Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University.
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Microdialysis
Microdialysis is a minimally-invasive sampling technique that is used for continuous measurement of free, unbound analyte concentrations in the extracellular fluid of virtually any tissue.
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Miosis
Miosis is excessive constriction of the pupil.
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MiR-132
In molecular biology miR-132 microRNA is a short non-coding RNA molecule.
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Modes of toxic action
A mode of toxic action is a common set of physiological and behavioral signs that characterize a type of adverse biological response.
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Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals.
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Mongoose
Mongoose is the popular English name for 29 of the 34 species in the 14 genera of the family Herpestidae, which are small feliform carnivorans native to southern Eurasia and mainland Africa.
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Motion perception
Motion perception is the process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs.
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Motor nerve
A motor nerve is a nerve located in the central nervous system (CNS), usually the spinal cord, that sends motor signals from the CNS to the muscles of the body.This is different from the motor neuron, which includes a cell body and branching of dendrites, while the nerve is made up of a bundle of axons.
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Motor neuron
A motor neuron (or motoneuron) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.
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Muller glia
Müller glia, or Müller cells, are a type of retinal glial cells, first recognized and described by Heinrich Müller.
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Muscarine
Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C. dealbata.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, is a muscarinic receptor that in humans is encoded by the CHRM1 gene.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, also known as cholinergic/acetylcholine receptor M3, or the muscarinic 3, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor encoded by the human gene CHRM3.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 (CHRM4), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CHRM4 gene.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5
The human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5, encoded by the gene, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins.
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Muscarinic agonist
A muscarinic agonist is an agent that activates the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
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Muscarinic antagonist
A muscarinic receptor antagonist (MRA) is a type of anticholinergic agent that blocks the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
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Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
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Muscle coactivation
Muscle coactivation occurs when agonist and antagonist (or synergist) muscles surrounding a joint contract simultaneously to provide joint stability.
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Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle fibers.
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Muscle relaxant
A muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone.
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Muscle spindle
Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle.
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Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.
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Muscle-type nicotinic receptor
The muscle-type nicotinic receptor is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, consisting of the subunit combination (α1)2β1δε or (α1)2β1δγ.
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Mushroom bodies
The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of insects, other arthropods, and some annelids (notably the ragworm).
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Myenteric plexus
The myenteric plexus (or Auerbach's plexus) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input (although present ganglionar cell bodies belong to parasympathetic innervation, fibers from sympathetic innervation also reach the plexus), whereas the submucous plexus has only parasympathetic fibers and provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut.
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Myocyte
A myocyte (also known as a muscle cell) is the type of cell found in muscle tissue.
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Myofascial trigger point
Myofascial trigger points, also known as trigger points, are described as hyperirritable spots in the fascia surrounding skeletal muscle.
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Myofilament
Myofilaments are the filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins, principally myosin or actin.
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N,N-Dimethyldopamine
N,N-Dimethyldopamine (DMDA) is an organic compound belonging to the phenethylamine family.
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N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate (JB-318) is an anticholinergic drug related to the chemical warfare agent 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate.
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N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate (JB-336) is an anticholinergic drug related to the chemical warfare agent 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate.
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N-Methyltyramine
N-Methyltyramine (NMT), also known as 4-hydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine, is a human trace amine and natural phenethylamine alkaloid found in a variety of plants.
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N-Nitrosonornicotine
N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine produced during the curing and processing of tobacco.
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Nancy Zahniser
Nancy Rutledge Zahniser (October 26, 1948 – May 5, 2016) was an American pharmacologist, best known for her work involving the mechanism of dopaminergic pathways and chemical modifications of them.
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Naphthylvinylpyridine
Naphthylvinylpyridine (NVP) is a naphthalene derivative that possesses anticholinergic activity similar to that of atropine.
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Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.
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National Institute for Medical Research
The National Institute for Medical Research (commonly abbreviated to NIMR), was a medical research institute based in Mill Hill, on the outskirts of London, England.
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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Neonicotinoid
Neonicotinoids (sometimes shortened to neonics) are a class of neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to nicotine.
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Neostigmine
Neostigmine, sold under the brand name Prostigmin among others, is a medication used to treat myasthenia gravis, Ogilvie syndrome, and urinary retention without the presence of a blockage.
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Nerve agent
Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs.
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Nervous system
The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
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Neural network
The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of neurons.
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Neural oscillation
Neural oscillations, or brainwaves, are rhythmic or repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system.
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Neurochemical
A neurochemical is a small organic molecule or peptide that participates in neural activity.
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Neurochemistry
Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that influence the function of neurons.
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Neurogastroenterology
Neurogastroenterology encompasses the study of the brain, the gut, and their interactions with relevance to the understanding and management of gastrointestinal motility and functional gastrointestinal disorders.
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Neuromodulation
Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons.
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Neuromuscular disease
Neuromuscular disease is a very broad term that encompasses many diseases and ailments that impair the functioning of the muscles, either directly, being pathologies of the voluntary muscle, or indirectly, being pathologies of nerves or neuromuscular junctions.
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Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
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Neuromuscular-blocking drug
Neuromuscular-blocking drugs block neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the affected skeletal muscles.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Neuronal lineage marker
A Neuronal lineage marker is an endogenous tag that is expressed in different cells along neurogenesis and differentiated cells such as neurons.
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Neuropeptide
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules (peptides) used by neurons to communicate with each other.
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Neuroscience of sleep
The neuroscience of sleep is the study of the neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions.
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Neuroscientist
A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in the field of neuroscience, the branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons and neural circuits and especially their association with behaviour and learning.
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Neurotoxin
Neurotoxins are toxins that are poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity).
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Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through"), also called synaptic transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and activate the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron).
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.
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Neurotransmitter transporter
Neurotransmitter transporters are a class of membrane transport proteins that span the cellular membranes of neurons.
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Nicotine
Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants.
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor proteins that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Nicotinic agonist
A nicotinic agonist is a drug that mimics the action of acetylcholine (ACh) at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).
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Nicotinic antagonist
A nicotinic antagonist is a type of anticholinergic drug that inhibits the action of acetylcholine (ACh) at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Non-noradrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitter
A non-noradrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitter (NANC) is a neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that is neither acetylcholine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine.
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.
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Novichok agent
Novichok (Новичо́к, "newcomer"/ "newbie") is a series of nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union and Russia between 1971 and 1993.
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Nucleus accumbens
The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc), also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus adjacent to the septum) is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
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Nucleus basalis
The nucleus basalis, also nucleus basalis of Meynert is a group of neurons in the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain which has wide projections to the neocortex and is rich in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase.
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Nutrition and cognition
Relatively speaking, the brain consumes an immense amount of energy in comparison to the rest of the body.
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Obidoxime
Obidoxime is a member of the oxime family used to treat nerve gas poisoning.
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Ocular myasthenia
Ocular myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease of the neuromuscular junction resulting in hallmark variability in muscle weakness and fatigability.
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Oculocardiac reflex
The Oculocardiac reflex, also known as Aschner phenomenon, Aschner reflex, or Aschner-Dagnini reflex, is a decrease in pulse rate associated with traction applied to extraocular muscles and/or compression of the eyeball.
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Ogilvie syndrome
Ogilvie syndrome is the acute dilation of the colon in the absence of any mechanical obstruction in severely ill patients.
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Olfaction
Olfaction is a chemoreception that forms the sense of smell.
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Olfactory memory
Olfactory memory refers to the recollection of odors.
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Olivocochlear system
The olivocochlear system is a component of the auditory system involved with the descending control of the cochlea.
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Optogenetics
Optogenetics is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels.
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Orexin
Orexin, also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite.
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Orexin-A
Orexin-A, also known as hypocretin-1, is a naturally occurring neuropeptide and orexin isoform.
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Organophosphate poisoning
Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs).
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Osemozotan
Osemozotan (MKC-242) is a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist with some functional selectivity, acting as a full agonist at presynaptic and a partial agonist at postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors.
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Otto Hutter
Otto Fred Hutter (b 29 February 1924) is Emeritus Regius Professor of Physiology at the University of Glasgow, is a physiologist.
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Otto Krayer
Otto Hermann Krayer (October 22, 1899 in Köndringen, Baden – March 18, 1982 in Tucson, Arizona) was a German-American physician, pharmacologist and university professor.
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Otto Loewi
Otto Loewi (3 June 1873 – 25 December 1961) was a German-born pharmacologist and psychobiologist who discovered the role of acetylcholine as an endogenous neurotransmitter. For his discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936, which he shared with Sir Henry Dale, who was a lifelong friend who helped to inspire the neurotransmitter experiment. Loewi met Dale in 1902 when spending some months in Ernest Starling's laboratory at University College, London.
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Outline of neuroscience
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to neuroscience: Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.
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Oxon (chemical)
An oxon is an organic compound derived from another chemical in which a phosphorus-sulfur bond in the parent chemical has been replaced by a phosphorus-oxygen bond in the derivative.
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Pain and pleasure
Some philosophers, such as Jeremy Bentham, Baruch Spinoza, and Descartes, have hypothesized that the feelings of pain (or suffering) and pleasure are part of a continuum.
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Palpitations
Palpitations are the perceived abnormality of the heartbeat characterized by awareness of cardiac muscle contractions in the chest: hard, fast and/or irregular beats.
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Pancuronium bromide
Pancuronium (trademarked as Pavulon) is an aminosteroid muscle relaxant with various medical uses.
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Pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)), the other being the sympathetic nervous system.
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Parasympathomimetic drug
A parasympathomimetic drug, sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug, is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS).
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Parietal cell
Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
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Pasteur Institute
The Pasteur Institute (Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines.
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Pentameric protein
A pentameric protein is a quaternary protein structure that consists of five protein subunits.
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Pentolinium
Pentolinium (Pentolinium tartrate also known as ANSOLYSEN) is a ganglionic blocking agent which acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.
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Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS).
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Perspiration
Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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PGO waves
Ponto-geniculo-occipital waves or PGO waves are phasic field potentials.
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Phantasmidine
Phantasmidine is a toxic substance derived from the Ecuadorian poisonous frog Anthony's poison arrow frog (Epipeptobates Anthonyi), more commonly known as the “phantasmal poison frog”.
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Physostigmine
Physostigmine (also known as eserine from éséré, the West African name for the Calabar bean) is a highly toxic parasympathomimetic alkaloid, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.
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Pi interaction
In chemistry, π-effects or π-interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction that involves π systems.
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Pipenzolate bromide
Pipenzolate bromide is an antimuscarinic.
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Piracetam
Piracetam (sold under many brand names) is a medication in the racetams group, with chemical name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide.
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Pirenzepine
Pirenzepine (Gastrozepin), an M1 selective antagonist, is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, as it reduces gastric acid secretion and reduces muscle spasm.
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Pituri
Pituri is a mixture of leaves and wood ash traditionally chewed as a stimulant (or, after extended use, a depressant) by Aboriginal Australians widely across the continent.
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Plasma membrane monoamine transporter
The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a low-affinity monoamine transporter protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC29A4 gene.
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Polistes versicolor
Polistes versicolor is a subtropical social wasp within Polistes, the most common genus of paper wasp.
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Post-traumatic amnesia
Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is a state of confusion that occurs immediately following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which the injured person is disoriented and unable to remember events that occur after the injury.
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Postganglionic nerve fibers
In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers.
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Postprandial somnolence
Postprandial somnolence (colloquially known as food coma, after dinner dip, or postprandial sleep) is a normal state of drowsiness or lassitude following a meal.
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Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventral respiratory centre of the medulla of the brainstem.
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Preferential motor reinnervation
Preferential motor reinnervation (PMR) refers to the tendency of a regenerating axon in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to reinnervate a motor pathway as opposed to a somatosensory pathway.
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Preganglionic nerve fibers
In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers.
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Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy
Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare genetic disorder that affects both bones and skin.
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Procedural memory
Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory (unconscious memory) and long-term memory which aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.
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Prokinetic agent
A gastroprokinetic agent, gastrokinetic, or prokinetic, is a type of drug which enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing the frequency of contractions in the small intestine or making them stronger, but without disrupting their rhythm.
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Propantheline bromide
Propantheline bromide (INN) is an antimuscarinic agent used for the treatment of excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines (gut) or bladder, and involuntary urination (enuresis).
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Protein kinase A
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
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Protein kinase C
Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.
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Protriptyline
Protriptyline, sold under the brand name Vivactil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), specifically a secondary amine, indicated for the treatment of depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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Pseudaconitine
Pseudaconitine, known also as nepaline, (C36H51NO12) is an extremely toxic alkaloid found in high quantities in the roots of Aconitum ferox, also known as Indian Monkshood, which belongs to the family Ranunculaceae.
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Pseudocholinesterase deficiency
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency is an inherited blood plasma enzyme abnormality in which the body's production of butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE; pseudocholinesterase) is impaired.
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Psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders.
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Psychoactive drug
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.
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Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), also referred to as psychoendoneuroimmunology (PENI) or psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology (PNEI), is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body.
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Purinergic signalling
Purinergic signalling (or signaling: see American and British English differences) is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP.
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Putamen
The putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon).
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Pyridostigmine
Pyridostigmine is medication used to treat myasthenia gravis.
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Rabies
Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals.
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Racetam
Racetams are a class of drugs that share a pyrrolidone nucleus.
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Ramelteon
Ramelteon, marketed as Rozerem among others, is a sleep agent that selectively binds to the MT1 and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), instead of binding to GABAA receptors, such as with drugs like zolpidem.
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Rapid eye movement sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep, REMS) is a unique phase of sleep in mammals and birds, distinguishable by random/rapid movement of the eyes, accompanied with low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly.
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Rapid sequence induction
In advanced airway management, rapid sequence induction (RSI) - also described as rapid sequence intubation or as rapid sequence induction and intubation (RSII) - is a special process for endotracheal intubation that is used where the patient is at a high risk of pulmonary aspiration or impending airway compromise.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness for pleasure, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user.
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Redback spider
The redback spider (Latrodectus hasseltii) is a species of highly venomous spider believed to originate in the South Australian or adjacent Western Australian deserts, but now found throughout Australia, Southeast Asia and New Zealand, with colonies elsewhere outside Australia.
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Reflex bradycardia
Reflex bradycardia is a bradycardia (decrease in heart rate) in response to the baroreceptor reflex, one of the body's homeostatic mechanisms for preventing abnormal increases in blood pressure.
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Regulation of gastric function
The nervous system and endocrine system collaborate to increase gastric secretion and motility when food is eaten and to suppress them as the stomach empties.
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Release modulator
A release modulator, or neurotransmitter release modulator, is a type of drug that modulates the release of one or more neurotransmitters.
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Renshaw cell
Renshaw cells are inhibitory interneurons found in the gray matter of the spinal cord, and are associated in two ways with an alpha motor neuron.
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Repetitive nerve stimulation
Repetitive nerve stimulation is a variant of the nerve conduction study where electrical stimulation is delivered to a motor nerve repeatedly several times per second.
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Reticular formation
The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem.
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Retinal waves
Retinal waves are spontaneous bursts of action potentials that propagate in a wave-like fashion across the developing retina.
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Reuptake inhibitor
A reuptake inhibitor (RI) is a type of drug known as a reuptake modulator that inhibits the plasmalemmal transporter-mediated reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse into the pre-synaptic neuron.
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Reversal potential
In a biological membrane, the reversal potential (also known as the Nernst potential) of an ion is the membrane potential at which there is no net (overall) flow of that particular ion from one side of the membrane to the other.
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Ricardo Miledi
Ricardo Miledi (15 September, 1927 – 18 December, 2017) was a Mexican neuroscientist.
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Risperidone
Risperidone, sold under the trade name Risperdal among others, is an antipsychotic medication.
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Rod cell
Rod cells are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells.
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Rosalind Ridley
Ros Ridley, MA (Cantab), PhD (London), ScD (Cantab) (born 21 October 1949) retired as Head of the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)'s Comparative Cognition Research Team in the Department of Psychology, Cambridge, UK, in 2005.
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Rostral ventrolateral medulla
The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), also known as the pressor area of the medulla, is a brain region that is responsible for basal and reflex control of sympathetic activity associated with cardiovascular function.
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S-18986
S-18986 is a positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA receptor related to cyclothiazide.
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S32212
S32212 is a drug which is under preclinical investigation as a potential antidepressant medicine.
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Salomon Z. Langer
Salomon Z. Langer is an Argentine-American pharmacologist.
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Salt gland
The salt gland is an organ for excreting excess salts.
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Salvia divinorum
Salvia divinorum (also known as sage of the diviners, ska maría pastora, seer's sage, yerba de la pastora or simply salvia) is a plant species with transient psychoactive properties when its leaves are consumed by chewing, smoking or as a tea.
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Salvinorin A
Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum, a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an entheogen by indigenous Mazatec shamans.
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Sarcomere
A sarcomere (Greek sarx "flesh", meros "part") is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue.
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Sarin
Sarin, or NATO designation GB (G-series, 'B'), is a highly toxic synthetic organophosphorus compound.
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Satellite glial cell
Satellite glial cells are glial cells that cover the surface of nerve cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia.
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Schwartz–Jampel syndrome
Schwartz–Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a rare genetic disease caused by a mutation in the HSPG2 gene, which makes the protein perlecan, and causes osteochondrodysplasia associated with myotonia.
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Secondary consciousness
Secondary consciousness is an individual's accessibility to their history and plans.
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Secretagogue
A secretagogue is a substance that causes another substance to be secreted.
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Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor
A serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI), is a type of drug that acts as a combined reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
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Sinoatrial node
The sinoatrial node (SA node), also known as sinus node, is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.
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Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
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SLC1A2
Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) also known as solute carrier family 1 member 2 (SLC1A2) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A2 gene.
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Sleep and memory
The relationship between sleep and memory has been postulated and studied since at least the early 19th century.
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Sleep cycle
The sleep cycle is an oscillation between the slow-wave and REM (paradoxical) phases of sleep, sometimes called the ultradian sleep cycle, sleep–dream cycle, or REM-NREM cycle, to distinguish it from the circadian alternation between sleep and wakefulness.
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Sleep onset
Sleep onset is the transition from wakefulness into sleep.
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Slow-wave potential
A slow wave potential is a rhythmic electrophysiological event in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Snake venom
Snake venom is highly modified saliva containing zootoxins which facilitates the immobilization and digestion of prey, and defense against threats.
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Sodium channel
Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's plasma membrane.
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Solanaceae
The Solanaceae, or nightshades, are an economically important family of flowering plants.
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Solanum americanum
Solanum americanum, commonly known as American black nightshade, small-flowered nightshade or glossy nightshade is a herbaceous flowering plant of wide though uncertain native range.
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Solifenacin
Solifenacin (INN, trade name Vesicare) is a medicine of the antimuscarinic class and was developed for treating contraction of overactive bladder with associated problems such as increased urination frequency and urge incontinence.
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Somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system (SNS or voluntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
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Spasmodic torticollis
Spasmodic torticollis is an extremely painful chronic neurological movement disorder causing the neck to involuntarily turn to the left, right, upwards, and/or downwards.
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Spinal interneuron
A spinal interneuron, found in the spinal cord, relays signals between (afferent) sensory neurons, and (efferent) motor neurons.
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Sternocleidomastoid muscle
The sternocleidomastoid muscle (also known as sternomastoid, commonly abbreviated as SCM or simply referred to as sterno muscle), is a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the side of the neck.
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Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment.
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Stinging plant
A stinging plant or a plant with stinging hairs is a plant with hairs (trichomes) on its leaves or stems that are capable of injecting substances that cause pain or irritation.
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Striatum
The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the neostriatum and the striate nucleus) is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.
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Stroke recovery
The primary goals of stroke management are to reduce brain injury and promote maximum patient recovery.
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Substance P
Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) member of the tachykinin neuropeptide family. It is a neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. Substance P and its closely related neurokinin A (NKA) are produced from a polyprotein precursor after differential splicing of the preprotachykinin A gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of substance P is as follows.
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Sucrose gap
The sucrose gap technique is used to create a conduction block in nerve or muscle fibers.
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Summation (neurophysiology)
Summation, which includes both spatial and temporal summation, is the process that determines whether or not an action potential will be triggered by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals, both from multiple simultaneous inputs (spatial summation), and from repeated inputs (temporal summation).
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Suxamethonium chloride
Suxamethonium chloride, also known as suxamethonium or succinylcholine, is a medication used to cause short-term paralysis as part of general anesthesia.
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Sweat gland
Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands,, are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat.
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Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Sympathoadrenal system
The sympathoadrenal system is a physiological connection between the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla and is crucial in an organism’s physiological response to outside stimuli.
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Synaptic vesicle
In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.
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Synaptogenesis
Synaptogenesis is the formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system.
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Synaptosome
A synaptosome is an isolated synaptic terminal from a neuron.
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Synthetic biology
Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering.
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Table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS
Category:Autonomic nervous system Category:Biology-related lists.
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Tachykinin receptor 1
The tachykinin receptor 1 (TACR1) also known as neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) or substance P receptor (SPR) is a G protein coupled receptor found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
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TDBzcholine
TDBzcholine is a diazirine analog of acetylcholine that can be used to label the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
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Tears
Tearing, lacrimation, or lachrymation is the secretion of tears, which often serves to clean and lubricate the eyes in response to an irritation of the eyes.
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Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD, TMJD) is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of the muscles of mastication (the muscles that move the jaw) and the temporomandibular joints (the joints which connect the mandible to the skull).
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Tensilon test
Tensilon test (edrophonium test) is a pharmacological test used for the diagnosis of certain neural diseases, especially myasthenia gravis.
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Terbufos
Terbufos is a chemical compound used in insecticides and nematicides.
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Tertiapin
Tertiapin is a 21-amino acid peptide isolated from venom of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera).
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Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate, abbreviated TEPP, is an organophosphate compound, which is used as an insecticide.
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Tetramethylammonium
Tetramethylammonium (TMA) or (Me4N+) is the simplest quaternary ammonium cation consisting of four methyl groups attached to a central nitrogen atom, and is isoelectronic with neopentane.
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Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH or TMAOH) is a quaternary ammonium salt with the molecular formula N(CH3)4+ OH−.
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Thermogenesis
Thermogenesis is the process of heat production in organisms.
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Three-finger protein
Three-finger proteins or three-finger protein domains (3FP or TFPD) are a protein superfamily consisting of small, roughly 60-80 amino acid residue protein domains with a common tertiary structure: three beta strand loops extended from a hydrophobic core stabilized by disulfide bonds.
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Three-finger toxin
Three-finger toxins (abbreviated 3FTx) are a protein superfamily of small toxin proteins found in the venom of snakes.
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Thyrotoxic myopathy
Thyrotoxic myopathy (TM) is a neuromuscular disorder that develops due to the overproduction of the thyroid hormone thyroxine.
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Tick paralysis
Tick paralysis is the only tick-borne disease that is not caused by an infectious organism.
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Timeline of psychiatry
This is a timeline of the modern development of psychiatry.
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Tityustoxin
Tityustoxin is a toxin found in the venom of scorpions from the subfamily of Tityinae.
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Tobacco smoke
Cigarette smoke is an aerosol produced by the incomplete combustion of tobacco during the smoking of cigarettes.
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Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoking is the practice of smoking tobacco and inhaling tobacco smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases).
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Tomatine
Tomatine (sometimes called tomatin or lycopersicin) is a glycoalkaloid, found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants, and in the fruits at much lower concentrations.
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Transferase
A transferase is any one of a class of enzymes that enact the transfer of specific functional groups (e.g. a methyl or glycosyl group) from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor).
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Tricyanoaminopropene
Tricyanoaminopropene (TRIAP, TCAP, Malononitrile Dimer, 1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene) is a nootropic drug which mimics the function of nerve growth factor and increases the growth of nerves and tissue regeneration both in isolated tissues and in vivo.
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Tricyclic antidepressant
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of medications that are used primarily as antidepressants.
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Triethylcholine
Triethylcholine is a drug which mimics choline, and causes failure of cholinergic transmission by interfering with synthesis of acetylcholine in nerve endings.
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Trimetaphan camsilate
Trimetaphan camsilate (INN) or trimethaphan camsylate (USAN), trade name Arfonad, is a drug that counteracts cholinergic transmission at the ganglion type of nicotinic receptors of the autonomic ganglia and therefore blocks both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate
Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is a chlorinated organophosphate. Organophosphate chemicals have a wide variety of applications and are used as flame retardants, pesticides, plasticizers, and nerve gases. TDCPP is structurally similar to several other organophosphate flame retardants, such as tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP). TDCPP and these other chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants are all sometimes referred to as "chlorinated tris".
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Tropane alkaloid
Tropane alkaloids are a class of bicyclic alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure.
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Trospium chloride
Trospium chloride (INN) is used to treat overactive bladder.
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Tuberomammillary nucleus
The tuberomammillary nucleus is a histaminergic nucleus located within the posterior third of the hypothalamus.
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Tubocurarine chloride
Tubocurarine (also known as d-tubocurarine or DTC) is a toxic alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison.
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Turnover number
Turnover number has two different meanings: In enzymology, turnover number (also termed kcat) is defined as the maximum number of chemical conversions of substrate molecules per second that a single catalytic site will execute for a given enzyme concentration.
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UCL Neuroscience
UCL Neuroscience is a research domain that encompasses the breadth of neuroscience research activity across University College London's (UCL) School of Life and Medical Sciences.
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Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep (USWS) is sleep with one half of the brain while the other half remains alert.
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Urtica ferox
Urtica ferox, commonly known as tree nettle, or ongaonga in Māori, is a nettle that is endemic to New Zealand.
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Utrophin
Utrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTRN gene.
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Vabicaserin
Vabicaserin (codenamed SCA-136) was a novel antipsychotic and anorectic under development by Wyeth.
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Vagal tone
Vagal tone refers to activity of the vagus nerve, a fundamental component of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.
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Vagovagal reflex
Vagovagal reflex refers to gastrointestinal tract reflex circuits where afferent and efferent fibers of the vagus nerve coordinate responses to gut stimuli via the dorsal vagal complex in the brain.
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Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve, historically cited as the pneumogastric nerve, is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X, and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
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Vagusstoff
Vagusstoff (literally translated from German as "Vagus Substance") refers to the substance released by stimulation of the vagus nerve which causes a reduction in the heart rate.
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Variant angina
Variant angina, often termed Prinzmetal's angina, Prinzmetal angina, and less commonly vasospastic angina, angina inversa, coronary vessel spasm, or coronary artery vasospasm, is a syndrome typically consisting of angina (cardiac chest pain) that unlike classical angina, which is triggered by exertion or exercise, commonly occurs in individuals at rest or even asleep.
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Vasomotor
Vasomotor refers to actions upon a blood vessel which alter its diameter.
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Vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium bromide, sold under the brand name Norcuron among others, is a medication used as part of general anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation.
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Ventrobasal complex
The ventrobasal complex ("'VB"') is a relay nucleus of the thalamus for nociceptive stimuli received from nociceptive nerves.
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Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), also known as the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area (IPA), is a small cluster of neurons situated in the anterior hypothalamus, sitting just above and to the side of the optic chiasm in the brain of humans and other animals.
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Vesamicol
Vesamicol is an experimental drug, acting presynaptically by inhibiting acetylcholine (ACh) uptake into synaptic vesicles and reducing its release.
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Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
The Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) is a neurotransmitter transporter which is responsible for loading acetylcholine (ACh) into secretory organelles in neurons making acetylcholine available for secretion.
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Vesicular monoamine transporter 1
Vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) also known as chromaffin granule amine transporter (CGAT) or solute carrier family 18 member 1 (SLC18A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A1 gene.
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Victor P. Whittaker
Victor Percy Whittaker (11 June 1919 – 5 July 2016) was a British biochemist who pioneered studies on the subcellular fractionation of the brain.
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Vigilance (psychology)
In modern psychology, vigilance, also termed sustained concentration, is defined as the ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time.
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Visual hallucinations in psychosis
Visual hallucinations in psychosis are hallucinations accompanied by delusions, which are abnormal beliefs that are endorsed by patients as real, that persist in spite of evidence to the contrary, and that are not part of a patient's culture or subculture.
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VX (nerve agent)
VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate.
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William D.M. Paton
Professor Sir William Drummond Macdonald Paton FRS (5 May 1917 – 17 October 1993) was a British pharmacologist.
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Yellow-lipped sea krait
The yellow-lipped sea krait (Laticauda colubrina), also known as the banded sea krait, colubrine sea krait, is a species of venomous sea snake found in tropical Indo-Pacific oceanic waters.
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Yt antigen system
The Yt antigen system (also known as Cartwright) is present on the membrane of red blood cells and helps determine a person's blood type.
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ZK-93426
ZK-93426 (ethyl-5-isopropoxy-4-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate) is a drug from the beta-carboline family.
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(CH3)3N+CH2CH2OCOCH3
No description.
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1950 French Annapurna expedition
The 1950 French Annapurna expedition, led by Maurice Herzog, successfully reached the summit of Annapurna I at, the highest peak in the Annapurna Massif.
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5-HT receptor
5-hydroxytryptamine receptors or 5-HT receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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5-HT1A receptor
The serotonin 1A receptor (or 5-HT1A receptor) is a subtype of serotonin receptor (5-HT receptor) that binds the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT).
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Redirects here:
ACh, ATC code S01EB09, ATCvet code QS01EB09, Acetyl choline, Acetyl-choline, Acetylcholin, Acetylcholine Chloride, Acetylcholine chloride, Acetylcholine system, Acetylcholinium, Acetylocholine, C7H16NO2.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine
