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Andrei Sakharov

Index Andrei Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (p; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Russian nuclear physicist, dissident, and activist for disarmament, peace and human rights. [1]

372 relations: Academician Sakharov Avenue, Moscow, Adam Fergusson (MEP), Adolf Tolkachev, Albert Einstein Peace Prize, Ales Bialiatski, Alexander Bolonkin, Alexander Dabravolski, Alexander Esenin-Volpin, Alexander Ginzburg, Alexander Goldfarb (biologist), Alexander Herzen Foundation, Alexander Lavut, Alexander Podrabinek, Alexander Prokhorov, Alexei Kosygin, Alexey Leonov, Alexey Lushnikov, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics, American Humanist Association, American Physical Society, Anatoly Koryagin, Anatoly Larkin, Anatoly Marchenko, Anatoly Sobchak, Anatoly Yakobson, Andrei Sakharov Freedom Award, Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS), Andrei Snezhnevsky, Andrei Tverdokhlebov, Andrey, Anita Tsoy, Ant in a Glass Jar, Anthony Summers, Anti-Soviet agitation, Antonina W. Bouis, Artem Alikhanian, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Đoàn Viết Hoạt, Baryogenesis, Baryon asymmetry, Bella Akhmadulina, Bernard Lown, Bernard Redmont, Bertrand Russell, Boosted fission weapon, Boris Stomakhin, Brian Hord, Caroline Cox, Baroness Cox, Cases of political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Castle Bravo, ..., Checkpoint Charlie Museum, Christopher Hills, Chronicle of Current Events, Civil rights movements, Clarence Max Fowler, Cold War, Cold War (1979–1985), Committee of Concerned Scientists, Committee on Human Rights in the USSR, Committee on Human Rights of Scientists, Confucius Peace Prize, Culture of Europe, Cyrillic Projector, Czech Helsinki Committee, Dagomys, Danylo Shumuk, Deborah Cadbury, December 14, December 19, Democratic socialism, Deportation of the Crimean Tatars, Dissident, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Dmitri Shostakovich, Dmitry Likhachov, Dmitry Zubarev, Donald Maclean (spy), Eduard Bagritsky, Edward Manukyan, Edward Teller, Electromagnetic pulse, Enn Tarto, Era of Stagnation, Eric Fawcett, Erwin Friedlander, Explosively pumped flux compression generator, Flemming Rose, Francine Lacqua, Freedom House, Freedom of speech in Kazakhstan, Fritt Ord Award, Fusion power, Gaetano Fichera, Galina Starovoytova, Gennady Gorelik, George Soros, George Wald, Georgi Vins, Gersh Budker, Glasnost, Glasnost Meeting, Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film, Golos (election monitor), Gravity, Grigory Pomerants, Guinan (Star Trek), GURPS Infinite Worlds, György Bence, Haifa Hof HaCarmel railway station, Hallvard Rieber-Mohn, Herman Feshbach, Hero of Socialist Labour, Historiography in the Soviet Union, History of nuclear weapons, History of the Soviet Union (1964–82), History of the Teller–Ulam design, House arrest, Human rights and development, Human rights in the Soviet Union, Human rights movement in the Soviet Union, Humanist Manifesto II, Igor Kurchatov, Igor Tamm, Index of physics articles (A), Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966, Induced gravity, Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR, Inter-regional Deputies Group, International Foundation for Civil Liberties, International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, International Humanist and Ethical Union, Irina Ilovaiskaya, ISKRA lasers, ITER, Ivan Svitlichny, Jack Minker, Jackson–Vanik amendment, Jason Robards, Jazz in Czechoslovakia, Józef Łobodowski, Jean-Pierre Petit, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Jeremy Stone, Jerome J. Shestack, Joe 4, Johan Galtung, John Clive Ward, John Frost Bridge, John Ranard, Joseph Telushkin, July 1961, Juozas Glinskis, Karel van het Reve, Karlheinz Deschner, KGB, Khozh-Ahmed Noukhayev, Kirovabad pogrom, Kontinent, Krasnoselsky District, Moscow, Kronid Lyubarsky, Lebedev Physical Institute, Leo Szilard Lectureship Award, Leonard Parker, Leonard Susskind, Leonid Mandelstam, Leonid Plyushch, Letter to Khodorkovsky, Lev Altshuler, Lev Ponomaryov, Levada Center, Leyla Yunus, Liberalism in Russia, Life and Fate, Lillian Hellman, Lines of Vasilyevsky Island, List of atheist activists and educators, List of contributors to general relativity, List of covers of Time magazine (1970s), List of covers of Time magazine (1990s), List of deists, List of Frontline (PBS) episodes, List of hunger strikes, List of international presidential trips made by Mário Soares, List of inventors, List of minor planets named after people, List of Moscow State University people, List of Nobel laureates by country, List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation, List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates, List of nonreligious Nobel laureates, List of nuclear weapons tests, List of peace activists, List of people considered father or mother of a field, List of people from Moscow, List of people from Nizhny Novgorod, List of people on the postage stamps of the Soviet Union, List of physicists, List of plasma physicists, List of political dissidents, List of Russian inventors, List of Russian Nobel laureates, List of Russian people, List of Russian physicists, List of Russian scientists, List of Russian weaponry makers, List of secular humanists, List of spacecraft from the Space Odyssey series, List of statues in Yerevan, List of visitors to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Ludmila Valentinovna Berlinskaya, Lydia Chukovskaya, Martin Garbus, Matvei Petrovich Bronstein, May 21, Meanings of minor planet names: 1001–2000, Memorial (society), Michael Posner (lawyer), Mikhail Chapiro, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Monte Argentario, Monte Stella (Milan), Mordechai Vanunu, Moscow, Moscow Helsinki Group, Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State University, MSU Faculty of Physics, Muon-catalyzed fusion, Musa Mamut, Mutual assured destruction, My Trial as a War Criminal, Nagorno-Karabakh War, Named prizes and medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Natan Sharansky, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Naum Meiman, Nedelin catastrophe, New York Academy of Sciences, Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell, Nizhny Novgorod, Nonviolent resistance, November 1975, Nuclear Secrets, Nuclear torpedo, October 1975, Oleg Lavrentiev, Olzhas Suleimenov, Omid Kokabee, Outline of rights, Paolo Alatri, Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Paruyr Hayrikyan, Peace and conflict studies, Peaceful nuclear explosion, Physical cosmology, Polarizable vacuum, Polina Zherebtsova, Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Political repression in the Soviet Union, Prioksky City District, Prix mondial Cino Del Duca, Problems of Peace and Socialism, Proton decay, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Pussy Riot, Raoul Wallenberg International Movement for Humanity, Ray Anderson (journalist), RDS-37, Reinhard Oehme, Robert L. Bernstein, Roy Medvedev, Rublyovka, Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian culture, Russians, Ruth Bonner, Saint Boniface Hospital, Saint Petersburg Lyceum 239, Sakharov, Sakharov (film), Sakharov Center, Sakharov Gardens, Sakharov Prize, Samantha Smith, Satire, Science and technology in Russia, Scott Horton (attorney), Semyon Lipkin, Sergei Kovalev, Sergey Brin, Silva Kaputikyan, Sinyavsky–Daniel trial, Soviet atomic bomb project, Soviet dissidents, Soviet Union legislative election, 1989, Speaking truth to power, Stein Mehren, Stellarator, Stephen Rosenfeld, Stochastic electrodynamics, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Tatyana Velikanova, Tauman Torekhanov, The New York Review of Books, Thermonuclear weapon, Timeline of cosmological theories, Timeline of events in the Cold War, Timeline of nuclear fusion, Timeline of Russian history, Tokamak, Tomalla Foundation, Tony Rothman, Trial of the Four, Trofim Lysenko, Tsar Bomba, Ulyanovsk, Un homme libre, USSR State Prize, Val Logsdon Fitch, Valentin Turchin, Valery Chalidze, Vasily Grossman, Vassili Nesterenko, Vazif Meylanov, Vesna Pešić, Victor Krasin, Viktor Nekipelov, Vladimir Bukovsky, Vladimir Gribov, Vladimir Maximov, Vladimir Posner, Vladimir Shamanov, Vladimir Tismăneanu, Vladimir Voinovich, Voina, Walter Delahunt, Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Weak interaction, Willie Darden, World Peace Council prizes, Yakov Alpert, Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Yelena Bonner, Yevgeniy Chazov, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Yuli Daniel, Yuri Andropov, Yuri Milner, Yuri Orlov, Yuri Rost, Yuriy Shcherbak, Yury Vlasov, Zalpa Bersanova, ZETA (fusion reactor), Zhores Medvedev, 1921, 1968 Red Square demonstration, 1975, 1977 Moscow bombings, 1978 Georgian demonstrations, 1979 Sakharov, 1980, 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, 1986, 1986 in the Soviet Union, 1989, 1989 in science, 2010 Nobel Peace Prize, 2010: Odyssey Two. Expand index (322 more) »

Academician Sakharov Avenue, Moscow

Academician Sakharov Prospect (Проспект Академика Сахарова, Prospekt Akademika Sakharova) is a street in the center of Moscow, in Krasnoselsky District.

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Adam Fergusson (MEP)

Adam Dugdale Fergusson (born 10 July 1932) is a British journalist, author and Conservative Party politician who served one term in the European Parliament as an MEP.

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Adolf Tolkachev

Adolf Georgievich Tolkachev (Адольф Георгиевич Толкачёв; 1927 in Aktyubinsk, Kazakhstan – 24 September 1986) was a Soviet electronics engineer who provided key documents to the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) between 1979 and 1985.

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Albert Einstein Peace Prize

The Albert Einstein Peace Prize is/was a peace prize awarded annually since 1980 by the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation.

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Ales Bialiatski

Ales Bialiatski (Алесь Бяляцкі/Aleś Bialacki, sometimes transliterated as Ales Bialacki, Ales Byalyatski, Alies Bialiacki and Alex Belyatsky) is a Belarusian political activist known for his work with Viasna Human Rights Centre, of which he is currently the head and the founding of the BPF Party.

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Alexander Bolonkin

Alexander Alexandrovich Bolonkin (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Боло́нкин, born 14 March 1933, Perm) is a Russian-American scientist and academic who worked in the Soviet aviation, space and rocket industries and lectured in Moscow universities, before being arrested in 1972 by the KGB as a dissident.

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Alexander Dabravolski

Alexander Alherdavich Dabravolski (Алякс́андр Альѓертавіч Дабрав́ольскi; born November 23, 1958, in Sula, Minsk Voblast, Byelorussian SSR) is a Belarusian politician, lawyer, and radio physicist.

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Alexander Esenin-Volpin

Alexander Sergeyevich Esenin-Volpin (also written Ésénine-Volpine and Yessenin-Volpin in his French and English publications; a; May 12, 1924March 16, 2016) was a prominent Russian-American poet and mathematician.

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Alexander Ginzburg

Alexander (Alik) Ilyich Ginzburg (a; 21 November 1936, Moscow – 19 July 2002, Paris), was a Russian journalist, poet, human rights activist and dissident.

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Alexander Goldfarb (biologist)

Alexander Davidovich Goldfarb (a.k.a. Alex Goldfarb, Александр Давидович Гольдфарб) (born 1947 in Moscow) is a Russian-American microbiologist, activist, and author.

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Alexander Herzen Foundation

The Alexander Herzen Foundation (in Dutch: Alexander Herzenstichting) was a non-profit foundation, legally established in 1969 in Amsterdam, dedicated to publish samizdat manuscripts from dissidents in the former Soviet Union in the original language or in translation.

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Alexander Lavut

Alexander Pavlovich Lavut (Алекса́ндр Па́влович Лаву́т; 4 July 1929 – 23 June 2013) was a mathematician, dissident and a key figure in the civil rights movement in the Soviet Union.

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Alexander Podrabinek

Alexander Pinkhosovich Podrabinek (Алекса́ндр Пи́нхосович Подраби́нек; born 8 August 1953, Elektrostal) is a Russian journalist and commentator.

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Alexander Prokhorov

Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was an Australian born Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov.

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Alexei Kosygin

Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin (p; – 18 December 1980) was a Soviet-Russian statesman during the Cold War.

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Alexey Leonov

Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov (p; born 30 May 1934 in Listvyanka, West Siberian Krai, Soviet Union) is a retired Soviet/Russian cosmonaut, Air Force Major general, writer and artist.

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Alexey Lushnikov

Alexey Germanovich Lushnikov (Алексе́й Ге́рманович Лу́шников; born June 10, 1966) is a Russian painter, television host, writer, producer, documentary filmmaker, political scientist, journalist, actor and philanthropist.

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All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics

The All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (РФЯЦ-ВНИИЭФ) is a research institute based in Sarov (formerly Arzamas-16), Russia and established in 1947.

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American Humanist Association

The American Humanist Association (AHA) is an educational organization in the United States that advances secular humanism, a philosophy of life that, without theism or other supernatural beliefs, affirms the ability and responsibility of human beings to lead personal lives of ethical fulfillment that aspire to the greater good of humanity.

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American Physical Society

The American Physical Society (APS) is the world's second largest organization of physicists.

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Anatoly Koryagin

Anatoly Ivanovich Koryagin (Анато́лий Ива́нович Коря́гин, born 15 September 1938, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Krai) is a psychiatrist and Soviet dissident.

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Anatoly Larkin

Anatoly Ivanovich Larkin (Анатолий Иванович Ларкин; October 14, 1932 – August 4, 2005) was a Russian theoretical physicist, universally recognised as a leader in theory of condensed matter, and who was also a celebrated teacher of several generations of theorists.

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Anatoly Marchenko

Anatoly Tikhonovich Marchenko (Анато́лий Ти́хонович Ма́рченко, 23 January 1938 – 8 December 1986) was a Soviet dissident, author, and human rights campaigner, who became one of the first two recipients (along with Nelson Mandela) of the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought of the European Parliament when it was awarded to him posthumously in 1988.

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Anatoly Sobchak

Anatoly Aleksandrovich Sobchak (p, 10 August 1937 – 20 February 2000) was a Russian politician, a co-author of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the first democratically elected mayor of Saint Petersburg, and a mentor and teacher of both Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev.

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Anatoly Yakobson

Anatoly Aleksandrovich Yakobson (Анато́лий Алекса́ндрович Якобсо́н; 30 April 1935, Moscow — 28 September 1978, Jerusalem) was a literary critic, teacher, poet and a central figure in the human rights movement in the Soviet Union.

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Andrei Sakharov Freedom Award

The Andrei Sakharov Freedom Award, officially known as the Sakharov Freedom Award and named after Soviet scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov, was established in 1980 by the Norwegian Helsinki Committee with the support and consent of Andrei Sakharov himself, to help people that because of their opinions, beliefs and conscience are persecuted or imprisoned.

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Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS)

The Andrei Sakharov Prize is a prize that is to be awarded every second year by the American Physical Society since 2006.

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Andrei Snezhnevsky

Andrei Vladimirovich Snezhnevsky (p;, Kostroma – 12 July 1987, Moscow) was a Soviet psychiatrist whose name was lent to the unbridled broadening of the diagnostic borders of schizophrenia in the Soviet Union, the key architect of the Soviet concept of sluggish schizophrenia, the inventor of the term "sluggish schizophrenia," an embodier of history of repressive psychiatry, and a direct participant in psychiatric repression against dissidents.

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Andrei Tverdokhlebov

Andrei Nikolayevich Tverdokhlebov (Андре́й Никола́евич Твердохле́бов, 30 September 1940, Moscow – 3 December 2011, Pennsylvania, United States) was a Soviet physicist, dissident and human rights activist.

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Andrey

Andrey, Andrej or Andrei (in Cyrillic script: Андрей, Андреј or Андрэй) is the Russian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene, Croatian, or Belarusian form of Andrew.

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Anita Tsoy

Anita Tsoy (Анита "Анна" Серге́евна Цой; born Anna Sergeyevna Kim; 7 February 1971, Moscow) is a Russian singer-songwriter of Korean descent.

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Ant in a Glass Jar

Ant in a Glass Jar: Chechen Diaries 1994–2004 ("Муравей в стеклянной банке. is a 2014 documentary book that is an author's diary about the years spent in Chechnya from 1994 until 2004. It was written by Polina Zherebtsova, while she was 9–19 years old. In 2013, Polina has received a political asylum in Finland. Presentation of the book took place in the center of the Andrei Sakharov 30.05.2014. Politkovskaya described war as a journalist from the outside in. Polina Zherebtsova writes about war from inside the heart of darkness. Der Spiegel №10 /2015.

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Anthony Summers

Anthony Bruce Summers (born 21 December 1942) is a Pulitzer Prize finalist and author of eight best-selling non-fiction books.

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Anti-Soviet agitation

Anti-Soviet Agitation and Propaganda (ASA) (Антисове́тская агита́ция и пропага́нда (АСА)) was a criminal offence in the Soviet Union.

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Antonina W. Bouis

Antonina W. Bouis is a literary translator from Russian to English.

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Artem Alikhanian

Artem Isahaki (Isaakovich) Alikhanian (Արտեմ Ալիխանյան, Артём Исаакович Алиханьян, 24 June 1908 – 25 February 1978) was a Soviet Armenian physicist, one of the founders and first director of the Yerevan Physics Institute, a correspondent member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946), academic of the Armenian Academy of Sciences.

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Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology

Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology is a history of science by Isaac Asimov, written as the biographies of over 1500 scientists.

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Đoàn Viết Hoạt

Đoàn Viết Hoạt (born 24 December 1942) is a Vietnamese journalist, educator, and democratic activist who was repeatedly imprisoned for his criticisms of Vietnam's communist leadership.

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Baryogenesis

In physical cosmology, baryogenesis is the hypothetical physical process that took place during the early universe that produced baryonic asymmetry, i.e. the imbalance of matter (baryons) and antimatter (antibaryons) in the observed universe.

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Baryon asymmetry

In physics, the baryon asymmetry problem, also known as the matter asymmetry problem or the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, is the observed imbalance in baryonic matter (the type of matter experienced in everyday life) and antibaryonic matter in the observable universe.

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Bella Akhmadulina

Izabella Akhatovna Akhmadulina (Бе́лла (Изабе́лла) Аха́товна Ахмаду́лина, a; 10 April 1937 – 29 November 2010) was a Soviet and Russian poet, short story writer, and translator, known for her apolitical writing stance.

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Bernard Lown

Bernard Lown (born June 7, 1921) is the original developer of the DC defibrillator and the cardioverter.

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Bernard Redmont

Bernard Sidney Redmont (November 8, 1918 – January 23, 2017) was an American journalist and Professor of Journalism and later Dean of the College of Communication at Boston University.

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Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate.

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Boosted fission weapon

A boosted fission weapon usually refers to a type of nuclear bomb that uses a small amount of fusion fuel to increase the rate, and thus yield, of a fission reaction.

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Boris Stomakhin

Boris Vladimirovich Stomakhin (Russian: Борис Владимирович Стомахин) (born August 24, 1974, Moscow) is a Russian radical political activist, and editor of "Radical politics" periodical.

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Brian Hord

Brian Howard Hord CBE FRICS (20 June 1934 – 30 August 2015) wais a British chartered surveyor and politician.

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Caroline Cox, Baroness Cox

Caroline Anne Cox, Baroness Cox, FRCN (née McNeill Love; born 6 July 1937) is a cross-bench member of the British House of Lords.

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Cases of political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, a systematic political abuse of psychiatry took place and was based on the interpretation of political dissent as a psychiatric problem.

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Castle Bravo

Castle Bravo was the first in a series of high-yield thermonuclear weapon design tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Castle.

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Checkpoint Charlie Museum

The Checkpoint Charlie Museum (Das Mauermuseum – Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie) is a private museum in Berlin.

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Christopher Hills

Christopher Hills (April 9, 1926 – January 31, 1997) was an English-born author, philosopher, and scientist, popularly described as the "Father of Spirulina" for popularizing spirulina cyanobacteria as a food supplement.

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Chronicle of Current Events

A Chronicle of Current Events (Хро́ника теку́щих собы́тий) was one of the longest-running samizdat periodicals of the post-Stalin USSR.

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Civil rights movements

Civil rights movements are a worldwide series of political movements for equality before the law, that peaked in the 1960s.

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Clarence Max Fowler

Clarence Max Fowler (November 26, 1918 – February 27, 2006) was an American physicist who worked at Los Alamos between 1952 and 1996.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Cold War (1979–1985)

The Cold War (1979–1985) refers to the phase of a deterioration in relations between the Soviet Union and the West arising from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979.

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Committee of Concerned Scientists

The Committee of Concerned Scientists (CCS) is an independent international organization devoted to the protection and advancement of human rights and scientific freedom of scientists, physicians, and scholars.

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Committee on Human Rights in the USSR

The Committee on Human Rights in the USSR (Комите́т прав челове́ка в СССР) was founded in 1970 by dissident Valery Chalidze together with Andrei Sakharov and Andrei Tverdokhlebov.

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Committee on Human Rights of Scientists

The Committee on Human Rights of Scientists of the New York Academy of Sciences "was formed in 1978 to pursue the advancement of the basic human rights of scientists throughout the world.

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Confucius Peace Prize

The Confucius Peace Prize is a Chinese alternative to the Nobel Peace Prize established in 2010 by the Association of Chinese Indigenous Arts in the People's Republic of China (PRC), in response to a proposal by business person Liu Zhiqin on November 17, 2010.

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Culture of Europe

The culture of Europe is rooted in the art, architecture, music, literature, and philosophy that originated from the continent of Europe.

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Cyrillic Projector

The Cyrillic Projector is a sculpture created by American artist Jim Sanborn in the early 1990s, and was purchased by the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in 1997.

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Czech Helsinki Committee

The Czech Helsinki Committee is a non-governmental non-profit organization for human rights.

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Dagomys

Dagomys (Дэгъумес.); is a microdistrict of Sochi, Russia (12 km from the city centre), known for its resorts, vacation spots and tea plantations.

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Danylo Shumuk

Danylo Lavrentiyovych Shumuk (December 30, 1914 in village Boremschyna, Russian Empire, now in Volyn Oblast, Ukraine – May 21, 2004 in Krasnoarmiisk, Ukraine) was a Ukrainian political activist who served a total of 42 years imprisoned by three different states, Second Polish Republic, Nazi Germany and Soviet Union.

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Deborah Cadbury

Deborah Cadbury is a British author, historian and television producer with the BBC she won many international awards from her documentaries including an Emmy Award.

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December 14

No description.

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December 19

No description.

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Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that advocates political democracy alongside social ownership of the means of production with an emphasis on self-management and/or democratic management of economic institutions within a market socialist, participatory or decentralized planned economy.

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Deportation of the Crimean Tatars

The deportation of the Crimean Tatars (Crimean Tatar Qırımtatar sürgünligi; Ukrainian Депортація кримських татар; Russian Депортация крымских татар) was the ethnic cleansing of at least 191,044 Tatars from Crimea in May 1944.

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Dissident

A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine, policy, or institution.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union.

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Dmitri Shostakovich

Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (Дми́трий Дми́триевич Шостако́вич|Dmitriy Dmitrievich Shostakovich,; 9 August 1975) was a Russian composer and pianist.

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Dmitry Likhachov

Dmitry Sergeyevich Likhachov (Дми́трий Серге́евич Лихачёв, also Dmitri Likhachev or Likhachyov; – 30 September 1999) was Russian medievalist, linguist, and concentration camp survivor.

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Dmitry Zubarev

Dmitry Nikolaevich Zubarev (Дми́трий Никола́евич Зу́барев; November 27, 1917 – July 29, 1992) was a Russian theoretical physicist known for his contributions to statistical mechanics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, plasma physics, theory of turbulence, and to the development of the double-time Green function's formalism.

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Donald Maclean (spy)

Donald Duart Maclean (25 May 1913 – 6 March 1983) was a British diplomat and member of the Cambridge Five who acted as spies for the Soviet Union.

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Eduard Bagritsky

Eduard Bagritsky (a; February 16, 1934) was an important Russian and Soviet poet of the Constructivist School.

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Edward Manukyan

Edward Manukyan (Էդվարդ Մանուկյան, born July 27, 1981) is an Armenian-born composer residing in Southern California, United States.

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Edward Teller

Edward Teller (Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", although he claimed he did not care for the title.

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Electromagnetic pulse

An electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also sometimes called a transient electromagnetic disturbance, is a short burst of electromagnetic energy.

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Enn Tarto

Enn Tarto (born 25 September 1938 in Tartu) is an Estonian politician who was a leading dissident during the Soviet occupation of Estonia.

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Era of Stagnation

The Era of Stagnation (Период застоя, Stagnation Period, also called the Brezhnevian Stagnation) was the period in the history of the Soviet Union which began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985).

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Eric Fawcett

Eric Fawcett (23 August 1927 – 2 September 2000), was a professor of physics at the University of Toronto for 23 years.

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Erwin Friedlander

Erwin Max Friedlander (May 29, 1925 – January 22, 2004) was a noted American expert in high-energy nuclear physics at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences.

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Explosively pumped flux compression generator

An explosively pumped flux compression generator (EPFCG) is a device used to generate a high-power electromagnetic pulse by compressing magnetic flux using high explosive.

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Flemming Rose

Flemming Rose (born 11 March 1958) is a Danish journalist, author and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute.

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Francine Lacqua

Francine Lacqua (born December 15, 1978) is a journalist, television anchor and editor-at-large for Bloomberg Television.

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Freedom House

Freedom House is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) U.S. government-funded non-governmental organization (NGO) that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights.

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Freedom of speech in Kazakhstan

Freedom of speech in Kazakhstan is defined as the right guaranteed by the constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan to freely search, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information in any legal way.

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Fritt Ord Award

Fritt Ord Award consists of two prizes awarded by the Fritt Ord Foundation (Stiftelsen Fritt Ords).

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Fusion power

Fusion power is a form of power generation in which energy is generated by using fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation.

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Gaetano Fichera

Gaetano Fichera (8 February 1922 – 1 June 1996) was an Italian mathematician, working in mathematical analysis, linear elasticity, partial differential equations and several complex variables.

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Galina Starovoytova

Galina Vasilyevna Starovoitova (Гали́на Васи́льевна Старово́йтова; 17 May 1946, in Chelyabinsk – 20 November 1998, in St Petersburg) was a Soviet dissident, Russian politician and ethnographer known for her work to protect ethnic minorities and promote democratic reforms in Russia.

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Gennady Gorelik

Gennady Gorelik (born 1948, Lviv) is a research fellow at the Center for Philosophy and History of Science, Boston University.

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George Soros

George Soros, Hon (Soros György,; born György Schwartz; August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American investor, business magnate, philanthropist, political activist and author.

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George Wald

George David Wald (November 18, 1906 – April 12, 1997) was an American scientist who studied pigments in the retina.

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Georgi Vins

Georgi Petrovich Vins (Георгий Петрович Винс; August 4, 1928 Blagoveshchensk, Russian SFSR – January 11, 1998 Elkhart, Indiana) was a Russian Baptist pastor persecuted by the Soviet authorities for his involvement in a network of independent Baptist churches.

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Gersh Budker

Gersh Itskovich Budker (Герш Ицкович Будкер), also named Andrey Mikhailovich Budker, (1 May 1918 – 4 July 1977) was a Soviet physicist, specialized in nuclear physics and accelerator physics.

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Glasnost

In the Russian language the word glasnost (гла́сность) has several general and specific meanings.

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Glasnost Meeting

The Glasnost Meeting (glasnost rally, "meeting of openness", Ми́тинг гла́сности) was the first spontaneous public political demonstration in the Soviet Union after the Second World War.

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Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film

The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA).

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Golos (election monitor)

The Movement for Defence of Voters' Rights "Golos", formerly GOLOS Association (Cyrillic: ГОЛОС, meaning "vote" or "voice") is a Russian organisation established in 2000 to protect the electoral rights of citizens and to foster civil society.

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Gravity

Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.

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Grigory Pomerants

Grigory Solomonovich Pomerants (also: Grigorii or Grigori, Григо́рий Соломо́нович Помера́нц, 13 March 1918, Vilnius – 16 February 2013, Moscow) was a Russian philosopher and cultural theorist.

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Guinan (Star Trek)

Guinan is a recurring character that appeared in the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation as well as the films Star Trek Generations and Star Trek: Nemesis.

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GURPS Infinite Worlds

GURPS Infinite Worlds is a supplement for the Fourth Edition of the GURPS role-playing game, published by Steve Jackson Games in 2005 and written by Kenneth Hite, Steve Jackson, and John M. Ford.

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György Bence

György Bence (Budapest, 8 December 1941 – 28 October 2006, Budapest) was a university professor, philosopher, dissident and political consultant.

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Haifa Hof HaCarmel railway station

Haifa Hof HaCarmel railway station (תחנת הרכבת חיפה חוף הכרמל, Taḥanat HaRakevet Haifa Ḥof HaCarmel, lit. Carmel Coast railway station, sometimes spelled Haifa Hof HaKarmel) is an Israel Railways passenger station serving the city of Haifa, Israel.

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Hallvard Rieber-Mohn

Hallvard Rieber-Mohn (2 October 1922, Molde - 4 August 1982) was a Norwegian Dominican priest and author.

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Herman Feshbach

Herman Feshbach (February 2, 1917, in New York City – 22 December, 2000, in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American physicist.

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Hero of Socialist Labour

Hero of Socialist Labour was an honorary title of the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries.

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Historiography in the Soviet Union

Soviet historiography is the methodology of history studies by historians in the Soviet Union (USSR).

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History of nuclear weapons

Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions.

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History of the Soviet Union (1964–82)

The history of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, referred to as the Brezhnev Era, covers the period of Leonid Brezhnev's rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

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History of the Teller–Ulam design

This article chronicles the history and origins of the Teller–Ulam design, the technical concept behind modern thermonuclear weapons, also known as hydrogen bombs.

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House arrest

In justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to a residence.

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Human rights and development

Human rights and development aims converge in many instances and are beneficial only to the government and not the people although there can be conflict between their different approaches.

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Human rights in the Soviet Union

Human rights in the Soviet Union were severely limited and the entire population was mobilized in support of the state ideology and policies.

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Human rights movement in the Soviet Union

In the 1960s a human rights movement began to emerge in the USSR.

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Humanist Manifesto II

The second Humanist Manifesto was written in 1973 by humanists Paul Kurtz and Edwin H. Wilson, and was intended to update the previous ''Humanist Manifesto'' (1933).

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Igor Kurchatov

Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (И́горь Васи́льевич Курча́тов; 8(21) January 1903 – 7 February 1960), was a Soviet nuclear physicist who is widely known as the director of the Soviet atomic bomb project.

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Igor Tamm

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (a; 8 July 1895 – 12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, for their 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation.

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Index of physics articles (A)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966

The Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 (also variously known as the Indonesian massacres, Indonesian genocide, Indonesian Communist Purge, Indonesian politicide, or the 1965 Tragedy) were large-scale killings and civil unrest which occurred in Indonesia over several months, targeting communist sympathizers, ethnic Chinese and alleged leftists, often at the instigation of the armed forces and government.

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Induced gravity

Induced gravity (or emergent gravity) is an idea in quantum gravity that space-time curvature and its dynamics emerge as a mean field approximation of underlying microscopic degrees of freedom, similar to the fluid mechanics approximation of Bose–Einstein condensates.

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Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR

The Initiative or Action Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR (Инициати́вная гру́ппа по защи́те прав челове́ка в СССР) was the first civic organization of the Soviet human rights movement.

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Inter-regional Deputies Group

The Inter-Regional Deputies' Group (Межрегиональная депутатская группа, МДГ) was the first legal parliamentary opposition in the Soviet Union, a fraction formed in 1989 within the 1st Congress of People's Deputies.

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International Foundation for Civil Liberties

The International Foundation for Civil Liberties is a non-profit organization established by the Russian-British oligarch Boris Berezovsky in November 2000.

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International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights

The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) was a self-governing group of non-governmental organizations that act to protect human rights throughout Europe, North America and Central Asia.

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International Humanist and Ethical Union

The International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) is an umbrella organisation of humanist, atheist, rationalist, secular, skeptic, freethought and Ethical Culture organisations worldwide.

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Irina Ilovaiskaya

Irina Alekseevna Ilovaiskaya-Alberti (Ирина Алексеевна Иловайская-Альберти) (born 5 December 1924, Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia - died 4 April 2000, Königstein im Taunus, Germany) was a Russian journalist and campaigner against communism who edited La Pensée Russe, a Russian-language weekly newspaper published in Paris.

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ISKRA lasers

The ISKRA-4 and ISKRA-5 lasers are lasers which were built by the Soviet Union at RFNC-VNIIEF in Arzamas-16 with the approximately 2 kJ output ISKRA-4 laser being completed in 1979 and the 30 kJ output ISKRA-5 laser which was completed in 1989.

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ITER

ITER (Latin for "the way") is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment.

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Ivan Svitlichny

Ivan Oleksiyovych Svitlichny (Svetlichny; Іва́н Олексі́йович Світли́чний; 1929–1992) was a Ukrainian poet, literary critic, and Soviet dissident.

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Jack Minker

Jack Minker (born 1927) is a leading authority in artificial intelligence, deductive databases, logic programming and non-monotonic reasoning.

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Jackson–Vanik amendment

The Jackson–Vanik amendment to the Trade Act of 1974 is a 1974 provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies (originally, countries of the Communist bloc) that restrict freedom of emigration and other human rights.

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Jason Robards

Jason Nelson Robards Jr. (July 26, 1922 – December 26, 2000) was an American stage, film, and television actor.

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Jazz in Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia’s jazz roots were established by Jaroslav Ježek and Rudolf Antonín Dvorský in the 1920s and 1930s.

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Józef Łobodowski

Józef Stanisław Łobodowski was a Polish poet and political thinker.

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Jean-Pierre Petit

Jean-Pierre Petit (born 5 April 1937, Choisy-le-Roi) is a French scientist, senior researcher at National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) as an astrophysicist in Marseille Observatory, now retired.

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Jeane Kirkpatrick

Jeane Duane Kirkpatrick (née Jordan; November 19, 1926 – December 7, 2006) was an American diplomat and political scientist.

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Jeremy Stone

Jeremy J. Stone (November 23, 1935 – January 1, 2017) was president of the Federation of American Scientists from 1970 to 2000, where he led that organization's advocacy initiatives in arms control, human rights, and foreign policy.

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Jerome J. Shestack

Jerome Joseph "Jerry" Shestack (February 11, 1923 – August 18, 2011) was a Philadelphia lawyer and human rights advocate active in Democratic Party politics who served as president of the American Bar Association (ABA) from 1997 to 1998.

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Joe 4

Joe 4 (warhead name: RDS-6s (Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Specialnyi; Special Jet Engine)) was an American nickname for the first Soviet test of a thermonuclear weapon on August 12, 1953, that detonated with a force equivalent to 400 kilotons of TNT.

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Johan Galtung

Johan Vincent Galtung (born 24 October 1930) is a Norwegian sociologist, mathematician, and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies.

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John Clive Ward

John Clive Ward, (1 August 1924 – 6 May 2000) was a British-Australian physicist.

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John Frost Bridge

John Frost Bridge (John Frostbrug in Dutch) is the road bridge over the Lower Rhine at Arnhem, in the Netherlands.

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John Ranard

John Ranard (February 7, 1952 – May 14, 2008) was a social documentary photographer who won critical acclaim for his gritty, multi-layered photographs of Louisville, Kentucky's social classes, the world of boxing, Russia during the period of perestroika, AIDS in Russia and Russian prison life.

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Joseph Telushkin

Joseph Telushkin (born 1948) is an American rabbi, lecturer, and bestselling author of more than 15 books, including volumes about Jewish ethics, Jewish literacy, and "Rebbe", a New York Times bestseller released in June 2014.

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July 1961

The following events occurred in July 1961.

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Juozas Glinskis

Juozas Glinskis (born October 15, 1933, Sindriūnai, Pasvalys district) is a Lithuanian playwright.

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Karel van het Reve

Karel van het Reve (19 May 1921 – 4 March 1999) was a Dutch writer, translator and literary historian, teaching and writing on Russian literature.

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Karlheinz Deschner

Karl Heinrich Leopold Deschner (23 May 1924 – 8 April 2014), was a German researcher and writer who achieved public attention in Europe for his trenchant and fiercely critical treatment of Christianity in general and the Roman Catholic Church in particular, as expressed in several articles and books, culminating in his 10 volume opus Christianity's Criminal History (Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums, Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek).

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KGB

The KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (p), translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991.

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Khozh-Ahmed Noukhayev

Khozh-Ahmed Tashtamirovich Noukhayev (Хож-Ахмет Таштамирович Нухаев) (born November 11, 1954), also spelled Hozh-Ahmed Nukhaev, Khozh-Ahmet Nukhayev, Nuhajev or Noukhaev, was a leader of the Chechen mafia known as Obshina and a prominent figure in Chechen politics.

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Kirovabad pogrom

The Kirovabad pogrom or the pogrom of Kirovabad was an Azeri-led pogrom that targeted Armenians living in the city of Kirovabad (today called Ganja) in Soviet Azerbaijan during November 1988.

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Kontinent

Kontinent was an émigré dissident journal which focused on the politics of the Soviet Union and its satellites.

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Krasnoselsky District, Moscow

Krasnoselsky District (Красносе́льский райо́н is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population: Most of the district's territory is occupied by railroads, rail yards, and the three rail terminals around Komsomolskaya Square. It also contains a narrow sector of central Moscow, extending north-east from Lubyanka Square within the boundaries of Myasnitskaya Square and Bolshaya Lubyanka Street. However, the famous KGB-FSB Lubyanka building technically belongs to Meshchansky District. The boundary between Krasnoselsky and southbound Basmanny District passes through Red Gates Square and Novaya Basmannaya Street, thus Krasnoselsky District contains the northern edge of historical Basmannaya Sloboda, including the church of Saint Peter and Paul, built in 1705–1723 to a draft by Peter I. Black Angel of Glory on the coat of arms commemorates the loss of Red Gates in 1927; white Y denoted three railroads that converge in Komsomoskaya Square.

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Kronid Lyubarsky

Kronid Arkadyevich Lyubarsky (Крони́д Арка́дьевич Люба́рский; 4 April 1934, Pskov, Soviet Union – 23 May 1996, Bali, Indonesia) was a Russian journalist, dissident, human rights activist and political prisoner.

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Lebedev Physical Institute

The Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LPI RAS) (in Физи́ческий институ́т имени П.Н.Ле́бедева Российской академии наук (ФИАН)), situated in Moscow, is one of the leading Russian research institutes specializing in physics.

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Leo Szilard Lectureship Award

The Leo Szilard Lectureship Award (originally called the Leo Szilard Award) is given annually by the American Physical Society (APS) for "outstanding accomplishments by physicists in promoting the use of physics for the benefit of society".

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Leonard Parker

Leonard Emanuel Parker (born Leonard Pearlman in 1938 in Brooklyn, New York) is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Physics and a former Director of the Center for Gravitation and Cosmology at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.

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Leonard Susskind

Leonard Susskind (born 1940)his 60th birthday was celebrated with a special symposium at Stanford University.

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Leonid Mandelstam

Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam or Mandelshtam (Belarusian: Леанід Ісаакавіч Мандэльштам, a; 4 May 1879 – 27 November 1944) was a Soviet physicist of Belarusian-Jewish background.

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Leonid Plyushch

Leonid Ivanovych Plyushch (Леоні́д Іва́нович Плющ,; Леони́д Ива́нович Плющ, 26 April 1938, Naryn, Kirghiz SSR – 4 June 2015, Bessèges, France) was a Ukrainian mathematician and Soviet dissident.

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Letter to Khodorkovsky

The Letter to Khodorkovsky is a 2013 open letter from the writer Polina Zherebtsova to the Russian businessman and exiled political critic Mikhail Khodorkovsky.

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Lev Altshuler

Lev Vladimirovitch Altshuler (Лев Владимирович Альтшулер, 9 November 1913 – 23 December 2003) was a Soviet physicist, one of the founders of the study of solids under extremely high pressures and temperatures and a member of the Soviet atomic bomb project.

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Lev Ponomaryov

Lev Aleksandrovich Ponomaryov (Лев Алекса́ндрович Пономарёв, September 2, 1941, Tomsk) is a Russian political and civil activist.

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Levada Center

Levada-Center is a Russian independent, non-governmental polling and sociological research organization.

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Leyla Yunus

Leyla Islam qizi Yunusova (née Valiyeva; born 21 December 1955 in Baku), better known as Leyla Yunus, is an Azerbaijani human rights activist who serves as the director of Institute of Peace and Democracy, a human rights organisation.

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Liberalism in Russia

Within Russian political parties, liberal parties advocate the expansion of political and civil freedoms and mostly oppose Vladimir Putin.

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Life and Fate

Life and Fate (Жизнь и судьба) is a 1960 novel by Vasily Grossman and is seen as the author's magnum opus.

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Lillian Hellman

Lillian Florence Hellman (June 20, 1905 – June 30, 1984) was an American dramatist and screenwriter known for her success as a playwright on Broadway, as well as her left-wing sympathies and political activism.

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Lines of Vasilyevsky Island

Lines of Vasilyevsky Island (Rus. plural linii линии, singular liniya (also linia) линия "a line") is a group of streets in a part (called Vasilyevsky Island) of downtown Saint Petersburg, Russia, and their mostly numeric names atypical for the rest of the modern Saint Petersburg.

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List of atheist activists and educators

There have been many atheists who have been active in advocacy or education.

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List of contributors to general relativity

This is a partial list of persons who have made major contributions to the development of standard mainstream general relativity.

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List of covers of Time magazine (1970s)

This is a list of people appearing on the cover of ''Time'' magazine in the 1970s.

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List of covers of Time magazine (1990s)

This is a list of people appearing on the cover of ''Time'' magazine in the 1990s.

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List of deists

This is a partial list of people who have been categorized as deists, the belief in a deity based on natural religion only, or belief in religious truths discovered by people through a process of reasoning, independent of any revelation through scripture or prophets.

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List of Frontline (PBS) episodes

The following is a list of programs from the Public Broadcasting Service's public affairs television documentary series Frontline.

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List of hunger strikes

This is an incomplete list of hunger strikes and people who have conducted a hunger strike.

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List of international presidential trips made by Mário Soares

Below is a list of international presidential trips made by Mário Soares as President of the Portuguese Republic.

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List of inventors

This is a list of notable inventors.

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List of minor planets named after people

This is a list of minor planets named after people, both real and fictional.

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List of Moscow State University people

The list of Moscow State University people includes notable alumni, non-graduates, and faculty affiliated with the Lomonosov Moscow State University (also known as "Moscow State University").

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List of Nobel laureates by country

This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country.

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List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows comprehensively the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1901 (as of 2017, 892 individual laureates in total).

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List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Nobels fredspris) "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

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List of nonreligious Nobel laureates

This list comprises laureates of the Nobel Prize who self-identified as atheist, agnostic, freethinker or otherwise nonreligious at some point in their lives.

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List of nuclear weapons tests

Nuclear weapons testing according to the standard definition used in treaty language for the space/time requirement is: In conformity with treaties between the United States and the Soviet Union, a salvo is defined, for multiple explosions for peaceful purposes, as two or more separate explosions where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points, and the total length does not exceed 40 kilometers.

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List of peace activists

This list of peace activists includes people who have proactively advocated diplomatic, philosophical, and non-military resolution of major territorial or ideological disputes through nonviolent means and methods.

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List of people considered father or mother of a field

The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western societies in a field, listed by category.

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List of people from Moscow

This is a list of famous people who were born or have lived in Moscow, Russia.

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List of people from Nizhny Novgorod

This is a list of notable people who have lived in Nizhny Novgorod (1932–1990: Gorky), Russia.

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List of people on the postage stamps of the Soviet Union

This article lists people who have been featured on postage stamps of the Soviet Union.

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List of physicists

Following is a list of physicists who are notable for their achievements.

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List of plasma physicists

*Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov.

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List of political dissidents

Political dissidents are people who question and criticize state policy or the 'dominate narrative' which is broadcast by mainstream media and accepted by the majority of the population.

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List of Russian inventors

This is a list of inventors from the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.

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List of Russian Nobel laureates

No description.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian physicists

This list of Russian physicists includes the famous physicists from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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List of Russian weaponry makers

This list of Russian weaponry makers includes the famous weaponry inventors and engineers of the Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.

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List of secular humanists

This is a partial list of notable secular humanists.

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List of spacecraft from the Space Odyssey series

Various fictional spacecraft have appeared in the Space Odyssey series by Arthur C. Clarke.

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List of statues in Yerevan

List of the statues and memorials in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia.

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List of visitors to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum is located in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, in central Hiroshima, Japan.

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Ludmila Valentinovna Berlinskaya

Ludmila Valentinovna Berlinskaya (Людмила Валентиновна Берлинская) is a Russian pianist and actress born in 1960 in Moscow.

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Lydia Chukovskaya

Lydia Korneyevna Chukovskaya (a; – February 8, 1996) was a Soviet writer, poet, editor, publicist, memoirist and dissident.

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Martin Garbus

Martin Garbus (born August 8, 1934) is an American attorney.

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Matvei Petrovich Bronstein

Matvei Petrovich Bronstein (Матвей Петрович Бронштейн,, Vinnytsia – February 18, 1938) was a Soviet theoretical physicist, a pioneer of quantum gravity, author of works in astrophysics, semiconductors, quantum electrodynamics and cosmology, as well as of a number of books in popular science for children.

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May 21

No description.

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Meanings of minor planet names: 1001–2000

038 | 1038 Tuckia || 1924 TK || Edward Tuck (1842–1938) and his wife; philanthropists.

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Memorial (society)

Memorial (Мемориа́л) is a Russian historical and civil rights society that operates in a number of post-Soviet states.

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Michael Posner (lawyer)

Michael H. Posner (born November 19, 1950) is an American lawyer, the Founding Executive Director and later the President of Human Rights First (formerly the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights), the former Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL) of the United States, currently a Co-Director for the Center of Business and Human Rights at NYU Stern School of Business, as well as Professor of Business and Society at New York University Stern School of Business, and a Board member of the International Service for Human Rights.

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Mikhail Chapiro

Mikhail Chapiro (also Shapiro; Михаил Шапиро; born 1938) is an artist of Russian Jewish origin currently living and working in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, GCL (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician.

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Mikhail Khodorkovsky

Mikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky (Михаи́л Бори́сович Ходорко́вский,; born 26 June 1963) is an exiled Russian businessman, philanthropist and former oligarch, now resident in Switzerland.

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Monte Argentario

Monte Argentario is a comune (municipality) and a peninsula belonging to the Province of Grosseto in the Italian region Tuscany, located about south of Florence and about south of Grosseto.

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Monte Stella (Milan)

Monte Stella ("Starmount"), also informally called Montagnetta di San Siro ("Little mountain of San Siro") is an artificial hill and surrounding city park in Milan, Italy.

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Mordechai Vanunu

Mordechai Vanunu (מרדכי ואנונו; born 14 October 1954), also known as John Crossman, is an Israeli former nuclear technician and peace activist who, citing his opposition to weapons of mass destruction, revealed details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to the British press in 1986.

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Moscow

Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.

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Moscow Helsinki Group

Today the Moscow Helsinki Group (also known as the Moscow Helsinki Watch Group, Моско́вская Хе́льсинкская гру́ппа) is one of Russia's leading human rights organisations.

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Moscow Power Engineering Institute

Moscow Power Engineering Institute (National Research University) is one of the largest institutions of its kind, and is one of the leading technical universities in the world in the area of power engineering, electronics and IT.

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Moscow State Pedagogical University

Moscow State Pedagogical University or Moscow State University of Education is a major educational and scientific institution in Moscow, Russia, with eighteen faculties and seven branches in other Russian cities.

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Moscow State University

Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ) is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia.

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MSU Faculty of Physics

The Fizfak (Faculty of Physics) of Moscow State University is the largest faculty of Moscow State University.

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Muon-catalyzed fusion

Muon-catalyzed fusion (μCF) is a process allowing nuclear fusion to take place at temperatures significantly lower than the temperatures required for thermonuclear fusion, even at room temperature or lower.

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Musa Mamut

Musa Mamut (Russian and Crimean Tatar languages:Муса Мамут; 20 February 1931 - 28 June 1978) was a political activist who immolated himself in Crimea as a sign of protest against the repression of Crimean Tatars.

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Mutual assured destruction

Mutual assured destruction or mutually assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender (see pre-emptive nuclear strike and second strike).

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My Trial as a War Criminal

"My Trial as a War Criminal" is a 1949 short story by atomic physicist Leo Szilard.

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Nagorno-Karabakh War

The Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place in the late 1980s to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Named prizes and medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The prizes and gold medals named after prominent scientists (премии и золотые медали имени выдающихся ученых) are issued by the Russian Academy of Sciences for important scientific works, discoveries and inventions.

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Natan Sharansky

Natan Sharansky (נתן שרנסקי, Ната́н Щара́нский, Натан Щаранський; born Anatoly Borisovich Shcharansky (Анато́лий Бори́сович Щара́нский, Анатолій Борисович Щаранський) on 20 January 1948) is an Israeli politician, human rights activist and author who, as a refusenik in the Soviet Union during the 1970s and 1980s, spent nine years in Soviet prisons.

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National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute)

National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) (Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет "МИФИ" / НИЯУ МИФИ or МИФИ) is one of the most recognized technical universities in Russia.

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Naum Meiman

Naum Natanovich (Nokhim Sanalevich) Meiman (Нау́м Ната́нович (Но́хим Са́нелевич) Ме́йман, 12 May 1912, Bazar, Ukraine – 31 March 2001, Tel Aviv) was a Soviet mathematician, and dissident.

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Nedelin catastrophe

The Nedelin catastrophe or Nedelin disaster was a launch pad accident that occurred on 24 October 1960 at Baikonur test range (of which Baikonur Cosmodrome is a part), during the development of the Soviet ICBM R-16.

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New York Academy of Sciences

The New York Academy of Sciences (originally the Lyceum of Natural History) was founded in January 1817.

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Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell

Nicholas William Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell (19 July 1938 – 8 September 2007) was a British politician.

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Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod (p), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is a city in Russia and the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.

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Nonviolent resistance

Nonviolent resistance (NVR or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent.

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November 1975

The following events occurred in November 1975.

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Nuclear Secrets

Nuclear Secrets, aka Spies, Lies and the Superbomb, is a 2007 BBC Television docudrama series which looks at the race for nuclear supremacy from the Manhattan Project through to Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme.

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Nuclear torpedo

A nuclear torpedo is a torpedo armed with a nuclear warhead.

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October 1975

The following events occurred in October 1975.

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Oleg Lavrentiev

Oleg Alexandrovich Lavrentiev (Оле́г Алекса́ндрович Лавре́нтьев; Pskov, Russia – in Kharkiv, Ukraine) was a Russian physicist who made contributions to thermonuclear fusion research.

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Olzhas Suleimenov

Olzhas Omaruli Suleimenov (Олжас Омарұлы Сүлейменов; Олжа́с Ома́рович Сулейме́нов) is a Soviet poet, Kazakhstani politician, and Soviet anti-nuclear activist.

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Omid Kokabee

Omid Kokabee (Persian: امید کوکبی; born 1982) is an Iranian experimental laser physicist at the University of Texas at Austin who was arrested in Iran after returning from the United States to visit his family in January 30, 2011.

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Outline of rights

The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to rights: Rights – normative principles, variously construed as legal, social, or moral freedoms or entitlements.

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Paolo Alatri

Paolo Alatri (Rome, 27 February 1918 – Rome, 30 October 1995) was an Italian historian and Marxist politician.

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Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

The Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) is the abbreviated name of the 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, which prohibited all test detonations of nuclear weapons except for those conducted underground.

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Paruyr Hayrikyan

Paruyr Arshaviri Hayrikyan (Traditional Armenian: Պարոյր Արշավիրի Հայրիկեան, Eastern Armenian: Պարույր Արշավիրի Հայրիկյան, born July 5, 1949, Yerevan) is an Armenian politician and former Soviet dissident.

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Peace and conflict studies

Peace and conflict studies is a social science field that identifies and analyzes violent and nonviolent behaviours as well as the structural mechanisms attending conflicts (including social conflicts), with a view towards understanding those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition.

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Peaceful nuclear explosion

Peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) are nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes.

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Physical cosmology

Physical cosmology is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.

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Polarizable vacuum

Gravitation can be described via a scalar theory of gravitation, using a stratified conformally flat metric, in which the field equation arises from the notion that the vacuum behaves like an optical polarizable medium.

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Polina Zherebtsova

Polina Zherebtsova (p, March 20, 1985) is a documentarian, poet and author of the diaries Ant in a Glass Jar, covering her childhood, adolescence and youth that witnessed three Chechen wars.

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Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

There was systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, based on the interpretation of political opposition or dissent as a psychiatric problem.

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Political repression in the Soviet Union

Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution.

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Prioksky City District

Prioksky City District (Прио́кский райо́н) is one of the eight districts of the city of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.

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Prix mondial Cino Del Duca

The Prix mondial Cino Del Duca (Cino Del Duca World Prize) is an international literary award.

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Problems of Peace and Socialism

Problems of Peace and Socialism (Russian: Проблемы мира и социализма), also commonly known as World Marxist Review (WMR), the name of its English-language edition, was a theoretical journal containing jointly-produced content by Communist and workers parties from around the world.

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Proton decay

In particle physics, proton decay is a hypothetical form of radioactive decay in which the proton decays into lighter subatomic particles, such as a neutral pion and a positron.

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Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an international organization that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats.

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Pussy Riot

Pussy Riot is a Russian feminist protest punk rock group based in Moscow.

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Raoul Wallenberg International Movement for Humanity

The Raoul Wallenberg International Movement for Humanity (RWIMH) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the education of the work of Raoul Wallenberg and to the promotion of the moral principles that made it possible.

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Ray Anderson (journalist)

Ray Anderson is an American journalist who worked at the New York Times as a foreign correspondent.

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RDS-37

RDS-37 was the Soviet Union's first two-stage hydrogen bomb, first tested on November 22, 1955.

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Reinhard Oehme

Reinhard Oehme (born 26 January 1928, Wiesbaden; died sometime between 29 September and 4 October 2010, Hyde Park) was a German-American physicist known for the discovery of C (charge conjugation) non-conservation in the presence of P (parity) violation, the formulation and proof of hadron dispersion relations, the "Edge of the Wedge Theorem" in the function theory of several complex variables, the Goldberger-Miyazawa-Oehme sum rule, reduction of quantum field theories, Oehme-Zimmermann superconvergence relations for gauge field correlation functions, and many other contributions.

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Robert L. Bernstein

Robert L. Bernstein is an American publisher and human rights activist.

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Roy Medvedev

Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev (Рой Алекса́ндрович Медве́дев; born 14 November 1925) is a Russian political writer, author of the dissident history of Stalinism, Let History Judge (К суду истории), first published in English in 1972.

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Rublyovka

Rublevka or Rublyovka (Рублёвка) is the unofficial name of a prestigious residential area in the western suburbs of Moscow, Russia, located along Rublyovo-Uspenskoye Highway, Podushkinskoe, 1st Uspenskoe and 2nd Uspenskoe highways.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Academy of Sciences

The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.

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Russian culture

Russian culture has a long history.

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Russians

Russians (русские, russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia, while notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora also exists all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Israel, and Canada. Russians are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe. The Russians share many cultural traits with their fellow East Slavic counterparts, specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians. They are predominantly Orthodox Christians by religion. The Russian language is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and also spoken as a secondary language in many former Soviet states.

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Ruth Bonner

Ruf Grigorievna Bonner (Руфь Григорьевна Боннер; 1900 — 25 December 1987), also known as Ruth Bonner, was a Soviet Communist activist and who spent eight years in a labor camp during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.

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Saint Boniface Hospital

Saint Boniface Hospital (also called St. B and previously called the Saint-Boniface General Hospital) is Manitoba's second-largest hospital, located in the Saint Boniface neighbourhood of Winnipeg.

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Saint Petersburg Lyceum 239

Presidential Physics and Mathematics Lyceum №239 (Президентский физико-математический лицей №239), is a public high school in Saint Petersburg, Russia that specializes in mathematics and physics.

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Sakharov

Sakharov (feminine: Sakharova) (Сахаров, Сахарова) is a Russian surname, derived from the word "сахар" (sugar).

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Sakharov (film)

Sakharov is a 1984 American drama film directed by Jack Gold and written by David W. Rintels.

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Sakharov Center

The Sakharov Center (Са́харовский центр) is a museum and cultural center in Moscow devoted to protection of human rights in Russia and preserving the legacy of the prominent physicist and Nobel Prize winning human rights activist Andrei Sakharov.

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Sakharov Gardens

The Sakharov Gardens (גינות סחרוב, Ginot Sakharov) is a traffic junction on the highway from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, and the main entry point to Jerusalem from the West.

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Sakharov Prize

The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, commonly known as the Sakharov Prize, honours individuals and groups of people who have dedicated their lives to the defense of human rights and freedom of thought.

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Samantha Smith

Samantha Reed Smith (June 29, 1972 – August 25, 1985) was an American schoolgirl, peace activist, writer and child actress from Manchester, Maine, who became famous during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.

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Satire

Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.

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Science and technology in Russia

Science and technology in Russia developed rapidly since the Age of Enlightenment, when Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg State University and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov founded the Moscow State University, establishing a strong native tradition in learning and innovation.

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Scott Horton (attorney)

Scott Horton is an American attorney known for his work in human rights law and the law of armed conflict, as well as emerging markets and international law.

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Semyon Lipkin

Semyon Izrailevich Lipkin (Липкин, Семён Израилевич) (6 September (19th New Style) 1911 – 31 March 2003) was a writer and poet.

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Sergei Kovalev

Sergei Adamovich Kovalyov (also spelled Sergey Kovalev; Серге́й Ада́мович Ковалёв; born 2 March 1930, Seredyna-Buda, Ukrainian SSR) is a Russian human rights activist and politician and a former Soviet dissident and political prisoner.

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Sergey Brin

Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин; born August 21, 1973) is a Russian-born American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur.

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Silva Kaputikyan

Silva Kaputikyan (help); 20 January 1919 – 25 August 2006) was an Armenian poet and political activist. One of the best-known Armenian writers of the twentieth century, she is recognized as "the leading poetess of Armenia" and "the grand lady of twentieth century Armenian poetry". Although a member of the Communist Party, she was a noted advocate of Armenian national causes. Her first collection of poems were published in the mid-1940s. By the 1950s she had established herself as a significant literary figure in Soviet Armenia. Besides Armenian she also wrote in Russian and many of her works were translated to other languages. In the later Soviet period she frequently addressed political and other issues.

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Sinyavsky–Daniel trial

The Sinyavsky–Daniel trial (Проце́сс Синя́вского и Даниэ́ля) was a trial against Russian writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel which took place in Moscow in February 1966.

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Soviet atomic bomb project

The Soviet atomic bomb project (Russian: Советский проект атомной бомбы, Sovetskiy proyekt atomnoy bomby) was the classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during World War II.

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Soviet dissidents

Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features in the embodiment of Soviet ideology and who were willing to speak out against them.

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Soviet Union legislative election, 1989

In 1989, elections were held for the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union.

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Speaking truth to power

Speaking truth to power is a non-violent political tactic, employed by dissidents against the received wisdom or propaganda of governments they regard as oppressive, authoritarian or an ideocracy.

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Stein Mehren

Stein Mehren (16 May 1935 – 28 July 2017) was a Norwegian poet, essayist and playwright.

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Stellarator

A stellarator is a device used to confine hot plasma with magnetic fields in order to sustain a controlled nuclear fusion reaction.

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Stephen Rosenfeld

Stephen Samuel Rosenfeld (July 26, 1932 – May 2, 2010) was an American journalist who worked as an editor and columnist for The Washington Post for 40 years.

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Stochastic electrodynamics

Stochastic electrodynamics (SED) is an extension of the de Broglie–Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics, with the electromagnetic zero-point field (ZPF) playing a central role as the guiding pilot-wave.

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Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, systematic political abuse of psychiatry took place and was based on the interpretation of political dissent as a psychiatric problem.

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Tatyana Velikanova

Tatyana Mikhailovna Velikanova (Татья́на Миха́йловна Велика́нова, 3 February 1932, Moscow – 19 September 2002, Moscow) was a mathematician and Soviet dissident.

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Tauman Torekhanov

Tauman Torekhanov is a prominent Kazakh journalist and executive editor who greatly contributed to the mass media of Kazakhstan and USSR for almost a half century.

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The New York Review of Books

The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs.

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Thermonuclear weapon

A thermonuclear weapon is a second-generation nuclear weapon design using a secondary nuclear fusion stage consisting of implosion tamper, fusion fuel, and spark plug which is bombarded by the energy released by the detonation of a primary fission bomb within, compressing the fuel material (tritium, deuterium or lithium deuteride) and causing a fusion reaction.

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Timeline of cosmological theories

This timeline of cosmological theories and discoveries is a chronological record of the development of humanity's understanding of the cosmos over the last two-plus millennia.

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Timeline of events in the Cold War

This is a timeline of the main events of the Cold War, a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union, its allies in the Warsaw Pact and later the People's Republic of China).

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Timeline of nuclear fusion

This timeline of nuclear fusion is an incomplete chronological summary of significant events in the study and use of nuclear fusion.

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Timeline of Russian history

This is a timeline of Russian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Russia and its predecessor states.

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Tokamak

A tokamak (Токамáк) is a device that uses a powerful magnetic field to confine a hot plasma in the shape of a torus.

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Tomalla Foundation

The Tomalla Foundation for Gravity Research promotes research into gravity in Switzerland and in the world.

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Tony Rothman

Tony Rothman (born 1953) is an American theoretical physicist, academic and writer.

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Trial of the Four

The Trial of the Four, also Galanskov–Ginzburg trial, was the 1968 trial of Yuri Galanskov, Alexander Ginzburg, Alexey Dobrovolsky and Vera Lahkova for their involvement in samizdat publications.

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Trofim Lysenko

Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко, Трохи́м Дени́сович Лисе́нко; 20 November 1976) was a Soviet agronomist and biologist.

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Tsar Bomba

Tsar Bomba was the Western nickname for the Soviet RDS-220 hydrogen bomb (code name Ivan or Vanya), the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created.

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Ulyanovsk

Ulyanovsk is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow.

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Un homme libre

Un homme libre (French for A free man) may refer to.

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USSR State Prize

The USSR State Prize (Госуда́рственная пре́мия СССР, Gosudarstvennaya premiya SSSR) was the Soviet Union's state honor.

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Val Logsdon Fitch

Val Logsdon Fitch (March 10, 1923 – February 5, 2015) was an American nuclear physicist who, with co-researcher James Cronin, was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics for a 1964 experiment using the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory that proved that certain subatomic reactions do not adhere to fundamental symmetry principles.

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Valentin Turchin

Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin (Валенти́н Фёдорович Турчи́н, 14 February 1931 in Podolsk – 7 April 2010 in Oakland, New Jersey) was a Soviet and American cybernetician and computer scientist.

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Valery Chalidze

Author and publisher Valery Nikolaevich Chalidze (Вале́рий Никола́евич Чали́дзе; ვალერი ჭალიძე: 25 November 1938 – 3 January 2018) was a Soviet dissident and human rights activist, deprived of his USSR citizenship in 1972 while on a visit to the USA.

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Vasily Grossman

Vasily Semyonovich Grossman (Васи́лий Семёнович Гро́ссман, Василь Семенович Гроссман; 12 December (29 November, Julian calendar) 1905 – 14 September 1964) was a Jewish Russian writer and journalist, who lived the bulk of his life under the Soviet regime.

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Vassili Nesterenko

Vassili Nesterenko (2 December 1934 – 25 August 2008) was a Soviet and Belarusian physicist from Ukraine and a former director of the Institute of Nuclear Energy at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (1977-1987).

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Vazif Meylanov

Vazif Sirazhutdinovich Meylanov (Вази́ф Сиражутди́нович Мейла́нов, 15 May 1940, Makhachkala, Dagestan ASSR, RSFSR, USSR – 11 January 2015, Makhachkala) was a Soviet mathematician, social philosopher, writer, Soviet dissident and political prisoner (1980–1989).

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Vesna Pešić

Vesna Pešić (Весна Пешић) (born May 6, 1940 in Grocka, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is a Serbian politician and sociologist, one of the leaders of opposition movement in Serbia.

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Victor Krasin

Victor Aleksandrovich Krasin (also spelled Viktor Krasin, Ви́ктор Алекса́ндрович Кра́син, 4 August 1929 – 3 September 2017) was a Russian human rights activist, economist, a former Soviet dissident and a political prisoner.

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Viktor Nekipelov

Viktor Aleksandrovich Nekipelov (Ви́ктор Алекса́ндрович Некипе́лов, 29 September 1928 in Harbin, China – 1 July 1989 in Paris) was a Russian poet, writer, Soviet dissident, member of the Moscow Helsinki Group.

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Vladimir Bukovsky

From the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky (Влади́мир Константи́нович Буко́вский; b. 30 December 1942) was a prominent figure in the Soviet dissident movement, well-known at home and abroad.

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Vladimir Gribov

Vladimir Naumovich Gribov (Russian Влади́мир Нау́мович Гри́бов; March 25, 1930, LeningradAugust 13, 1997, Budapest) was a prominent Russian theoretical physicist, who worked on high-energy physics, quantum field theory and the Regge theory of the strong interactions.

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Vladimir Maximov

Vladimir Emelyanovich Maximov (Владимир Емельянович Максимов, born Lev Alexeyevich Samsonov, Лев Алексеевич Самсонов; 27 November 1930, — 26 March 1995) was a Soviet and Russian writer, publicist, essayist and editor, one of the leading figures of the Soviet and post-Soviet dissident movement abroad.

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Vladimir Posner

Vladimir Vladimirovich Posner (also spelled Pozner; Влади́мир Влади́мирович По́знер; born 1 April 1934) is a French-born Russian-American journalist and broadcaster best known in the West for appearing on television to represent and explain the views of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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Vladimir Shamanov

Vladimir Anatolyevich Shamanov (Владимир Анатольевич Шаманов, born 1957) is a retired Colonel General of the Russian Armed Forces, who was Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Airborne Troops from May 2009 to October 2016 and a former Russian politician.

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Vladimir Tismăneanu

Vladimir Tismăneanu (born July 4, 1951) is a Romanian and American political scientist, political analyst, sociologist, and professor at the University of Maryland, College Park.

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Vladimir Voinovich

Vladimir Nikolayevich Voinovich, also spelled Voynovich (Влади́мир Никола́евич Войно́вич, born 26 September 1932, Stalinabad) is a Russian writer, poet, playwright and journalist, a former Soviet dissident.

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Voina

Voina (t) is a Russian street-art group known for their provocative and politically charged works of performance art.

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Walter Delahunt

Walter Delahunt is a Canadian pianist.

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Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, officially known as Operation Danube, was a joint invasion of Czechoslovakia by five Warsaw Pact nations – the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland – on the night of 20–21 August 1968.

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Weak interaction

In particle physics, the weak interaction (the weak force or weak nuclear force) is the mechanism of interaction between sub-atomic particles that causes radioactive decay and thus plays an essential role in nuclear fission.

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Willie Darden

Willie Jasper Darden, Jr. (June 1, 1933 - March 15, 1988) was an African American man who was executed in Florida for murder during the course of a robbery.

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World Peace Council prizes

The World Peace Council (WPC), an anti-imperialist non-governmental organization, has awarded a number of prizes, beginning in 1950.

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Yakov Alpert

Yakov Lvovich Alpert (Russian: Яков Львович Альперт) (March 1, 1911 – October 5, 2010) was a Soviet-born American physicist whose principal field of research was space plasma physics.

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Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich

Yakov Borisovich Zel’dovich (Я́каў Бары́савіч Зяльдо́віч, Я́ков Бори́сович Зельдо́вич; 8 March 1914 – 2 December 1987), also known as YaB, was a Soviet physicist of Belarusian Jewish ethnicity, who is known for his prolific contributions in cosmology and the physics of thermonuclear and hydrodynamical phenomena.

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Yelena Bonner

Yelena Georgievna Bonner (Еле́на Гео́ргиевна Бо́ннэр; 15 February 1923 – 18 June 2011), RIA Novosti, 19 June 2011.

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Yevgeniy Chazov

Yevgeniy Ivanovich Chazov (born 10 June 1929) (Евгений Иванович Чазов) is a prominent physician of the Soviet Union and Russia, specializing in cardiology, Chief of the Fourth Directorate of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, a recipient of numerous awards and decorations, Soviet, Russian, and foreign.

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Yevgeny Yevtushenko

Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Yevtushenko (Евгений Александрович Евтушенко; 18 July 1933 – 1 April 2017) was a Soviet and Russian poet.

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Yuli Daniel

Yuli Markovich Daniel (a; 15 November 1925 — 30 December 1988) was a Soviet dissident writer, poet, translator, and political prisoner.

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Yuri Andropov

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (p; – 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

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Yuri Milner

Yuri Borisovich (Bentsionovich) Milner (Ю́рий Бори́сович Бенцио́нович Ми́льнер; born 11 November 1961) is an Israeli-Russian entrepreneur, venture capitalist and physicist.

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Yuri Orlov

Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov (Ю́рий Фёдорович Орло́в, born 13 August 1924 in Moscow) is Professor of Physics and Government at Cornell University, a former Soviet dissident, Soviet nuclear physicist and human rights activist, a founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group and Soviet Amnesty International group.

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Yuri Rost

Yuri Rost (Юрий Рост, born February 1, 1939 in Kiev, Ukraine) is a photographer, journalist, author and traveller.

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Yuriy Shcherbak

Yuriy M. Scherbak (Shcherbak) (October 12, 1934, Kyiv) – Ukrainian writer, screenwriter, publicist, epidemiologist, politician, diplomat, and environmental activist.

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Yury Vlasov

Yury Petrovich Vlasov (Юрий Петрович Власов; born 5 December 1935) is a Soviet writer and retired heavyweight weightlifter and politician.

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Zalpa Bersanova

Zalpa Khozh-Akhmedovna Bersanova (Залпа Хож-Ахмедовна Берсанова) is a Chechen ethnographer and author who has written extensively on the Chechen people and the First and Second Chechen Wars.

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ZETA (fusion reactor)

ZETA, short for "Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly", was a major experiment in the early history of fusion power research.

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Zhores Medvedev

Zhores Aleksandrovich Medvedev (Жоре́с Алекса́ндрович Медве́дев; born 14 November 1925) is a Russian agronomist, biologist, historian and dissident.

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1921

No description.

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1968 Red Square demonstration

The 1968 Red Square demonstration (Демонстра́ция 25 а́вгуста 1968 го́да) took place on 25 August 1968 at Red Square, Moscow, Soviet Union, to protest the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, that occurred during the night of 20–21 August 1968, crushing the Prague spring, a set of de-centralization reforms promoted by Alexander Dubček.

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1975

It was also declared the International Women's Year by the United Nations and the European Architectural Heritage Year by the Council of Europe.

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1977 Moscow bombings

The 1977 Moscow bombings were a series of three bombings in Moscow committed on January 8, 1977.

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1978 Georgian demonstrations

On 14 April 1978, demonstrations in Tbilisi, capital of the Georgian SSR, took place in response to an attempt by the Soviet government to change the constitutional status of languages in Georgia.

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1979 Sakharov

1979 Sakharov, provisionally designated, is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers in diameter.

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1980

No description.

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1980 Summer Olympics boycott

The 1980 Summer Olympics boycott was one part of a number of actions initiated by the United States to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

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1986

The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations.

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1986 in the Soviet Union

The following lists events that happened during 1986 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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1989

1989 was a turning point in political history because a wave of revolutions swept the Eastern Bloc in Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power sharing, coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin Wall in November, and the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, embracing the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December, and ending in December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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1989 in science

The year 1989 in science and technology involved many significant events, some listed below.

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2010 Nobel Peace Prize

The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to imprisoned Chinese human rights activist "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China".

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2010: Odyssey Two

2010: Odyssey Two is a 1982 science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke.

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Redirects here:

A. Sakharov, A.D. Sakharov, Andrei D. Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, Andrei Dmitriyevich Sakharov, Andrei Sakarov, Andrej Sakharov, Andrey D. Sakharov, Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov, Andrey Dmitriyevich Sakharov, Andrey Sakharov, Ardrey Dmitriyevich Sakharov, Sakarov, Sakharov, Andrei Dmitriyevich, Sakharov, Andrey Dmitrievich.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov

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