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519 relations: AAAP family, ABC model of flower development, Abscisic acid, Acetolactate synthase, Acremonium strictum, Actin, Adenylate kinase, Adenylosuccinate synthase, Aeroponics, Agamous, Agar, Agrobacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alan M. Jones, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Alpha-seco-amyrin synthase, Alternative oxidase, Alternative splicing, Amborella, Amino acid kinase, Aminodeoxychorismate synthase, Anil Grover, Animesh Ray, Annual plant, Anthocyanin, Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase, Antioxidant, Antirrhinum majus, Antisense RNA, Apetala 2, Aphid, Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis arenosa, Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center, Arabidopsis lyrata, Arabinogalactan protein, Aresa Biodetection, Argonaut (animal), Argonaute, Arogenate dehydratase, Arp2/3 complex, Artade, Aspergillus terreus, Astrobiology, Astrobotany, Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Autogamy, B3 domain, BAG domain, Baruol synthase, ..., Beta-Aminobutyric acid, Beta-chamigrene synthase, Beta-seco-amyrin synthase, BioGRID, Bioinformatic Harvester, Biology, Biomolecular Object Network Databank, Biostatistics, Biotic stress, Bloom syndrome protein, Blue Ridge Virtual Governor's School, Boechera, Botanical Garden of the University of Konstanz, Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe, Botany, Brachypodium distachyon, Brainbow, Brassicaceae, Brassinosteroid, Brassinosteroid insensitive-1, BRCA2, BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1, BSD domain, BURP domain, C-5 sterol desaturase, C16orf58, C9orf84, Camalexin, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsella grandiflora, Capsella rubella, Carnegie Institution for Science, Caroline Dean, Carrot, Casein kinase 1, Cell wall associated kinase, Chang'e 4, Chloroplast DNA, Chloroplast sensor kinase, Chlorosis, Cholodny–Went model, Chris R. 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AAAP family
The Amino Acid/Auxin Permease (AAAP) Family is a family of secondary carrier proteins, a member of the APC Superfamily that includes hundreds of proteins from plants, animals, fungi and lower eukaryotes.
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ABC model of flower development
The ABC model of flower development is a scientific model of the process by which flowering plants produce a pattern of gene expression in meristems that leads to the appearance of an organ oriented towards sexual reproduction, a flower.
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Abscisic acid
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone.
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Acetolactate synthase
The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme (also known as acetohydroxy acid synthase, or AHAS) is a protein found in plants and micro-organisms.
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Acremonium strictum
Acremonium strictum is an environmentally widespread saprotroph species found in soil, plant debris, and rotting mushrooms.
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Actin
Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments.
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Adenylate kinase
Adenylate kinase (EC) (also known as ADK or myokinase) is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, and AMP).
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Adenylosuccinate synthase
In molecular biology, Adenylosuccinate synthase (or adenylosuccinate synthetase) is an enzyme that plays an important role in purine biosynthesis, by catalysing the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-dependent conversion of inosine monophosphate (IMP) and aspartic acid to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP.
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Aeroponics
Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics).
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Agamous
AGAMOUS (AG) is a homeotic gene and MADS-box transcription factor from Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Agar
Agar (pronounced, sometimes) or agar-agar is a jelly-like substance, obtained from algae.
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Agrobacterium
Agrobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria established by H. J. Conn that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (updated scientific name Rhizobium radiobacter, synonym Agrobacterium radiobacter) is the causal agent of crown gall disease (the formation of tumours) in over 140 species of eudicots.
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Alan M. Jones
Alan M. Jones (born 13 May 1957) is an American cell biologist.
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Alcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ to NADH).
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Alpha-seco-amyrin synthase
Alpha-seco-amyrin synthase is an enzyme with systematic name (3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene mutase (cyclizing, alpha-seco-amyrin-forming).
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Alternative oxidase
The alternative oxidase (AOX) is an enzyme that forms part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria of different organisms.
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Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing, or differential splicing, is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.
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Amborella
Amborella is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia.
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Amino acid kinase
In molecular biology, the amino acid kinase domain is a protein domain.
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Aminodeoxychorismate synthase
In enzymology, an aminodeoxychorismate synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are chorismate and L-glutamine, whereas its two products are 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate and L-glutamate.
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Anil Grover
Anil Grover (born 15 August 1958) is an Indian molecular biologist, professor and the head of the Department of Pant Molecular Biology at the University of Delhi.
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Animesh Ray
Animesh Ray is a professor of computational and molecular biology at Keck Graduate Institute.
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Annual plant
An annual plant is a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to the production of seeds, within one year, and then dies.
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Anthocyanin
Anthocyanins (also anthocyans; from Greek: ἄνθος (anthos) "flower" and κυάνεος/κυανοῦς kyaneos/kyanous "dark blue") are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, or blue.
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Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase
In enzymology, an anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are anthranilate and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate, whereas its two products are N-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-anthranilate and diphosphate.
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Antioxidant
Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.
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Antirrhinum majus
Antirrhinum majus (common snapdragon; often - especially in horticulture - simply "snapdragon") is a species of flowering plant belonging to the genus Antirrhinum.
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Antisense RNA
Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript, natural antisense transcript (NAT) or antisense oligonucleotide, is a single stranded RNA that is complementary to a protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) with which it hybridizes, and thereby blocks its translation into protein.
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Apetala 2
Apetala 2 (AP2) is a gene and a member of a large family of transcription factors, the AP2/EREBP family.
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Aphid
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea.
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Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis (rockcress) is a genus in the family Brassicaceae.
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Arabidopsis arenosa
Arabidopsis arenosa, the sand rock-cress, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae.
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Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center
The Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (ABRC) was established at The Ohio State University in September, 1991.
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Arabidopsis lyrata
Arabidopsis lyrata is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, closely related to the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Arabinogalactan protein
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP) are members of the hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich cell wall glycoprotein superfamily and are extensively glycosylated.
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Aresa Biodetection
Aresa Biodetection was a biotechnology firm based in Copenhagen, Denmark which is best known for genetically modifying a common weed to indicate the presence of land mines.
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Argonaut (animal)
The argonauts (genus Argonauta, the only extant genus in the family Argonautidae) are a group of pelagic octopuses.
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Argonaute
The Argonaute protein family plays a central role in RNA silencing processes, as essential components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
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Arogenate dehydratase
Arogenate dehydratase (ADT) (EC 4.2.1.91) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-arogenate, but 3 products:L-phenylalanine, H2O, and CO2.
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Arp2/3 complex
Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit protein complex that plays a major role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Artade
ARTADE (ARabidopsis Tiling Array-based Detection of Exons) is a database for the annotation of genome-wide tiling-array data in Arabidopsis.
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Aspergillus terreus
Aspergillus terreus, also known as Aspergillus terrestris, is a fungus (mold) found worldwide in soil.
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Astrobiology
Astrobiology is a branch of biology concerned with the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.
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Astrobotany
Astrobotany is an applied sub-discipline of botany that is the study of plants in space environments.
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Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics
The Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics (ACPFG) is a research organisation focusing on improving the resistance of wheat and barley to hostile environmental conditions, using functional genomics technologies.
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Autogamy
Autogamy, or self-fertilization, refers to the fusion of two gametes that come from one individual.
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B3 domain
The B3 DNA binding domain (DBD) is a highly conserved domain found exclusively in transcription factors, from higher plants (≥40 species) combined with other domains.
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BAG domain
In molecular biology, BAG domains are protein domains found in proteins which are modulators of chaperone activity, they bind to HSP70/HSC70 proteins and promote substrate release.
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Baruol synthase
Baruol synthase (BARS1) is an enzyme with systematic name (3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene mutase (cyclizing, baruol-forming).
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Beta-Aminobutyric acid
β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) is an isomer of the amino acid aminobutyric acid with the chemical formula C4H9NO2.
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Beta-chamigrene synthase
Beta-chamigrene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (cyclizing, (+)-beta-chamigrene-forming).
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Beta-seco-amyrin synthase
Beta-seco-amyrin synthase is an enzyme with systematic name (3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene mutase (cyclizing, beta-seco-amyrin-forming).
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BioGRID
The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) is a curated biological database of protein-protein interactions, genetic interactions, chemical interactions, and post-translational modifications created in 2003 (originally referred to as simply the General Repository for Interaction Datasets (GRID) by Mike Tyers, Bobby-Joe Breitkreutz, and Chris Stark at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital. It strives to provide a comprehensive curated resource for all major model organism species while attempting to remove redundancy to create a single mapping of data. Users of The BioGRID can search for their protein or publication of interest and retrieve annotation, as well as curated data as reported, by the primary literature and compiled by in house large-scale curation efforts. The BioGRID is hosted in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Dallas, Texas, United States and is partnered with the Saccharomyces Genome Database. The BioGRID is funded by the BBSRC, NIH, and CIHR. BioGRID is a member of the (IMEx).
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Bioinformatic Harvester
The Bioinformatic Harvester was a bioinformatic meta search engine created by the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and subsequently hosted and further developed by KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology for genes and protein-associated information.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Biomolecular Object Network Databank
The Biomolecular Object Network Databank is a bioinformatics databank containing information on small molecule and, structures and interactions.
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Biostatistics
Biostatistics is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.
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Biotic stress
Biotic stress is stress that occurs as a result of damage done to an organism by other living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, beneficial and harmful insects, weeds, and cultivated or native plants.
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Bloom syndrome protein
Bloom syndrome protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BLM gene and is not expressed in Bloom syndrome.
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Blue Ridge Virtual Governor's School
The Blue Ridge Virtual Governor's School ("BRVGS") is a Virginia Academic Year Governor's School available to public high school students enrolled in the counties of Fluvanna, Goochland, Greene, Louisa, Madison, Nelson and Orange in central Virginia.
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Boechera
Boechera (rockcress) is a genus of the family Brassicaceae.
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Botanical Garden of the University of Konstanz
The Botanischer Garten der Universität Konstanz (1.5 hectares) is a botanical garden maintained by the University of Konstanz.
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Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe
The Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe is a botanical garden maintained by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology directorate of Peter Nick.
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Botany
Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.
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Brachypodium distachyon
Brachypodium distachyon, commonly called purple false brome or stiff brome, is a grass species native to southern Europe, northern Africa and southwestern Asia east to India.
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Brainbow
Brainbow is a process by which individual neurons in the brain can be distinguished from neighboring neurons using fluorescent proteins.
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Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family.
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Brassinosteroid
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of polyhydroxysteroids that have been recognized as a sixth class of plant hormones.
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Brassinosteroid insensitive-1
Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1) is the major receptor of the plant hormone brassinosteroid.
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BRCA2
BRCA2 and BRCA2 are a human gene and its protein product, respectively.
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BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1
BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1- also known as somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 3 or SERK3) is an important plant protein that has diverse functions in plant development.
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BSD domain
In molecular biology, the BSD domain is an approximately 60-amino-acid-long protein domain named after the BTF2-like transcription factors, synapse-associated proteins and DOS2-like proteins in which it is found.
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BURP domain
In molecular biology, the BURP domain is a ~230-amino acid protein domain, which has been named for the four members of the group initially identified, BNM2, USP, RD22, and PG1beta.
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C-5 sterol desaturase
C-5 sterol desaturase (also known as sterol C-5 desaturase and C5SD) is an enzyme that is highly conserved among eukaryotes and catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a C-5(6) bond in a sterol intermediate compound as a step in the biosynthesis of major sterols.
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C16orf58
Chromosome 16 open reading frame 58, or C16orf58, also known as FLJ13638 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C16orf58 gene.
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C9orf84
Uncharacterized protein C9orf84, also known as C9orf84, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C9orf84 gene, which stands for Chromosome 9 open reading frame 84.
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Camalexin
Camalexin (3-thiazol-2-yl-indole) is a simple indole alkaloid found in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and other crucifers.
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Capsella bursa-pastoris
Capsella bursa-pastoris, known by its common name shepherd's purse because of its triangular flat fruits, which are purse-like, is a small annual and ruderal flowering plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae that grows up to tall.
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Capsella grandiflora
Capsella grandiflora, the grand shepherd's-purse is a plant species in the genus Capsella.
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Capsella rubella
Capsella rubella, the pink shepherd's-purse, is a plant species in the genus Capsella, a very close relative of Arabidopsis thaliana and a member of the mustard family, Brassicaceae.
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Carnegie Institution for Science
The Carnegie Institution of Washington (the organization's legal name), known also for public purposes as the Carnegie Institution for Science (CIS), is an organization in the United States established to fund and perform scientific research.
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Caroline Dean
Dame Caroline Dean, DBE, FRS (born 2 April 1957) is a British plant scientist working at the John Innes Centre on the molecular control of timing of flowering in plants.
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Carrot
The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist.
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Casein kinase 1
The Casein kinase 1 family of protein kinases are serine/threonine-selective enzymes that function as regulators of signal transduction pathways in most eukaryotic cell types.
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Cell wall associated kinase
Cell wall associated kinases (WAKs) are receptor-like protein kinases, found in plant cell walls, that have the capability to transmit signals directly by their cytoplasmic kinase domains.
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Chang'e 4
Chang'e 4 is a planned Chinese lunar exploration mission, to be launched in December 2018, that will incorporate an orbiter, a robotic lander and rover.
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Chloroplast DNA
Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as cpDNA.
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Chloroplast sensor kinase
Chloroplast Sensor Kinase (CSK) is a protein in chloroplasts of green plants and algae.
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Chlorosis
In botany, chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll.
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Cholodny–Went model
In botany, the Cholodny–Went model, proposed in 1927, is an early model describing tropism in emerging shoots of monocotyledons, including the tendencies for the shoot to grow towards light (phototropism) and the roots to grow downward (gravitropism).
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Chris R. Somerville
Christopher Roland Somerville is a Canadian-American biologist known as a pioneer of Arabidopsis thaliana research.
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Christine Foyer
Christine Helen Foyer (born 3 October 1952) is professor of plant science at the University of Leeds, Leeds, UK where she also directs the Human Health and Food Security Project in sub-Saharan Africa in the Africa Laboratory.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Chrysanthemin
Chrysanthemin is an anthocyanin.
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Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, systematically named cinnamaldehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-cinnamoylating) but commonly referred to by the acronym CCR, is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a substituted cinnamoyl-CoA to its corresponding cinnamaldehyde, utilizing NADPH and H+ and releasing free CoA and NADP+ in the process.
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Circadian Clock Associated 1
Circadian Clock Associated 1 (CCA1) is a gene that is central to the circadian oscillator of angiosperms.
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Claire M. Fraser
Claire M. Fraser PhD (born 1955) is an American microbiologist who launched a new field of study, microbial genomics, and through her research and leadership in this field, has contributed to understanding of the diversity and evolution of microbial life on Earth.
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Cleome
Cleome is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cleomaceae, commonly known as as spider flowers, spider plants, spider weeds, or bee plants.
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Cleome gynandra
Cleome gynandra is a species of Cleome that is used as a green vegetable.
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Codon usage bias
Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA.
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Coleochaete
Coleochaete is a genus of parenchymatous charophyte green algae in the order Coleochaetales.
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Confocal microscopy
Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.
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Coniferyl alcohol
Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound.
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Contribution of epigenetic modifications to evolution
Epigenetics is a broad term that refers to changes in gene expression that occur via mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA modification.
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Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.
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Cress
Cress may refer to.
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Cryptochrome
Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light.
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Cytochrome C1
Cytochrome C1 (also known as Complex III subunit 4) is a protein encoded by the CYC1 gene.
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Cytokinin
Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.
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Cytokinin dehydrogenase
In enzymology, a cytokinin dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are cytokinin (here represented by ''N''6-dimethylallyladenine), electron acceptor, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are adenine, 3-methylbut-2-enal (or other aldehyde in case of different substrate), and reduced acceptor.
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Cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein
A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway.
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Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around fungal and plant cells.
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D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase
In enzymology, a D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate and acceptor, whereas its two products are 2-oxoglutarate and reduced acceptor.
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Daniel Chamovitz
Daniel Chamovitz is an American-born biologist and Dean of the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences at Tel Aviv University, Israel, and the founder of the multidisciplinary.
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DCas9 activation system
dCas9 Activation systems are one type of CRISPR tool that use modified versions of dCas9, a mutation of Cas9 without endonuclease activity, with added transcriptional activators on dCas9 or the guide RNAs (gRNAs).
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Demining
Demining or mine clearance is the process of removing land mines from an area, while minesweeping describes the act of detecting mines.
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Detlef Weigel
Detlef Weigel (born 1961 in Lower Saxony, Germany) is a German American scientist working at the interface of developmental and evolutionary biology.
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Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
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Dhurrin
Dhurrin is a cyanogenic glycoside produced in many plants.
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Dicarboxylic acid
A dicarboxylic acid is an organic compound containing two carboxyl functional groups (−COOH).
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Dicer
Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DICER1 gene.
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Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase
In enzymology, a dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (+)-dihydrokaempferol, NADPH, and H+.
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Dirigent protein
Dirigent proteins are members of a class of proteins which dictate the stereochemistry of a compound synthesized by other enzymes.
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DNA methylation
DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.
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DNA photolyase (protein domain)
DNA photolyase is an evolutionary conserved protein domain.
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DNA-binding domain
A DNA-binding domain (DBD) is an independently folded protein domain that contains at least one structural motif that recognizes double- or single-stranded DNA.
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DNase I hypersensitive site
In genetics, DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) are regions of chromatin that are sensitive to cleavage by the DNase I enzyme.
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DORN1
DORN1 refers to a purinergic receptor found in green plants, which is involved in extracellular ATP detection.
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Double fertilization
Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms).
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Double-flowered
"Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers.
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Doubletime (gene)
Doubletime (dbt) also known as discs overgrown (dco) is a gene that encodes the double-time protein (DBT) in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Douglas Prasher
Douglas C. Prasher (born August 1951) is an American molecular biologist.
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DXP reductoisomerase
DXP reductoisomerase (1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase or DXR) is an enzyme that interconverts 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP).
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EF-Tu receptor
EF-Tu receptor, abbreviated as EFR, is a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that binds to the prokaryotic protein EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable) in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Elliot Meyerowitz
Elliot Meyerowitz (born May 22, 1951) is an American biologist.
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Embryo
An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
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Ensembl Genomes
Ensembl Genomes is a scientific project to provide genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species.
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Ephemeral plant
An ephemeral plant is one marked by short life cycles.
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Ephemerality
Ephemerality (from Greek εφήμερος – ephemeros, literally "lasting only one day") is the concept of things being transitory, existing only briefly.
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Epicuticular wax
Epicuticular wax is a coating of wax covering the outer surface of the plant cuticle in land plants.
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Epidermis (botany)
The word'epidermis' is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants.
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Epigenetic regulation of transposable elements in the plant kingdom
Transposable elements (transposons, TEs, 'jumping genes') are short strands of repetitive DNA that can self-replicate and translocate within the eukaryotic genome, and are generally perceived as parasitic in nature.
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Epigenomics
Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the epigenome.
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Epsin
Epsins are a family of highly conserved membrane proteins that are important in creating membrane curvature.
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Essential gene
Essential genes are those genes of an organism that are thought to be critical for its survival.
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Ethylene
Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or H2C.
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Ethylene-responsive element binding protein
Ethylene-responsive element binding protein (EREBP) is a homeobox gene from Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants which encodes a transcription factor.
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Evidence of common descent
Evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades, demonstrating that all life on Earth comes from a single ancestor.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolution of molecular chaperones
Chaperones, also called molecular chaperones, are proteins that assist other proteins in assuming their three-dimensional fold, which is necessary for protein function.
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Evolutionary history of plants
The evolution of plants has resulted in a wide range of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, through multicellular marine and freshwater green algae, terrestrial bryophytes, lycopods and ferns, to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today.
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Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
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Exon shuffling
--> Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes.
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Expansin
Expansin refers to a family of closely related nonenzymatic proteins found in the plant cell wall, with important roles in plant cell growth, fruit softening, abscission, emergence of root hairs, pollen tube invasion of the stigma and style, meristem function, and other developmental processes where cell wall loosening occurs.
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EXPOSE
EXPOSE is a multi-user facility mounted outside the International Space Station dedicated to astrobiology.
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Extensin
Extensins are a family of flexuous, rodlike, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) of the plant cell wall, discovered by Derek T.A. Lamport at the University of Cambridge.
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Fam158a
UPF0172 protein FAM158A, also known as c14orf122 or CGI112, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM158A gene located on chromosome 14q11.2.
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FAM203B
Family with Sequence Similarity 203, Member B (FAM203B) is a protein encoded by the FAM203B gene (8q24.3) in humans.
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Fasciclin domain
In molecular biology, the fasciclin domain (FAS1 domain) is an extracellular domain of about 140 amino acid residues.
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FERONIA
Feronia, also known as FER or protein Sirene, is a recognition receptor kinase found in plants.
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Fertilisation
Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, conception, fecundation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism.
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Fimbrin
Fimbrin also known as is plastin 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLS1 gene.
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Flagellin
Flagellin is a globular protein that arranges itself in a hollow cylinder to form the filament in a bacterial flagellum.
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Flora of Lebanon
The flora of Lebanon includes approximately 2,600 plant species.
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Flora of Saskatchewan
The native flora of Saskatchewan includes vascular plants, plus additional species of other plants and plant-like organisms such as algae, lichens and other fungi, and mosses.
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Florigen
Florigen (or flowering hormone) is the hypothesized hormone-like molecule responsible for controlling and/or triggering flowering in plants.
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Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms).
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Flowering Locus C
Flowering Locus C (FLC) is a MADS-box gene that in late-flowering ecotypes of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana is responsible for vernalization.
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FLS2
FLS genes have been discovered to be involved in flagellin reception of bacteria.
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Flufenacet
Flufenacet is an oxyacetanilide herbicide applied before crops have emerged.
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Frederick M. Ausubel
Frederick M Ausubel (born September 2, 1945) is an American molecular biologist and professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School in Boston and is the Karl Winnacker Distinguished Investigator in the Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston., Massachusetts.
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Friedrich Laibach
Friedrich Laibach (born April 2, 1885 in Limburg, Germany) was a German botanist.
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Fritillaria
Fritillaria (fritillaries) is a genus of spring flowering herbaceous bulbous perennial plants in the lily family (Liliaceae).
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GAI (Arabidopsis thaliana gene)
GAI or Gibberellic-Acid Insensitive is a gene in Arabidopsis thaliana which is involved in regulation of plant growth.
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Gaseous signaling molecules
Gaseous signaling molecules are gaseous molecules that are either synthesised internally (endogenously) in the organism, tissue or cell or are received by the organism, tissue or cell from outside (say, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere, as in the case of oxygen) and that are used to transmit chemical signals which induce certain physiological or biochemical changes in the organism, tissue or cell.
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GC-content
In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases on a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine or cytosine (from a possibility of four different ones, also including adenine and thymine in DNA and adenine and uracil in RNA).
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Gene nomenclature
Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms.
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Gene targeting
Gene targeting (also, replacement strategy based on homologous recombination) is a genetic technique that uses homologous recombination to modify an endogenous gene.
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Gene-for-gene relationship
The gene-for-gene relationship was discovered by the late Harold Henry Flor who was working with rust (Melampsora lini) of flax (Linum usitatissimum).
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GeneNetwork
GeneNetwork is a combined database and open source bioinformatics data analysis software resource for systems genetics.
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Genetic screen
A genetic screen or mutagenesis screen is an experimental technique used to identify and select for individuals who possess a phenotype of interest in a mutagenized population.
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Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods.
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Genetically modified tomato
A genetically modified tomato, or transgenic tomato, is a tomato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Genetics Society of America
The Genetics Society of America (GSA) is a scholarly membership society of more than 5,500 genetics researchers and educators, established in 1931.
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Genlisea aurea
Genlisea aurea is one of the largest carnivorous species in the genus Genlisea (family Lentibulariaceae).
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Genlisea margaretae
Genlisea margaretae is a carnivorous species in the genus Genlisea (family Lentibulariaceae) native to areas of Madagascar, Tanzania, and Zambia.
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Genlisea tuberosa
Genlisea tuberosa is a carnivorous species in the genus Genlisea (family Lentibulariaceae) that is endemic to Brazil and found only in campos rupestres vegetation.
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GenoCAD
GenoCAD is one of the earliest computer assisted design tools for synthetic biology.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genomics
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.
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Genomics of domestication
Domesticated species and the human populations that domesticate them are typified by a mutualistic relationship of interdependence, in which humans have over thousands of years modified the genomics of domesticated species.
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George Rédei
George P. Rédei (1921–2008) was a Hungarian plant biologist, professor, author and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
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Gerd Jürgens
Professor Gerd Jürgens (also spelt Juergens) (born 1949) is a plant developmental biologist currently(as of end 2010) holding the posts of Director of the Cell Biology Department at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology and Head of the Center for Plant Molecular Biology(ZMBP) at the Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen.
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GLD-2
GLD-2 (which stands for Germ Line Development 2) is a cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase (cytoPAPs) which adds successive AMP monomers to the 3’ end of specific RNAs, forming a poly(A) tail, which is a process known as polyadenylation.
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Globin
The globins are a superfamily of heme-containing globular proteins, involved in binding and/or transporting oxygen.
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Glowing Plant project
The Glowing Plant project was the first crowdfunding campaign for a synthetic biology application.
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Glutaredoxin
Glutaredoxins are small redox enzymes of approximately one hundred amino-acid residues that use glutathione as a cofactor.
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Glutathione synthetase
Glutathione synthetase (GSS) (EC 6.3.2.3) is the second enzyme in the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway.
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Glycerol-1-phosphatase
In enzymology, a glycerol-1-phosphatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are glycerol 1-phosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are glycerol and phosphate.
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Gravitropism
Gravitropism (also known as geotropism) is a coordinated process of differential growth by a plant or fungus in response to gravity pulling on it.
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Green Revolution
The Green Revolution, or Third Agricultural Revolution, refers to a set of research and the development of technology transfer initiatives occurring between the 1930s and the late 1960s (with prequels in the work of the agrarian geneticist Nazareno Strampelli in the 1920s and 1930s), that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.
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Gregor Mendel Institute
The Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) is a basic research institute in the field of molecular plant biology founded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2000 and located at the Vienna Biocenter.
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Guard cell
Guard cells are specialized cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange.
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Gustav Heynhold
Gustav Heynhold (or Gustav Heinhold, 1800–1860) was a German botanist who worked at the botanic gardens of Dresden and Frankfurt.
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Haibao Tang
Haibao Tang is a Chinese geneticist from Shanghai, China at the University of Georgia.
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Haloacid dehydrogenase superfamily
The haloacid dehydrogenase superfamily (HAD superfamily) is a superfamily of enzymes that include phosphatases, phosphonatases, P-type ATPases, beta-phosphoglucomutases, phosphomannomutases, and dehalogenases, and are involved in a variety of cellular processes ranging from amino acid biosynthesis to detoxification.
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Helical growth
Helical growth is the expansion of fungal, algal or higher plant cells or organs leading to a twisted (i.e. helical) cell or organ shape.
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Helicase
Helicases are a class of enzymes vital to all living organisms.
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Helitron (biology)
Helitrons are one of the three groups of eukaryotic class 2 transposable elements (TEs) so far described.
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Heteroblasty (botany)
Heteroblasty is significant and abrupt change in form and function that occurs over the lifespan of certain plants.
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History of genetic engineering
Genetic modification caused by human activity has been occurring since around 12,000 BC, when humans first began to domesticate organisms.
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History of research on Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana is a first class model organism and the single most important species for fundamental research in plant molecular genetics.
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HomoloGene
HomoloGene, a tool of the United States National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), is a system for automated detection of homologs (similarity attributable to descent from a common ancestor) among the annotated genes of several completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes.
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HOTHEAD (gene)
HOTHEAD is an Arabidopsis thaliana gene that encodes a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing oxidoreductase.
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Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis
Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis is a species from the family Peronosporaceae.
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Hyaloperonospora parasitica
Hyaloperonospora parasitica is an oomycete from the family Peronosporaceae.
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Hylandra
Hylandra suecica is a species of cruciferous plants.
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Inbred strain
Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding.
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Index of biology articles
Biology is the study of life and its processes.
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Indole-3-acetic acid
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 3-IAA) is the most common, naturally occurring, plant hormone of the auxin class.
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Information Hyperlinked over Proteins
Information Hyperlinked over Proteins (or iHOP) is an online text-mining service that provides a gene-guided network to access PubMed abstracts.
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Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase
Inositol (1,4,5) Trisphosphate-3- Kinase is an enzyme that facilitates a phospho-group transfer from ATP to 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.
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Integrin-like receptors
Integrin-like receptors (ILRs) are found in plants and carry unique functional properties similar to true integrin proteins.
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Interactome
In molecular biology, an interactome is the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell.
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International Protein Index
The International Protein Index (IPI) is a defunct protein database launched in 2001 by the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), and closed in 2011.
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Intron-mediated enhancement
Intron-mediated enhancement (IME) is the ability of an intron sequence to enhance the expression of a gene containing that intron.
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Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IPP isomerase), also known as Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase, is an isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of the relatively un-reactive isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) to the more-reactive electrophile dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
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Joanne Chory
Joanne Chory is an American plant biologist and geneticist.
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Katanin
Katanin is a microtubule-severing AAA protein.
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Kevin Folta
Kevin M. Folta is a professor and chairman of the horticultural sciences department at the University of Florida.
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Kin recognition
Kin recognition, also called kin detection, is an organism's ability to distinguish between close genetic kin and non-kin.
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Kinesin
A kinesin is a protein belonging to a class of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells.
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Ku (protein)
Ku is a dimeric protein complex that binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair.
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L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase
In enzymology, an L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate and acceptor, whereas its two products are 2-oxoglutarate and reduced acceptor.
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Lab-on-a-chip
A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one or several laboratory functions on a single integrated circuit (commonly called a "chip") of only millimeters to a few square centimeters to achieve automation and high-throughput screening.
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Lactoylglutathione lyase
In enzymology, a lactoylglutathione lyase (also known as glyoxalase I) is an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of hemithioacetal adducts, which are formed in a spontaneous reaction between a glutathionyl group and aldehydes such as methylglyoxal.
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Lateral root
Lateral roots extend horizontally from the primary root (radicle) and serve to anchor the plant securely into the soil.
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Lateral shoot
Commonly called a branch.
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Leadzyme
Leadzyme is a small ribozyme (catalytic RNA), which catalyzes the cleavage of a specific phosphodiester bond.
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Lemnoideae
Duckweed, or water lens, are flowering aquatic plants which float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of fresh water and wetlands.
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Leucocyanidin oxygenase
In enzymology, a leucocyanidin oxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are leucocyanidin, 2-oxoglutarate, and O2, whereas its 5 products are cis-dihydroquercetin, trans-dihydroquercetin, succinate, CO2, and H2O.
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Liam Dolan
Liam Dolan, FRS is a botanist and academic.
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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS).
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List of Canadian plants by genus
Below is a list of Canadian plants by genus.
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List of flora of Ohio
This list includes plants native and introduced to the state of Ohio, designated (N) and (I), respectively.
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List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
This is part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.
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List of model organisms
This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research.
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List of organisms by chromosome count
The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms.
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List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools
RNA-Seq is a technique that allows transcriptome studies (see also Transcriptomics technologies) based on next-generation sequencing technologies.
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List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
This list of "sequenced" eukaryotic genomes contains all the eukaryotes known to have publicly available complete nuclear and organelle genome sequences that have been sequenced, assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle-only sequences.
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List of sequenced plant genomes
This list of sequenced plant genomes contains plant species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published.
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List of sequenced plastomes
A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protoctists.
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List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland 4
---- Go to.
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List of vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus
This is a comprehensive list of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus, a land mass in Russia connected to Finland on one side and otherwise surrounded by three bodies of water: the Gulf of Finland, the Neva River, and Lake Ladoga.
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List of wildflowers of Soldiers Delight
The Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area, consists of about of land in Owings Mills, Maryland, USA.
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Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
The Living Interplanetary Flight ExperimentAsian Scientist,, Srinivas Laxman, 9 November 2011 (LIFE or Phobos LIFE) was an interplanetary mission developed by the Planetary Society.
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Living things in culture
Living things including animals, plants, fungi and microbes play many roles in culture.
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LocDB
LocDB is an expert-curated database that collects experimental annotations for the subcellular localization of proteins in Homo sapiens (human) and Arabidopsis thaliana (Weed).
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Long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase
In enzymology, a long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and long-chain alcohol, whereas its two products are CoA and long-chain ester.
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Long-chain-alcohol oxidase
Long-chain alcohol oxidase is one of two enzyme classes that oxidize long-chain or fatty alcohols to aldehydes.
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LTR retrotransposon
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable element characterized by the presence of Long Terminal Repeats (LTRs) directly flanking an internal coding region.
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LUX
LUX or Phytoclock1 (PCL1) is a gene that codes for LUX ARRHYTHMO, a protein necessary for circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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MADS-box
The MADS box is a conserved sequence motif.
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Mark Schena
Mark Alden Schena (born May 21, 1963) is an American biochemist and president of a public life sciences health care company.
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Martin Kreitman
Professor Martin Edward Kreitman is an American geneticist at the University of Chicago, most well known for the McDonald–Kreitman test that is used to infer the amount of adaptive evolution in population genetic studies.
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MATH domain
The MATH domain, in molecular biology, is a binding domain that was defined originally by a region of homology between otherwise functionally unrelated domains, the intracellular TRAF-C domains of TRAF proteins and a C-terminal region of extracellular meprins A and B. Although apparently functionally unrelated, intracellular TRAFs and extracellular meprins share a conserved region of about 180 residues, the meprin and TRAF homology (MATH) |domain.
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Maturase K
Maturase K (matK) is a plant plastidial gene.
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MCM8
DNA replication licensing factor MCM8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCM8 gene.
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Mediator (coactivator)
Mediator is a multiprotein complex that functions as a transcriptional coactivator in all eukaryotes.
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Medicago truncatula
Medicago truncatula, the barrelclover, strong-spined medick, barrel medic, or barrel medick, is a small annual legume native to the Mediterranean region that is used in genomic research.
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Meristem
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
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Metabolic network modelling
Metabolic network reconstruction and simulation allows for an in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms of a particular organism.
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Metabolomics
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule intermediates and products of metabolism.
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Metallothionein
Metallothionein (MT) is a family of cysteine-rich, low molecular weight (MW ranging from 500 to 14000 Da) proteins.
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Methyl halide transferase
Methyl halide transferase (MCT, methyl chloride transferase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:halide/bisulfide methyltransferase, AtHOL1, AtHOL2, AtHOL3, HMT, S-adenosyl-L-methionine: halide ion methyltransferase, SAM:halide ion methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosylmethionine:iodide methyltransferase.
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Methylobacterium longum
Methylobacterium longum is a facultative methylotrophy bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from the phyllosphere from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana in Spain.
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Michael Purugganan
Michael D. Purugganan (born Manila, Philippines in 1963), a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist, is the Silver Professor of Biology at New York University (NYU).
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Michael W. Bevan
Michael Webster Bevan FRS (born 5 June 1952) is a Professor at the John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.
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Microbacterium yannicii
Microbacterium yannicii is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, microaerophilic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Microbacterium which has been isolated from roots of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana in Golm in Germany.
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MicroRNA
A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
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Microsatellite
A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from 1–6 or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times.
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Microsporangia
Microsporangia are sporangia that produce microspores and give rise to male gametes.
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Mir-156 microRNA precursor
MicroRNA (miRNA) precursor mir-156 is a family of plant non-coding RNA.
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Mir-160 microRNA precursor family
In molecular biology, mir-160 is a microRNA that has been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a range of plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress) and Oryza sativa (rice).
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Mir-166 microRNA precursor
The plant mir-166 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA gene.
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Mir-172 microRNA precursor family
The mir-172 microRNA is thought to target mRNAs coding for APETALA2-like transcription factors.
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Mir-395 microRNA precursor family
mir-395 is a non-coding RNA called a microRNA that was identified in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa computationally and was later experimentally verified.
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Mir-399 microRNA precursor family
mir-399 is a microRNA that was identified in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa computationally and was later experimentally verified.
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Mitochondrial carrier
Mitochondrial carriers are proteins from a solute carrier family which transfer molecules across the membranes of the mitochondria.
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase
A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase).
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Mitomycins
The mitomycins are a family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. They include mitomycin A, mitomycin B, and mitomycin C. When the name mitomycin occurs alone, it usually refers to mitomycin C, its international nonproprietary name.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Model organism databases
Model organism databases (MODs) are biological databases, or knowledgebases, dedicated to the provision of in-depth biological data for intensively studied model organisms.
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Monovalent cation:proton antiporter-1
The Monovalent Cation:Proton Antiporter-1 (CPA1) Family is a large family of proteins derived from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, blue-green bacteria, archaea, yeast, plants and animals.
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MOP flippase
The multidrug/oligosaccharidyl-lipid/polysaccharide (MOP) flippase superfamily is a group of integral membrane protein families.
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Motor protein
Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoplasm of animal cells.
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Mutagen
In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.
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N6-Methyladenosine
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant modification in mRNA and is found within some viruses, and most eukaryotes including mammals, insects, plants and yeast.
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Nature Protocols
Nature Protocols, published by the Nature Publishing Group, is an on-line scientific journal publishing methods in a recipe-style format.
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Nectar spur
A nectar spur is a hollow extension of a part of a flower.
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Neocentromere
Neocentromeres are new centromeres that form at a place on the chromosome that is usually not centromeric.
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Nested association mapping
Nested association mapping (NAM) is a technique designed by the labs of,, and for identifying and dissecting the genetic architecture of complex traits in corn (Zea mays).
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Nibrin
Nibrin, also known as NBN or NBS1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NBN gene.
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Nicotiana attenuata
Nicotiana attenuata is a species of wild tobacco known by the common name coyote tobacco.
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Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky
Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovskij (Николай Владимирович Тимофеев-Ресовский; – 28 March 1981) was a Soviet biologist.
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Nitrilase
Nitrilase enzymes (nitrile aminohydrolase) catalyse the hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids and ammonia, without the formation of "free" amide intermediates.
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Nitroaldol reaction
The Henry Reaction (also referred to as the nitro-aldol reaction) is a classic carbon–carbon bond formation reaction in organic chemistry.
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Novosphingobium arabidopsis
Novosphingobium arabidopsis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Novosphingobium which has been isolated from the rhizosphere of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Nuclear matrix
In biology, the nuclear matrix is the network of fibres found throughout the inside of a cell nucleus and is somewhat analogous to the cell cytoskeleton.
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Nullomers
Nullomers are short sequences of DNA base pairs that do not occur in the genome of a species (commonly humans), even though they are theoretically possible.
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O-succinylbenzoate—CoA ligase
O-succinylbenzoate CoA ligase, encoded from the menE gene in Escherichia coli, catalyzes the fifth reaction in the synthesis of menaquinone (vitamin K2).
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Organogenesis
In animal development, organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and goes until birth.
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Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa
The Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa (about 22,000 m²) is a botanical garden maintained by the University of Milan, and located at the end of Via Carlo Valvassori Peroni, Milan, Italy.
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Outer space
Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.
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Outline of biology
Biology – The natural science that involves the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
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Oxalate—CoA ligase
In enzymology, an oxalate-CoA ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, oxalate, and coenzyme A (CoA), whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and oxalyl-CoA.
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Paleopolyploidy
Paleopolyploidy is the result of genome duplications which occurred at least several million years ago (MYA).
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Pamela Ronald
Pamela C. Ronald (born 1961) is an American plant pathologist and geneticist.
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Parallel evolution
Parallel evolution is the development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades.
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Paramutation
In epigenetics, a paramutation is an interaction between two alleles at a single locus, whereby one allele induces a heritable change in the other allele.
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PatternHunter
PatternHunter is a commercially available homology search instrument software that uses sequence alignment techniques.
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Pectinesterase
Pectinesterase (PE) is a ubiquitous cell-wall-associated enzyme that presents several isoforms that facilitate plant cell wall modification and subsequent breakdown.
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Pentatricopeptide repeat
The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) is a 35-amino acid sequence motif.
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PEPR1 and PEPR2
PEPR 1 and PEPR2 (Perception of the Arabidopsis Danger Signal Peptide 1 or 2) are homolog kinases that act as enzymes on other proteins.
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Pesticide research
Early twenty-first century pesticide research has focused on developing molecules that combine low use rates and that are more selective, safer, resistance-breaking and cost-effective.
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PEX6
Peroxisome assembly factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PEX6 gene.
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Pharming (genetics)
Pharming, a portmanteau of "farming" and "pharmaceutical", refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO).
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Phaseic acid
Phaseic acid is a terpenoid catabolite of abscisic acid.
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PHD finger
The PHD finger was discovered in 1993 as a Cys4-His-Cys3 motif in the plant homeodomain (hence PHD) proteins HAT3.1 in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize ZmHox1a.
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Phenols
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
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Pho1 family
The Pho1 phosphate permease family is a family of phosphate transporters belonging to the ion transporter (IT) superfamily.
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Phospholipase D
Phospholipase D (lipophosphodiesterase II, lecithinase D, choline phosphatase) (PLD) is an enzyme of the phospholipase superfamily.
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Phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase
In enzymology, a phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the third step of the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. This enzyme participates in the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, also known as the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway In yeast it is encoded by the TRP1 gene.
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Photoinhibition
Photoinhibition is light-induced reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of a plant, alga, or cyanobacterium.
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Photolyase
Photolyases (EC 4.1.99.3) are DNA repair enzymes that repair damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light.
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Photomorphogenesis
In developmental biology, photomorphogenesis is light-mediated development, where plant growth patterns respond to the light spectrum.
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Photosynthesis system
Photosynthesis systems are electronic scientific instruments designed for non-destructive measurement of photosynthetic rates in the field.
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Phototropism
Phototropism is the growth of an organism which responds to a light stimulus.
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Phylotypic stage
The phylotypic stage is the most conserved stage of embryogenesis between species within a phylum.
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Physcomitrella patens
Physcomitrella patens, the spreading earthmoss, is a moss (bryophyte) used as a model organism for studies on plant evolution, development, and physiology.
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Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase
In enzymology, a phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The three substrates of this enzyme are phytanoyl-CoA, 2-oxoglutarate (2OG), and O2, whereas its three products are 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA, succinate, and CO2.
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Phytochelatin
Phytochelatins are oligomers of glutathione, produced by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase.
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Phytochrome
Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor in plants, bacteria and fungi use to detect light.
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PIKFYVE
PIKfyve, a FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIKFYVE gene.
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PIN proteins
In plants, the PIN proteins are integral membrane proteins that transport the anionic form of the phytohormone auxin across membranes.
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Pinoresinol
Pinoresinol is a lignan found in Styrax sp. and in Forsythia suspensa.
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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Plant arithmetic
Plant arithmetic is a form of plant cognition whereby plants appear to perform arithmetic operations – a form of number sense in plants.
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Plant defensin
Plant defensins (Formerly gamma-thionins) are a family of small, cysteine-rich proteins found in plants that serve to defend them against parasites.
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Plant evolution
Plant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants.
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Plant evolutionary developmental biology
Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) refers to the study of developmental programs and patterns from an evolutionary perspective.
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Plant genetics
Plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in Plants.
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Plant genome assembly
A plant genome assembly represents the complete genomic sequence of a plant species, which is assembled into chromosomes and other organelles by using DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragments that are obtained from different types of sequencing technology.
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Plant matrix metalloproteinase
Plant matrix metalloproteinases are metalloproteins and zinc enzymes found in plants.
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Plant physiology
Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.
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Plant Proteome Database
The Plant Proteome Database is a National Science Foundation-funded project to determine the biological function of each protein in plants.
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Plant root exudates
Plant root systems can grow to be complex due to a variety of species and microorganisms existing in a common soil.
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Plant small nucleolar RNA R71
small nucleolar RNA R71 (also known as snoRNA R71) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Plants in culture
Plants serve many functions in culture.
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Plants in space
Plants in space is about plants in outer space.
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Plasma membrane H+-ATPase
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances.
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PmiRKB
PmiRKB is a database of plant miRNAs.
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Pollen tube
A pollen tube is a tubular structure produced by the male gametophyte of seed plants when it germinates.
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Polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase
In enzymology, a polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are polyneuridine aldehyde and H2O, whereas its three products are 16-epivellosimine, CO2, and methanol.
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Polyphosphate kinase
In enzymology, a polyphosphate kinase, or polyphosphate polymerase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of polyphosphate from ATP, with chain lengths of up to a thousand or more orthophosphate moieties.
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Polyploid
Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.
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Polyuridylation
Polyuridylation, also called oligouridylation, is the addition of several uridine nucleotides to the 3' end of an RNA.
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Populus trichocarpa
Populus trichocarpa, the black cottonwood, western balsam-poplar or California poplar, is a deciduous broadleaf tree species native to western North America.
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Potassium transporter family
The K+ Transporter (Trk) Family is a member of the voltage-gated ion channel (VIC) superfamily. The proteins of the Trk family are derived from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, yeast and plants.
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Potassium uptake permease
The potassium (K+) uptake permease (KUP) family is a member of the APC superfamily of secondary carriers.
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PRC2
PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) is one of the two classes of polycomb-group proteins or (PcG).
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Preprophase
Preprophase is an additional phase during mitosis in plant cells that does not occur in other eukaryotes such as animals or fungi.
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Pro-hevein
Pro-hevein (Alternative name: Major hevein, gene name: HEV1) is a wound-induced and a lectin-like protein from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) where it is involved in the coagulation of latex.
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Programmed cell death
Programmed cell death (or PCD) is the death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program.
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Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function.
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Protein Structure Initiative
The Protein Structure Initiative (PSI) was a USA based project that aimed at accelerating discovery in structural genomics and contribute to understanding biological function.
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Pseudo-response regulator
Pseudo-response regulator (PRR) refers to a group of genes that are important in the plant circadian oscillator.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.
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Pseudomonas blatchfordae
Pseudomonas blatchfordae is a Gram-negative soil bacteria isolated from tomato pith necrosis and the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
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Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringae is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium with polar flagella.
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Pseudomonas thivervalensis
Pseudomonas thivervalensis is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that infects the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Pyrococcus furiosus
Pyrococcus furiosus is an extremophilic species of Archaea.
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Quorum sensing
In biology, quorum sensing is the ability to detect and to respond to cell population density by gene regulation.
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RanGAP
RanGAP is a protein involved in the transport of other proteins from the cytosol to the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
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RecQ helicase
RecQ helicase is a family of helicase enzymes initially found in Escherichia coli that has been shown to be important in genome maintenance.
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Reticulon
Reticulons (RTNs in vertebrates and reticulon-like proteins or RNTls in other eukaryotes) are a group of evolutionary conservative proteins residing predominantly in endoplasmic reticulum, primarily playing a role in promoting membrane curvature.
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Rhodococcus fascians
Rhodococcus fascians (known as Corynebacterium fascians until 1984) is a Gram positive bacterial phytopathogen that causes leafy gall disease.
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Richard Amasino
Richard Amasino is a professor of biochemistry and genetics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Richard Mott (statistician)
Richard Mott is Weldon Professor of Computational and Statistical Genetics in the research department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment at University College London.
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Ridge (biology)
Ridges (regions of increased gene expression) are domains of the genome with a high gene expression; the opposite of ridges are antiridges.
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RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.
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RNA polymerase IV
RNA polymerase IV is an enzyme which synthesizes small interfering RNA (siRNA) in plants.
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Robert L. Last
Robert L. Last is a plant biochemical genomicist who studies metabolic processes that protect plants from the environment and produce products important for animal and human nutrition.
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Root
In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil.
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Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele, found in 1799, inscribed with three versions of a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V.
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RuBisCO
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCO, RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, a process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules such as glucose.
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Rubredoxin A
Ruberedoxin A (RubA) is a protein conserved across all studied oxygenic photoautotrophs.
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Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, willow tree) is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, and a beta hydroxy acid (BHA).
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SAND protein
SAND protein family, first described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (but also in the animals Fugu rubripes, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens and in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana using comparative genomics), is membrane protein related with vesicle traffic (vacuole fussion in yeasts and lysosome one in mammals and other taxa. In humans has been described an interaction with HSV-1, a virus which produces Herpes simplex.
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Sarah Wyatt
Sarah Wyatt is an American, plant molecular biologist.
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Satyabrata Sarkar
Satyabrata Sarkar, (born 1928 in Uttarpara near Calcutta), is a scientist, investigating physiological phenomena in plants and then studying the structure and function of plant-pathogenic viruses in the Max-Planck-Institute for Biology in Tuebingen and at the University of Hohenheim in Germany.
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Scaffold/matrix attachment region
The term S/MAR (scaffold/matrix attachment region), otherwise called SAR (scaffold-attachment region), or MAR (matrix-associated region), are sequences in the DNA of eukaryotic chromosomes where the nuclear matrix attaches.
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Scorpion toxin
Scorpion toxins are proteins found in the venom of scorpions.
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Serpin
Serpins are a superfamily of proteins with similar structures that were first identified for their protease inhibition activity and are found in all kingdoms of life.
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Shapiro - Senapathy Algorithm
Gene regulation is the main genetic program through which an organism controls its normal functions.
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Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.
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Sinapaldehyde
Sinapaldehyde is an organic compound that is an intermediate in the formation of lignin.
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Small nucleolar RNA 775
Small nucleolar RNA 775 (snoR775) is a snoRNAs, belonging to the H/ACA class.
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Small nucleolar RNA R105/R108
Small nucleolar RNA R105/R108 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA R11/Z151
Small nucleolar RNA Z151 (homologous to R11) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA R12
Small nucleolar RNA R12 (also known as snoR12) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA R16
Small nucleolar RNA R16 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule identified in plants which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA R24
Small nucleolar RNA R24 (also known as snoRNA R24) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule identified in plants which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA R32/R81/Z41
Small nucleolar RNA Z41 (homologous to R32 and R81) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA R44/J54/Z268 family
Small nucleolar RNA R44/J54/Z268 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA R64/Z200 family
In molecular biology, R64/Z200 is a member of the C/D class of small nucleolar RNA which guide the site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNA.
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Small nucleolar RNA R72
Small nucleolar RNA R72 (also known as snoR72) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule identified in plants which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA R79
Small nucleolar RNA R79 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA snoR31/Z110/Z27
Small nucleolar RNA Z110 (homologous to Z27 and R31) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA snoR86
In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snoR86 (also known as snoR86) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which modifies other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA snoR9 plant
snoR9 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA snoR98
Small nucleolar RNA snoR98 (also known as snoR98) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which modifies other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA SNORD15
SNORD15 (also known as U15) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA SNORD18
SNORD18 (also known as U18) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA SNORD43
snoRNA U43 (also known as SNORD43) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA SNORD46
snoRNA U46 (also known as SNORD46) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA snoZ7/snoR77
The snoRNA snoZ7/snoZ77 family contains related non-coding RNA molecules that are members of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C box motif (UGAUGA) and the D box motif (CUGA).
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Small nucleolar RNA Z102/R77
Small nucleolar RNA RZ102/R77 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA Z107/R87
Small nucleolar RNA RZ107/R87 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA Z152/R70/R12
Small nucleolar RNA Z152 (homologous to R70 and R12) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA Z157/R69/R10
Small nucleolar RNA Z157 (homologous to R69 and R10) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA Z195/SNORD33 family
Small nucleolar RNA Z195/SNORD33 (also known as U33) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA Z196/R39/R59 family
Small nucleolar RNA Z196/R39/R59 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA Z199
snoRNA Z199 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Small nucleolar RNA Z223
Small nucleolar RNA Z223 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
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Space Station Biological Research Program
The Space Station Biological Research Program is the main project concerning life sciences research to be conducted on the International Space Station.
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Spermine oxidase
Spermine oxidase (PAOh1/SMO, AtPAO1, AtPAO4, SMO) is an enzyme with systematic name spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming).
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SRG1 RNA
SRG1 RNA (regulatory gene 1) is a non-coding RNA which represses the expression of SER3 (YER081W).
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Stereoselectivity
In chemistry, stereoselectivity is the property of a chemical reaction in which a single reactant forms an unequal mixture of stereoisomers during the non-stereospecific creation of a new stereocenter or during the non-stereospecific transformation of a pre-existing one.
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Steve A. Kay
Steve A. Kay is a British-born chronobiologist who mainly works in the United States.
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Steven M. Smith
Steven M. Smith is Professor of Plant Genetics and Biochemistry at the University of Tasmania in Australia, and Professor in the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China.
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Steven Salzberg
Steven Lloyd Salzberg (born 1960) is an American computational biologist and computer scientist who is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science, and Biostatistics at Johns Hopkins University.
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Stoma
In botany, a stoma (plural "stomata"), also called a stomata (plural "stomates") (from Greek στόμα, "mouth"), is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange.
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Stp4
Stp4 (sugar transporter protein 4) is a gene from the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Streptomyces scabies
Streptomyces scabies or Streptomyces scabiei is a streptomycete bacterium species found in soils around the world.
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Stromule
A stromule is a microscopic structure found in plant cells.
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STS-68
STS-68 was a human spaceflight mission using that launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 30 September 1994.
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Sudip Chattopadhyay
Sudip Chattopadhyay (born 1 August 1960) is an Indian developmental biologist, biotechnologist and the dean of research and consultancy at the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur.
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Sulfate permease
The sulfate permease (SulP) family is a member of the large APC superfamily of secondary carriers.
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Sunlight
Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.
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Superman (gene)
Superman is a plant gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, that plays a role in controlling the boundary between stamen and carpel development in a flower.
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Syntelog
Syntelog: a special case of gene homology where sets of genes are derived from the same ancestral genomic region.
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Synthesis-dependent strand annealing
In genetics, the initial processes involved in repair of a double-strand break by synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) are identical to those in the double Holliday junction model, and have been most extensively studied in yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Systemic acquired resistance
The systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen.
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Systemin
Systemin is a plant peptide hormone involved in the wound response in the Solanaceae family.
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TAL effector
TAL (transcription activator-like) effectors (often referred to as TALEs, but not to be confused with the three amino acid loop extension homeobox class of proteins) are proteins secreted by Xanthomonas bacteria via their type III secretion system when they infect various plant species.
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Tandemly arrayed genes
Tandemly arrayed genes (TAGs) are a gene cluster created by tandem duplications, a process in which one gene is duplicated and the copy is found adjacent to the original.
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Telomere
A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.
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Testis-enhanced gene transfer family
The testis-enhanced gene transfer (TEGT) family is part of the TOG superfamily and includes members represented in all three domains of life.
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Thale (disambiguation)
Thale may refer to.
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The Arabidopsis Information Resource
The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) is a community resource and online model organism database of genetic and molecular biology data for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, commonly known as mouse-ear cress.
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Theseus1
Theseus1 (THE1) is a transmembrane receptor-like kinase (RLK) that is found in plant cells.
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Thimet oligopeptidase
Thimet oligopeptidases, also known as TOPs, are a type of M3 metallopeptidases.
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Thlaspi arvense
Thlaspi arvense, known by the common name field pennycress, is a flowering plant in the cabbage family Brassicaceae.
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Thujopsene synthase
Thujopsene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (cyclizing, (+)-thujopsene-forming).
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Thylakoid
A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
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Tic110 family
The Chloroplast Envelope Anion Channel-forming Tic110 (Tic110) Family consists of proteins of the inner chloroplast envelope membrane.
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Tiling array
Tiling arrays are a subtype of microarray chips.
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TILLING (molecular biology)
TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes) is a method in molecular biology that allows directed identification of mutations in a specific gene.
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Tirucalladienol synthase
Tirucalladienol synthase (PEN3) is an enzyme with systematic name (3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene mutase (cyclizing, tirucalla-7,24-dien-3beta-ol-forming).
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TOC1 (gene)
Timing of CAB expression 1 is a protein that in Arabidopsis thaliana is encoded by the TOC1 gene.
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Tomato bushy stunt virus
Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is a virus that is the type species of the tombusvirus family.
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TOP3A
DNA topoisomerase 3-alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TOP3A gene.
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TPCN1
Two pore segment channel 1 (TPC1) is a human protein encoded by the TPCN1 gene.
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TPCN2
Two pore segment channel 2 (TPC2) is a human protein encoded by the TPCN2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TPCN2 gene.
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Trans-acting siRNA
Trans-acting siRNA (abbreviated "ta-siRNA" or "tasiRNA") are a class of small interfering RNA (siRNA) that repress gene expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing in land plants.
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Transcriptomics technologies
Transcriptomics technologies are the techniques used to study an organism’s transcriptome, the sum of all of its RNA transcripts.
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Transfer DNA
The transfer DNA (abbreviated T-DNA) is the transferred DNA of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes(actually an Ri plasmid.
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Transformation (genetics)
In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
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Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of information from one generation of an organism to the next (i.e., parent–child transmission) that affects the traits of offspring without alteration of the primary structure of DNA (i.e., the sequence of nucleotides)—in other words, epigenetically.
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Transmembrane protein 222
Transmembrane protein 222 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM222 gene.
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Transposon silencing
Transposon silencing is a form of transcriptional gene silencing targeting transposons.
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Transposons as a genetic tool
Transposons are semi-parasitic DNA sequences which can replicate and spread through the host's genome.
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Trichome
Trichomes, from the Greek τρίχωμα (trichōma) meaning "hair", are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists.
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TRNA nucleotidyltransferase
In enzymology, a tRNA nucleotidyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction where tRNA-N is a product of transcription, and tRNA Nucleotidyltransferase catalyzes this cytidine-cytidine-adenosine (CCA) addition to form the tRNA-NCCA product.
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TROPI
TROPI, or "Analysis of a Novel Sensory Mechanism in Root Phototropism", is an experiment on the International Space Station (ISS) to investigate the growth and development of plant seedlings under various gravity and lighting combinations.
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Trypan blue
Trypan blue is an azo dye that is used as a dye-stuff.
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Turnip crinkle virus
Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Tombusviridae.
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Two-component regulatory system
In the field of molecular biology, a two-component regulatory system serves as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions.
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Two-pore channel
Two-pore channels (TPCs) are eukaryotic intracellular voltage-gated and ligand gated cation selective ion channels.
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Tyge W. Böcher
Tyge Wittrock Böcher (25 October 1909 – 15 March 1983) was a Danish botanist, evolutionary biologist, plant ecologist and phytogeographer.
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U12 minor spliceosomal RNA
U12 minor spliceosomal RNA is formed from U12 small nuclear (snRNA), together with U4atac/U6atac, U5, and U11 snRNAs and associated proteins, forms a spliceosome that cleaves a divergent class of low-abundance pre-mRNA introns.
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UVR8
UV-B resistance 8 (UVR8) also known as ultraviolet-B receptor UVR8 is an UV-B – sensing protein found in plants and possibly other sources.
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Vault (organelle)
The vault or vault cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein is a eukaryotic organelle whose function is not fully understood.
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Vernalization
Vernalization (from Latin vernus, "of the spring") is the induction of a plant's flowering process by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial equivalent.
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Verticillium wilt
Verticillium wilt is a wilt disease of over 350 species of eudicot plants caused by six species of Verticillium genus, V. dahliae, V. albo-atrum, V. longisporum, V. nubilum, V. theobromae and V. tricorpus.
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Vladimir Kapitonov
Vladimir Kapitonov is a Russian-American biologist and geneticist who since 1987 has published over 70 peer-reviewed articles about biology which brought him an h-index of 28.
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Wen-Hao Zhang
Wen-Hao Zhang is a Chinese plant physiologist and nutritionist at Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
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Whole genome sequencing
Whole genome sequencing (also known as WGS, full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing) is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time.
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WNK1
WNK (lysine deficient protein kinase 1), also known as WNK1, is an enzyme that is encoded by the WNK1 gene.
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WRKY transcription factor
The WRKY transcription factor family (pronounced ‘worky’) is a class of DNA-binding proteins.
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Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Black rot, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv.
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XMAP215-Dis1 family
The XMAP215/Dis1 family is a highly conserved group of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in eukaryotic organisms.
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YTH protein domain
In molecular biology, the protein domain, YTH refers to a member of the YTH family that has been shown to selectively remove transcripts of meiosis-specific genes expressed in mitotic cells.
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Zinc finger nuclease
Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain.
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Zn2+-exporting ATPase
In enzymology, a Zn2+-exporting ATPase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and Zn2+, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and Zn2+.
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ZZ zinc finger
In molecular biology the ZZ-type zinc finger domain is a type of protein domain that was named because of its ability to bind two zinc ions.
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(+)-alpha-barbatene synthase
(+)-alpha-barbatene synthase (AtBS) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((+)-alpha-barbatene-forming).
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(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase) kinase
(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase) kinase (PPDK regulatory protein, pyruvate, phosphate dikinase regulatory protein, bifunctional dikinase regulatory protein) is an enzyme with systematic name ADP:(pyruvate, phosphate dikinase) phosphotransferase.
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(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase)-phosphate phosphotransferase
(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase)-phosphate phosphotransferase (PPDK regulatory protein, pyruvate, phosphate dikinase regulatory protein, bifunctional dikinase regulatory protein, PDRP1 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name (pyruvate, phosphate dikinase) phosphate:phosphate phosphotransferase.
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(S)-hydroxynitrile lyase
(S)-hydroxynitrile lyase ((S)-cyanohydrin producing hydroxynitrile lyase, (S)-oxynitrilase, (S)-HbHNL, (S)-MeHNL, hydroxynitrile lyase, oxynitrilase, HbHNL, MeHNL, (S)-selective hydroxynitrile lyase, (S)-cyanohydrin carbonyl-lyase (cyanide forming), hydroxynitrilase) is an enzyme with systematic name (S)-cyanohydrin lyase (cyanide forming).
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(Z)-gamma-bisabolene synthase
(Z)-gamma-bisabolene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((Z)-gamma-bisabolene-forming).
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1000 Plant Genomes Project
Announced in 2008, shortly after the human 1000 Genomes Project, the 1000 Plant Genomes Project is another, similar highly large-scale genomics endeavour to take advantage of the speed and efficiency of next-generation DNA sequencing.
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12-oxophytodienoate reductase
12-oxophytodienoate reductase (OPRs) is an enzyme of the family of Old Yellow Enzymes (OYE).
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2-Carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase
2-carboxy-D-arabinitol-1-phosphatase (also called CA1Pase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol and phosphate.
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2000 in science
The year 2000 in science and technology involved some significant events.
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6-Hydroxymellein
6-Hydroxymellein is a dihydroisocoumarin, a phenolic compound found in carrots.
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A. thaliana, A.thaliana, Arabidopsis Information Resource, Arabidopsis Thaliana, Arabidopsis proteins, Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale Cress), Arabis thaliana, Mouse ear cress, Mouse-Ear Cress, Mouse-ear Cress, Mouse-ear cress, Mouseear cress, Protein Interaction Networks, Thale Cress, Thale cress.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana
