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776 relations: Aage Bohr, Ab initio methods (nuclear physics), Absorption band, Acid, AdS/CFT correspondence, AdS/QCD correspondence, Air shower (physics), Albert Wattenberg, Alexander Patashinski, Alfred Mueller, ALICE experiment, Alpha decay, Alpha particle, Alpha-particle spectroscopy, Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper, Alternative fuel, American Nuclear Society, ANAIS, Andrew McKellar, Andrzej Sołtan, Angular momentum coupling, Annihilation, Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array, Anthropic principle, Antimatter, Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion, Antiprotonic helium, Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System, Aromatic ring current, Artificial disintegration, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Astronautical hygiene, Astrophysical jet, Astrophysical plasma, Atmospheric electricity, Atom, Atom (video game), Atomic Age, Atomic energy, Atomic Energy Generation Device Case, Atomic engineering, Atomic form factor, Atomic number, Atomic orbital, Atomic physics, Atomic radius, Atomic recoil, Atomic spacing, Atomic whirl, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics, ..., Aufbau principle, Axion Dark Matter Experiment, Étienne Biéler, B2FH paper, Background radiation, Ball-and-stick model, Barn (unit), Baryogenesis, BCS theory, Beam dump, Becquerel, Ben Roy Mottelson, Beryllium, Beta (plasma physics), Beta decay, Beta particle, Beta-decay stable isobars, Big Bang, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, BigDFT, Binary collision approximation, Binding energy, Bohr model, Bohr radius, Born–Oppenheimer approximation, Borromean nucleus, Boson, Bound state, Bragg's law, Branching fraction, Bremsstrahlung, British hydrogen bomb programme, Bruce McKellar, Bulk material analyzer, Bunsaku Arakatsu, Calorimetric Electron Telescope, Canfranc Underground Laboratory, Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics, Carbon, Carbon-13, Carbon-14, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Carlo Rubbia, Castle Bravo, Central field approximation, CERN, Chalcogen, Chandrasekhar limit, Channelling (physics), Charge density, Charge number, Charge radius, Charged particle, Charged particle beam, Charles Christian Lauritsen, Chemical bond, Chemical element, Chemical shift, Chemical space, Chemistry, Chien-Shiung Wu, China Central Television, Chlorine-37, Chronology of the universe, Claes Fahlander, Color-glass condensate, Complementary experiments, Conjugate acid, Convective overturn, Core charge, Cosmic ray, Cosmic ray spallation, Cosmic View, Cosmic Zoom, Cosmogenic nuclide, Coulomb excitation, Coulomb's law, Coupling (physics), Critical mass, Critical Mass (Pohl and Kornbluth short story), Crookes tube, Crystallography, Crystalloluminescence, Curt Michel, D. 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Aage Bohr
Aage Niels Bohr (19 June 1922 – 8 September 2009) was a Danish nuclear physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 with Ben Mottelson and James Rainwater "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection".
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Ab initio methods (nuclear physics)
In nuclear physics, ab initio methods seek to describe the atomic nucleus from the ground up by solving the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation for all constituent nucleons and the forces between them.
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Absorption band
According to quantum mechanics, atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energy, or exist in specific states.
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Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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AdS/CFT correspondence
In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, sometimes called Maldacena duality or gauge/gravity duality, is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories.
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AdS/QCD correspondence
In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/quantum chromodynamics correspondence is a program to describe quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in terms of a dual gravitational theory, following the principles of the AdS/CFT correspondence in a setup where the quantum field theory is not a conformal field theory.
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Air shower (physics)
An air shower is an extensive (many kilometres wide) cascade of ionized particles and electromagnetic radiation produced in the atmosphere when a primary cosmic ray (i.e. one of extraterrestrial origin) enters the atmosphere.
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Albert Wattenberg
Albert Wattenberg (April 13, 1917 – June 27, 2007), was an American experimental physicist.
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Alexander Patashinski
Alexander Zakharovich Patashinski (Александр Захарович Паташинский, other spellings of his name are Patashinskii, Patashinsky, Potashinsky) is a Research Professor at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.
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Alfred Mueller
Alfred H. Mueller (born June 9, 1939) is an American theoretical physicist.
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ALICE experiment
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is one of seven detector experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
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Alpha decay
Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into an atom with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two.
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Alpha particle
Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus.
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Alpha-particle spectroscopy
One method for testing of (and measuring) many alpha emitters is to use alpha-particle spectroscopy.
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Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper
In physical cosmology, the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper, or αβγ paper, was created by Ralph Alpher, then a physics PhD student, and his advisor George Gamow.
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Alternative fuel
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels like; fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas), as well as nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium, as well as artificial radioisotope fuels that are made in nuclear reactors.
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American Nuclear Society
The American Nuclear Society (ANS) is an international, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) scientific and educational organization with a membership of approximately 11,000 scientists, engineers, educators, students, and other associate members.
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ANAIS
ANAIS is a particle detector experiment designed to detect dark matter.
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Andrew McKellar
Dr.
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Andrzej Sołtan
Andrzej Sołtan (25 October 1897 – 10 December 1959) was a Polish nuclear physicist.
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Angular momentum coupling
In quantum mechanics, the procedure of constructing eigenstates of total angular momentum out of eigenstates of separate angular momenta is called angular momentum coupling.
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Annihilation
In particle physics, annihilation is the process that occurs when a subatomic particle collides with its respective antiparticle to produce other particles, such as an electron colliding with a positron to produce two photons.
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Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array
The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) is a neutrino telescope located beneath the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station.
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Anthropic principle
The anthropic principle is a philosophical consideration that observations of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it.
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Antimatter
In modern physics, antimatter is defined as a material composed of the antiparticle (or "partners") to the corresponding particles of ordinary matter.
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Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion is a variation of nuclear pulse propulsion based upon the injection of antimatter into a mass of nuclear fuel which normally would not be useful in propulsion.
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Antiprotonic helium
Antiprotonic helium is a three-body atom composed of an antiproton and an electron orbiting around a helium nucleus.
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Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System
The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) is a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory.
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Aromatic ring current
An aromatic ring current is an effect observed in aromatic molecules such as benzene and naphthalene.
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Artificial disintegration
Artificial disintegration is the term coined by Ernest Rutherford for the process by which an atomic nucleus is broken down by bombarding it with high speed alpha particles, either from a particle accelerator, or a naturally decaying radioactive substance such as radium, as Rutherford originally used.
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Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology is a history of science by Isaac Asimov, written as the biographies of over 1500 scientists.
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Astronautical hygiene
Astronautical hygiene evaluates, and mitigates, hazards and health risks to those working in low-gravity environments.
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Astrophysical jet
An astrophysical jet is an astronomical phenomenon where outflows of ionised matter are emitted as an extended beam along the axis of rotation.
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Astrophysical plasma
An astrophysical plasma is a plasma (highly ionized gas) that occurs beyond the solar system.
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Atmospheric electricity
Atmospheric electricity is the study of electrical charges in the Earth's atmosphere (or that of another planet).
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Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
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Atom (video game)
Atom is an action game published by Tandy in 1983 for the TRS-80 Color Computer.
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Atomic Age
The Atomic Age, also known as the Atomic Era, is the period of history following the detonation of the first nuclear ("atomic") bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during World War II.
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Atomic energy
Atomic energy is energy carried by atoms.
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Atomic Energy Generation Device Case
The Atomic Energy Generation Device Case (原子力エネルギー発生装置事件) is a 1969 decision of the Supreme Court of Japan concerning the patentability of a method of transformation of atomic nuclei.
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Atomic engineering
The term "Atomic engineering" appears to have been first used in 1946 by Theodore von Kármán, where he wrote: "And now it seems we are at the threshold of the new atomic age.
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Atomic form factor
In physics, the atomic form factor, or atomic scattering factor, is a measure of the scattering amplitude of a wave by an isolated atom.
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Atomic number
The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Atomic orbital
In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.
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Atomic physics
Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.
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Atomic radius
The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons.
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Atomic recoil
Atomic recoil is the result of the interaction of an atom with an energetic elementary particle, when the momentum of the interacting particle is transferred to the atom as whole without altering non-translational degrees of freedom of the atom.
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Atomic spacing
Atomic spacing refers to the distance between the nuclei of atoms in a material.
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Atomic whirl
The atomic whirl is the logo of the American Atheists, and has come to be used as a symbol of atheism in general.
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Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter-matter and light-matter interactions; at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts.
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Aufbau principle
The aufbau principle states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before occupying higher levels.
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Axion Dark Matter Experiment
The Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX, also written as Axion Dark Matter eXperiment in the project's documentation) uses a resonant microwave cavity within a large superconducting magnet to search for cold dark matter axions in the local galactic dark matter halo.
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Étienne Biéler
Étienne Samuel Biéler (3 February 1895 – 25 July 1929) was a Swiss-born Canadian physicist who made important advances in the study of the strong interaction that holds the atomic nucleus together.
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B2FH paper
The B2FH paper, named after the initials of the authors of the paper, Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle, is a landmark paper on the origin of the chemical elements published in Reviews of Modern Physics in 1957.
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Background radiation
Background radiation is a measure of the ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which is not due to deliberate introduction of radiation sources.
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Ball-and-stick model
In chemistry, the ball-and-stick model is a molecular model of a chemical substance which is to display both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them.
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Barn (unit)
A barn (symbol: b) is a unit of area equal to 10−28 m2 (100 fm2).
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Baryogenesis
In physical cosmology, baryogenesis is the hypothetical physical process that took place during the early universe that produced baryonic asymmetry, i.e. the imbalance of matter (baryons) and antimatter (antibaryons) in the observed universe.
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BCS theory
BCS theory or Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory (named after John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer) is the first microscopic theory of superconductivity since Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's 1911 discovery.
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Beam dump
A beam dump is a device designed to absorb the energy of photons or other particles within an energetic beam.
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Becquerel
The becquerel (symbol: Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity.
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Ben Roy Mottelson
Ben Roy Mottelson (born July 9, 1926) is an American-born Danish nuclear physicist.
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Beryllium
Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.
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Beta (plasma physics)
The beta of a plasma, symbolized by β, is the ratio of the plasma pressure (p.
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Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.
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Beta particle
A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation, (symbol β) is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay.
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Beta-decay stable isobars
Beta-decay stable isobars are the set of nuclides which cannot undergo beta decay, that is, the transformation of a neutron to a proton or a proton to a neutron within the nucleus.
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Big Bang
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution.
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Big Bang nucleosynthesis
In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (abbreviated BBN, also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, arch(a)eonucleosynthesis, archonucleosynthesis, protonucleosynthesis and pal(a)eonucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, 1H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the Universe.
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BigDFT
BigDFT is a free software package for physicists and chemists, distributed under the GNU General Public License, whose main program allows the total energy, charge density, and electronic structure of systems made of electrons and nuclei (molecules and periodic/crystalline solids) to be calculated within density functional theory (DFT), using pseudopotentials, and a wavelet basis.
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Binary collision approximation
The binary collision approximation (BCA) signifies a method used in ion irradiation physics to enable efficient computer simulation of the penetration depth and defect production by energetic (with kinetic energies in the kilo-electronvolt (keV) range or higher) ions in solids.
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Binding energy
Binding energy (also called separation energy) is the minimum energy required to disassemble a system of particles into separate parts.
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Bohr model
In atomic physics, the Rutherford–Bohr model or Bohr model or Bohr diagram, introduced by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity.
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Bohr radius
The Bohr radius (a0 or rBohr) is a physical constant, approximately equal to the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state.
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Born–Oppenheimer approximation
In quantum chemistry and molecular physics, the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation is the assumption that the motion of atomic nuclei and electrons in a molecule can be separated.
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Borromean nucleus
A Borromean nucleus is an atomic nucleus that has a nuclear halo containing two neutrons.
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Boson
In quantum mechanics, a boson is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
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Bound state
In quantum physics, a bound state is a special quantum state of a particle subject to a potential such that the particle has a tendency to remain localised in one or more regions of space.
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Bragg's law
In physics, Bragg's law, or Wulff–Bragg's condition, a special case of Laue diffraction, gives the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice.
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Branching fraction
In particle physics and nuclear physics, the branching fraction (or branching ratio) for a decay is the fraction of particles which decay by an individual decay mode with respect to the total number of particles which decay.
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Bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung, from bremsen "to brake" and Strahlung "radiation"; i.e., "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation", is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus.
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British hydrogen bomb programme
The British hydrogen bomb programme was the ultimately successful British effort to develop hydrogen bombs between 1952 and 1958.
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Bruce McKellar
Professor Bruce Harold John McKellar (born 1941) is an Honorary Professorial Fellow at the Centre of Excellence for Particle Physics at the Terascale (CoEPP) in the School of Physics at The University of Melbourne.
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Bulk material analyzer
The term bulk material analyzer is the generic noun for that device which fits around a conveyor belt and conducts real-time elemental analysis of the material on the belt.
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Bunsaku Arakatsu
was a Japanese physics professor, in the World War II Japanese Atomic Energy Research Program of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
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Calorimetric Electron Telescope
The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a space telescope being mainly used to perform high precision observations of electrons and gamma rays.
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Canfranc Underground Laboratory
The Canfranc Underground Laboratory (Spanish: Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc or LSC) is an underground scientific facility located in the former railway Tunnel of Somport under Monte Tobazo (Pyrenees) in Canfranc.
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Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics
Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics or CPMD refers to either a method used in molecular dynamics (also known as the Car–Parrinello method) or the computational chemistry software package used to implement this method.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carbon-13
Carbon-13 (13C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons.
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Carbon-14
Carbon-14, 14C, or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
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Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker (28 June 1912 – 28 April 2007) was a German physicist and philosopher.
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Carlo Rubbia
Carlo Rubbia, (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.
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Castle Bravo
Castle Bravo was the first in a series of high-yield thermonuclear weapon design tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Castle.
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Central field approximation
In atomic physics, the central field approximation for many-electron atoms takes the combined electric fields of the nucleus and all the electrons acting on any of the electrons to be radial and to be the same for all the electrons in the atom.
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CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), known as CERN (derived from the name Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire), is a European research organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world.
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Chalcogen
The chalcogens are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table.
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Chandrasekhar limit
The Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star.
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Channelling (physics)
Channelling is the process that constrains the path of a charged particle in a crystalline solid Many physical phenomena can occur when a charged particle is incident upon a solid target, e.g., elastic scattering, inelastic energy-loss processes, secondary-electron emission, electromagnetic radiation, nuclear reactions, etc.
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Charge density
In electromagnetism, charge density is a measure of the amount of electric charge per unit length, surface area, or volume.
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Charge number
Charge number (z) refers to a quantized value of electric charge, with the quantum of electric charge being the elementary charge, so that the charge number equals the electric charge (q) in coulombs divided by the elementary-charge constant (e), or z.
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Charge radius
The rms charge radius is a measure of the size of an atomic nucleus, particularly of a proton or a deuteron.
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Charged particle
In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge.
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Charged particle beam
A charged particle beam is a spatially localized group of electrically charged particles that have approximately the same position, kinetic energy (resulting in the same velocity), and direction.
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Charles Christian Lauritsen
Charles Christian Lauritsen (April 4, 1892 – April 13, 1968) was a Danish-born American physicist.
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Chemical bond
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
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Chemical element
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).
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Chemical shift
In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the chemical shift is the resonant frequency of a nucleus relative to a standard in a magnetic field.
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Chemical space
Chemical space is a concept in cheminformatics referring to the property space spanned by all possible molecules and chemical compounds adhering to a given set of construction principles and boundary conditions.
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Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.
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Chien-Shiung Wu
Chien-Shiung Wu (May 31, 1912 – February 16, 1997) was a Chinese-American experimental physicist who made significant contributions in the field of nuclear physics.
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China Central Television
China Central Television (formerly Beijing Television), commonly abbreviated as CCTV, is the predominant state television broadcaster in the People's Republic of China.
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Chlorine-37
Chlorine-37, or, is one of the stable isotopes of chlorine, the other being chlorine-35.
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Chronology of the universe
The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology.
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Claes Fahlander
Claes Fahlander (January 21, 1948) in Gothenburg, is a Swedish physicist.
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Color-glass condensate
Color-glass condensate is a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light.
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Complementary experiments
In physics, two experimental techniques are often called complementary if they investigate the same subject in two different ways such that two different (ideally non-overlapping) properties or aspects can be investigated.
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Conjugate acid
A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a species formed by the reception of a proton (H+) by a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it.
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Convective overturn
The convective overturn model of supernovae was proposed by Bethe and Wilson in 1985, and received a dramatic test with SN 1987A, and the detection of neutrinos from the explosion.
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Core charge
Core charge is the effective nuclear charge experienced by an outer shell electron.
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Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.
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Cosmic ray spallation
Cosmic ray spallation is a naturally occurring nuclear reaction causing nucleosynthesis.
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Cosmic View
"Cosmic View: The Universe in 40 Jumps" is an essay by Dutch educator Kees Boeke that combines writing and graphics to explore many levels of size and structure, from the astronomically vast to the atomically tiny.
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Cosmic Zoom
Cosmic Zoom is a 1968 short film directed by Eva Szasz and produced by the National Film Board of Canada.
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Cosmogenic nuclide
Cosmogenic nuclides (or cosmogenic isotopes) are rare nuclides (isotopes) created when a high-energy cosmic ray interacts with the nucleus of an in situ Solar System atom, causing nucleons (protons and neutrons) to be expelled from the atom (see cosmic ray spallation).
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Coulomb excitation
Coulomb excitation is a technique in experimental nuclear physics to probe the electromagnetic aspect of nuclear structure.
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Coulomb's law
Coulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics for quantifying the amount of force with which stationary electrically charged particles repel or attract each other.
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Coupling (physics)
In physics, two objects are said to be coupled when they are interacting with each other.
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Critical mass
A critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction.
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Critical Mass (Pohl and Kornbluth short story)
Critical Mass is a science fiction novelette written by Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth.
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Crookes tube
A Crookes tube (also Crookes–Hittorf tube) is an early experimental electrical discharge tube, with partial vacuum, invented by English physicist William Crookes and others around 1869-1875, in which cathode rays, streams of electrons, were discovered.
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Crystallography
Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids (see crystal structure).
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Crystalloluminescence
Crystalloluminescence is the effect of luminescence produced during crystallization.
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Curt Michel
Frank Curtis "Curt" Michel, Ph.D. (June 5, 1934 – February 26, 2015) was an American astrophysicist; a professor of astrophysics at Rice University in Houston, Texas; a former United States Air Force pilot; and a NASA astronaut.
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D. Allan Bromley
David Allan Bromley (May 4, 1926 – February 10, 2005) was a Canadian-American physicist, academic administrator and Science Advisor to American president George H. W. Bush.
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Dark Ages Radio Explorer
The Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) mission is a proposed concept lunar orbiter intended to identify redshifted emanations from primeval hydrogen atoms just as the first stars began to emit light.
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David J. Thouless
David James Thouless (born 21 September 1934) is a British condensed-matter physicist.
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Decay energy
The decay energy is the energy released by a radioactive decay.
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Deductive-nomological model
The deductive-nomological model (DN model), also known as Hempel's model, the Hempel–Oppenheim model, the Popper–Hempel model, or the covering law model, is a formal view of scientifically answering questions asking, "Why...?".
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Degenerate matter
Degenerate matter is a highly dense state of matter in which particles must occupy high states of kinetic energy in order to satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle.
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Delbrück scattering
Delbrück scattering, the deflection of high-energy photons in the Coulomb field of nuclei as a consequence of vacuum polarization was observed in 1975.
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DEMOnstration Power Station
DEMO (DEMOnstration Power Station) is a proposed nuclear fusion power station that is intended to build upon the ITER experimental nuclear fusion reactor.
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Density
The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
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Density functional theory
Density functional theory (DFT) is a computational quantum mechanical modelling method used in physics, chemistry and materials science to investigate the electronic structure (principally the ground state) of many-body systems, in particular atoms, molecules, and the condensed phases.
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Deuterium
Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol or, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1).
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Deuterium fusion
Deuterium fusion, also called deuterium burning, is a nuclear fusion reaction that occurs in stars and some substellar objects, in which a deuterium nucleus and a proton combine to form a helium-3 nucleus.
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Dielectric spectroscopy
Dielectric spectroscopy (which falls in a subcategory of impedance spectroscopy) measures the dielectric properties of a medium as a function of frequency.
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Dielectric wall accelerator
A Dielectric Wall Accelerator (DWA) is a compact linear particle accelerator concept designed and patented in the late 1990s, that works by inducing a travelling electromagnetic wave in a tube which is constructed mostly from dielectric material.
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Dirac equation
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928.
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Discovery of the neutron
The discovery of the neutron and its properties was central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics that occurred in the first half of the 20th century.
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Dmitri Ivanenko
Dmitri Dmitrievich Ivanenko (Дми́трий Дми́триевич Иване́нко; July 29, 1904 – December 30, 1994) was a Soviet-Ukrainian theoretical physicist who made great contributions to the physical science of the twentieth century, especially to nuclear physics, field theory, and gravitation theory.
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DNA base flipping
DNA base flipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double helix.
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Dosimetry
Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by the human body.
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Double beta decay
In nuclear physics, double beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which two protons are simultaneously transformed into two neutrons, or vice versa, inside an atomic nucleus.
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Double electron capture
Double electron capture is a decay mode of atomic nucleus.
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Doublet state
In quantum mechanics, a doublet is a mixed quantum state of a system with a spin of 1/2, such that there are two allowed values of the spin component, −1/2 and +1/2.
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Down quark
The down quark or d quark (symbol: d) is the second-lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter.
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Dragon's Egg
Dragon's Egg is a 1980 hard science fiction novel by Robert L. Forward.
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Edward P. Ney
Edward Purdy Ney (October 28, 1920 – July 9, 1996) was an American physicist who made major contributions to cosmic ray research, atmospheric physics, heliophysics, and infrared astronomy.
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Edwin McMillan
Edwin Mattison McMillan (September 18, 1907 – September 7, 1991) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate credited with being the first-ever to produce a transuranium element, neptunium.
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Effective field theory
In physics, an effective field theory is a type of approximation, or effective theory, for an underlying physical theory, such as a quantum field theory or a statistical mechanics model.
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Effective nuclear charge
The effective nuclear charge (often symbolized as Z_ or Z^\ast) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a polyelectronic atom.
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Electric charge
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
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Electric current
An electric current is a flow of electric charge.
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Electric dipole spin resonance
Electric dipole spin resonance (EDSR) is a method to control the magnetic moments inside a material using quantum mechanical effects like the spin–orbit interaction.
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Electric displacement field
In physics, the electric displacement field, denoted by D, is a vector field that appears in Maxwell's equations.
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Electric field
An electric field is a vector field surrounding an electric charge that exerts force on other charges, attracting or repelling them.
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Electric field gradient
In atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics, the electric field gradient (EFG) measures the rate of change of the electric field at an atomic nucleus generated by the electronic charge distribution and the other nuclei.
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Electric field NMR
Electric field NMR (EFNMR) spectroscopy differs from conventional NMR in that a sample containing suitable nuclei is polarised by a strong dc electric field instead of a constant magnetic field.
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Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
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Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electron capture
Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shell.
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Electron configuration
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.
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Electron hole
In physics, chemistry, and electronic engineering, an electron hole (often simply called a hole) is the lack of an electron at a position where one could exist in an atom or atomic lattice.
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Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons.
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Electron scattering
Electron scattering occurs when electrons are deviated from their original trajectory.
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Electron shell
In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.
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Electron-beam welding
Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to two materials to be joined.
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity, symbol ''χ'', is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons (or electron density) towards itself.
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Electronic density
In quantum mechanics, and in particular quantum chemistry, the electronic density is a measure of the probability of an electron occupying an infinitesimal element of space surrounding any given point.
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Electronic structure
In quantum chemistry, electronic structure is the state of motion of electrons in an electrostatic field created by stationary nuclei.
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Electroscope
An electroscope is an early scientific instrument that is used to detect the presence and magnitude of electric charge on a body.
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Electrostatic induction
Electrostatic induction, also known as "electrostatic influence" or simply "influence" in Europe and Latin America, is a redistribution of electrical charge in an object, caused by the influence of nearby charges.
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Electrostatic nuclear accelerator
An electrostatic nuclear accelerator is one of the two main types of particle accelerators, where charged particles can be accelerated by subjection to a static high voltage potential.
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Electrostatics
Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies electric charges at rest.
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Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle with no substructure, thus not composed of other particles.
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EMC effect
The EMC effect is the surprising observation that the cross section for deep inelastic scattering from an atomic nucleus is different from that of the same number of free protons and neutrons (collectively referred to as nucleons).
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Emission channeling
Emission channeling is an experimental technique for identifying the position of short-lived radioactive atoms in the lattice of a single crystal.
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Energetic neutral atom
Energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging, often described as "seeing with atoms", is a technology used to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena in the magnetospheres of planets and throughout the heliosphere, even to its outer boundary.
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Energy level
A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy.
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Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1.
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Environmental radioactivity
Environmental radioactivity is produced by radioactive materials in the human environment.
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Equivalent dose
Equivalent dose is a dose quantity H representing the stochastic health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
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Eric Burhop
Eric Henry Stoneley Burhop, (31 January 191122 January 1980) was an Australian physicist and humanitarian.
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Ernest Lawrence
Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was a pioneering American nuclear scientist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron.
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Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, HFRSE LLD (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics.
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Ernest Walton
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (6 October 1903 – 25 June 1995) was an Irish physicist and Nobel laureate for his work with John Cockcroft with "atom-smashing" experiments done at Cambridge University in the early 1930s, and so became the first person in history to artificially split the atom.
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Ethanium
In chemistry, ethanium or protonated ethane is a highly reactive positive ion with formula.
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Ettore Majorana
Ettore Majorana (born on 5 August 1906 – probably died after 1959) was an Italian theoretical physicist who worked on neutrino masses.
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EuFOD
EuFOD is the chemical compound with the formula Eu(OCC(CH3)3CHCOC3F7)3, also called Eu(fod)3.
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Eugene Wigner
Eugene Paul "E.
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Euler's three-body problem
In physics and astronomy, Euler's three-body problem is to solve for the motion of a particle that is acted upon by the gravitational field of two other point masses that are fixed in space.
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Even and odd atomic nuclei
In nuclear physics, properties of a nucleus depend on evenness or oddness of its atomic number Z, neutron number N and, consequently, of their sum, the mass number A. Most notably, oddness of both Z and N tends to lower the nuclear binding energy, making odd nuclei, generally, less stable.
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Event generator
Event generators are software libraries that generate simulated high-energy particle physics events.
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Exchange force
In physics the term exchange force has been used to describe two distinct concepts which should not be confused.
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Excited state
In quantum mechanics, an excited state of a system (such as an atom, molecule or nucleus) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state (that is, more energy than the absolute minimum).
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Exotic atom
An exotic atom is an otherwise normal atom in which one or more sub-atomic particles have been replaced by other particles of the same charge.
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Exponential growth
Exponential growth is exhibited when the rate of change—the change per instant or unit of time—of the value of a mathematical function is proportional to the function's current value, resulting in its value at any time being an exponential function of time, i.e., a function in which the time value is the exponent.
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Facility for Rare Isotope Beams
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is a future scientific accelerator facility for nuclear science, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE-SC), Michigan State University (MSU), and the State of Michigan.
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Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (February 13, 1926 – August 8, 2012) was an American nuclear physicist.
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Femtometre
The femtometre (American spelling femtometer, symbol fm derived from the Danish and Norwegian word femten, "fifteen"+Ancient Greek: μέτρον, metrοn, "unit of measurement") is an SI unit of length equal to 10−15 metres, which means a quadrillionth of one.
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Femtotechnology
Femtotechnology is a hypothetical term used in reference to structuring of matter on the scale of a femtometer, which is 10−15 m.
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Fermi contact interaction
The Fermi contact interaction is the magnetic interaction between an electron and an atomic nucleus when the electron is inside that nucleus.
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Fermi gas
A Fermi gas is a phase of matter which is an ensemble of a large number of non-interacting fermions.
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Fermi level
The Fermi level chemical potential for electrons (or electrochemical potential for electrons), usually denoted by µ or EF, of a body is a thermodynamic quantity, whose significance is the thermodynamic work required to add one electron to the body (not counting the work required to remove the electron from wherever it came from).
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Fermi liquid theory
Fermi liquid theory (also known as Landau–Fermi liquid theory) is a theoretical model of interacting fermions that describes the normal state of most metals at sufficiently low temperatures.
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Fermi motion
The Fermi motion is the quantum motion of nucleons bound inside a nucleus.
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Fermilab E-906/SeaQuest
Fermilab E-906/SeaQuest is a particle physics experiment which will use Drell–Yan process to measure the contributions of antiquarks to the structure of the proton or neutron and how this structure is modified when the proton or neutron is included within an atomic nucleus.
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Fermion
In particle physics, a fermion is a particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics.
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Ferromagnetic resonance
Ferromagnetic resonance, or FMR, is a spectroscopic technique to probe the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials.
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Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.
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Feynman's Lost Lecture
Feynman's Lost Lecture: The Motion of Planets Around the Sun is a book based on a lecture by Richard Feynman.
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Fine structure
In atomic physics, the fine structure describes the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms due to electron spin and relativistic corrections to the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation.
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Fission barrier
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the fission barrier is the activation energy required for a nucleus of an atom to undergo fission.
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Fixed orbit
A fixed orbit is the concept, in atomic physics, where an electron is considered to remain in a specific orbit, at a fixed distance from an atom's nucleus, for a particular energy level.
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Food irradiation
Food irradiation is the process of exposing food and food packaging to ionizing radiation.
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Forbidden mechanism
In spectroscopy, a forbidden mechanism (forbidden transition or forbidden line) is a spectral line associated with absorption or emission of light by atomic nuclei, atoms, or molecules which undergo a transition that is not allowed by a particular selection rule but is allowed if the approximation associated with that rule is not made.
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Force
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
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Franck–Condon principle
The Franck–Condon principle is a rule in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry that explains the intensity of vibronic transitions.
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Franck–Hertz experiment
The Franck–Hertz experiment was the first electrical measurement to clearly show the quantum nature of atoms, and thus "transformed our understanding of the world".
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Franco Rasetti
Franco Dino Rasetti (August 10, 1901 – December 5, 2001) was an Italian scientist who, together with Enrico Fermi, discovered key processes leading to nuclear fission.
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Frédéric Joliot-Curie
Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie (19 March 1900 – 14 August 1958), born Jean Frédéric Joliot, was a French physicist, husband of Irène Joliot-Curie with whom he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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Free neutron decay
Outside the nucleus, free neutrons are unstable and have a mean lifetime of (about 14 minutes, 42 seconds).
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Freeman Dyson
Freeman John Dyson (born 15 December 1923) is an English-born American theoretical physicist and mathematician.
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Frisch–Peierls memorandum
The Frisch–Peierls memorandum was the first technical exposition of a practical nuclear weapon.
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Fuel
A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as heat energy or to be used for work.
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Fundamental interaction
In physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions.
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Fusion power
Fusion power is a form of power generation in which energy is generated by using fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation.
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Fusor
A fusor is a device that uses an electric field to heat ions to conditions suitable for nuclear fusion.
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Future of an expanding universe
Observations suggest that the expansion of the universe will continue forever.
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G-factor (physics)
A g-factor (also called g value or dimensionless magnetic moment) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the magnetic moment and gyromagnetic ratio of an atom, a particle or nucleus.
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Gaja Alaga
Gaja Alaga (3 July 1924 in Lemeš – 7 September 1988 in Zagreb) was a Croatian theoretical physicist who specialised in nuclear physics.
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Gamma ray
A gamma ray or gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
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Gamma-ray spectrometer
A gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) is an instrument for measuring the distribution (or spectrum—see figure) of the intensity of gamma radiation versus the energy of each photon.
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Gammasphere
The Gammasphere is a third generation gamma ray spectrometer used to study rare and exotic nuclear physics.
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Gas cracker
A gas cracker is any device that splits the molecules in a gas or liquid, usually by electrolysis, into atoms.
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Gauge theory
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian is invariant under certain Lie groups of local transformations.
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Geiger–Marsden experiment
The Geiger–Marsden experiment(s) (also called the Rutherford gold foil experiment) were a landmark series of experiments by which scientists discovered that every atom contains a nucleus where all of its positive charge and most of its mass are concentrated.
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Generation (particle physics)
In particle physics, a generation or family is a division of the elementary particles.
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Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.
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Geoffrey Bodenhausen
Geoffrey Bodenhausen (born 1951) is a French chemist specializing in nuclear magnetic resonance, being highly cited in his field.
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George Gamow
George Gamow (March 4, 1904- August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov, was a Russian-American theoretical physicist and cosmologist.
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Gerald J. Fishman
Gerald Jay (Jerry) Fishman (born February 10, 1943) is an American research astrophysicist, specializing in gamma-ray astronomy.
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Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber
Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber (July 14, 1911 – February 2, 1998) was a German-born Jewish-American nuclear physicist.
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Giant resonance
Giant resonance is a high-frequency collective excitation of atomic nuclei, as a property of many-body quantum systems.
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Gilbert N. Lewis
Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 25 (or 23), 1875 – March 23, 1946) was an American physical chemist known for the discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures and other contributions to valence bond theory have shaped modern theories of chemical bonding.
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Glossary of chemistry terms
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.
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Glossary of fuel cell terms
The Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry.
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Gluon
A gluon is an elementary particle that acts as the exchange particle (or gauge boson) for the strong force between quarks.
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GNS Science
GNS Science (Māori: Te Pū Ao) is a New Zealand Crown Research Institute.
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Gravitino
In supergravity theories combining general relativity and supersymmetry, the gravitino is the gauge fermion supersymmetric partner of the hypothesized graviton.
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Ground state
The ground state of a quantum mechanical system is its lowest-energy state; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system.
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Group 3 element
Group 3 is a group of elements in the periodic table.
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Gyromagnetic ratio
In physics, the gyromagnetic ratio (also sometimes known as the magnetogyric ratio in other disciplines) of a particle or system is the ratio of its magnetic moment to its angular momentum, and it is often denoted by the symbol γ, gamma.
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H to He, Who Am the Only One
H to He, Who Am the Only One is the third album by the British progressive rock band Van der Graaf Generator.
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H-alpha
H-alpha (Hα) is a specific deep-red visible spectral line in the Balmer series with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air; it occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level.
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Hadron
In particle physics, a hadron (ἁδρός, hadrós, "stout, thick") is a composite particle made of quarks held together by the strong force in a similar way as molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force.
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Hagen Kleinert
Hagen Kleinert (born 15 June 1941) is Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Free University of Berlin, Germany (since 1968), at the West University of Timişoara, at the in Bishkek.
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Half-life
Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value.
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Halo nucleus
In nuclear physics, an atomic nucleus is called a halo nucleus or is said to have a nuclear halo when it has a core nucleus surrounded by a "halo" of orbiting protons or neutrons, which makes the radius of the nucleus appreciably larger than that predicted by the liquid drop model.
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Hans Bethe
Hans Albrecht Bethe (July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American nuclear physicist who made important contributions to astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics and solid-state physics, and won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.
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Hans Geiger
Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist.
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Hans Suess
Hans Eduard Suess (December 16, 1909 – September 20, 1993) was an Austrian born American physical chemist and nuclear physicist.
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Hans-Hermann Hupfeld
Gustav Theodor Hans Hermann Hupfeld (November 28, 1905 – November 11, 1942) was a German physicist known for his work on the scattering of gamma rays.
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Hantaro Nagaoka
was a Japanese physicist and a pioneer of Japanese physics during the Meiji period.
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Harrie Massey
Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey (16 May 1908 – 27 November 1983) was an Australian mathematical physicist who worked primarily in the fields of atomic and atmospheric physics.
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Hartree
The hartree (symbol: Eh or Ha), also known as the Hartree energy, is the atomic unit of energy, named after the British physicist Douglas Hartree.
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Hartree equation
In 1927, a year after the publication of the Schrödinger equation, Hartree formulated what are now known as the Hartree equations for atoms, using the concept of self-consistency that Lindsay had introduced in his study of many electron systems in the context of Bohr theory.
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Health threat from cosmic rays
The health threat from cosmic rays is the danger posed by galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energetic particles to astronauts on interplanetary missions or any missions that venture through the Van-Allen Belts or outside the Earth's magnetosphere.
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Heinz-Jürgen Kluge
Heinz-Jürgen Kluge, known as Jürgen Kluge (born 25 April 1941), is a physicist probably best known for the development of ion-storage devices and methods for accurate measurements of nuclear masses.
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Helion (chemistry)
A helion is a short name for the naked nucleus of helium, a doubly positively charged helium ion.
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Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.
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Henry Moseley
Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number.
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Henry Way Kendall
Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.".
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Heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy
The heteronuclear single quantum coherence or heteronuclear single quantum correlation experiment, normally abbreviated as HSQC, is used frequently in NMR spectroscopy of organic molecules and is of particular significance in the field of protein NMR.
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Higgs boson
The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics.
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High energy nuclear physics
High-energy nuclear physics studies the behaviour of nuclear matter in energy regimes typical of high energy physics.
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High Explosive Research
High Explosive Research was the British project to independently develop atomic bombs after the Second World War.
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Hilbert–Pólya conjecture
In mathematics, the Hilbert–Pólya conjecture is a possible approach to the Riemann hypothesis, by means of spectral theory.
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History of chemistry
The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.
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History of physics
Physics (from the Ancient Greek φύσις physis meaning "nature") is the fundamental branch of science.
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History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses
The history of scientific thought about the Formation and evolution of the Solar System begins with the Copernican Revolution.
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History of subatomic physics
The idea that matter consists of smaller particles and that there exists a limited number of sorts of primary, smallest particles in nature has existed in natural philosophy at least since the 6th century BC.
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Host–guest chemistry
In supramolecular chemistry, host–guest chemistry describes complexes that are composed of two or more molecules or ions that are held together in unique structural relationships by forces other than those of full covalent bonds.
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Hot cathode
In vacuum tubes and gas-filled tubes, a hot cathode or thermionic cathode is a cathode electrode which is heated to make it emit electrons due to thermionic emission.
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Hot spot effect in subatomic physics
Hot spots in subatomic physics are regions of high energy density or temperature in hadronic or nuclear matter.
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Hughes–Drever experiment
Hughes–Drever experiments (also clock comparison-, clock anisotropy-, mass isotropy-, or energy isotropy experiments) are spectroscopic tests of the isotropy of mass and space.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen spectral series
The emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen is divided into a number of spectral series, with wavelengths given by the Rydberg formula.
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Hydrogen-like atom
A hydrogen-like ion is any atomic nucleus which has one electron and thus is isoelectronic with hydrogen.
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Hydrogen–deuterium exchange
Hydrogen–deuterium exchange (also called H–D or H/D exchange) is a chemical reaction in which a covalently bonded hydrogen atom is replaced by a deuterium atom, or vice versa.
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Hydron (chemistry)
In chemistry, a hydron is the general name for a cationic form of atomic hydrogen, represented with the symbol.
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Hyperbola
In mathematics, a hyperbola (plural hyperbolas or hyperbolae) is a type of smooth curve lying in a plane, defined by its geometric properties or by equations for which it is the solution set.
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Hyperdeformation
In nuclear physics, hyperdeformation is theoretically predicted states of an atomic nucleus with extremely elongated shape and very high angular momentum.
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Hyperfine structure
In atomic physics, hyperfine structure refers to small shifts and splittings in the energy levels of atoms, molecules and ions, due to interaction between the state of the nucleus and the state of the electron clouds.
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Hypernucleus
A hypernucleus is a nucleus which contains at least one hyperon (a baryon carrying the strangeness quantum number) in addition to the normal protons and neutrons.
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Hypertriton
A hypertriton is a type of hypernucleus, formed of a proton, a neutron and any hyperon.
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HZE ions
HZE ions are the high-energy nuclei component of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) which have an electric charge greater than +2.
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IACT
IACT stands for Imaging Atmospheric (or Air) Cherenkov Telescope or Technique.
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ICRANet
ICRANet, the International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network, is an international organization promoting research activities in relativistic astrophysics and related areas.
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Identical particles
Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle.
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Igal Talmi
Igal Talmi (Hebrew: יגאל תלמי) (born January 31, 1925) is a distinguished Israeli nuclear physicist.
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Impact parameter
The impact parameter b is defined as the perpendicular distance between the path of a projectile and the center of a potential field U(r) created by an object that the projectile is approaching (see diagram).
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Index of biochemistry articles
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.
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Index of chemistry articles
Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
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Index of physics articles (A)
The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.
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Induced radioactivity
Induced radioactivity occurs when a previously stable material has been made radioactive by exposure to specific radiation.
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Inelastic collision
An inelastic collision, in contrast to an elastic collision, is a collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved due to the action of internal friction.
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Inside the Atom
Inside the Atom is a popular science book by American author Isaac Asimov.
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Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is the leading center for research and application of the nuclear physics in Bulgaria.
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Instituto de Física Corpuscular
The Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC, English: Institute for Corpuscular Physics) is a CSIC and University of Valencia joint center dedicated to experimental and theoretical research in the fields of particle physics, nuclear physics, cosmology, astroparticles and medical physics.
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Interacting boson model
The interacting boson model (IBM) is a model in nuclear physics in which nucleons (protons or neutrons) pair up, essentially acting as a single particle with boson properties, with integral spin of 0, 2 or 4.
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Internal conversion
Internal conversion is a radioactive decay process wherein an excited nucleus interacts electromagnetically with one of the orbital electrons of the atom.
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Internal conversion coefficient
In nuclear physics, the internal conversion coefficient describes the rate of internal conversion.
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International Linear Collider
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed linear particle accelerator.
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Intramolecular force
An intramolecular force is any force that binds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound, not to be confused with intermolecular forces, which are the forces present between molecules.
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Introduction to general relativity
General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915.
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Introduction to quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is the science of the very small.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
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Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
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Iron group
In chemistry and physics, the iron group refers to elements that are in some way related to iron.
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Iron star
In astronomy, an iron star is a hypothetical type of compact star that could occur in the universe in the extremely far future, after perhaps 101500 years.
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Iron-55
Iron-55 or 55Fe is a radioactive isotope of iron with a nucleus containing 26 protons and 29 neutrons.
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Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi (born Israel Isaac Rabi, 29 July 1898 – 11 January 1988) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging.
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ISIS neutron source
ISIS Neutron and Muon Source is a pulsed neutron and muon source.
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Island of stability
In nuclear physics, the island of stability is the prediction that a set of heavy nuclides with a near magic number of protons and neutrons will temporarily reverse the trend of decreasing stability in elements heavier than uranium.
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Isobar (nuclide)
Isobars are atoms (nuclides) of different chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons.
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Isodiapher
In nuclear physics and radioactivity, isodiaphers refers to nuclides which have different atomic numbers and mass numbers but the same neutron excess, which is the difference between numbers of neutrons and protons in the nucleus.
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Isotope
Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.
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Isotopes of helium
Although there are nine known isotopes of helium (2He) (standard atomic weight), only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable.
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Isotopes of hydrogen
Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted 1H, 2H, and 3H.
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Isotopes of lithium
Naturally occurring lithium (3Li) is composed of two stable isotopes, lithium-6 and lithium-7, with the latter being far more abundant: about 92.5 percent of the atoms.
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Isotopes of nitrogen
Natural nitrogen (7N) consists of two stable isotopes, nitrogen-14, which makes up the vast majority of naturally occurring nitrogen, and nitrogen-15, which is less common.
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Isotopes of thorium
Although thorium (90Th) has 6 naturally occurring isotopes, none of these isotopes are stable; however, one isotope, 232Th, is relatively stable, with a half-life of 1.405×1010 years, considerably longer than the age of the Earth, and even slightly longer than the generally accepted age of the universe.
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ITER
ITER (Latin for "the way") is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment.
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J. Robert Oppenheimer
Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley.
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James Chadwick
Sir James Chadwick, (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was an English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932.
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James Rainwater
Leo James Rainwater (December 9, 1917 – May 31, 1986) was an American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 for his part in determining the asymmetrical shapes of certain atomic nuclei.
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Janez Strnad
Janez Strnad (March 4, 1934 – November 28, 2015) was a Slovene physicist and popularizer of natural science.
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Janusz Andrzej Zakrzewski
Janusz Andrzej Zakrzewski (July 23, 1932 in Kraków – October 26, 2008 in Warsaw) was a Polish physicist.
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Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (24 April 1817 – 15 April 1894) was a Swiss chemist whose work with atomic weights suggested the possibility of isotopes and the packing fraction of nuclei and whose study of the rare earth elements led to his discovery of ytterbium in 1878 and co-discovery of gadolinium in 1880.
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Jewish culture
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel.
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Joachim Hämmerling
Dr.
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John Alexander Simpson
John Alexander Simpson (November 3, 1916 – August 31, 2000) worked as an experimental nuclear, and cosmic ray physicist who was deeply committed to educating the public and political leaders about science and its implications.
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John Archibald Wheeler
John Archibald Wheeler (July 9, 1911 – April 13, 2008) was an American theoretical physicist.
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John Cockcroft
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, (27 May 1897 – 18 September 1967) was a British physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1951 for splitting the atomic nucleus with Ernest Walton, and was instrumental in the development of nuclear power.
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John H. Gibbons (scientist)
John Howard "Jack" Gibbons (January 15, 1929 – July 17, 2015) was an American scientist, nuclear physicist, and internationally recognized expert in technologies for energy efficiency and energy resource conservation.
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K-25
K-25 was the codename given by the Manhattan Project to the program to produce enriched uranium for atomic bombs using the gaseous diffusion method.
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Katharine Way
Katharine "Kay" Way (February 20, 1902 – December 9, 1995) was an American physicist best known for her work on the Nuclear Data Project.
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Kernel
Kernel may refer to.
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Lactic acidosis
Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate (especially L-lactate) in the body, which results in an excessively low pH in the bloodstream.
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Lamb shift
In physics, the Lamb shift, named after Willis Lamb, is a difference in energy between two energy levels 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 (in term symbol notation) of the hydrogen atom which was not predicted by the Dirac equation, according to which these states should have the same energy.
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Large Hadron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider, the most complex experimental facility ever built and the largest single machine in the world.
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Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
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Lawrencium
Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and atomic number 103.
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Lead
Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
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Leptogenesis (physics)
In physical cosmology, leptogenesis is the generic term for hypothetical physical processes that produced an asymmetry between leptons and antileptons in the very early universe, resulting in the present-day dominance of leptons over antileptons.
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Lieb–Thirring inequality
In mathematics and physics, Lieb–Thirring inequalities provide an upper bound on the sums of powers of the negative eigenvalues of a Schrödinger operator in terms of integrals of the potential.
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Light-front computational methods
The light front quantization of quantum field theories provides a useful alternative to ordinary equal-time quantization.
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Line Focus Principle
X-rays beams are produced when an electron is accelerated or decelerated.
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Linear combination of atomic orbitals
A linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry.
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Liouville dynamical system
In classical mechanics, a Liouville dynamical system is an exactly soluble dynamical system in which the kinetic energy T and potential energy V can be expressed in terms of the s generalized coordinates q as follows: T.
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List of accelerators in particle physics
A list of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments.
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List of agnostics
Listed here are persons who have identified themselves as theologically agnostic.
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List of blue plaques erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry
This is a list of blue plaques erected by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
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List of chemical elements
, 118 chemical elements are identified.
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List of elements by stability of isotopes
Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge.
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List of examples of lengths
This is a list of examples of lengths, in metres in order to give an understanding of lengths.
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List of experiments
The following is a list of historically important scientific experiments and observations demonstrating something of great scientific interest, typically in an elegant or clever manner.
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List of hidden races in DC Comics
List of hidden races in DC Comics, is a list of fictional, earth based, non-human and lost races that have appeared in comic book titles published by DC Comics, as well as properties from other media are listed below, with appropriately brief descriptions and accompanying citations.
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List of humorous units of measurement
Many people have made use of, or invented, units of measurement intended primarily for their humour value.
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List of inventions and discoveries by women
This page aims to list the inventions and discoveries of which women were the protagonists.
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List of Jewish atheists and agnostics
Based on Jewish law's emphasis on matrilineal descent, even religiously conservative Orthodox Jewish authorities would accept an atheist born to a Jewish mother as fully Jewish.
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List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Cornell University
The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.
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List of Nobel laureates in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics.
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List of particles
This article includes a list of the different types of atomic- and sub-atomic particles found or hypothesized to exist in the whole of the universe categorized by type.
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List of people from the former eastern territories of Germany
Numerous figures in German culture and history (some still living) were either born or resident in the former eastern territories of Germany.
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List of Russian people
This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.
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List of Russian physicists
This list of Russian physicists includes the famous physicists from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.
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List of Russian scientists
Alona Soschen.
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List of scattering experiments
This is a list of scattering experiments.
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List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was a renowned theoretical physicist of the 20th century, best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity.
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List of time periods
The categorization of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called periodization.
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List of unsolved problems in physics
Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result.
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Lithium
Lithium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.
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Llewellyn Thomas
Llewellyn Hilleth Thomas (21 October 1903 – 20 April 1992) was a British physicist and applied mathematician.
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Lone pair
In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atomIUPAC Gold Book definition: and is sometimes called a non-bonding pair.
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Low-energy ion scattering
Low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS), sometimes referred to simply as ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used to characterize the chemical and structural makeup of materials.
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Luigi Di Lella
Luigi Di Lella (born in Naples, 7 December 1937) is an Italian experimental particle physicist.
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Luise Meyer-Schützmeister
Luise Meyer-Schützmeister (1915 in Germany – 1981) was a senior physicist at the Argonne National Laboratory, where she was involved in the measurement of gamma rays produced in nuclear reactions, and also conducted studies on the behavior of atomic nuclei.
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M-theory
M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory.
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Magic number (physics)
In nuclear physics, a magic number is a number of nucleons (either protons or neutrons, separately) such that they are arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus.
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Magnetic confinement fusion
Magnetic confinement fusion is an approach to generate thermonuclear fusion power that uses magnetic fields to confine the hot fusion fuel in the form of a plasma.
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Magnetic moment
The magnetic moment is a quantity that represents the magnetic strength and orientation of a magnet or other object that produces a magnetic field.
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Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.
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Magnetometer
A magnetometer is an instrument that measures magnetism—either the magnetization of a magnetic material like a ferromagnet, or the direction, strength, or relative change of a magnetic field at a particular location.
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Manfred Stumpf
Manfred Stumpf (born November 25, 1957 in Alsfeld, Hesse) is a German draftsman, Conceptual artist, and Digital artist.
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Marcos Moshinsky
Marcos Moshinsky Borodiansky (Маркос Мошинский Бородянский; Маркос Мошинскі; 1921–2009) was a Mexican physicist of Ukrainian-Jewish origin whose work in the field of elementary particles won him the Prince of Asturias Prize for Scientific and Technical Investigation in 1988 and the UNESCO Science Prize in 1997.
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Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Maria Goeppert Mayer (June 28, 1906 – February 20, 1972) was a German-born American theoretical physicist, and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus.
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Mark Oliphant
Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin "Mark" Oliphant (8 October 1901 – 14 July 2000) was an Australian physicist and humanitarian who played an important role in the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion and also the development of nuclear weapons.
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Mars Pathfinder
Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder) is an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars in 1997.
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Mass
Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied.
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Mass (mass spectrometry)
The mass recorded by a mass spectrometer can refer to different physical quantities depending on the characteristics of the instrument and the manner in which the mass spectrum is displayed.
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Mass excess
The mass excess of a nuclide is the difference between its actual mass and its mass number in atomic mass units.
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Mass number
The mass number (symbol A, from the German word Atomgewichte (atomic weight), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It determines the atomic mass of atoms. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion. The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element. This is not the same as the atomic number (Z) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus, and thus uniquely identifies an element. Hence, the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus:. The mass number is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of carbon is carbon-12, or, which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The full isotope symbol would also have the atomic number (Z) as a subscript to the left of the element symbol directly below the mass number:. This is technically redundant, as each element is defined by its atomic number, so it is often omitted.
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Mass–energy equivalence
In physics, mass–energy equivalence states that anything having mass has an equivalent amount of energy and vice versa, with these fundamental quantities directly relating to one another by Albert Einstein's famous formula: E.
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Massive compact halo object
A massive astrophysical compact halo object (MACHO) is any kind of astronomical body that might explain the apparent presence of dark matter in galaxy halos.
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Matter
In the classical physics observed in everyday life, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.
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MAUD Committee
The MAUD Committee was a British scientific working group formed during the Second World War.
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Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits.
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Mössbauer effect
The Mössbauer effect, or recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence, is a physical phenomenon discovered by Rudolf Mössbauer in 1958.
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Mean free path
In physics, the mean free path is the average distance traveled by a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, a photon) between successive impacts (collisions), which modify its direction or energy or other particle properties.
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Mechanical energy
In physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.
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Mechanics
Mechanics (Greek μηχανική) is that area of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.
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Meitner–Hupfeld effect
The Meitner–Hupfeld effect is an anomalously large scattering of Gamma rays by heavy elements.
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Melba Phillips
Melba Newell Phillips (February 1, 1907 – November 8, 2004) was an American physicist and pioneer science educator.
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Merle Tuve
Merle Anthony Tuve (June 27, 1901 – May 20, 1982) was an American geophysicist who was the founding director of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.
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Meson
In particle physics, mesons are hadronic subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark, bound together by strong interactions.
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Mesonic molecule
A mesonic molecule is a set of two or more mesons bound together by the strong force.
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Metastability
In physics, metastability is a stable state of a dynamical system other than the system's state of least energy.
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Mexico and weapons of mass destruction
Mexico is one of the few countries which has technical capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons.
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Mildred Cohn
Mildred Cohn (July 12, 1913 – October 12, 2009) was an American biochemist who furthered understanding of biochemical processes through her study of chemical reactions within animal cells.
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MINERνA
Main Injector Experiment for ν-A, or MINERνA, is a neutrino scattering experiment which uses the NuMI beamline at Fermilab.
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Mirror nuclei
Mirror nuclei are nuclei where the number of protons of element one (Z1) equals the number of neutrons of element two (N2) and the number of protons of element two (Z2) equals the number of neutrons in element one (N1), such that the mass number is the same (A.
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Model of hierarchical complexity
The model of hierarchical complexity is a framework for scoring how complex a behavior is, such as verbal reasoning or other cognitive tasks.
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Molecular Hamiltonian
In atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry, the molecular Hamiltonian is the Hamiltonian operator representing the energy of the electrons and nuclei in a molecule.
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Molecular orbital
In chemistry, a molecular orbital (MO) is a mathematical function describing the wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule.
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Molecular orbital theory
In chemistry, molecular orbital (MO) theory is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Motion (physics)
In physics, motion is a change in position of an object over time.
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Mott problem
In quantum mechanics, the Mott problem is a paradox that illustrates some of the difficulties of understanding the nature of wave function collapse and measurement in quantum mechanics.
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Mott scattering
Mott scattering, also referred to as spin-coupling inelastic Coulomb scattering, is the separation of the two spin states of an electron beam by scattering the beam off the Coulomb field of heavy atoms.
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MTSL
MTSL (S-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)methyl methanesulfonothioate) is a organosulfur compound that is used as an nitroxide spin label.
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Mu2e
Mu2e, or the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment, is a particle physics experiment at Fermilab in the US.
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Multipole density formalism
The Multipole Density Formalism (also referred to as Hansen-Coppens Formalism) is an X-ray crystallography method of electron density modelling proposed by Niels K. Hansen and Philip Coppens in 1978.
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Muon-catalyzed fusion
Muon-catalyzed fusion (μCF) is a process allowing nuclear fusion to take place at temperatures significantly lower than the temperatures required for thermonuclear fusion, even at room temperature or lower.
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NA61 experiment
NA61/SHINE (standing for "SPS Heavy Ion and Neutrino Experiment") is a particle physics experiment at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).
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Napoleonite
Napoleonite is a variety of diorite (also called corsite because the stone is found in the island of Corsica).
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National Research Foundation of South Africa
South Africa’s National Research Foundation (NRF) is the intermediary agency between the policies and strategies of the Government of South Africa and South Africa's research institutions.
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National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) is located on the campus of Michigan State University and is the leading rare isotope research facility in the United States.
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Nature
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe.
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Negative temperature
In physics, certain systems can achieve negative temperature; that is, their thermodynamic temperature can be expressed as a negative quantity on the Kelvin or Rankine scales.
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Neon-burning process
The neon-burning process (nuclear decay) is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in massive stars (at least 8 Solar masses).
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Neutrino
A neutrino (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with half-integer spin) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity.
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Neutrino Ettore Majorana Observatory
The Neutrino Ettore Majorana Observatory (NEMO experiment) is an international collaboration of scientists searching for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ).
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Neutron
| magnetic_moment.
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Neutron activation
Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nuclei capture free neutrons, becoming heavier and entering excited states.
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Neutron capture
Neutron capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus.
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Neutron depth profiling
Neutron depth profiling (NDP) is a near-surface analysis technique that is commonly used to obtain profiles of concentration as a function of depth for certain technologically important light elements in nearly any substrate.
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Neutron emission
Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a nucleus.
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Neutron howitzer
A neutron howitzer is a neutron source that emits neutrons in a single direction.
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Neutron magnetic moment
The neutron magnetic moment is the intrinsic magnetic dipole moment of the neutron, symbol μn.
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Neutron microscope
Neutron microscopes use neutrons to create images by nuclear fission of lithium-6 using small-angle neutron scattering.
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Neutron moderator
In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction involving uranium-235 or a similar fissile nuclide.
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Neutron monitor
A neutron monitor is a ground-based detector designed to measure the number of high-energy charged particles striking the Earth's atmosphere from outer space.
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Neutron radiation
Neutron radiation is a form of ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons.
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Neutron scattering
Neutron scattering, the irregular dispersal of free neutrons by matter, can refer to either the naturally occurring physical process itself or to the man-made experimental techniques that use the natural process for investigating materials.
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Neutron star
A neutron star is the collapsed core of a large star which before collapse had a total of between 10 and 29 solar masses.
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Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer
The Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) is a NASA Explorers program Mission of Opportunity dedicated to the study of the extraordinary gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear physics environments embodied by neutron stars, exploring the exotic states of matter where density and pressure are higher than in atomic nuclei.
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Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography
Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography (NSECT) uses induced gamma emission through neutron inelastic scattering to generate images of the spatial distribution of elements in a sample.
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Neutron temperature
The neutron detection temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's kinetic energy, usually given in electron volts.
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Neutron–proton ratio
The neutron–proton ratio (N/Z ratio or nuclear ratio) of an atomic nucleus is the ratio of its number of neutrons to its number of protons.
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Neutronium
Neutronium (sometimes shortened to neutrium, also referred to as neutrite) is a hypothetical substance composed purely of neutrons.
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Nicholas Manton
Nicholas Stephen Manton is a British mathematical physicist.
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Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr (7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.
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Nikolay Semyonov
Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov (or Semenov), (Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов; – 25 September 1986) was a Russian/Soviet physicist and chemist.
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Noble gas
The noble gases (historically also the inert gases) make up a group of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity.
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Noble gas compound
Noble gas compounds are chemical compounds that include an element from the noble gases, group 18 of the periodic table.
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Non-contact force
A non-contact force is a force which acts on an object without coming physically in contact with it.
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Nonradiation condition
Classical nonradiation conditions define the conditions according to classical electromagnetism under which a distribution of accelerating charges will not emit electromagnetic radiation.
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Noor Muhammad Butt
Noor Muhammad Butt (Urdu: ڈاکٹر این ایم بٹ); b. 3 June 1936); SI, FPAS, best known as "Dr. N. M. Butt", is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and the chairman and professor of Nanotechnology at Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology. He earned international prestige for his edge-leading research in neutron diffraction, and made important contributions to Mössbauer spectroscopy.
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Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (August 27, 1915 – November 4, 2011) was an American physicist who was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics, for the invention of the separated oscillatory field method, which had important applications in the construction of atomic clocks.
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North West England
North West England, one of nine official regions of England, consists of the five counties of Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside.
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Nuclear astrophysics
Nuclear astrophysics is an interdisciplinary branch of physics involving close collaboration among researchers in various subfields of nuclear physics and astrophysics, with significant emphasis in areas such as stellar modeling, measurement and theoretical estimation of nuclear reaction rates, cosmology, cosmochemistry, gamma ray, optical and X-ray astronomy, and extending our knowledge about nuclear lifetimes and masses.
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Nuclear binding energy
Nuclear binding energy is the minimum energy that would be required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its component parts.
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Nuclear clock
A nuclear clock is a notional clock that would use the frequency of a nuclear transition as its reference frequency, in the same manner as an atomic clock uses the frequency of an electronic transition in an atom's shell.
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Nuclear data
Nuclear data represents measured (or evaluated) probabilities of various physical interactions involving the nuclei of atoms.
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Nuclear density
Nuclear density is the density of the nucleus of an atom, averaging about 2.3×1017 kg/m3.
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Nuclear drip line
The nuclear drip line is the boundary delimiting the zone beyond which atomic nuclei decay by the emission of a proton or neutron.
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Nuclear engineering
Nuclear engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the application of breaking down atomic nuclei (fission) or of combining atomic nuclei (fusion), or with the application of other sub-atomic processes based on the principles of nuclear physics.
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Nuclear fission
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).
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Nuclear fission product
Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission.
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Nuclear force
The nuclear force (or nucleon–nucleon interaction or residual strong force) is a force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms.
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Nuclear fuel cycle
The nuclear fuel cycle, also called nuclear fuel chain, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
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Nuclear fusion
In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).
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Nuclear isomer
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons).
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Nuclear magnetic moment
The nuclear magnetic moment is the magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus and arises from the spin of the protons and neutrons.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling
Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling (NMR decoupling for short) is a special method used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy where a sample to be analyzed is irradiated at a certain frequency or frequency range to eliminate fully or partially the effect of coupling between certain nuclei.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes.
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Nuclear magneton
The nuclear magneton (symbol μN), is a physical constant of magnetic moment, defined in SI units by: and in Gaussian CGS units by: where: In SI units, its value is approximately: In Gaussian CGS units, its value can be given in convenient units as The nuclear magneton is the natural unit for expressing magnetic dipole moments of heavy particles such as nucleons and atomic nuclei.
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Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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Nuclear orientation
Nuclear orientation, in nuclear physics, is the directional ordering of an assembly of nuclear spins with respect to some axis in space.
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Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions.
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Nuclear reaction
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is semantically considered to be the process in which two nuclei, or else a nucleus of an atom and a subatomic particle (such as a proton, neutron, or high energy electron) from outside the atom, collide to produce one or more nuclides that are different from the nuclide(s) that began the process.
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Nuclear reaction analysis
Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) is a nuclear method in materials science to obtain concentration vs.
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Nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.
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Nuclear resonance fluorescence
Nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) is a nuclear process in which a nucleus absorbs and emits high-energy photons called gamma rays.
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Nuclear shell model
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model is a model of the atomic nucleus which uses the Pauli exclusion principle to describe the structure of the nucleus in terms of energy levels.
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Nuclear structure
Understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus is one of the central challenges in nuclear physics.
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Nuclear technology
Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.
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Nuclear transmutation
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element or an isotope into another chemical element.
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Nuclear transparency
Nuclear transparency is the ratio of cross-sections for exclusive processes from the nuclei to those of the nucleons.
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Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).
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Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom
In October 1952, the United Kingdom (UK) became the third country to independently develop and test nuclear weapons.
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Nucleon
In chemistry and physics, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus.
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Nucleophile
Nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.
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Nucleosynthesis
Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons.
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Nucleus
Nucleus (pl: nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit.
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Nuclide
A nuclide (from nucleus, also known as nuclear species) is an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus, i.e., by its number of protons Z, its number of neutrons N, and its nuclear energy state.
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Numerical sign problem
In applied mathematics, the numerical sign problem is the problem of numerically evaluating the integral of a highly oscillatory function of a large number of variables.
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Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is an American multiprogram science and technology national laboratory sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and administered, managed, and operated by UT-Battelle as a federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) under a contract with the DOE.
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Oddo–Harkins rule
The Oddo–Harkins rule holds that an element with an even atomic number (such as carbon: element 6) is more abundant than both elements with the adjacently smaller and larger odd atomic numbers (such as boron: element 5 and nitrogen: element 7, respectively for the carbon).
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One World or None
One World or None (1946) is a instructional documentary short film produced by the National Committee on Atomic Information in conjunction with Philip Ragan Productions.
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Onset of deconfinement
The onset of deconfinement refers to the beginning of the creation of deconfined states of strongly interacting matter produced in nucleus-nucleus collisions with increasing collision energy (a quark–gluon plasma).
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Oppenheimer–Phillips process
The Oppenheimer–Phillips process or strip reaction is a type of deuteron-induced nuclear reaction.
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Orders of magnitude (area)
This page is a progressive and labelled list of the SI area orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.
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Orders of magnitude (charge)
This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI charge orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.
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Orders of magnitude (density)
No description.
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Orders of magnitude (length)
The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.
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Orders of magnitude (time)
An order of magnitude of time is (usually) a decimal prefix or decimal order-of-magnitude quantity together with a base unit of time, like a microsecond or a million years.
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Outer space
Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.
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Outline of energy
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to energy: Energy – in physics, this is an indirectly observed quantity often understood as the ability of a physical system to do work on other physical systems.
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Outline of nuclear power
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to nuclear power: Nuclear power – the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity.
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Outline of nuclear technology
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to nuclear technology: Nuclear technology – involves the reactions of atomic nuclei.
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Outline of physical science
Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.
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Oxygen-16
Oxygen-16 (16O) is a stable isotope of oxygen, having 8 neutrons and 8 protons in its nucleus.
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P-nuclei
p-nuclei (p stands for proton-rich) are certain proton-rich, naturally occurring isotopes of some elements between selenium and mercury inclusive which cannot be produced in either the s- or the r-process.
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P-process
The term p-process (p is for proton) is used in two ways in the scientific literature concerning the astrophysical origin of the elements (nucleosynthesis).
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Pair-instability supernova
A pair-instability supernova occurs when pair production, the production of free electrons and positrons in the collision between atomic nuclei and energetic gamma rays, temporarily reduces the internal pressure supporting a supermassive star's core against gravitational collapse.
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Pakistan Nuclear Society
Pakistan Nuclear Society (Urdu: پاکستان نيوكلير سوسأٹى; Acronym: PNS), is an academic not-for-profit educational and scientific learned society devoted for the promotion of peaceful use of nuclear energy, and lobbying for the commercial nuclear power development in the country.
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Partial charge
A partial charge is a non-integer charge value when measured in elementary charge units.
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Particle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical or chemical properties such as volume, density or mass.
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Particle accelerator
A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to nearly light speed and to contain them in well-defined beams.
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Particle decay
Particle decay is the spontaneous process of one unstable subatomic particle transforming into multiple other particles.
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Particle in a ring
In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box.
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Particle in a spherically symmetric potential
An important problem in quantum mechanics is that of a particle in a spherically symmetric potential, i.e., a potential that depends only on the distance between the particle and a defined center point.
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Particle radiation
Particle radiation is the radiation of energy by means of fast-moving subatomic particles.
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Particle shower
In particle physics, a shower is a cascade of secondary particles produced as the result of a high-energy particle interacting with dense matter.
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Patterson power cell
The Patterson power cell is an electrolysis device invented by chemist James A. Patterson, which he said created 200 times more energy than it used, and neutralize radioactivity without emitting any harmful radiation.
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Paul Lauterbur
Paul Christian Lauterbur (May 6, 1929 – March 27, 2007) was an American chemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield for his work which made the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) possible.
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Paul Moskowitz
Paul A. Moskowitz works at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in New York.
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Pauli exclusion principle
The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.
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Pentaquark
A pentaquark is a subatomic particle consisting of four quarks and one antiquark bound together.
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Period (periodic table)
A period in the periodic table is a horizontal row.
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Period 1 element
A period 1 element is one of the chemical elements in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements.
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Period 6 element
A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the lanthanides.
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Period 7 element
A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements.
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Periodic table
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose structure shows periodic trends.
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Periodic trends
Periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element, including its radius and its electronic properties.
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Persistent current
Persistent current is a perpetual electric current, not requiring an external power source.
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Peter Fowler (physicist)
Peter Fowler FRS (27 February 1923 — 8 November 1996) was a British physicist.
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Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Peter the Great St.
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Phosphor
A phosphor, most generally, is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence.
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Photodisintegration
Photodisintegration (also called phototransmutation) is a nuclear process in which an atomic nucleus absorbs a high-energy gamma ray, enters an excited state, and immediately decays by emitting a subatomic particle.
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Photofission
Photofission is a process in which a nucleus, after absorbing a gamma ray, undergoes nuclear fission (splits into two or more fragments).
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Photon
The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).
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Physical chemistry
Physical Chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.
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Physical organic chemistry
Physical organic chemistry, a term coined by Louis Hammett in 1940, refers to a discipline of organic chemistry that focuses on the relationship between chemical structures and reactivity, in particular, applying experimental tools of physical chemistry to the study of organic molecules.
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
The physics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involves the interaction of biological tissue with electromagnetic fields.
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Pi bond
In chemistry, pi bonds (π bonds) are covalent chemical bonds where two lobes of an orbital on one atom overlap two lobes of an orbital on another atom.
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Pierre Auger Observatory
The Pierre Auger Observatory is an international cosmic ray observatory in Argentina designed to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic rays: sub-atomic particles traveling nearly at the speed of light and each with energies beyond 1018 eV.
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Pinawa
Pinawa is a small Canadian community of 1,331 residents (2016 census) located in southeastern Manitoba, 110 kilometres north-east of Winnipeg.
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Pion
In particle physics, a pion (or a pi meson, denoted with the Greek letter pi) is any of three subatomic particles:,, and.
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Pionium
Pionium is an exotic atom consisting of one and one meson.
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Piotr Piecuch
Piotr Piecuch (born January 21, 1960) is a Polish-born American physical chemist.
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Planck constant
The Planck constant (denoted, also called Planck's constant) is a physical constant that is the quantum of action, central in quantum mechanics.
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Plum pudding model
The plum pudding model is one of several scientific models of the atom.
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Plutonium
Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
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Polywell
The polywell is a type of nuclear fusion reactor that uses an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions.
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Potential energy
In physics, potential energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
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Precision tests of QED
Quantum electrodynamics (QED), a relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics, is among the most stringently tested theories in physics.
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Primakoff effect
The Primakoff effect, named after Henry Primakoff, is the resonant production of neutral pseudoscalar mesons by high-energy photons interacting with an atomic nucleus.
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Professor X
Professor Charles Francis Xavier (colloquial: Professor X) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and is the founder and leader of the X-Men.
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Project Excalibur
Project Excalibur was a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) research program to develop an X-ray laser as a ballistic missile defense (BMD).
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Prolate spheroidal coordinates
Prolate spheroidal coordinates are a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system that results from rotating the two-dimensional elliptic coordinate system about the focal axis of the ellipse, i.e., the symmetry axis on which the foci are located.
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Proton
| magnetic_moment.
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Proton emission
Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity) is a rare type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus.
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Proton magnetic moment
The proton magnetic moment is the magnetic dipole moment of the proton, symbol μp.
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Proton nuclear magnetic resonance
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (proton NMR, hydrogen-1 NMR, or 1H NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules.
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Pseudopotential
In physics, a pseudopotential or effective potential is used as an approximation for the simplified description of complex systems.
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PSR B1937+21
PSR B1937+21 is a pulsar located in the constellation Vulpecula a few degrees in the sky away from the first discovered pulsar, PSR B1919+21.
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Pulsar
A pulsar (from pulse and -ar as in quasar) is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star or white dwarf that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation.
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Pulsar kick
A pulsar kick is the phenomenon that a neutron star often does not move with the velocity of its progenitor star, but rather with a substantially greater speed.
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Pyroelectric fusion
Pyroelectric fusion refers to the technique of using pyroelectric crystals to generate high strength electrostatic fields to accelerate deuterium ions (tritium might also be used someday) into a metal hydride target also containing deuterium (or tritium) with sufficient kinetic energy to cause these ions to undergo nuclear fusion.
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QCD matter
Quark matter or QCD matter refers to any of a number of theorized phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons.
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QCD vacuum
Th Quantum Chromodynamic Vacuum or QCD vacuum is the vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
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Quantum chemistry
Quantum chemistry is a branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems.
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Quantum chromodynamics
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons, the fundamental particles that make up composite hadrons such as the proton, neutron and pion.
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Quantum hadrodynamics
Quantum hadrodynamics is an effective field theory pertaining to interactions between hadrons, that is, hadron-hadron interactions or the inter-hadron force.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Quantum number
Quantum numbers describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum system.
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Quantum teleportation
Quantum teleportation is a process by which quantum information (e.g. the exact state of an atom or photon) can be transmitted (exactly, in principle) from one location to another, with the help of classical communication and previously shared quantum entanglement between the sending and receiving location.
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Quark
A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.
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Quark–gluon plasma
A quark–gluon plasma (QGP) or quark soup is a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which exists at extremely high temperature and/or density.
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Quasiparticle
In physics, quasiparticles and collective excitations (which are closely related) are emergent phenomena that occur when a microscopically complicated system such as a solid behaves as if it contained different weakly interacting particles in free space.
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Qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit (sometimes qbit) is a unit of quantum information—the quantum analogue of the classical binary bit.
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Quebec Agreement
The Quebec Agreement was an agreement between the United Kingdom and the United States outlining the terms for the coordinated development of the science and engineering related to nuclear energy, and, specifically nuclear weapons.
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R-process
The rapid neutron-capture process, or so-called r-process, is a set of nuclear reactions that in nuclear astrophysics is responsible for the creation (nucleosynthesis) of approximately half the abundances of the atomic nuclei heavier than iron, usually synthesizing the entire abundance of the two most neutron-rich stable isotopes of each heavy element.
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Radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
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Radiation protection
Radiation protection, sometimes known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this".
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Radio-Activity
Radio-Activity (German title: Radio-Aktivität) is the fifth studio album by German electronic band Kraftwerk, released in October 1975.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory
The Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory is a multistage particle accelerator complex operated by Japan's Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science which is itself a part of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research.
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Radioactive tracer
A radioactive tracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radionuclide so by virtue of its radioactive decay it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioisotope follows from reactants to products.
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Radiochemistry
Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable).
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Radiology
Radiology is the science that uses medical imaging to diagnose and sometimes also treat diseases within the body.
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Radioluminescence
Radioluminescence is the phenomenon by which light is produced in a material by bombardment with ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays.
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Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
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Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry
Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry or R. M. Chaudhry (رفیع محمد چوہدری.) FPAS HI, NI, SI, Skdt (1 July 1903 – 4 December 1988), was a Pakistani nuclear physicist and a professor of particle physics at the Government College University.
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Relative biological effectiveness
In radiobiology, the relative biological effectiveness (often abbreviated as RBE) is the ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy.
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Relativistic quantum mechanics
In physics, relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) is any Poincaré covariant formulation of quantum mechanics (QM).
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Relativistic wave equations
In physics, specifically relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) and its applications to particle physics, relativistic wave equations predict the behavior of particles at high energies and velocities comparable to the speed of light.
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Resonance
In physics, resonance is a phenomenon in which a vibrating system or external force drives another system to oscillate with greater amplitude at specific frequencies.
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RFQ beam cooler
A radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) beam cooler is a device for particle beam cooling, especially suited for ion beams.
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Rho meson
In particle physics, a rho meson is a short-lived hadronic particle that is an isospin triplet whose three states are denoted as, and.
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Richard Dalitz
Richard Henry Dalitz, FRS (28 February 1925 – 13 January 2006) was an Australian physicist known for his work in particle physics.
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Richard E. Taylor
Richard Edward Taylor, (2 November 1929 – 22 February 2018), was a Canadian physicist and Stanford University professor.
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Robert Hofstadter
Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 – November 17, 1990) was an American physicist.
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Robert James Moon
Robert James Moon (February 14, 1911November 1, 1989) was an American physicist, chemist and engineer.
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Rutherford (unit)
The rutherford (symbol Rd) is a non-SI unit of radioactive decay.
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Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is an analytical technique used in materials science.
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Rutherford model
The Rutherford model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford.
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Rutherford scattering
Rutherford scattering is the elastic scattering of charged particles by the Coulomb interaction.
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Rydberg atom
A Rydberg atom is an excited atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number.
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Rydberg formula
The Rydberg formula is used in atomic physics to describe the wavelengths of spectral lines of many chemical elements.
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S-50 (Manhattan Project)
The S-50 Project was the Manhattan Project's effort to produce enriched uranium by liquid thermal diffusion during World War II.
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S-process
The slow neutron-capture process or s-process is a series of reactions in nuclear astrophysics that occur in stars, particularly AGB stars.
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Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
The safety of high energy particle collisions was a topic of widespread discussion and topical interest during the time when the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and later the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)—currently the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator—were being constructed and commissioned.
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Saint Augustine School, Tanza
Saint Augustine School (SAS) is the first private and catholic school in Tanza, Cavite, Philippines.
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Sanja Damjanović
Sanja Damjanović, born June 5, 1972 in Nikšić (former Yugoslavia), is a physicist from Montenegro and minister of science in the government of Montenegro since 2016.
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Scattering
Scattering is a general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more paths due to localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass.
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Scattering theory
In mathematics and physics, scattering theory is a framework for studying and understanding the scattering of waves and particles.
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Schrödinger equation
In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is a mathematical equation that describes the changes over time of a physical system in which quantum effects, such as wave–particle duality, are significant.
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Science and technology in Russia
Science and technology in Russia developed rapidly since the Age of Enlightenment, when Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg State University and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov founded the Moscow State University, establishing a strong native tradition in learning and innovation.
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Science and technology in the United States
The United States of America came into being around the Age of Enlightenment (1685 to 1815), an era in Western philosophy in which writers and thinkers, rejecting the perceived superstitions of the past, instead chose to emphasize the intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority.
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Scintillator
A scintillator is a material that exhibits scintillation—the property of luminescence, when excited by ionizing radiation.
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Selection rule
In physics and chemistry, a selection rule, or transition rule, formally constrains the possible transitions of a system from one quantum state to another.
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Semi-empirical mass formula
In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) (sometimes also called Weizsäcker's formula, or the Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or the Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass and various other properties of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons.
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Separation energy
In nuclear physics, separation energy is the energy needed to remove one nucleon (or other specified particle or particles) from a nucleus.
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Shielding effect
The shielding effect describes the attraction between an electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than one electron.
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Sievert
The sievert (symbol: SvNot be confused with the sverdrup or the svedberg, two non-SI units that sometimes use the same symbol.) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
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Simulation hypothesis
The simulation hypothesis proposes that all of reality, including the earth and the universe, is in fact an artificial simulation, most likely a computer simulation.
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Single Shot (disambiguation)
Single Shot may refer to.
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Singlet state
In quantum mechanics, a singlet state usually refers to a system in which all electrons are paired.
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Slater's rules
In quantum chemistry, Slater's rules provide numerical values for the effective nuclear charge concept.
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Slater-type orbital
Slater-type orbitals (STOs) are functions used as atomic orbitals in the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method.
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Small number
Within a set of positive numbers, a number is small if it is close to zero.
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Solar neutrino unit
The solar neutrino unit (SNU) is a unit of Solar neutrino flux widely used in neutrino astronomy and radiochemical neutrino experiments.
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Sommerfeld parameter
The Sommerfeld parameter, named after Arnold Sommerfeld, is a dimensionless quantity used in nuclear astrophysics in the calculation of reaction rates between two nuclei and also appears in the definition of the astrophysical S-factor.
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Space-filling model
In chemistry, a space-filling model, also known as a calotte model, is a type of three-dimensional (3D) molecular model where the atoms are represented by spheres whose radii are proportional to the radii of the atoms and whose center-to-center distances are proportional to the distances between the atomic nuclei, all in the same scale.
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Spectral line
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.
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Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
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Speed of light
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted, is a universal physical constant important in many areas of physics.
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Spheroid
A spheroid, or ellipsoid of revolution, is a quadric surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes; in other words, an ellipsoid with two equal semi-diameters.
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Spin (physics)
In quantum mechanics and particle physics, spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles (hadrons), and atomic nuclei.
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Spin magnetic moment
In physics, mainly quantum mechanics and particle physics, a spin magnetic moment is the magnetic moment caused by the spin of elementary particles.
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Spin quantum number
In atomic physics, the spin quantum number is a quantum number that parameterizes the intrinsic angular momentum (or spin angular momentum, or simply spin) of a given particle.
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Spin–orbit interaction
In quantum physics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's spin with its motion inside a potential.
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Spinmechatronics
Spinmechatronics is neologism referring to an emerging field of research concerned with the exploitation of spin-dependent phenomena and established spintronic methodologies and technologies in conjunction with electro-mechanical, magno-mechanical, acousto-mechanical and opto-mechanical systems.
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Spontaneous fission
Spontaneous fission (SF) is a form of radioactive decay that is found only in very heavy chemical elements.
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Sputnik 3
Sputnik 3 (Спутник-3, Satellite 3) was a Soviet satellite launched on May 15, 1958 from Baikonur Cosmodrome by a modified R-7/SS-6 ICBM.
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Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, and not including the gravitational force) in the universe, as well as classifying all known elementary particles.
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Standard solar model
The standard solar model (SSM) is a mathematical treatment of the Sun as a spherical ball of gas (in varying states of ionisation, with the hydrogen in the deep interior being a completely ionised plasma).
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Star
A star is type of astronomical object consisting of a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its own gravity.
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Static electricity
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.
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Stellarator
A stellarator is a device used to confine hot plasma with magnetic fields in order to sustain a controlled nuclear fusion reaction.
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Stern–Gerlach experiment
The Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized.
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Stimulated emission
Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level.
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Strangeness production
Strangeness production is a signature and a diagnostic tool of quark–gluon plasma (or QGP) formation and properties.
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String theory
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings.
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Stripping reaction (physics)
In nuclear physics, a stripping reaction is a nuclear reaction in which part of the incident nucleus combines with the target nucleus, and the remainder proceeds with most of its original momentum in almost its original direction.
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Strong interaction
In particle physics, the strong interaction is the mechanism responsible for the strong nuclear force (also called the strong force or nuclear strong force), and is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and gravitation.
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Structure formation
In physical cosmology, structure formation is the formation of galaxies, galaxy clusters and larger structures from small early density fluctuations.
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Subatomic particle
In the physical sciences, subatomic particles are particles much smaller than atoms.
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Subatomic scale
The subatomic scale is the domain of physical size that encompasses objects smaller than an atom.
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Superdeformation
In nuclear physics a superdeformed nucleus is a nucleus that is very far from spherical, forming an ellipsoid with axes in ratios of approximately 2:1:1.
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Supernova
A supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is a transient astronomical event that occurs during the last stellar evolutionary stages of a star's life, either a massive star or a white dwarf, whose destruction is marked by one final, titanic explosion.
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Supernova nucleosynthesis
Supernova nucleosynthesis is a theory of the nucleosynthesis of the natural abundances of the chemical elements in supernova explosions, advanced as the nucleosynthesis of elements from carbon to nickel in massive stars by Fred Hoyle in 1954.
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Superseded scientific theories
A superseded, or obsolete, scientific theory is a scientific theory that the mainstream scientific community once widely accepted, but now considers an inadequate or incomplete description of reality, or simply false.
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Table of nuclides
A table of nuclides or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the other represents the number of protons in an atomic nucleus.
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TAE Technologies
TAE Technologies (formerly Tri Alpha Energy) is an American company based in Foothill Ranch, California, created for the development of aneutronic fusion power.
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Tandem accelerator
Conventionally, positively charged ions are accelerated because this is the polarity of the atomic nucleus.
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Technetium
Technetium is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43.
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Tennessine
Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Ts and atomic number 117.
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Tests of relativistic energy and momentum
Tests of relativistic energy and momentum are aimed at measuring the relativistic expressions for energy, momentum, and mass.
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Tests of special relativity
Special relativity is a physical theory that plays a fundamental role in the description of all physical phenomena, as long as gravitation is not significant.
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The Incandescent Ones
The Incandescent Ones is a science fiction novel by astrophysicist Fred Hoyle and his son Geoffrey Hoyle.
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The Mechanical Universe
The Mechanical Universe...
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The Universe Around Us
The Universe Around Us is a science book written by English astrophysicist Sir James Jeans, first published in 1929 by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press.
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Theodor Kaluza
Theodor Franz Eduard Kaluza (9 November 1885, Wilhelmsthal, Silesia, German Empire, today part of Opole in Poland – 19 January 1954, Göttingen) was a German mathematician and physicist known for the Kaluza–Klein theory involving field equations in five-dimensional space.
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Thermometer
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient.
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Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), commonly called Jefferson Lab or JLab, is a U.S. national laboratory located in Newport News, Virginia.
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Thomas precession
In physics, the Thomas precession, named after Llewellyn Thomas, is a relativistic correction that applies to the spin of an elementary particle or the rotation of a macroscopic gyroscope and relates the angular velocity of the spin of a particle following a curvilinear orbit to the angular velocity of the orbital motion.
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Thomas Royds
Thomas Royds (April 11, 1884 – May 1, 1955) was a Solar physicist who worked with Ernest Rutherford on the identification of alpha radiation as the nucleus of the helium atom, and who was Director of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory.
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Thomas–Fermi model
The Thomas–Fermi (TF) model, named after Llewellyn Thomas and Enrico Fermi, is a quantum mechanical theory for the electronic structure of many-body systems developed semiclassically shortly after the introduction of the Schrödinger equation.
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Three-body force
A three-body force is a force that does not exist in a system of two objects but appears in a three-body system.
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Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries
No description.
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Timeline of particle discoveries
This is a timeline of subatomic particle discoveries, including all particles thus far discovered which appear to be elementary (that is, indivisible) given the best available evidence.
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Timeline of particle physics
The timeline of particle physics lists the sequence of particle physics theories and discoveries in chronological order.
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Timeline of physical chemistry
The timeline of physical chemistry lists the sequence of physical chemistry theories and discoveries in chronological order.
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Timeline of quantum mechanics
This timeline of quantum mechanics shows the key steps, precursors and contributors to the development of quantum mechanics, quantum field theories and quantum chemistry.
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Timeline of scientific discoveries
The timeline below shows the date of publication of possible major scientific theories and discoveries, along with the discoverer.
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Timeline of scientific thought
This is a list of important landmarks in the history of systematic philosophical inquiry and scientific analysis of phenomena.
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Timeline of the 20th century
This is a timeline of the 20th century.
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Timeline of the formation of the Universe
This is a timeline of the formation and subsequent evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang (13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago) to the present day.
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Timeline of theoretical physics
The Timeline of theoretical physics lists key events by century.
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Tony Skyrme
Tony Hilton Royle Skyrme (5 December 1922, Lewisham – 25 June 1987) was a British physicist.
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Toroidal ring model
The toroidal ring model, known originally as the Parson magneton or magnetic electron, is also known as the plasmoid ring, vortex ring, or helicon ring.
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TRACER (cosmic ray detector)
Transition Radiation Array for Cosmic Energetic Radiation (TRACER) is a balloon flown cosmic ray detector built and designed at the University of Chicago.
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Transparency and translucency
In the field of optics, transparency (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity) is the physical property of allowing light to pass through the material without being scattered.
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Transuranium element
The transuranium elements (also known as transuranic elements) are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (the atomic number of uranium).
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Triple-resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Triple resonance experiments are a set of multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) experiments that link three types of atomic nuclei, most typically consisting of 1H, 15N and 13C.
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Tritium
Tritium (or; symbol or, also known as hydrogen-3) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen.
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Trojan wave packet
A trojan wave packet is a wave packet that is nonstationary and nonspreading.
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Tube Alloys
Tube Alloys was a code name of the clandestine research and development programme, authorised by the United Kingdom, with participation from Canada, to develop nuclear weapons during the Second World War.
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Tunnel ionization
Tunnel ionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) pass through the potential barrier and escape from the atom (or molecule).
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Two for Physics
Two for Physics is a Canadian science television series which aired on CBC Television in 1959.
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Two-body problem
In classical mechanics, the two-body problem is to determine the motion of two point particles that interact only with each other.
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Two-electron atom
In atomic physics, a two-electron atom or helium-like ion is a quantum mechanical system consisting of one nucleus with a charge of Ze and just two electrons.
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Type II supernova
A Type II supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas) results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star.
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Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
In astroparticle physics, an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) is a cosmic ray particle with a kinetic energy greater than eV, far beyond both the rest mass and energies typical of other cosmic ray particles.
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Ultrafast laser spectroscopy
Ultrafast laser spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique that uses ultrashort pulse lasers for the study of dynamics on extremely short time scales (attoseconds to nanoseconds).
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Ultrafast x-ray
Ultrafast x-rays or ultrashort X-ray pulses are femtosecond x-ray pulses with wavelengths occurring at interatomic distances.
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Unified field theory
In physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a pair of physical and virtual fields.
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Universe
The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.
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Unobtainium
In fiction, engineering, and thought experiments, unobtainium is any fictional, extremely rare, costly, or impossible material, or (less commonly) device needed to fulfill a given design for a given application.
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Up quark
The up quark or u quark (symbol: u) is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter.
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Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.
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USS Proton (AG-147)
USS Proton (AG-147/AKS-28) -- also known as USS LST-1078 – was an launched by the U.S. Navy during the final months of World War II.
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Val Logsdon Fitch
Val Logsdon Fitch (March 10, 1923 – February 5, 2015) was an American nuclear physicist who, with co-researcher James Cronin, was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics for a 1964 experiment using the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory that proved that certain subatomic reactions do not adhere to fundamental symmetry principles.
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Valley of stability
In nuclear physics, the valley of stability (also called the nuclear valley, energy valley, or beta stability valley) is a characterization of the stability of nuclides to radioactivity based on their binding energy.
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Variational method (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the variational method is one way of finding approximations to the lowest energy eigenstate or ground state, and some excited states.
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Via Panisperna boys
The Via Panisperna boys (Italian: I ragazzi di Via Panisperna) were a group of young scientists led by Enrico Fermi.
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Victor Ambartsumian
Victor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian (Ви́ктор Амаза́спович Амбарцумя́н; Վիկտոր Համազասպի Համբարձումյան, Viktor Hamazaspi Hambardzumyan; 12 August 1996) was a Soviet Armenian scientist, and one of the founders of theoretical astrophysics.
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Virtual particle
In physics, a virtual particle is a transient fluctuation that exhibits some of the characteristics of an ordinary particle, but whose existence is limited by the uncertainty principle.
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Vladimir Lobashev
Vladimir Mikhailovich Lobashev (July 29, 1934–August 3, 2011) was a Russian physicist and expert in nuclear physics and particle physics.
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Void coefficient
In nuclear engineering, the void coefficient (more properly called “void coefficient of reactivity”) is a number that can be used to estimate how much the reactivity of a nuclear reactor changes as voids (typically steam bubbles) form in the reactor moderator or coolant.
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W and Z bosons
The W and Z bosons are together known as the weak or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are,, and.
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Wave–particle duality
Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that every particle or quantic entity may be partly described in terms not only of particles, but also of waves.
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Weakly interacting massive particles
Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are hypothetical particles that are thought to constitute dark matter.
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Well logging
Well logging, also known as borehole logging is the practice of making a detailed record (a well log) of the geologic formations penetrated by a borehole.
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Western culture
Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.
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Whispering-gallery wave
Whispering-gallery waves, or whispering-gallery modes, are a type of wave that can travel around a concave surface.
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White dwarf
A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a stellar core remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter.
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William Draper Harkins
William Draper Harkins (December 28, 1873 – March 7, 1951) was a U.S. chemist, notably for his contributions to nuclear chemistry.
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Winston H. Bostick
Winston H. Bostick (March 5, 1916 – January 19, 1991) was an American physicist who discovered plasmoids, plasma focus, and plasma vortex phenomena.
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WITCH experiment
WITCH (standing for "Weak Interaction Trap for Charged particles"), or experiment IS433, is a double Penning trap experiment to measure the recoil energy of decaying nuclei.
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Woods–Saxon potential
The Woods–Saxon potential is a mean field potential for the nucleons (protons and neutrons) inside the atomic nucleus, which is used to describe approximately the forces applied on each nucleon, in the nuclear shell model for the structure of the nucleus.
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X-ray
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation.
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X-ray astronomy detector
X-ray astronomy detectors are instruments that detect X-rays for use in the study of X-ray astronomy.
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Xenon
Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54.
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Yakov Frenkel
Yakov Il'ich Frenkel (Яков Ильич Френкель) (10 February 1894 – 23 January 1952) was a Soviet physicist renowned for his works in the field of condensed matter physics.
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Yang–Mills theory
Yang–Mills theory is a gauge theory based on the SU(''N'') group, or more generally any compact, reductive Lie algebra.
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Yrast
Yrast is a technical term in nuclear physics that refers to a state of a nucleus with a minimum of energy (when it is least excited) for a given angular momentum.
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Yttrium
Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39.
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Yuri Yappa
Yuri Andreevich Yappa (Юрий Андреевич Яппа) (September 21, 1927 – August 19, 1998) was a Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist.
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ZETA (fusion reactor)
ZETA, short for "Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly", was a major experiment in the early history of fusion power research.
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(n-p) reaction
The (n-p) reaction is an example of a nuclear reaction.
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0
0 (zero) is both a number and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals.
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1911
A highlight was the race for the South Pole.
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7
7 (seven) is the natural number following 6 and preceding 8.
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Atom nucleus, Atomic Nuclei, Atomic Nucleus, Atomic nuclei, Baryonic molecule, Nuclear Model, Nuclear model, Nuclear sciences, Nucleus (atomic structure), Nucleus (chemistry), Nucleus (physics), Nucleus model, Nucleus of an atom.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus
