276 relations: Abraham Pais, Actinide, Actinium, Acute radiation syndrome, Airborne particulate radioactivity monitoring, Alfred Walter Stewart, Alpha particle, Aluminium foil, Amnon Marinov, Anthropogenic cloud, Antozonite, Arthur Lindo Patterson, Atom, Atomic battery, Autoradiograph, Background radiation, Bernice Weldon Sargent, Beta, Beta (disambiguation), Beta attenuation monitoring, Beta decay, Betacel, Betatron, Betavoltaic device, Brachytherapy, Bremsstrahlung, Cadmium telluride, CANDU reactor, Carcinogen, Cathode ray, CD V-700, Chemical element, Chen-Ning Yang, Chien-Shiung Wu, Christofilos effect, Civil defense Geiger counters, Cloud chamber, Cold cathode, Committed dose, Common beta emitters, Continuous emissions monitoring system, Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, Cosmic ray, Counts per minute, Curium, Decay heat, Delta ray, Depleted uranium, Diamond battery, Dirty bomb, ..., Discovery of the neutron, Dosimetry, Double beta decay, Drinking water quality in the United States, Duck and cover, Effects of nuclear explosions, Effects of nuclear explosions on human health, Egon Schweidler, Electromagnetic radiation, Electron, Electron capture detector, Electron-beam processing, Emission channeling, Environmental impact of nuclear power, EOS imaging, Equivalent dose, Ernest Rutherford, European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array, Fallout shelter, Firefighter, Fission products (by element), Food preservation, Formation evaluation gamma ray, Frederick Soddy, Fuel fleas, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 3 Reactor), Gamma ray, Gamma spectroscopy, Gas chromatography, Gas chromatography ion detector, Geiger counter, Geiger–Marsden experiment, Geiger–Müller tube, Gemini 10, Gemstone irradiation, Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory, Glossary of civil engineering, Glossary of engineering, Glossary of physics, Glossary of structural engineering, Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering, Hard radiation, Harold Roper Robinson, Helium, Henri Becquerel, Henry Moseley, High-intensity discharge lamp, History of chemistry, Hydrogen, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Index of physics articles (B), Induced radioactivity, Industrial radiography, Inertial confinement fusion, Internal conversion, Iodine-129, Iodine-131, Ion, Ionization chamber, Ionized-air glow, Ionizing radiation, Iridium, Isotopes of helium, Isotopes of iodine, Isotopes of phosphorus, Isotopes of promethium, Isotopes of rubidium, Isotopes of strontium, Isotopes of thorium, Isotopes of uranium, Isotopes of zirconium, James Chadwick, Jean Danysz (biologist), Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments, Krypton-85, Krytron, Lead shielding, Leonidas D. Marinelli, Letter (alphabet), Lilotomab, Linear energy transfer, Lise Meitner, List of letters used in mathematics and science, List of MeSH codes (H01), List of software bugs, List of vacuum tubes, Lithium fluoride, Long-lived fission product, Lucas cell, Mário Schenberg, Metroid (fictional species), Metroid (video game), Metroid: Zero Mission, Microparticle, Monazite geochronology, Moon landing conspiracy theories, Morsleben radioactive waste repository, Mushroom cloud, Naturally occurring radioactive material, NEE-01 Pegaso, Neutrino, Neutron, Neutron activation, Neutron activation analysis, Neutron capture, Neutron detection, Neutron radiation, Nickel, Nikolaus Riehl, Noble gas compound, Non-contact force, Nuclear blackout, Nuclear fallout, Nuclear fission, Nuclear fission product, Nuclear fuel, Nuclear isomer, Nuclear MASINT, Nuclear medicine, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Power and the Environment, Nuclear reaction, Nuclear technology, Operation Fishbowl, Operation Hardtack I, Optoelectric nuclear battery, Ortho-iodohippurate, Particle radiation, Paul Ulrich Villard, Period 5 element, Philip Abelson, Phosphorus, Phoswich detector, Pierre Curie, Positron, Positron emission, Potassium chloride, Potassium-40, Preclinical SPECT, Project Rover, Proportional counter, Protactinium, Quartz fiber dosimeter, Radiation, Radiation burn, Radiation chemistry, Radiation protection, Radical polymerization, Radioactive contamination, Radioactive decay, Radioactive iodine uptake test, Radioactive source, Radioactive tracer, Radioactive waste, Radiocarbon dating, Radiochemistry, Radiohalo, Radioisotope piezoelectric generator, Radioisotope thermoelectric generator, Radioluminescence, Radiometric calibration, Radionuclide, Radiopharmaceutical, Radium, Radium, and other radioactive substances, Radium-223, Range (particle radiation), Raygun, Raymond E. Zirkle, RBGT 62a, Relative biological effectiveness, Relative direction, Resonance ionization, Rutherford model, Safe Drinking Water Act, Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam, Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center, Scintillation counter, Scintillation proximity assay, Scintillator, Selective internal radiation therapy, Selenium-79, Self Powered Neutron Detector (SPND), Sellafield, Sewage sludge, Sievert, Soviet submarine K-27, Spectrometer, Spherical tokamak, Star, Starfish Prime, Stopping power (particle radiation), Strontium-89, Strontium-90, Survey meter, Synthetic radioisotope, Targeted alpha-particle therapy, Technetium, Technetium-99, Technetium-99m, Tests of relativistic energy and momentum, Therac-25, TheraSphere, Thermoluminescence dating, Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics, Timeline of particle physics, Timeline of physical chemistry, Timeline of quantum mechanics, Toshiko Yuasa, Trinity (nuclear test), Tritiated water, Tritium, Typhoon Phanfone (2014), Typhoon Wipha (2013), Unsealed source radiotherapy, Uranium, Uranium tile, Uranium-234, Uranium–uranium dating, W and Z bosons, Whole-body counting, Wilhelm Orthmann, Young Australian Skeptics, Yttrium, Yttrium aluminium garnet, 1899 in science. Expand index (226 more) »
Abraham Pais
Abraham Pais (May 19, 1918 – July 28, 2000) was a Dutch-born American physicist and science historian.
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Actinide
The actinide or actinoid (IUPAC nomenclature) series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium.
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Actinium
Actinium is a chemical element with symbol Ac and atomic number 89.
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Acute radiation syndrome
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is a collection of health effects that are present within 24 hours of exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation.
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Airborne particulate radioactivity monitoring
Continuous particulate air monitors (CPAMs) have been used for years in nuclear facilities to assess airborne particulate radioactivity (APR).
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Alfred Walter Stewart
Alfred Walter Stewart (September 1880 – 1 July 1947) was a British chemist and part-time novelist who wrote seventeen detective novels and a pioneering science fiction work between 1923 and 1947 under the pseudonym of JJ Connington.
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Alpha particle
Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus.
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Aluminium foil
Aluminium foil (or aluminum foil), often referred to with the misnomer tin foil, is aluminium prepared in thin metal leaves with a thickness less than; thinner gauges down to are also commonly used.
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Amnon Marinov
Amnon Marinov (1930 –2011) was born in Jerusalem in 1930 to parents who emigrated from Russia in the 1920s.
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Anthropogenic cloud
A homogenitus, anthropogenic or artificial cloud, is a cloud induced by human activity.
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Antozonite
Antozonite (historically known as Stinkspat, Stinkfluss, Stinkstein, Stinkspar and fetid fluorite) is a radioactive fluorite variety first found in Wölsendorf, Bavaria, in 1841, and named in 1862.
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Arthur Lindo Patterson
Arthur Lindo Patterson (23 July 1902, Nelson, New Zealand - 6 November 1966, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a pioneering British X-ray crystallographer.
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Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
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Atomic battery
The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity.
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Autoradiograph
An autoradiograph is an image on an x-ray film or nuclear emulsion produced by the pattern of decay emissions (e.g., beta particles or gamma rays) from a distribution of a radioactive substance.
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Background radiation
Background radiation is a measure of the ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which is not due to deliberate introduction of radiation sources.
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Bernice Weldon Sargent
Bernice Weldon Sargent, (24 September 1906 – 17 December 1993) was a Canadian physicist who worked at the Manhattan Project's Montreal Laboratory during the Second World War as head of its nuclear physics division.
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Beta
Beta (uppercase, lowercase, or cursive; bē̂ta or βήτα) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Beta (disambiguation)
Beta (B, β) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Beta attenuation monitoring
Beta attenuation monitoring (BAM) is a widely used air monitoring technique employing the absorption of beta radiation by solid particles extracted from air flow.
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Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.
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Betacel
Betacel is considered to be the first commercially successful betavoltaic battery.
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Betatron
A betatron is a type of cyclic particle accelerator.
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Betavoltaic device
Betavoltaic devices, also known as betavoltaic cells, are generators of electric current, in effect a form of battery, which use energy from a radioactive source emitting beta particles (electrons).
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Brachytherapy
Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy where a sealed radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment.
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Bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung, from bremsen "to brake" and Strahlung "radiation"; i.e., "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation", is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus.
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Cadmium telluride
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a stable crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium.
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CANDU reactor
The CANDU, for Canada Deuterium Uranium, is a Canadian pressurized heavy-water reactor design used to generate electric power.
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Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.
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Cathode ray
Cathode rays (also called an electron beam or e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes.
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CD V-700
The CD V-700 (often written as "CDV-700") is a Geiger counter employing a probe equipped with a Geiger–Müller tube, manufactured by several companies under contract to United States federal civil defense agencies in the 1950s and 1960s.
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Chemical element
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).
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Chen-Ning Yang
Chen-Ning Yang or Yang Zhenning (born October 1, 1922) is a Chinese physicist who works on statistical mechanics and particle physics.
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Chien-Shiung Wu
Chien-Shiung Wu (May 31, 1912 – February 16, 1997) was a Chinese-American experimental physicist who made significant contributions in the field of nuclear physics.
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Christofilos effect
The Christofilos Effect refers to the entrapment of charged particles along magnetic lines of force that was first predicted in 1957 by Nicholas Christofilos.
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Civil defense Geiger counters
This article is about Geiger counters and Ion chamber instruments, and it uses the term "Geiger counter" as a colloquial name for any hand-held radiation measuring device in Civil defense.
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Cloud chamber
A Cloud Chamber, also known as a Wilson Cloud Chamber, is a particle detector used for visualizing the passage of ionizing radiation.
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Cold cathode
A cold cathode is a cathode that is not electrically heated by a filament.
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Committed dose
The committed dose in radiological protection is a measure of the stochastic health risk due to an intake of radioactive material into the human body.
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Common beta emitters
Strontium-90 is a commonly used beta emitter used in industrial sources.
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Continuous emissions monitoring system
Continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) were historically used as a tool to monitor flue gas for oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to provide information for combustion control in industrial settings.
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Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy
Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) is a Mössbauer spectroscopy technique based on conversion electron.
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Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.
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Counts per minute
The measurement of ionizing radiation is sometimes expressed as being a rate of counts per unit time as registered by a radiation monitoring instrument, for which counts per minute (cpm) and counts per second (cps) are commonly used quantities.
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Curium
Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96.
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Decay heat
Decay heat is the heat released as a result of radioactive decay.
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Delta ray
A delta ray is a secondary electron with enough energy to escape a significant distance away from the primary radiation beam and produce further ionization", and is sometimes used to describe any recoil particle caused by secondary ionization.
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Depleted uranium
Depleted uranium (DU; also referred to in the past as Q-metal, depletalloy or D-38) is uranium with a lower content of the fissile isotope U-235 than natural uranium.
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Diamond battery
Diamond battery is the name of a prototype battery proposed by the University of Bristol Cabot Institute during their annual lecture held on 25 November 2016 at the Wills Memorial Building.
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Dirty bomb
A dirty bomb or radiological dispersal device (RDD) is a speculative radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives.
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Discovery of the neutron
The discovery of the neutron and its properties was central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics that occurred in the first half of the 20th century.
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Dosimetry
Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by the human body.
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Double beta decay
In nuclear physics, double beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which two protons are simultaneously transformed into two neutrons, or vice versa, inside an atomic nucleus.
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Drinking water quality in the United States
Drinking water quality in the United States is generally good.
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Duck and cover
"Duck and cover" is a method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear explosion.
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Effects of nuclear explosions
The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the troposphere can be divided into four basic categories.
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Effects of nuclear explosions on human health
The medical effects of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima upon humans can be put into the four categories below, with the effects of larger thermonuclear weapons producing blast and thermal effects so large that there would be a negligible number of survivors close enough to the center of the blast who would experience prompt/acute radiation effects, which were observed after the 16 kiloton yield Hiroshima bomb, due to its relatively low yield:http://www.remm.nlm.gov/RemmMockup_files/radiationlethality.jpg.
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Egon Schweidler
Egon Schweidler, (* 10 February 1873, in Vienna; † 10 February 1948, in Salzburg Seeham) was an Austrian physicist.
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Electromagnetic radiation
In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electron capture detector
An electron capture detector (ECD) is a device for detecting atoms and molecules in a gas through the attachment of electrons via electron capture ionization.
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Electron-beam processing
Electron-beam processing or electron irradiation is a process that involves using beta radiation, usually of high energy, to treat an object for a variety of purposes.
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Emission channeling
Emission channeling is an experimental technique for identifying the position of short-lived radioactive atoms in the lattice of a single crystal.
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Environmental impact of nuclear power
The environmental impact of nuclear power results from the nuclear fuel cycle, operation, and the effects of nuclear accidents.
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EOS imaging
EOS imaging is a medical device company based in Paris, France that designs, develops, and markets EOS,an imaging system associated with several orthopedic solutions along the patient care pathway – from diagnosis to post-operative treatments.
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Equivalent dose
Equivalent dose is a dose quantity H representing the stochastic health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
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Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, HFRSE LLD (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics.
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European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array
The European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array (EURECA) is a planned dark matter search experiment using cryogenic detectors and an absorber mass of up to 1 tonne.
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Fallout shelter
A fallout shelter is an enclosed space specially designed to protect occupants from radioactive debris or fallout resulting from a nuclear explosion.
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Firefighter
A firefighter is a rescuer extensively trained in firefighting, primarily to extinguish hazardous fires that threaten life, property and the environment as well as to rescue people and animals from dangerous situations.
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Fission products (by element)
On this page, a discussion of each of the main elements in the fission product mixture from the nuclear fission of an actinide such as uranium or plutonium is set out by element.
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Food preservation
Food preservation prevents the growth of microorganisms (such as yeasts), or other microorganisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria or fungi to the food), as well as slowing the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity.
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Formation evaluation gamma ray
The formation evaluation gamma ray log is a record of the variation with depth of the natural radioactivity of earth materials in a wellbore.
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Frederick Soddy
Frederick Soddy FRS (2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956) was an English radiochemist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions.
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Fuel fleas
Fuel fleas are microscopic hot particles of new or spent nuclear fuel.
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Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 3 Reactor)
The was a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011.
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Gamma ray
A gamma ray or gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
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Gamma spectroscopy
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, in such as the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics.
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Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.
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Gas chromatography ion detector
Many gas chromatograph detectors are ion detectors with varying methods of ionizing the components eluting from the gas chromatograph's column.
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Geiger counter
The Geiger counter is an instrument used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation used widely in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics and the nuclear industry.
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Geiger–Marsden experiment
The Geiger–Marsden experiment(s) (also called the Rutherford gold foil experiment) were a landmark series of experiments by which scientists discovered that every atom contains a nucleus where all of its positive charge and most of its mass are concentrated.
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Geiger–Müller tube
The Geiger–Müller tube or G–M tube is the sensing element of the Geiger counter instrument used for the detection of ionizing radiation.
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Gemini 10
Gemini 10 (officially Gemini X) With Gemini IV, NASA changed to Roman numerals for Gemini mission designations.
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Gemstone irradiation
The gemstone irradiation is a process in which a gemstone is artificially irradiated in order to enhance its optical properties.
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Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory
The Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab is a toy lab set that was produced by Alfred Carlton Gilbert, who was an American athlete, magician, toy-maker, business man, and inventor of the well-known Erector Set.
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Glossary of civil engineering
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.
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Glossary of engineering
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.
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Glossary of physics
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.
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Glossary of structural engineering
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.
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Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
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Hard radiation
Hard radiation is a loose term for ionizing radiation which is at the higher end of the energy spectrum.
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Harold Roper Robinson
Harold Roper Robinson FRS (26 November 1889 – 28 November 1955) was a physicist and, in later life, an outstanding figure in university administration.
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Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.
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Henri Becquerel
Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity.
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Henry Moseley
Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number.
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High-intensity discharge lamp
High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) are a type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.
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History of chemistry
The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Ibritumomab tiuxetan
Ibritumomab tiuxetan, sold under the trade name Zevalin, is a monoclonal antibody radioimmunotherapy treatment for relapsed or refractory, low grade or transformed B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a lymphoproliferative disorder.
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Index of physics articles (B)
The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.
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Induced radioactivity
Induced radioactivity occurs when a previously stable material has been made radioactive by exposure to specific radiation.
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Industrial radiography
Industrial radiography is a method of non-destructive testing where many types of manufactured components can be examined to verify the internal structure and integrity of the specimen.
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Inertial confinement fusion
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a type of fusion energy research that attempts to initiate nuclear fusion reactions by heating and compressing a fuel target, typically in the form of a pellet that most often contains a mixture of deuterium and tritium.
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Internal conversion
Internal conversion is a radioactive decay process wherein an excited nucleus interacts electromagnetically with one of the orbital electrons of the atom.
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Iodine-129
Iodine-129 (129I) is a long-lived radioisotope of iodine which occurs naturally, but also is of special interest in the monitoring and effects of man-made nuclear fission decay products, where it serves as both tracer and potential radiological contaminant.
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Iodine-131
Iodine-131 (131I) is an important radioisotope of iodine discovered by Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood in 1938 at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Ionization chamber
The ionization chamber is the simplest of all gas-filled radiation detectors, and is widely used for the detection and measurement of certain types of ionizing radiation; X-rays, gamma rays, and beta particles.
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Ionized-air glow
Ionized-air glow is the fluorescent emission of characteristic blue–purple–violet light, of color called electric blue, by air subjected to an energy flux.
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Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
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Iridium
Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77.
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Isotopes of helium
Although there are nine known isotopes of helium (2He) (standard atomic weight), only helium-3 and helium-4 are stable.
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Isotopes of iodine
There are 37 known isotopes of iodine (53I) from 108I to 144I; all undergo radioactive decay except 127I, which is stable.
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Isotopes of phosphorus
Although phosphorus (15P) has 23 isotopes from 24P to 46P, only one of these isotopes is stable 31P; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element.
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Isotopes of promethium
Promethium (61Pm) is an artificial element, except in trace quantities as a product of spontaneous fission of 238U and 235U and alpha decay of 151Eu, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given.
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Isotopes of rubidium
Rubidium (37Rb) has 32 isotopes, with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes; 85Rb (72.2%) and the radioactive 87Rb (27.8%).
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Isotopes of strontium
The alkaline earth metal strontium (38Sr) has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: 84Sr (0.56%), 86Sr (9.86%), 87Sr (7.0%) and 88Sr (82.58%).
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Isotopes of thorium
Although thorium (90Th) has 6 naturally occurring isotopes, none of these isotopes are stable; however, one isotope, 232Th, is relatively stable, with a half-life of 1.405×1010 years, considerably longer than the age of the Earth, and even slightly longer than the generally accepted age of the universe.
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Isotopes of uranium
Uranium (92U) is a naturally occurring radioactive element that has no stable isotopes but two primordial isotopes (uranium-238 and uranium-235) that have long half-life and are found in appreciable quantity in the Earth's crust, along with the decay product uranium-234.
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Isotopes of zirconium
Naturally occurring zirconium (40Zr) is composed of four stable isotopes (of which one may in the future be found radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope (96Zr), a primordial nuclide that decays via double beta decay with an observed half-life of 2.0×1019 years; it can also undergo single beta decay, which is not yet observed, but the theoretically predicted value of t1/2 is 2.4×1020 years.
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James Chadwick
Sir James Chadwick, (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was an English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932.
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Jean Danysz (biologist)
Jean Danysz (1860 – 1928) was a Polish pathologist with a considerable career in France, spending spent much of his adult life at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
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Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments
The Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments measured the dependence of the inertial mass (or momentum) of an object on its velocity.
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Krypton-85
Krypton-85 (85Kr) is a radioisotope of krypton.
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Krytron
The krytron is a cold-cathode gas-filled tube intended for use as a very high-speed switch, somewhat similar to the thyratron.
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Lead shielding
Lead shielding refers to the use of lead as a form of radiation protection to shield people or objects from radiation so as to reduce the effective dose.
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Leonidas D. Marinelli
No description.
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Letter (alphabet)
A letter is a grapheme (written character) in an alphabetic system of writing.
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Lilotomab
Lilotomab (formerly tetulomab, HH1) is a murine monoclonal antibody against CD37, a glycoprotein which is expressed on the surface of mature human B cells.
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Linear energy transfer
In dosimetry, linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance.
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Lise Meitner
Lise Meitner (7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist who worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics.
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List of letters used in mathematics and science
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
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List of MeSH codes (H01)
The following is a list of the "H" codes for MeSH.
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List of software bugs
Many software bugs are merely annoying or inconvenient but some can have extremely serious consequences – either financially or as a threat to human well-being.
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List of vacuum tubes
This is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes.
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Lithium fluoride
Lithium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiF.
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Long-lived fission product
Long-lived fission products (LLFPs) are radioactive materials with a long half-life (more than 200,000 years) produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium.
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Lucas cell
A Lucas cell is a type of scintillation counter.
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Mário Schenberg
Mário Schenberg (var. Mário Schönberg, Mario Schonberg, Mário Schoenberg; July 2, 1914 – November 10, 1990) was a Jewish Brazilian electrical engineer, physicist, art critic and writer.
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Metroid (fictional species)
The is a fictional extraterrestrial species in the eponymous Metroid video game series.
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Metroid (video game)
Metroid is an action-adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo.
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Metroid: Zero Mission
Metroid: Zero Mission is a side-scrolling action-adventure video game published by Nintendo, and developed by its Research & Development 1 (R&D1) division for the Game Boy Advance.
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Microparticle
Microparticles are particles between 0.1 and 100 \mum in size.
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Monazite geochronology
Monazite geochronology is a dating technique to study geological history using the mineral monazite.
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Moon landing conspiracy theories
Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations.
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Morsleben radioactive waste repository
The repository for radioactive waste Morsleben (Endlager für radioaktive Abfälle Morsleben-ERAM) is a deep geological repository for radioactive waste in the rock salt mine Bartensleben in Morsleben, district Börde in the federal state Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
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Mushroom cloud
A mushroom cloud is a distinctive pyrocumulus mushroom-shaped cloud of debris/smoke and usually condensed water vapor resulting from a large explosion.
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Naturally occurring radioactive material
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) and Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) consist of materials, usually industrial wastes or by-products enriched with radioactive elements found in the environment, such as uranium, thorium and potassium and any of their decay products, such as radium and radon.
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NEE-01 Pegaso
NEE-01 Pegaso was an Ecuadorian technology demonstration satellite, and Ecuador's first satellite launched to space.
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Neutrino
A neutrino (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with half-integer spin) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity.
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Neutron
| magnetic_moment.
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Neutron activation
Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nuclei capture free neutrons, becoming heavier and entering excited states.
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Neutron activation analysis
Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of elements in a vast amount of materials.
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Neutron capture
Neutron capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus.
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Neutron detection
Neutron detection is the effective detection of neutrons entering a well-positioned detector.
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Neutron radiation
Neutron radiation is a form of ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Nikolaus Riehl
Nikolaus Riehl (24 May 1901 – 2 August 1990) was a German industrial physicist.
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Noble gas compound
Noble gas compounds are chemical compounds that include an element from the noble gases, group 18 of the periodic table.
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Non-contact force
A non-contact force is a force which acts on an object without coming physically in contact with it.
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Nuclear blackout
Nuclear blackout, also known as fireball blackout or radar blackout, is an effect caused by explosions of nuclear weapons that disturbs radio communications and causes radar systems to be blacked out or heavily refracted so they can no longer be used for accurate tracking and guidance.
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Nuclear fallout
Nuclear fallout, or simply fallout, is the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave have passed.
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Nuclear fission
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).
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Nuclear fission product
Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission.
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Nuclear fuel
Nuclear fuel is a substance that is used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines.
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Nuclear isomer
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons).
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Nuclear MASINT
Nuclear MASINT is one of the six major subdisciplines generally accepted to make up Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), which covers measurement and characterization of information derived from nuclear radiation and other physical phenomena associated with nuclear weapons, reactors, processes, materials, devices, and facilities.
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Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences
The Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (Czech: Ústav Jaderné Fyziky Akademie věd ČR) is a public research institution located in Řež, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic.
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Nuclear Power and the Environment
Nuclear Power and the Environment, sometimes simply called the Flowers Report, was released in September 1976 and is the sixth report of the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, chaired by Sir Brian Flowers.
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Nuclear reaction
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is semantically considered to be the process in which two nuclei, or else a nucleus of an atom and a subatomic particle (such as a proton, neutron, or high energy electron) from outside the atom, collide to produce one or more nuclides that are different from the nuclide(s) that began the process.
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Nuclear technology
Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.
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Operation Fishbowl
Operation Fishbowl was a series of high-altitude nuclear tests in 1962 that were carried out by the United States as a part of the larger Operation Dominic nuclear test program.
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Operation Hardtack I
Operation Hardtack I was a series of 35 nuclear tests conducted by the United States from April 28 to August 18 in 1958 at the Pacific Proving Grounds.
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Optoelectric nuclear battery
An opto-electric nuclear battery is a device that converts nuclear energy into light, which it then uses to generate electrical energy.
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Ortho-iodohippurate
Ortho-iodohippurate is an analogue of ''p''-aminohippuric acid for the determination of effective renal plasma flow.
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Particle radiation
Particle radiation is the radiation of energy by means of fast-moving subatomic particles.
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Paul Ulrich Villard
Paul Ulrich Villard (28 September 1860 – 13 January 1934) was a French chemist and physicist.
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Period 5 element
A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
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Philip Abelson
Philip Hauge Abelson (April 27, 1913 – August 1, 2004) was an American physicist, a scientific editor, and a science writer.
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.
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Phoswich detector
Phoswich detectors were developed to detect low-intensity, low-energy gamma rays, X-rays, as well as alpha and beta particles efficiently in a higher-energy ambient background.
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Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity.
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Positron
The positron or antielectron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron.
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Positron emission
Positron emission or beta plus decay (β+ decay) is a subtype of radioactive decay called beta decay, in which a proton inside a radionuclide nucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a positron and an electron neutrino (νe).
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Potassium chloride
Potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine.
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Potassium-40
Potassium-40 (40K) is a radioactive isotope of potassium which has a very long half-life of 1.251 years.
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Preclinical SPECT
Preclinical or small-animal Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is a radionuclide based molecular imaging modality for small laboratory animals (e.g. mice and rats).
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Project Rover
Project Rover was an American project to develop a nuclear thermal rocket.
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Proportional counter
The proportional counter is a type of gaseous ionization detector device used to measure particles of ionizing radiation.
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Protactinium
Protactinium (formerly protoactinium) is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91.
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Quartz fiber dosimeter
A quartz fiber dosimeter, sometimes called a self indicating pocket dosimeter (SIPD) or self reading pocket dosimeter (SRPD), is a type of radiation dosimeter, a pen-like device that measures the cumulative dose of ionizing radiation received by the device, usually over one work period.
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Radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
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Radiation burn
A radiation burn is damage to the skin or other biological tissue as an effect of radiation.
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Radiation chemistry
Radiation chemistry is a subdivision of nuclear chemistry which is the study of the chemical effects of radiation on matter; this is very different from radiochemistry as no radioactivity needs to be present in the material which is being chemically changed by the radiation.
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Radiation protection
Radiation protection, sometimes known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this".
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Radical polymerization
Free-radical polymerization (FRP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of free-radical building blocks.
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Radioactive contamination
Radioactive contamination, also called radiological contamination, is the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable (from the International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA - definition).
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Radioactive iodine uptake test
The radioactive iodine uptake test, or RAIU test, is a type of scan used in the diagnosis of thyroid problems, particularly hyperthyroidism.
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Radioactive source
A radioactive source is a known quantity of a radionuclide which emits ionizing radiation; typically one or more of the radiation types gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutron radiation.
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Radioactive tracer
A radioactive tracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radionuclide so by virtue of its radioactive decay it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioisotope follows from reactants to products.
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Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material.
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Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
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Radiochemistry
Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable).
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Radiohalo
Radiohalos or pleochroic halos are microscopic, spherical shells of discolouration within minerals such as biotite that occur in granite and other igneous rocks.
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Radioisotope piezoelectric generator
A Radioisotope piezoelectric generator converts energy stored in the radioactive material directly into motion to generate electricity by the repeated deformation of a piezoelectric material.
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Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
A Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG, RITEG) is an electrical generator that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect.
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Radioluminescence
Radioluminescence is the phenomenon by which light is produced in a material by bombardment with ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays.
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Radiometric calibration
Radiometric calibration is a general term used in science and technology for any set of calibration techniques in support of the measurement of electromagnetic radiation and atomic particle radiation.
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Radionuclide
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.
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Radiopharmaceutical
Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs which have radioactivity.
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Radium
Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88.
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Radium, and other radioactive substances
Radium, and Other Radio-active Substances; Polonium, Actinium, and Thorium is a book published in 1903 by William Joseph Hammer, when he was about 50 years old.
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Radium-223
Radium-223 (Ra-223, 223Ra) is an isotope of radium with an 11.4-day half-life, in contrast to the more common isotope radium-226, discovered by the Curies, which has a 1601-year half-life.
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Range (particle radiation)
In passing through matter, charged particles ionize and thus lose energy in many steps, until their energy is (almost) zero.
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Raygun
A raygun is a science fiction particle-beam weapon that fires what is usually destructive energy.
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Raymond E. Zirkle
Raymond Elliott Zirkle (January 9, 1902 – March 4, 1988) was a pioneer in the field of radiation biology, a principal in the Manhattan Project, director of the Institute of Radio-Biology and Biophysics at the University of Chicago, Damon Runyon Fellow, president of the Radiation Research Society, and a founding member of the Biophysical Society.
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RBGT 62a
The RBGT-62a was a Geiger counter manufactured in the early 1960s for the Czechoslovak People's Army.
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Relative biological effectiveness
In radiobiology, the relative biological effectiveness (often abbreviated as RBE) is the ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy.
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Relative direction
The most common relative directions are left, right, forward(s), backward(s), up, and down.
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Resonance ionization
Resonance ionization is a process in optical physics used to excite a specific atom (or molecule) beyond its ionization potential to form an ion using a beam of photons irradiated from a pulsed laser light.
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Rutherford model
The Rutherford model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford.
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Safe Drinking Water Act
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the principal federal law in the United States intended to ensure safe drinking water for the public.
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Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam
Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam (chemical name Samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate, abbreviated Samarium-153 EDTMP, trade name Quadramet) is a chelated complex of a radioisotope of the element samarium with EDTMP.
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Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center
The Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Center (Sarayköy Nükleer Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi), known as SANAEM, is a nuclear research and training center of Turkey.
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Scintillation counter
A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillator material, and detecting the resultant light pulses.
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Scintillation proximity assay
Scintillation proximity assay (SPA) is an assay development and biochemical screening that permits the rapid and sensitive measurement of a broad range of biological processes in a homogeneous system.
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Scintillator
A scintillator is a material that exhibits scintillation—the property of luminescence, when excited by ionizing radiation.
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Selective internal radiation therapy
Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT), also known as transarterial radioembolization (TARE), radioembolization or intra-arterial microbrachytherapy is a form of radiation therapy used in interventional radiology to treat cancer.
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Selenium-79
Selenium-79 is a radioisotope of selenium present in spent nuclear fuel and the wastes resulting from reprocessing this fuel.
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Self Powered Neutron Detector (SPND)
Self Powered Neutron Detector (SPND) is a neutron detector used in nuclear fission reactors.
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Sellafield
Sellafield is a nuclear fuel reprocessing and nuclear decommissioning site, close to the village of Seascale on the coast of the Irish Sea in Cumbria, England.
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Sewage sludge
Sewage sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or municipal wastewater.
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Sievert
The sievert (symbol: SvNot be confused with the sverdrup or the svedberg, two non-SI units that sometimes use the same symbol.) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
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Soviet submarine K-27
K-27 was the only submarine of Project 645 in the Soviet Navy.
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Spectrometer
A spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon.
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Spherical tokamak
A spherical tokamak is a type of fusion power device based on the tokamak principle.
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Star
A star is type of astronomical object consisting of a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its own gravity.
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Starfish Prime
Starfish Prime was a July 9, 1962 high-altitude nuclear test conducted by the United States, a joint effort of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Defense Atomic Support Agency.
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Stopping power (particle radiation)
Stopping power in nuclear physics is defined as the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle energy.
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Strontium-89
Strontium-89 is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 50.57 days.
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Strontium-90
Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 28.8 years.
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Survey meter
Survey meters in radiation protection are hand-held ionising radiation measurement instruments used to check such as personnel, equipment and the environment for radioactive contamination and ambient radiation.
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Synthetic radioisotope
A synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time.
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Targeted alpha-particle therapy
Targeted alpha-particle therapy (or TAT) is an in-development method of targeted radionuclide therapy of various cancers.
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Technetium
Technetium is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43.
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Technetium-99
Technetium-99 (99Tc) is an isotope of technetium which decays with a half-life of 211,000 years to stable ruthenium-99, emitting beta particles, but no gamma rays.
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Technetium-99m
Technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99 (itself an isotope of technetium), symbolized as 99mTc, that is used in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually, making it the most commonly used medical radioisotope.
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Tests of relativistic energy and momentum
Tests of relativistic energy and momentum are aimed at measuring the relativistic expressions for energy, momentum, and mass.
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Therac-25
The Therac-25 was a radiation therapy machine produced by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) in 1982 after the Therac-6 and Therac-20 units (the earlier units had been produced in partnership with CGR of France).
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TheraSphere
TheraSphere is a radiotherapy treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that consists of millions of microscopic, radioactive glass microspheres (20–30 micrometres in diameter) being infused into the arteries that feed liver tumors.
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Thermoluminescence dating
Thermoluminescence dating (TL) is the determination, by means of measuring the accumulated radiation dose, of the time elapsed since material containing crystalline minerals was either heated (lava, ceramics) or exposed to sunlight (sediments).
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Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics
A timeline of atomic and subatomic physics.
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Timeline of particle physics
The timeline of particle physics lists the sequence of particle physics theories and discoveries in chronological order.
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Timeline of physical chemistry
The timeline of physical chemistry lists the sequence of physical chemistry theories and discoveries in chronological order.
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Timeline of quantum mechanics
This timeline of quantum mechanics shows the key steps, precursors and contributors to the development of quantum mechanics, quantum field theories and quantum chemistry.
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Toshiko Yuasa
was a Japanese nuclear physicist who worked in France.
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Trinity (nuclear test)
Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon.
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Tritiated water
Tritiated water is a radioactive form of water where the usual protium atoms are replaced with tritium.
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Tritium
Tritium (or; symbol or, also known as hydrogen-3) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen.
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Typhoon Phanfone (2014)
Typhoon Phanfone, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Neneng, was a powerful tropical cyclone which affected Japan in early October 2014.
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Typhoon Wipha (2013)
Typhoon Wipha, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Tino, was a large typhoon that caused extensive damage in Japan in mid-October 2013.
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Unsealed source radiotherapy
Unsealed source radiotherapy (also known as unsealed source radionuclide therapy (RNT) or molecular radiotherapy) uses radioactive substances called radiopharmaceuticals to treat medical conditions, particularly cancer.
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Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.
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Uranium tile
Uranium tiles have been used in the glazing industry for many centuries, as uranium oxide makes an excellent ceramic glaze, and is reasonably abundant on the earth's crust.
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Uranium-234
Uranium-234 is an isotope of uranium.
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Uranium–uranium dating
Uranium–uranium dating is a radiometric dating technique which compares two isotopes of uranium (U) in a sample: uranium-234 (234U) and uranium-238 (238U).
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W and Z bosons
The W and Z bosons are together known as the weak or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are,, and.
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Whole-body counting
In health physics, whole-body counting refers to the measurement of radioactivity within the human body.
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Wilhelm Orthmann
Wilhelm Orthmann (1 May 1901 – 6 July 1945) was a German physicist.
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Young Australian Skeptics
The Young Australian Skeptics (YAS) is an Australian skeptical organisation whose primary focus is its collaborative blog, which attempts to address topics central to science, critical thinking and scientific skepticism.
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Yttrium
Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39.
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Yttrium aluminium garnet
Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) is a synthetic crystalline material of the garnet group.
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1899 in science
The year 1899 in science involved some significant events, listed below.
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Redirects here:
Beta Particle, Beta Particles, Beta Radiation, Beta Ray, Beta Rays, Beta particles, Beta radiation, Beta ray, Beta rays, Tertiary Radiation, Β radiation, Β+ radiation, Β- radiation, Β-particle, Β-radiation, Β⁺ radiation, Β⁻ radiation.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle