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Abdominal cavity

The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs.

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Abdominal ultrasonography

Abdominal ultrasonography (also called abdominal ultrasound imaging or abdominal sonography) is a form of medical ultrasonography (medical application of ultrasound technology) to visualise abdominal anatomical structures.

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Aberrant subclavian artery

Aberrant subclavian artery, or aberrant subclavian artery syndrome, is a rare anatomical variant of the origin of the right or left subclavian artery.

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Abietic acid dermatitis

Abietic acid dermatitis is a contact dermatitis often seen in association with musical instruments.

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Abrazo Maryvale Campus

Abrazo Maryvale Campus formerly Maryvale Hospital Medical Center and Maryvale Samaritan Medical Center was an acute care hospital located in Phoenix, Arizona and it closed effective December 18, 2017.

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Absorption (pharmacology)

In pharmacology (and more specifically pharmacokinetics), absorption is the movement of a drug from the site of administration to bloodstream.

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Accelerated Seldinger Technique

The Accelerated Seldinger Technique (AST) is a medical technique for inserting catheters into blood vessels.

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Acute radiation syndrome

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is a collection of health effects that are present within 24 hours of exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation.

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Adhesion (medicine)

Adhesions are fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs, often as a result of injury during surgery.

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Adipose tissue

In biology, adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.

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Adiposopathy

Adiposopathy (or sick fat) is defined as pathologic adipocyte and adipose tissue anatomic & functional disturbances, promoted by positive caloric balance, in genetically and environmentally susceptible individuals.  The ensuing pathogenic endocrine and immune responses may directly promote cardiovascular disease, and may also cause or worsen among the most common metabolic disease encountered in developed countries.

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ADME

ADME is an abbreviation in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology for "absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion", and describes the disposition of a pharmaceutical compound within an organism.

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Adolphe-Marie Gubler

Adolphe-Marie Gubler (5 April 1821 – 20 April 1879) was a French physician and pharmacologist born in Metz.

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Adrenergic receptor

The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines, especially norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).

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Adventitia

Adventitia is the outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure.

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Aerobic conditioning

Aerobic conditioning is a process whereby the heart and lungs are trained to pump blood more efficiently, allowing more oxygen to be delivered to muscles and organs.

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Afferent arterioles

The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems.

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Aggressive angiomyxoma

Angiomyxoma is a myxoid tumor involving the blood vessels.

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Aglossia

Aglossia (aglossia congenita) is a congenital defect resulting in a partial development or complete absence of a tongue.

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Air embolism

An air embolism, also known as a gas embolism, is a blood vessel blockage caused by one or more bubbles of air or other gas in the circulatory system.

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Alastair Buchan

Professor Alastair Buchan (born 16 October 1955) is a neurologist and researcher in stroke medicine.

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Albert Dastre

Albert Dastre (7 November 1844 – 22 October 1917) was a French physiologist born in Paris.

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Albert von Kölliker

Albert von Kölliker (born Rudolf Albert Kölliker; 6 July 18172 November 1905) was a Swiss anatomist, physiologist, and histologist.

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Alexis Carrel

Alexis Carrel (28 June 1873 – 5 November 1944) was a French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques.

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Allantois

The allantois (plural allantoides or allantoises) is a hollow sac-like structure filled with clear fluid that forms part of a developing amniote's conceptus (which consists of all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues).

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Allergic conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the membrane covering the white part of the eye) due to allergy.

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Alpha hydroxy acid

α-Hydroxy acids, or alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), are a class of chemical compounds that consist of a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.

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Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor

The alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gq heterotrimeric G-protein.

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Alpha-keratin

Alpha-keratin, or α-keratin, is a type of keratin found in mammals. This protein is the primary component in hairs, horns, nails and the epidermis layer of the skin.

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Alveolar capillary dysplasia

Alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) is a rare, congenital diffuse lung disease characterized by abnormal blood vessels in the lungs that cause highly elevated pulmonary blood pressure and an inability to effectively oxygenate and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

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Alveolar osteitis

Alveolar osteitis is inflammation of the alveolar bone (i.e., the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible).

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AMD Alliance International

AMD Alliance International is a non-profit coalition of the world’s leading vision, seniors and research organizations working to raise awareness of age-related macular degeneration, understanding of available options for prevention, early detection, treatment, rehabilitation and support services.

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American Physiological Society

The American Physiological Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members.

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Amniotic stem cells

Amniotic stem cells are the mixture of stem cells that can be obtained from the amniotic fluid as well as the amniotic membrane.

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Amyl nitrite

Amyl nitrite is a chemical compound with the formula C5H11ONO.

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Amylin family

In molecular biology, the amylin protein family or calcitonin/CGRP/IAPP protein family is a family of proteins, which includes the precursors of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and adrenomedullin.

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Amyloid beta

Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer patients.

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Amyloid purpura

Amyloid purpura is a condition marked by bleeding under the skin (purpura) in some individuals with amyloidosis.

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Anabantiformes

The Anabantiformes are an order of freshwater ray-finned fish with seven families (Pristolepididae, Badidae, Nandidae, Channidae, Anabantidae, Helostomatidae, and Osphronemidae) and having at least 252 species.

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Anabantoidei

The Anabantoidei are a suborder of anabantiform ray-finned freshwater fish distinguished by their possession of a lung-like labyrinth organ, which enables them to breathe air.

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Anal sex

Anal sex or anal intercourse is generally the insertion and thrusting of the erect penis into a person's anus, or anus and rectum, for sexual pleasure.

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Anastomosis

An anastomosis (plural anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams.

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Anatomical terminology

Anatomical terminology is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals such as doctors.

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Anatomical terms of microanatomy

Anatomical terminology is used to describe microanatomical (or histological) structures.

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Anatomography

Anatomography is an interactive website which supports generating anatomical diagrams and animations of the human body.

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Anatomy

Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

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Anatomy Charts of the Arabs

The Anatomy Charts of the Arabs are a collection of drawings described by Karl Sudhoff approximately a century ago.

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Ancient Greek medicine

Ancient Greek medicine was a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding through new ideologies and trials.

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Andreas Vesalius

Andreas Vesalius (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body).

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Andrei Gromyko

Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (Андре́й Андре́евич Громы́ко; Андрэ́й Андрэ́евіч Грамы́ка; – 2 July 1989) was a Soviet communist politician during the Cold War.

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Andrew Nicolaides

Andrew Nicolaides (Ανδρέας Νικολαΐδης) (born 1938) is a British-Greek Cypriot surgeon and an expert in cardiovascular disease and stroke prevention.

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Aneurysm

An aneurysm is a localized, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall that causes an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon.

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Angioblast

Angioblast (or vasoformative cell) is the embryonic tissue from which blood vessels arise.

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Angiocrine growth factors

Angiocrine growth factors are molecules found in blood vessels' endothelial cells that can stimulate organ-specific repair activities in damaged or diseased organs.

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Angiodysplasia

In medicine (gastroenterology), angiodysplasia is a small vascular malformation of the gut.

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Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.

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Angiography

Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins and the heart chambers.

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Angioid streaks

Angioid streaks, also called Knapp streaks or Knapp striae are small breaks in Bruch's membrane, an elastic tissue containing membrane of the retina that may become calcified and crack.

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Angiokeratoma

Angiokeratoma is a benign cutaneous lesion of capillaries, resulting in small marks of red to blue color and characterized by hyperkeratosis.

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Angioleiomyoma

Angioleiomyoma (vascular leiomyoma, angiomyoma) of the skin is thought to arise from vascular smooth muscle, and is generally acquired.

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Angiolipoleiomyoma

Angiolipoleiomyoma is an acquired, solitary, asymptomatic acral nodule, characterized histologically by well-circumscribed subcutaneous tumors composed of smooth muscle cells, blood vessels, connective tissue, and fat.

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Angiolipoma

Angiolipoma is a subcutaneous nodule with vascular structure, having all other features of a typical lipoma.

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Angiology

Angiology (from Greek ἀγγεῖον, angeīon, "vessel"; and -λογία, -logia) is the medical specialty which studies the diseases of the circulatory system and of the lymphatic system, i.e., arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels, and its diseases.

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Angioma

Angiomas are benign tumors derived from cells of the vascular or lymphatic vessel walls (endothelium) derived from cells of the tissues surrounding these vessels.

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Angiomatosis

Angiomatosis is a non-neoplastic condition characterised by nests of proliferating capillaries arranged in a lobular pattern, displacing adjacent muscle and fat.

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Angiopathy

Angiopathy is the generic term for a disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).

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Angioplasty

Angioplasty, also known as balloon angioplasty and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), is a minimally invasive, endovascular procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries or veins, typically to treat arterial atherosclerosis.

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Angioprevention

Angioprevention is the concept of preventing disease development or progression through the inhibition of angiogenesis, the process of forming blood vessels.

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Angioscopy

Angioscopy is a medical technique for visualizing the interior of blood vessels.

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Angiostatin

Angiostatin is a naturally occurring protein found in several animal species, including humans.

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Angiotensin (1-7)

Angiotensin (1-7) (Molecular weight.

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Angiotensin II receptor

The angiotensin II receptors, (AGTR1) and (AGTR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ligands.

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Angiotensin II receptor type 1

Angiotensin II receptor type 1 or AT1 receptor is the best characterized angiotensin receptor.

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) is an exopeptidase that catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the nonapeptide angiotensin1-9, or the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7.

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Angiozyme

Angiozyme is an anti-angiogenic ribozyme.

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ANGPT4

Angiopoietin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANGPT4 gene.

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Annelid

The annelids (Annelida, from Latin anellus, "little ring"), also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches.

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Anostoma depressum

Anostoma depressum is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Odontostomidae.

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Antepartum bleeding

Antepartum bleeding, also known as antepartum haemorrhage or prepartum hemorrhage, is genital bleeding during pregnancy after the 20th to 24th week of pregnancy up to delivery.

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Anterior communicating artery

In human anatomy, the anterior communicating artery is a blood vessel of the brain that connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries.

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Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is a medical condition involving loss of vision caused by damage to the optic nerve as a result of insufficient blood supply (ischemia).

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Anthony Vasquez (baseball)

Anthony Russell Vasquez (born September 19, 1986) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Arizona Diamondbacks organization.

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Antihemorrhagic

An antihemorrhagic (antihæmorrhagic) agent is a substance that promotes hemostasis (stops bleeding).

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Antithrombin

Antithrombin (AT) is a small protein molecule that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system.

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Antler

Antlers are extensions of an animal's skull found in members of the deer family.

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AOC3

Amine oxidase, copper containing 3, also known as vascular adhesion protein (VAP-1) and HPAO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AOC3 gene on chromosome 17.

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Aphelion (software)

The Aphelion Imaging Software Suite is a software suite that includes three base products (i.e., Aphelion Lab, Aphelion Dev, and Aphelion) for addressing image processing and image analysis applications.

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Apical foramen

In anatomy the apical foramen is the opening at the apex of the root of a tooth, through which the nerve and blood vessels that supply the dental pulp pass.

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Aponeurosis

An aponeurosis (plural: aponeuroses) is a type or a variant of the deep fascia, in the form of a sheet of pearly-white fibrous tissue that attaches sheet-like muscles needing a wide area of attachment.

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Arachnid

Arachnids are a class (Arachnida) of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata.

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Armstrong limit

The Armstrong limit or Armstrong's line is a measure of altitude above which atmospheric pressure is sufficiently low that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body.

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Aromatase

Aromatase, also called estrogen synthetase or estrogen synthase, is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens.

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Arteriogenesis

Arteriogenesis refers to an increase in the diameter of existing arterial vessels.

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Arteriole

An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries.

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Arteriolosclerosis

Arteriolosclerosis is a form of cardiovascular disease involving hardening and loss of elasticity of arterioles or small arteries and is most often associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

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Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published on behalf of the American Heart Association by Lippincott, an imprint of Wolters Kluwer.

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Artery

An artery (plural arteries) is a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart to all parts of the body (tissues, lungs, etc).

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Arthritis

Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints.

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Arthus reaction

In immunology, the Arthus reaction is a type of local type III hypersensitivity reaction.

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Artificial cartilage

Artificial cartilage is a synthetic material made of hydrogels or polymers that aims to mimic the functional properties of natural cartilage in the human body.

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Artificial gravity

Artificial gravity (sometimes referred to as pseudogravity) is the creation of an inertial force that mimics the effects of a gravitational force, usually by rotation.

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Artificial heart valve

An artificial heart valve is a device implanted in the heart of a patient with valvular heart disease.

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Ascites

Ascites is the abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen.

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Associative visual agnosia

Associative visual agnosia is a form of visual agnosia.

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AstraZeneca

AstraZeneca plc is an Anglo–Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company.

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ATC code C08

C08.

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Atheroma

An atheroma is a reversible accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of an artery wall.

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Atiprimod

Atiprimod (INN, codenamed SK&F106615) is a substance being studied in the treatment of certain multiple myelomas and other advanced cancers.

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Automated patch clamp

Automated patch clamping is beginning to replace manual patch clamping as a method to measure the electrical activity of individual cells.

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Autopsy

An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.

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Axillary artery

In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb.

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Axillary vein

In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart.

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Ayurveda

Ayurveda is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.

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Azygos vein

The azygos vein is a vein running up the side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava.

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Bacterial cellulose

Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the formula produced by certain types of bacteria.

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Baleen

Baleen is a filter-feeder system inside the mouths of baleen whales.

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Baleen whale

Baleen whales (systematic name Mysticeti), known earlier as whalebone whales, form a parvorder of the infraorder Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises).

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Balloon

A balloon is a flexible bag that can be inflated with a gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, air or water.

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Bartonellosis

Bartonellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus Bartonella.

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Basic fibroblast growth factor

FGF2, also known as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF-β, is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF2 gene.

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Bat

Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera; with their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight.

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Battle Tendency

is the second story arc of the manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki.

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Beak

The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds that is used for eating and for preening, manipulating objects, killing prey, fighting, probing for food, courtship and feeding young.

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Becton Dickinson

Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) is an American medical technology company that manufactures and sells medical devices, instrument systems, and reagents.

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BEnd.3

bEnd.3 is a mouse brain cell line derived from BALB/c mice.

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Benign tumor

A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.

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Benoit Mandelbrot

Benoit B.  Mandelbrot  (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-born, French and American mathematician and polymath with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as "the art of roughness" of physical phenomena and "the uncontrolled element in life".

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Berlin Heart

Berlin Heart GmbH is a German company that develops, produces and markets ventricular assist devices (VADs).

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Berlin's edema

Berlin's edema (commotio retinae) a common condition caused by blunt injury to the eye.

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Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2 adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRB2, is a cell membrane-spanning beta-adrenergic receptor that interacts with (binds) epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter (ligand synonym, adrenaline) whose signaling, via a downstream L-type calcium channel interaction, mediates physiologic responses such as smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.

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Bidder's organ

Bidder's organ is a spherical, brownish organ in most members of the family Bufonidae (true toads).

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Bier spots

Bier spots are small, light macules usually found on the arms and legs of young adults, in which the intervening skin may seem erthematous but blanches with pressure so that these light macules disappear.

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Bigeye thresher

The bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus) is a species of thresher shark, family Alopiidae, found in temperate and tropical oceans worldwide.

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Bilateral cingulotomy

Bilateral cingulotomy is a form of psychosurgery, introduced in 1948 as an alternative to lobotomy.

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Binding immunoglobulin protein

Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) also known as 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78) or heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA5 gene.

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Biological system

A biological system is a complex network of biologically relevant entities.

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Biolung

A biolung is a device designed to fully support the respiratory needs of adult patients as a bridge to lung transportation or lung recovery.

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Bionics

Bionics or Biologically inspired engineering is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.

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Bioresorbable stent

In medicine, a stent is any device which is inserted into a blood vessel or other internal duct in order to expand the vessel to prevent or alleviate a blockage.

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Birth defect

A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.

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Birthmark

A birthmark is a congenital, benign irregularity on the skin which is present at birth or appears shortly after birth, usually in the first month.

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Bitis nasicornis

Bitis nasicornis is a venomous viper species found in the forests of West and Central Africa.

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Bleeding

Bleeding, also known as hemorrhaging or haemorrhaging, is blood escaping from the circulatory system.

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Blister

A blister is a small pocket of body fluid (lymph, serum, plasma, blood, or pus) within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection.

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Blood

Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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Blood bank

A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion.

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Blood blister

A blood blister is a type of blister that forms when subdermal tissues and blood vessels are damaged without piercing the skin.

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Blood hammer

The blood hammer phenomenon is a sudden increase of the upstream blood pressure in a blood vessel (especially artery or arteriole) when the bloodstream is abruptly blocked by vessel obstruction.

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Blood in stool

When referring to human feces, blood in stool looks different depending on how early it enters the digestive tract—and thus how much digestive action it has been exposed to—and how much there is.

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Blood plasma

Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells.

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Blood pool agent

Blood pool agents (BPAs) are a class of magnetic resonance angiography contrast agents.

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Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

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Blood transfusion

Blood transfusion is generally the process of receiving blood or blood products into one's circulation intravenously.

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Blood–brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Blood–ocular barrier

The blood–ocular barrier is a barrier created by endothelium of capillaries of the retina and iris, ciliary epithelium and retinal pigment epithelium.

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Blood–testis barrier

The blood–testis barrier is a physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testes.

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Bloodletting

Bloodletting (or blood-letting) is the withdrawal of blood from a patient to prevent or cure illness and disease.

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Bloom syndrome

Bloom syndrome (often abbreviated as BS in literature), also known as Bloom-Torre-Machacek syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by short stature, predisposition to the development of cancer and genomic instability.

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Blubber

Blubber is a thick layer of vascularized adipose tissue under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians.

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Blue cod

The blue cod (Parapercis colias) is a temperate marine fish of the family Pinguipedidae.

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Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (or "BRBNS", or "blue rubber bleb syndrome, or "blue rubber-bleb nevus", or "Bean syndrome") is a rare disorder that consists mainly of abnormal blood vessels affecting the gastrointestinal tract.

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Bob Benson

Robert William Benson (9 February 1883 – 19 February 1916) was an English professional footballer, who played as a full back.

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Body cavity

A body cavity is any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism other than those of vessels (such as blood vessels and lymph vessels).

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Body fluid

Body fluid, bodily fluids, or biofluids are liquids within the bodies of living people.

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Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.

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Bone fracture

A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone.

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Bone healing

Bone healing, or fracture healing, is a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture.

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Bone marrow

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.

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Bone marrow examination

Bone marrow examination refers to the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained by bone marrow biopsy (often called a trephine biopsy) and bone marrow aspiration.

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Boston Children's Hospital

Boston Children's Hospital (called Children's Hospital Boston until 2012) is a 395-licensed-bed children's hospital in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area of Boston, Massachusetts.

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Botryosphaeria corticola

Bot canker of oak is a disease on stems, branches and twigs of oak trees in Europe and North America.

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Bowed tendon

Tendinitis/tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon.

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Brachial artery

The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm.

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Brachysuchus

Brachysuchus is an extinct genus of phytosaur known from the late Triassic period (Carnian stage) of Dockum Group in Texas, United States.

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Bracken

Bracken (Pteridium) is a genus of large, coarse ferns in the family Dennstaedtiaceae.

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Bradykinin

Bradykinin is an inflammatory mediator.

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Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.

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Brain healing

Brain healing is the process that occurs after the brain has been damaged.

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Brain herniation

Brain herniation is a potentially deadly side effect of very high pressure within the skull that occurs when a part of the brain is squeezed across structures within the skull.

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Brain tumor

A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain.

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Bronchial leiomyoma

Bronchial leiomyomas are a relatively rare form of lung tumours.

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Bronchial thermoplasty

Bronchial thermoplasty is a treatment for severe asthma approved by the FDA in 2010 involving the delivery of controlled, therapeutic radiofrequency energy to the airway wall, thus heating the tissue and reducing the amount of smooth muscle present in the airway wall.

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Brown-brown

Brown-brown is a purported form of cocaine mixed with smokeless gunpowder (not "black powder").

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Bruise

A contusion, commonly known as a bruise, is a type of hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues.

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Bryozoa

Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals.

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Burdizzo

The Burdizzo is a castration device which employs a large clamp designed to break the blood vessels leading into the testicles.

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Button cell

A watch battery or button cell is a small single cell battery shaped as a squat cylinder typically in diameter and high — like a button on a garment, hence the name.

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BV

BV, B.V., Bv, bV, or bv may refer to.

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C. R. Bard

C.

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C1orf27

Uncharacterized protein Chromosome 1 Open Reading Frame 27 is a protein in humans, encoded by the C1orf27 gene.

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CADASIL

CADASIL or CADASIL syndrome, involving cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, is the most common form of hereditary stroke disorder, and is thought to be caused by mutations of the Notch 3 gene on chromosome 19.

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Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.

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Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

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Calcium acetate/magnesium carbonate

Calcium acetate/magnesium carbonate is a fixed-dose combination drug that contains 110 mg calcium and 60 mg magnesium ions and is indicated as a phosphate binder for dialysis patients suffering from hyperphosphataemia (abnormal high serum phosphorus levels).

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Caliber persistent artery

Caliber persistent artery is a common vascular anomaly where a main arterial branch extends into superficial tissues without a reduction of diameter.

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Calpain

A calpain is a protein belonging to the family of calcium-dependent, non-lysosomal cysteine proteases (proteolytic enzymes) expressed ubiquitously in mammals and many other organisms.

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Calponin 1

Calponin 1 is a basic smooth muscle protein that in humans is encoded by the CNN1 gene.

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Camilo R. Gomez

Camilo Ramiro Gomez, (born September 12, 1960) is an American neurologist, medical educator, and researcher.

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Camurati–Engelmann disease

Camurati–Engelmann disease (CED) is a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes characteristic anomalies in the skeleton.It is also known as progressive diaphyseal dysplasia.

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Canadian Museum of Nature

The Canadian Museum of Nature (Musée canadien de la nature), formerly called the National Museum of Natural Sciences, official website.

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Canadian Network for International Surgery

The Canadian Network for International Surgery (CNIS) is a non-profit organization that promotes the delivery of essential surgical care to underprivileged people in low-income countries.

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Cantú syndrome

Cantú syndrome (hypertrychotic osteochondrodysplasia) is a rare condition characterized by hypertrichosis, osteochondrodysplasia, and cardiomegaly.

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Capillary

A capillary is a small blood vessel from 5 to 10 micrometres (µm) in diameter, and having a wall one endothelial cell thick.

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Carcinoma

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells.

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Cardiac catheterization

Cardiac catheterization (heart cath) is the insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart.

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Cardiac fibroma

Cardiac fibroma, also known as cardiac fibromatosis, is a rare benign tumor of the heart that occurs primarily in infants and children.

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Cardiac imaging

Cardiac imaging techniques include coronary catheterization, echocardiogram, Intravascular ultrasound, Cardiac PET scan, Cardiac CT scan and Cardiac MRI.

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Cardiology

Cardiology (from Greek καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart" and -λογία -logia, "study") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system.

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Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network

Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network (CCTRN) is a network of physicians, scientists, and support staff dedicated to studying stem cell therapy for treating heart disease.

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Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.

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Cardiovascular physiology

Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the circulatory system, specifically addressing the physiology of the heart ("cardio") and blood vessels ("vascular").

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Cardiovascular technologist

Cardiovascular technologists (also known as a cardiovascular or vascular technicians) are health professionals that deal with the circulatory system.

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Carl Ludwig

Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (29 December 1816 – 23 April 1895) was a German physician and physiologist.

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Carl Wedl

Carl Wedl (October 14, 1815 – September 21, 1891) was an Austrian pathologist who was a native of Vienna.

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Carolyne Underwood

Carolyne Underwood (born 1982) is a British television personality.

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Carotid canal

The carotid canal is the passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the middle cranial fossa from the neck.

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Castleman's disease

Castleman disease is a group of uncommon lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by lymph node enlargement, characteristic features on microscopic analysis of enlarged lymph node tissue, and a range of symptoms and clinical findings.

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Catherine Cookson

Dame Catherine Ann Cookson, DBE (née McMullen; 27 June 1906 – 11 June 1998) was an English author.

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Catheter ablation

Catheter ablation is a procedure used to remove or terminate a faulty electrical pathway from sections of the hearts of those who are prone to developing cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome).

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Causes of schizophrenia

The causes of schizophrenia have been the subject of much debate, with various factors proposed and discounted or modified.

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Cauterization

Cauterization (or cauterisation, or cautery) is a medical practice or technique of burning a part of a body to remove or close off a part of it.

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Cavernous hemangioma

Cavernous hemangioma, also called cavernous angioma, cavernoma, or cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) (when referring to presence in the brain) is a type of blood vessel malformation or hemangioma, where a collection of dilated blood vessels form a benign tumor.

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Cavitation (bone)

Cavitations are an area of dead bone caused by a dearth of blood flow to that part of the bone.

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Cell-free marginal layer model

In small capillary hemodynamics, the cell-free layer is a near-wall layer of plasma absent of red blood cells since they are subject to migration to the capillary center in Poiseuille flow.

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Cellular communication (biology)

Cellular communication is an umbrella term used in biology and more in depth in biophysics, biochemistry and biosemiotics to identify different types of communication methods between living cells.

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Cellular differentiation

In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.

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Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1

cIAP1 (also named BIRC2) is the abbreviation for a human protein, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1.

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Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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Central nervous system disease

Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS).

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Central neurocytoma

Central neurocytoma, abbreviated CNC, is an extremely rare, ordinarily benign intraventricular brain tumour that typically forms from the neuronal cells of the septum pellucidum.

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Central venous catheter

A central venous catheter (CVC), also known as a central line, central venous line, or central venous access catheter, is a catheter placed into a large vein.

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Ceratosaurus

Ceratosaurus (from Greek κέρας/κέρατος, keras/keratos meaning "horn" and σαῦρος/sauros meaning "lizard") was a predatory theropod dinosaur in the Late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian to Tithonian).

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Cerebral circulation

Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through the network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain.

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Cerebral contusion

Cerebral contusion, Latin contusio cerebri, a form of traumatic brain injury, is a bruise of the brain tissue.

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Cerebral hemisphere

The vertebrate cerebrum (brain) is formed by two cerebral hemispheres that are separated by a groove, the longitudinal fissure.

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Cerebral vasculitis

Cerebral vasculitis or central nervous system vasculitis (sometimes the word angiitis is used instead of "vasculitis") is vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessel wall) involving the brain and occasionally the spinal cord.

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Cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts

Cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts (CRMCC) is a rare genetic disorder, which affects multiple organs.

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Cerebrovascular disease

Cerebrovascular disease includes a variety of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain and the cerebral circulation.

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CGMP-dependent protein kinase

cGMP-dependent protein kinase or Protein Kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP.

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Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm

Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms (also known as miliary aneurysms or microaneurysms) are aneurysms of the brain vasculature which occur in small blood vessels (less than 300 micrometre diameter).

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Charles Claude Guthrie

Charles Claude Guthrie (September 26, 1880 – April 1963) was an American physiologist.

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Charles Theodore Dotter

Charles Theodore Dotter (14 June 1920 – 15 February 1985) was a pioneering US vascular radiologist who is credited with developing interventional radiology.

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Chemokine

Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.

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Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.

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Cherry hemangioma

Cherry angiomas, also known as Campbell De Morgan spots or senile angiomas, are cherry red papules on the skin.

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Chevron (anatomy)

A chevron is one of a series of bones on the ventral (under) side of the tail in many reptiles, including dinosaurs (such as Diplodocus; see picture), and some mammals such as kangaroos and manatees.

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Chinese white dolphin

The Chinese white dolphin is a variety of Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis). This variety inhabits the eastern portion of the species range, in Southeast Asia and Australia.

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Chinstrap penguin

The chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) is a species of penguin which inhabits a variety of islands and shores in the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Ocean.

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Chital

The chital or cheetal (Axis axis), also known as spotted deer or axis deer, is a species of deer that is native in the Indian subcontinent.

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Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a species of Chlamydophila, an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans and is a major cause of pneumonia.

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Cholesterol embolism

Cholesterol embolism (often cholesterol crystal embolism or atheroembolism, sometimes blue toe or purple toe syndrome or trash foot or warfarin blue toe syndrome) occurs when cholesterol is released, usually from an atherosclerotic plaque, and travels as an embolus in the bloodstream to lodge (as an embolism) causing an obstruction in blood vessels further away.

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Chondroblast

Chondroblasts, or perichondrial cells, is the name given to mesenchymal progenitor cells in situ which, from endochondral ossification, will form chondrocytes in the growing cartilage matrix.

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Chorangioma

A chorangioma is a non-neoplastic, hamartoma-like growth in the placenta consisting of blood vessels.

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Chorangiosis

Chorangiosis is a placental pathology characterized by an abundance of blood vessels within the chorionic villi.

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Chorioangioma

Chorioangioma (Placental hemangioma) is a benign tumor of placenta.

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Chorionic vessels

Chorionic (plate) vessels are blood vessels, including both arteries and veins, that carry blood through the chorion in the fetoplacental circulation.

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Choroid

The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissues, and lying between the retina and the sclera.

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Choroidal fissure

The choroid is the middle, vascular coat of the eye which resides between the sclera and the retina.

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Chromoblastomycosis

Chromoblastomycosis (also known as chromomycosis, cladosporiosis, Fonseca's disease, Pedroso's disease, phaeosporotrichosis, or verrucous dermatitis) is a long-term fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (a chronic subcutaneous mycosis).

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Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI or CCVI) is a term developed by Italian researcher Paolo Zamboni in 2008 to describe compromised flow of blood in the veins draining the central nervous system.

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Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of kidney disease in which there is gradual loss of kidney function over a period of months or years.

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Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease found in people who have had multiple head injuries.

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Ciliopathy

A ciliopathy is a genetic disorder of the cellular cilia or the cilia anchoring structures, the basal bodies, or of ciliary function.

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Circle of Willis

The circle of Willis (also called Willis' circle, loop of Willis, cerebral arterial circle, and Willis polygon) is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures.

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Circulating endothelial cell

Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are endothelial cells that have been shed from the lining of the vascular wall into the blood stream.

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Circulating tumor cell

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that have shed into the vasculature or lymphatics from a primary tumor and are carried around the body in the blood circulation.

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Circulatory anastomosis

A circulatory anastomosis is a connection (an anastomosis) between two blood vessels, such as between arteries (arterio-arterial anastomosis), between veins (veno-venous anastomosis) or between an artery and a vein (arterio-venous anastomosis).

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Circulatory system

The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.

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Cirsoid aneurysm

A cirsoid aneurysm is the dilation of a group of blood vessels due to congenital malformations with arterio venous (AV) shunting.

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Claude Franceschi

Claude Franceschi (born October 12, 1942) is an angiologist French MD.

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Clavicle fracture

A clavicle fracture, also known as a broken collarbone, is a bone fracture of the clavicle.

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Climbing specialist

A climbing specialist or climber, also known as a grimpeur, is a road bicycle racer who can ride especially well on highly inclined roads, such as those found among hills or mountains.

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Clinical physiology

Clinical physiology is both an academic discipline within the medical sciences and a clinical medical specialty for physicians in the health care systems of Sweden, Denmark and Finland.

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Clinton Road (New Jersey)

Clinton Road is located in West Milford, Passaic County, New Jersey.

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Clitoris

The clitoris is a female sex organ present in mammals, ostriches and a limited number of other animals.

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Clostridium septicum

Clostridium septicum is a gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacterium.

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Clot retraction

Clot retraction is the "shrinking" of a blood clot over a number of days.

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Cock ring

A cock ring or cockring is a ring worn around the penis, usually at the base.

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Coeliac disease

Coeliac disease, also spelled celiac disease, is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine.

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Cold pressor test

The cold pressor test is a cardiovascular test performed by immersing the hand into an ice water container, usually for one minute, and measuring changes in blood pressure and heart rate.

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Cold-weather warfare

Cold-weather warfare, also known as Arctic warfare or winter warfare, encompasses military operations affected by snow, ice, thawing conditions or cold, both on land and at sea.

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Collagen

Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.

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Collateral circulation

Collateral circulation is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels.

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Collateralization

In medicine, collateralization, also vessel collateralization and blood vessel collateralization, is the growth of a blood vessel or several blood vessels that serve the same end organ or vascular bed as another blood vessel that cannot adequately supply that end organ or vascular bed sufficiently.

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Colposcopy

Colposcopy (hollow, womb, vagina + skopos "look at") is a medical diagnostic procedure to examine an illuminated, magnified view of the cervix and the tissues of the vagina and vulva.

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Combretastatin

Combretastatin is a dihydrostilbenoid found in Combretum caffrum.

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Common hepatic artery

The common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas.

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Common ostrich

The ostrich or common ostrich (Struthio camelus) is either of two species of large flightless birds native to Africa, the only living member(s) of the genus Struthio, which is in the ratite family.

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Common thresher

The common thresher (Alopias vulpinus), also known by many names such as Atlantic thresher, big-eye thresher, fox shark, green thresher, swingletail, slasher, swiveltail, thintail thresher, whip-tailed shark and Zorro thresher shark, is the largest species of thresher shark, family Alopiidae, reaching some in length.

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Compensatory growth (organ)

Compensatory growth is a type of regenerative growth that can take place in a number of human organs after the organs are either damaged, removed, or cease to function.

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Complement deficiency

Complement deficiency is an immunodeficiency of absent or suboptimal functioning of one of the complement system proteins.

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Complications of diabetes mellitus

The complications of diabetes mellitus are far less common and less severe in people who have well-controlled blood sugar levels.

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Complications of hypertension

Main complications of persistent high blood pressure Complications of hypertension are clinical outcomes that result from persistent elevation of blood pressure.

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Cone beam computed tomography

Cone beam computed tomography (or CBCT, also referred to as C-arm CT, cone beam volume CT, or flat panel CT) is a medical imaging technique consisting of X-ray computed tomography where the X-rays are divergent, forming a cone.

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Contents of the Voyager Golden Record

The Voyager Golden Record contains 116 images plus a calibration image and a variety of natural sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, and thunder, and animal sounds, including the songs of birds, whales and dolphins.

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Contrast agent

A contrast agent (or contrast medium) is a substance used to increase the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging.

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Contrast-enhanced ultrasound

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is the application of ultrasound contrast medium to traditional medical sonography.

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Copepod

Copepods (meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat.

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Cordis (medical)

Cordis (a Cardinal Health company) develops and manufactures medical devices for diagnostics and interventional procedures to treat patients suffering from coronary and peripheral vascular diseases.

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Cornea

The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.

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Corneal neovascularization

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is the in-growth of new blood vessels from the pericorneal plexus into avascular corneal tissue as a result of oxygen deprivation.

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Coronary circulation

Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium).

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Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body"; plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries and is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone, moderate levels of estradiol, inhibin A and small amounts of estrogen.

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Corticotomy

In bone surgery, a corticotomy is a cutting of the bone that may or may not split it into two pieces (bone fracture) but involves cortex only, leaving intact the medullary vessels and periosteum.

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Countercurrent exchange

Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.

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COX-2 inhibitor

Selective COX-2 inhibitors are a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that directly targets cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2, an enzyme responsible for inflammation and pain.

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Crazy Sexy Cancer

Crazy Sexy Cancer is a documentary film created by actress/photographer Kris Carr.

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Cribriform fascia

The cribriform fascia, fascia cribrosa also Hesselbach's fascia is the portion of fascia covering the saphenous opening in the thigh.

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Critical closing pressure

Critical closing pressure is the internal pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and closes completely.

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Critical Path Institute

Critical Path Institute (C-Path) is an independent, non-profit organization committed to transformational improvement of the drug development process.

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Critical velocity

Critical velocity is the speed that a falling object reaches when gravity and air resistance equalize on the object.

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Cryomassage

Cryomassage is a type of massage performed with ice or "cryo care" products.

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Cryosurgery

Cryosurgery (cryotherapy) is the use of extreme cold in surgery to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue; thus, it is the surgical application of cryoablation.

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Cultured meat

Cultured meat, also called clean meat, synthetic meat or in vitro meat, is meat grown from in vitro animals cell culture instead of from slaughtered animals.

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Cutman

A cutman is a person responsible for preventing and treating physical damage to a fighter during the breaks between rounds of a full contact match such as a boxing, kickboxing or a mixed martial arts bout.

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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP).

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Cyclic nucleotide

A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups.

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Cylinder stress

In mechanics, a cylinder stress is a stress distribution with rotational symmetry; that is, which remains unchanged if the stressed object is rotated about some fixed axis.

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Cylindrospermopsin

Cylindrospermopsin (abbreviated to CYN, or CYL) is a cyanotoxin produced by a variety of freshwater cyanobacteria.

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Cylindroteuthis

Cylindroteuthis is a genus of belemnite that lived from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.

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Danilo Ikodinović

Danilo “Dača” Ikodinović (Данило Икодиновић - Дача, born 4 October 1976 in Belgrade, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a former Serbian water polo player who played on the bronze medal squad at the 2000 Summer Olympics (with Yugoslavia) and the silver medal squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics (with Serbia and Montenegro).

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Dasygnathoides

Dasygnathoides is an extinct genus of pseudosuchian from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland.

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David Grainger

David Grainger is a partner at medicxi, a European life sciences-oriented venture capital firm and chief executive officer of Methuselah Health Ltd., a drug development company doing proteomics research in the longevity space.

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Decompression sickness

Decompression sickness (DCS; also known as divers' disease, the bends, aerobullosis, or caisson disease) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation.

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Decompression theory

Decompression theory is the study and modelling of the transfer of the inert gas component of breathing gases from the gas in the lungs to the tissues and back during exposure to variations in ambient pressure.

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Decongestant

A decongestant, or nasal decongestant, is a type of pharmaceutical drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion in the upper respiratory tract.

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Deep fascia

Deep fascia (or investing fascia) is a fascia, a layer of dense connective tissue which can surround individual muscles, and also surround groups of muscles to separate into fascial compartments.

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Deep petrosal nerve

The deep petrosal nerve (large deep petrosal nerve) is given off from the internal carotid plexus, and runs through the carotid canal lateral to the internal carotid artery.

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Deer

Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.

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Delayed- Maturation Theory of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

The Delayed-Maturation Theory of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder suggests that Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) can be caused by delayed maturation of the frontal striatal circuitry or parts of the brain that make up the frontal cortex, striatum, or integrating circuits.

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Dermatan sulfate

Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide) found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs.

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Dermis

The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.

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Desogestrel

Desogestrel, sold under the brand names Cerazette and Mircette among many others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills for women.

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Desomorphine

Desomorphine is a synthetic opioid developed by Roche, with powerful, fast-acting effects, such as sedation and analgesia.

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Dextran 70

Dextran 70 is a type of fluid given by injection into a vein to expand blood volume.

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Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries

dextro-Transposition of the great arteries (d-Transposition of the great arteries, dextro-TGA, or d-TGA), sometimes also referred to as complete transposition of the great arteries, is a birth defect in the large arteries of the heart.

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Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

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Diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathies are nerve damaging disorders associated with diabetes mellitus.

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Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes mellitus.

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Diascopy

Diascopy is a test for blanchability performed by applying pressure with a finger or glass slide and observing color changes.

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Dick Cheney

Richard Bruce Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Dick the Bruiser

William Fritz Afflis (June 27, 1929 – November 10, 1991) was an American professional wrestler and football player, better known by his ring name, Dick the Bruiser.

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DIEP flap

A DIEP flap is a type of breast reconstruction in which blood vessels called deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP), as well as the skin and fat connected to them, are removed from the lower abdomen and transferred to the chest to reconstruct a breast after mastectomy without the sacrifice of any of the abdominal muscles.

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Diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential) as a result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.

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Digestion

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.

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Dilated fundus examination

Dilated fundus examination or dilated-pupil fundus examination (DFE) is a diagnostic procedure that employs the use of mydriatic eye drops (such as tropicamide) to dilate or enlarge the pupil in order to obtain a better view of the fundus of the eye.

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Dinosaur

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.

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Diogenes of Apollonia

Diogenes of Apollonia (Διογένης ὁ Ἀπολλωνιάτης; fl. 5th century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, and was a native of the Milesian colony Apollonia in Thrace.

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Diplegia

Diplegia, when used singularly, refers to paralysis affecting symmetrical parts of the body.

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Directorate General of Shipping

The Directorate General of Shipping, India is an Indian government agency responsible for life, health, vessel and the environment for Indian registered ships and ships at Indian ports.

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Discovery and development of direct thrombin inhibitors

Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are a class of anticoagulant drugs that can be used to prevent and treat embolisms and blood clots caused by various diseases.

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Distributive shock

Distributive shock is a medical condition in which abnormal distribution of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels results in inadequate supply of blood to the body's tissues and organs.

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Diuresis

Diuresis is increased urination and the physiologic process that produces such an increase.

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Diving disorders

Diving disorders, or diving related medical conditions, are conditions associated with underwater diving, and include both conditions unique to underwater diving, and those that also occur during other activities.

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Dog health

The health of dogs is a well studied area in veterinary medicine.

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Don W. Fawcett

Don Wayne Fawcett (1917 - May 7, 2009) was a pioneer of electron microscopy and one of its greatest practitioners for studying the organization of cells and tissues.

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Dopamine receptor

Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS).

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Doppler ultrasonography

Doppler ultrasonography is medical ultrasonography that employs the Doppler effect to generate imaging of the movement of tissues and body fluids (usually blood), and their relative velocity to the probe.

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Dorsalis pedis artery

In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot), is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot.

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Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research

The Dr.

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Dural venous sinuses

The dural venous sinuses (also called dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) are venous channels found between the endosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater in the brain.

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Durotaxis

Durotaxis is a form of cell migration in which cells are guided by rigidity gradients, which arise from differential structural properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM).

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Dysbaric osteonecrosis

Dysbaric osteonecrosis or DON is a form of avascular necrosis where there is death of a portion of the bone that is thought to be caused by nitrogen embolism (blockage of the blood vessels by a bubble of nitrogen coming out of solution) in divers.

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Dyslexia

Dyslexia, also known as reading disorder, is characterized by trouble with reading despite normal intelligence.

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Dysosmia

Dysosmia is a disorder described as any qualitative alteration or distortion of the perception of smell.

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Dz13

Dz13 is an experimental treatment developed by scientists at the University of New South Wales.

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Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

Dzhokhar Anzorovich "Jahar" Tsarnaev (Kyrgyz: Джохар Царнаев) (born July 22, 1993)Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев; Царнаев Анзор-кIант ДжовхӀар or ЖовхӀар Carnayev Anzor-khant Dƶovhar is a Kyrgyzstani-American convicted terrorist of Chechen descent May 23, 2013 (New York Times) who was convicted of planting bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, along with his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev.

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E. R. Squibb

Edward Robinson Squibb (July 4, 1819October 25, 1900) was a leading American inventor and manufacturer of pharmaceutics who founded E. R. Squibb and Sons, which eventually became part of the modern pharmaceutical giant Bristol-Myers Squibb.

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Early human expansions out of Africa

Homo erectus, or its immediate australopithecine-derived ancestors, are thought to have first dispersed out of Africa and into Eurasia shortly after 2 million years ago (also known as Out of Africa I), well before the emergence of anatomically modern humans some 300,000 years ago.

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Ebola virus disease

Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses.

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Edwin Joseph Cohn

Edwin Joseph Cohn (December 17, 1892 – October 1, 1953) was an early protein scientist.

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Effects of cannabis

The effects of cannabis are caused by the chemical compounds in the plant, including cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is only one of more than 100 different cannabinoids present in the plant.

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Effects of nuclear explosions on human health

The medical effects of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima upon humans can be put into the four categories below, with the effects of larger thermonuclear weapons producing blast and thermal effects so large that there would be a negligible number of survivors close enough to the center of the blast who would experience prompt/acute radiation effects, which were observed after the 16 kiloton yield Hiroshima bomb, due to its relatively low yield:http://www.remm.nlm.gov/RemmMockup_files/radiationlethality.jpg.

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Efferent arteriole

The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms.

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Egyptian medical papyri

Egyptian medical papyri are ancient Egyptian texts written on papyrus which permit a glimpse at medical procedures and practices in ancient Egypt.

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Ehlers–Danlos syndromes

Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of genetic connective tissue disorders.

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Electromagnetic radiation and health

Electromagnetic radiation can be classified into two types: ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, based on the capability of a single photon with more than 10 eV energy to ionize oxygen or break chemical bonds.

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Embolectomy

Embolectomy is the emergency surgical removal of emboli which are blocking blood circulation.

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Embolism

An embolism is the lodging of an embolus, a blockage-causing piece of material, inside a blood vessel.

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Embolization

Embolization or embolisation refers to the passage and lodging of an embolus within the bloodstream.

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Emergency bleeding control

Emergency bleeding control describes actions that control bleeding from a patient who has suffered a traumatic injury or who has a medical condition that has caused bleeding.

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Emergency tourniquet

--> Emergency tourniquets are cuff-like devices designed to stop severe traumatic bleeding before or during transport to a care facility.

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Emil Zuckerkandl

Emil Zuckerkandl (1 September 1849 in Győr, Hungary – 28 May 1910 in Vienna) was a Hungarian-Austrian anatomist.

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Enation

Enations are scaly leaflike structures, differing from leaves in their lack of vascular tissue.

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Endocardium

The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart.

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Endoclip

An endoclip is a metallic mechanical device used in endoscopy in order to close two mucosal surfaces without the need for surgery and suturing.

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Endodontic therapy

Endodontic therapy, also known as endodontic treatment or root canal therapy, is a treatment sequence for the infected pulp of a tooth which results in the elimination of infection and the protection of the decontaminated tooth from future microbial invasion.

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Endometrium

The endometrium is the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus.

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Endoneurium

The endoneurium (also called endoneurial channel, endoneurial sheath, endoneurial tube, or Henle's sheath) a layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each myelinated nerve fiber.

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Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the sympathetic nerve trunk in the thoracic region is destroyed.

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Endothelial activation

Endothelial activation is a proinflammatory and procoagulant state of the endothelial cells lining the lumen of blood vessels.

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Endothelial progenitor cell

Endothelial progenitor cell (or EPC) is a term that has been applied to multiple different cell types that play roles in the regeneration of the endothelial lining of blood vessels.

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Endothelial stem cell

Endothelial stem cells (ESCs) are one of three types of stem cells found in bone marrow.

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Endothelin receptor

There are at least four known endothelin receptors, ETA, ETB1, ETB2 and ETC, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors whose activation result in elevation of intracellular-free calcium, which constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, raising blood pressure, or relaxes the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, among other functions.

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Endothelium

Endothelium refers to cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.

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Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor

In blood vessels Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor or EDHF is proposed to be a substance and/or electrical signal that is generated or synthesized in and released from the endothelium; its action is to hyperpolarize vascular smooth muscle cells, causing these cells to relax, thus allowing the blood vessel to expand in diameter.

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Endotherm

An endotherm (from Greek ἔνδον endon "within" and θέρμη thermē "heat") is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature, largely by the use of heat set free by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat.

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EPAS1

Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1, also known as hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2alpha)) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPAS1 gene.

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Epaulette shark

The epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) is a species of longtailed carpet shark, family Hemiscylliidae, found in shallow, tropical waters off Australia and New Guinea (and possibly elsewhere).

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Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.

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Epileptic spasms

Epileptic spasms, also known as infantile spasms, juvenile spasms, or West syndrome is an uncommon-to-rare epileptic disorder in infants, children and adults.

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Epineurium

The epineurium is the outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve.

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Epithelium

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

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Eraserheads

Eraserheads (sometimes stylized as ERASƎRHEADS) is a Filipino rock band formed in 1989.

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Eremopezus

Eremopezus is a prehistoric bird genus, possibly a palaeognath.

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Ergometrine

Ergometrine also known as ergonovine, is a medication used to cause contractions of the uterus to treat heavy vaginal bleeding after childbirth.

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Erythrocyte deformability

Erythrocyte deformability refers to the ability of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBC) to change shape under a given level of applied stress, without hemolysing (rupturing).

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Erythroplakia

Erythroplakia (or erythroplasia)Freedberg, et al.

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Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co.

Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 24 Cal.2d 453, 150 P.2d 436 (1944), was a decision of the Supreme Court of California involving an injury caused by an exploding bottle of Coca-Cola.

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Esophagus

The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet (gut), is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach.

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Essential hypertension

Essential hypertension (also called primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension) is the form of hypertension that by definition has no identifiable cause.

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Estradiol

Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone.

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Ethel de Fraine

Ethel de Fraine (2 November 1879 – 25 March 1918) was a British botanist.

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Ethylene vinyl alcohol

Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) is a formal copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol.

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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), also known by several other names, is a chemical originating in multiseasonal plants with dormancy stages as a lipidopreservative which helps to develop the stem, currently used for both industrial and medical purposes.

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Etonogestrel

Etonogestrel is a progestin medication which is used as a means of birth control for women.

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Eugenia Kumacheva

Eugenia Kumacheva is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Toronto and a Canada Research Chair in Advanced Functional Materials.

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Exterior dimension

In geometry, exterior dimension is a type of dimension that can be used to characterize the scaling behavior of "fat fractals".

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External support

In cardiac surgery and vascular surgery, external support (or external stent) is a type of scaffold made of metal or plastic material that is inserted over the outside of the vein graft in order to decrease the intermediate and late vein graft failure after bypass surgery (e.g. CABG).

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Extracellular matrix

In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

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Eye development

Eye formation in the human embryo begins at approximately three weeks into embryonic development and continues through the tenth week.

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Fabry disease

Fabry disease is a rare genetic disease.

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Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a genetic disorder affecting the growth and development of blood vessels in the retina of the eye.

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Far-sightedness

Far-sightedness, also known as hyperopia, is a condition of the eye in which light is focused behind, instead of on, the retina.

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Fascia

A fascia (plural fasciae; adjective fascial; from Latin: "band") is a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs.

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Fascial spaces of the head and neck

Fascial spaces (also termed fascial tissue spaces or tissue spaces) are potential spaces that exist between the fasciae and underlying organs and other tissues.

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Fåhræus effect

The Fåhræus effect is the decrease in average concentration of red blood cells in human blood as the diameter of the glass tube in which it is flowing decreases.

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Feather development

Feather development occurs in the epidermal layer of the skin in birds.

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Fennec fox

The fennec fox or fennec (Vulpes zerda) is a small nocturnal fox found in the Sahara of North Africa, the Sinai Peninsula, South West Israel (Arava desert) Encyclopedia of Zoology, Ynet and the Arabian desert.

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Fetal circulation

In animals that give live birth, the fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a fetus.

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Fetal hemoglobin

Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin, (also hemoglobin F, HbF, or α2γ2) is the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus during the last seven months of development in the uterus and persists in the newborn until roughly 6 months old.

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Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy

Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy is a chronic disorder characterized by thrombosis in the fetus leading to vascular obliteration and hypoperfusion.

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Fibroblast growth factor

The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.

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Fibronectin

Fibronectin is a high-molecular weight (~440kDa) glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that binds to membrane-spanning receptor proteins called integrins.

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Fight-or-flight response

The fight-or-flight response (also called hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.

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Fioricet

Fioricet is a brand name consisting of a combination of butalbital (a barbiturate), acetaminophen and caffeine which is indicated for the treatment of tension headaches, muscle contraction headaches and post-dural puncture headaches.

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Fish physiology

Fish physiology is the scientific study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish.

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Fish scale

The skin of most fishes is covered with scales, which, in many cases, are animal reflectors or produce animal coloration.

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Fistula

A fistula is an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs.

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Flavonoid

Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) (from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites.

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Fleming–Tamao oxidation

The Fleming–Tamao oxidation, or Tamao–Kumada–Fleming oxidation, converts a carbon–silicon bond to a carbon–oxygen bond with a peroxy acid or hydrogen peroxide.

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Fluid compartments

The human body and even its individual body fluids may be conceptually divided into various fluid compartments, which, although not literally anatomic compartments, do represent a real division in terms of how portions of the body's water, solutes, and suspended elements are segregated.

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Foam cell

Foam cells are the fat-laden M2 macrophages that serve as the hallmark of early stage atherosclerotic lesion formation.

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Focal and diffuse brain injury

Focal and diffuse brain injury are ways to classify brain injury: focal injury occurs in a specific location, while diffuse injury occurs over a more widespread area.

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Fogarty embolectomy catheter

Fogarty arterial embolectomy catheter is a device developed in 1961 by Dr.

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Foramen lacerum

The foramen lacerum (lacerated piercing) is a triangular hole in the base of skull, located between the sphenoid, the apex of the petrous temporal and the basilar part of the occipital.

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Forceps

Forceps (plural forcepshttps://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q.

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Foreskin

In male human anatomy, the foreskin is the double-layered fold of smooth muscle tissue, blood vessels, neurons, skin, and mucous membrane part of the penis that covers and protects the glans penis and the urinary meatus.

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Foreskin restoration

Foreskin restoration is the process of expanding the skin on the penis to reconstruct an organ similar to the foreskin, which has been removed by circumcision or other injury.

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Fractal

In mathematics, a fractal is an abstract object used to describe and simulate naturally occurring objects.

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Fraise

Fraise (1988–2005) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1992 Breeders' Cup Turf.

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Frank Nicholls

Frank Nicholls (1699 – 7 January 1778) was a physician.

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Franz Leydig

Franz von Leydig, also Franz Leydig (May 21, 1821 – April 13, 1908), was a German zoologist and comparative anatomist.

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Franz Nissl

Franz Alexander Nissl (9 September 1860, Frankenthal – 11 August 1919, Munich) was a German psychiatrist and medical researcher.

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Freshman 15

The term "Freshman 15" is an expression commonly used in the United States that refers to an amount (somewhat arbitrarily set at 15 pounds, and originally just 10) of weight gained during a student's first year at college.

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Frostbite

Frostbite occurs when exposure to low temperatures causes freezing of the skin or other tissues.

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Fundus (eye)

The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole.

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Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana (Musa spp.), also known as fusarium wilt of banana.

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Gadopentetic acid

Gadopentetic acid is one of the trade names for a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent, usually administered as a salt of a complex of gadolinium with DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentacetate) with the chemical formula A2; when cation A is the protonated form of the amino sugar meglumine the salt goes under the name "gadopentetate dimeglumine".

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Gadoteric acid

Gadoteric acid (gadoterate meglumine, trade names Artirem, Dotarem and Clariscan) is a macrocycle-structured gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent (GBCA).

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Gary Carson

Gary Lavon Carson (April 27, 1949 – March 4, 2014) was the author of The Complete Book of Hold 'Em Poker, The Complete Book of Casino Poker, and multiple articles and essays focusing on poker, gambling, and probability.

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Gaseous signaling molecules

Gaseous signaling molecules are gaseous molecules that are either synthesised internally (endogenously) in the organism, tissue or cell or are received by the organism, tissue or cell from outside (say, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere, as in the case of oxygen) and that are used to transmit chemical signals which induce certain physiological or biochemical changes in the organism, tissue or cell.

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Gastro-

Gastro- is a common English-language prefix derived from the ancient Greek gastros ("stomach").

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Gastroduodenal artery

In anatomy, the gastroduodenal artery is a small blood vessel in the abdomen.

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Gastrointestinal wall

The gastrointestinal wall surrounding the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is made up of four layers of specialised tissue – from the lumen outwards.

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Gastrulation

Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.

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GATA3

GATA3 is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the GATA3 gene.

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Gates Vascular Institute

The Gates Vascular Institute and the University at Buffalo‘s Clinical and Translational Research Center is a 10 story building at 875 Ellicott St, Buffalo, New York.

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Göran K. Hansson

Göran K. Hansson (born 1951), is a Swedish physician and medical researcher.

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GDF10

Growth differentiation factor 10 (GDF10) also known as bone morphogenetic protein 3B (BMP-3B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF10 gene.

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Generalized arterial calcification of infancy

Generalized Arterial Calcification of Infancy (GACI) also known as Idiopathic Infantile Arterial Calcification (IIAC) Arterial Calcification of Infancy,, Idiopathic Arterial Calcification of Infancy (IACI), Occlusive Infantile Arterial Calcification, Occlusive Infantile Arteriopathy is an extremely rare, usually fatal genetic disorder, caused by mutations in the ENPP1 gene in 75% of the subjects.

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Generalized lymphadenopathy

Lymph nodes or 'glands' or nodes or lymphoid tissue are nodular bodies located throughout the body but clustering in certain areas such as the armpit, back of the neck and the groin.

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Generative tissue

Generative Tissue (gTissue) is a living tissue created in a patient (human or non-human) by a surgeon, consisting of an extracellular matrix, cells, and supporting vascular supply with generative properties.

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Genetic research into dyslexia

The genetic research into dyslexia has its roots in the work of Galaburda and Kemper, 1979, and Galaburda et al.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

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George Porteous

George Porteous, CM, MBE (April 7, 1903 – February 6, 1978) was the 14th Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan, Canada from 1976 to 1978.

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Germ cell

A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually.

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Giant-cell arteritis

Giant-cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory disease of blood vessels.

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Giraffe

The giraffe (Giraffa) is a genus of African even-toed ungulate mammals, the tallest living terrestrial animals and the largest ruminants.

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Glans

The glans (plural "glandes"; from the Latin word for "acorn") is a vascular structure located at the tip of the penis in male mammals or a homologous genital structure of the clitoris in female mammals.

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Glossary of bird terms

The following is a glossary of common English language terms used in the description of birds—warm-blooded vertebrates of the class Aves, characterized by, the ability to in all but the approximately 60 extant species of flightless birds, toothless,, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.

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Glossary of diabetes

The following is a glossary of diabetes which explains terms connected with diabetes.

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Glossary of medicine

This glossary of medical terms is a list of definitions about medicine, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

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Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.

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Goblet cell

Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins, like mucin MUC5AC.

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Goblin shark

The goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstoni) is a rare species of deep-sea shark.

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Gonadal vein

In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carries blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart.

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Gouverneur Health

Gouverneur Health (formerly Gouverneur Hospital) is a municipally owned healthcare facility affiliated with the New York University School of Medicine.

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Graft (surgery)

Grafting refers to a surgical procedure to move tissue from one site to another on the body, or from another creature, without bringing its own blood supply with it.

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Granulation tissue

Granulation tissue is new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process.

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Granuloma inguinale

Granuloma inguinale (also known as donovanosis) is a bacterial disease caused by Klebsiella granulomatis (formerly known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) characterized by genital ulcers.

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Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), is a long-term systemic disorder that involves both granulomatosis and polyangiitis.

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Great arteries

The great arteries are the primary arteries that carry blood away from the heart, which include.

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Great cerebral vein

The great cerebral vein is one of the large blood vessels in the skull draining the cerebrum of the brain.

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Gross anatomy

Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy) is the study of anatomy at the visible (macroscopic) level.

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Group C nerve fiber

Group C nerve fibers are one of three classes of nerve fiber in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

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Gunshot wound

A gunshot wound (GSW), also known as ballistic trauma, is a form of physical trauma sustained from the discharge of arms or munitions.

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Gyebangsan (Gangwon)

Gyebangsan is a mountain between the counties of Hongcheon and Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do in South Korea.

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Haemoproteus

Haemoproteus is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians.

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Hand injury

The hand is a very complex organ with multiple joints, different types of ligament, tendons and nerves.

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Happy Pills

Happy Pills is the third studio album by Seattle post-grunge band, Candlebox.

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Harbin Clinic

With more than 140 doctors specializing in 35 different medical specialties, the Harbin Clinic is the largest privately owned multispecialty medical clinic in Georgia, United States, and is a significant part of Rome, Georgia's dominance in the field of healthcare in the triangular area between Chattanooga, Tennessee, Birmingham, Alabama, and Atlanta, Georgia.

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Hard tissue

Hard tissue (also termed calcified tissue) is tissue which is mineralized and has a firm intercellular matrix.

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HAS2

Hyaluronan synthase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HAS2 gene.

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Haversian canal

Haversian canals (sometimes canals of Havers, named after British physician Clopton Havers) are a series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone called cortical bone that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them.

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Head injury

A head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain.

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Headache

Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck.

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Health effects of tobacco

Tobacco use has predominantly negative effects on human health and concern about health effects of tobacco has a long history.

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Heart

The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.

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Heart failure

Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.

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Heart valve

A heart valve normally allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart.

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Heat syncope

Heat syncope is fainting or dizziness as a result of overheating (syncope is the medical term for fainting).

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Heat therapy

Heat therapy, also called thermotherapy, is the use of heat in therapy, such as for pain relief and health.

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Heating pad

A heating pad is a pad used for warming of parts of the body in order to manage pain.

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Hematology

Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.

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Hematoma

A hematoma (US spelling) or haematoma (UK spelling) is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, due to either disease or trauma including injury or surgery and may involve blood continuing to seep from broken capillaries.

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Hematon

The hematon was first defined in 1988 as the primary fundamental unit of haematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells.

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Hemifacial spasm

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by irregular, involuntary muscle contractions (spasms) on one side (hemi-) of the face (-facial).

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Hemodynamics

Hemodynamics or hæmodynamics is the dynamics of blood flow.

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Hemoglobinemia

Hemoglobinemia (British Haemoglobinaemia) is a medical condition in which there is an excess of hemoglobin in the blood plasma, sometimes abbreviated as Hb.

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Hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic anemia or haemolytic anaemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular, but usually in the spleen).

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Hemorheology

Hemorheology, also spelled haemorheology (from the Greek ‘αἷμα, haima "blood" and rheology), or blood rheology, is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells.

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Hemostasis

Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel (the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage).

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Hemothorax

A hemothorax is a type of pleural effusion in which blood accumulates in the pleural cavity.

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Henoch–Schönlein purpura

Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) also known as IgA vasculitis, anaphylactoid purpura, purpura rheumatica, and Schönlein–Henoch purpura, is a disease of the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes other organs that most commonly affects children.

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Heparanase

Heparanase, also known as HPSE, is an enzyme that acts both at the cell-surface and within the extracellular matrix to degrade polymeric heparan sulfate molecules into shorter chain length oligosaccharides.

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Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is the development of thrombocytopenia (a low platelet count), due to the administration of various forms of heparin, an anticoagulant.

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Hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged liver.

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Hepatorenal syndrome

Hepatorenal syndrome (often abbreviated HRS) is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure.

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Heyde's syndrome

Heyde's syndrome is a syndrome of gastrointestinal bleeding from angiodysplasia in the presence of aortic stenosis.

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Hickey

A hickey, hickie or love bite in British English, is a bruise or bruise-like mark caused by the kissing or sucking of the skin, usually on the neck or arm.

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Hilum (anatomy)

In human anatomy, the hilum (plural hila), sometimes formerly called a hilus (plural hili), is a depression or fissure where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter an organ.

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Hip dislocation

A hip dislocation a disruption of the joint between the femur and pelvis.

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Hip dysplasia (canine)

In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints.

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Hip fracture

A hip fracture is a break that occurs in the upper part of the femur (thigh bone).

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History of anatomy

The history of anatomy extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists.

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History of dyslexia research

The history of dyslexia research spans from the late 1800s to the present.

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History of neuroimaging

The first neuroimaging technique ever is the so-called ‘human circulation balance’ invented by Angelo Mosso in the 1880s and able to non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity.

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History of surgery

Surgery (W. J. Bishop, The early history of Surgery. Hale, London, 1960.

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Hollenhorst plaque

A Hollenhorst plaque a.k.a. "Eickenhorst plaque" is a cholesterol embolus that is seen in a blood vessel of the retina.

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Homonymous hemianopsia

Hemianopsia, or hemianopia, is a visual field loss on the left or right side of the vertical midline.

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Horse colic

Colic in horses is defined as abdominal pain, but it is a clinical sign rather than a diagnosis.

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Hospital for Special Surgery

Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) is a hospital in New York City that specializes in orthopedic surgery and the treatment of rheumatologic conditions.

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Hotheaded Naked Ice Borer

The Hotheaded Naked Ice Borer is a fictional animal invented by Discover magazine as an April Fool's Day joke.

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Hulusi Behçet

Hulusi Behçet (Constantinople, 20 February 1889 – 8 March 1948) was a Turkish dermatologist and scientist.

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Human body

The human body is the entire structure of a human being.

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Human brain

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

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Human chorionic gonadotropin

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.

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Human embryogenesis

Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development.

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Human skeleton

The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body.

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Human skin

The human skin is the outer covering of the body.

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Human tooth development

Tooth development or odontogenesis is the complex process by which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow, and erupt into the mouth.

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Hunting (House)

"Hunting" is the seventh episode of the second season of House, and twenty-ninth overall.

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Hyaluronic acid

Hyaluronic acid (HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.

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Hydrostatics

Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest.

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Hypertensive emergency

A hypertensive emergency, also known as malignant hypertension, is high blood pressure with potentially life-threatening symptoms and signs indicative of acute impairment of one or more organ systems (especially the central nervous system, cardiovascular system or the kidneys).

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Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates.

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Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy

In pathology, hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, abbreviated HDV, is the histomorphologic correlate of gestational hypertension, as may be seen in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and HELLP syndrome.

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Hypophyseal portal system

The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.

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Hysteroscopy

Hysteroscopy is the inspection of the uterine cavity by endoscopy with access through the cervix.

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ICD-10 Chapter IX: Diseases of the circulatory system

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-10 Chapter XIX: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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ICD-9-CM Volume 3

ICD-9-CM Volume 3 is a system of procedural codes used by health insurers to classify medical procedures for billing purposes.

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Icos

Icos Corporation (trademark ICOS) was an American biotechnology company and the largest biotechnology company in the U.S. state of Washington, before it was sold to Eli Lilly and Company in 2007.

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Ileum

The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.

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Iloprost

Iloprost is a drug used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon and other diseases in which the blood vessels are constricted and blood can't flow to the tissues.

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Immune system

The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

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Inbal Pezaro

Inbal Pezaro (ענבל פיזרו) (born 26 March 1987) is an Israeli Paralympic swimmer.

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India ink

India ink (British English: Indian Ink; also Chinese ink) is a simple black or colored ink once widely used for writing and printing and now more commonly used for drawing and outlining, especially when inking comic books and comic strips.

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Indo-Pacific sailfish

The Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) is a sailfish native to the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

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Induced coma

An induced coma, also known as a medically-induced coma, a barbiturate-induced coma, or a barb coma, is a temporary coma (a deep state of unconsciousness) brought on by a controlled dose of a barbiturate drug, usually pentobarbital or thiopental.

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Induced pluripotent stem cell

Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.

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Infantile hemangioma

A hemangioma, also known as infantile hemangioma (IH), is one of the most common benign tumors of infancy and occurs in approximately 5–10% of infants,Drolet BA, Esterly NB, Frieden IJ.

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Inferior mesenteric vein

In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine.

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Inflammation

Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

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Innate immune system

The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.

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Insect bites and stings

Insect bites and stings occur when an insect is agitated and seeks to defend itself through its natural defense mechanisms, or when an insect seeks to feed off the bitten person.

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Instant Karma (House)

"Instant Karma" is the fourth episode of the sixth season of House.

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Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology

The Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS) is a joint CNRS-Paul Sabatier University research center.

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Intense pulsed light

Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a technology used by cosmetic and medical practitioners to perform various skin treatments for aesthetic and therapeutic purposes, including hair removal, photorejuvenation (e.g. the treatment of skin pigmentation, sun damage, and thread veins) as well as to alleviate dermatologic diseases such as acne.

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Interlobular arteries

Interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries or cortical radial arteries) are renal blood vessels given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance.

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Internal bleeding

Internal bleeding (also called internal hemorrhage) is a loss of blood that occurs from the vascular system into a body cavity or space.

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Internal medicine

Internal medicine or general medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases.

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Internal thoracic artery

In human anatomy, the internal thoracic artery (ITA), previously known as the internal mammary artery (a name still common among surgeons), is an artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts.

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International Classification of Diseases for Oncology

The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) is a domain-specific extension of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems for tumor diseases.

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International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research

International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research, also known as IMPRS for Heart and Lung Research, is a three-year graduate program offering studies in the field of heart, blood vessel and lung biology.

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International Ovarian Tumor Analysis trial

The International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) group was formed in 1999 by Dirk Timmerman (KU Leuven, Belgium), Tom Bourne (Imperial College London, London, UK), and Lil Valentin (Lund University, Sweden).

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Interstitial keratitis

Interstitial keratitis (IK) is corneal scarring due to chronic inflammation of the corneal stroma.

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Intestinal villus

Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine.

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Intima-media thickness

Intima–media thickness (IMT), also called intimal medial thickness, is a measurement of the thickness of tunica intima and tunica media, the innermost two layers of the wall of an artery.

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Intra-aortic balloon pump

The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a mechanical device that increases myocardial oxygen perfusion while at the same time increasing cardiac output.

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Intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as cerebral bleed, is a type of intracranial bleed that occurs within the brain tissue or ventricles.

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Intracranial aneurysm

Intracranial aneurysm, also known as brain aneurysm, is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel.

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Intracranial hemorrhage

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), also known as intracranial bleed, is bleeding within the skull.

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Intracranial pressure

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and thus in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Intramembranous ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the gnathostome (excluding chondrichthyans such as sharks) skeletal system by which rudimentary bone tissue is created.

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Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular (also IM or im) injection is the injection of a substance directly into muscle.

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Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma

Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma, abbreviated IPM, is a rare primary tumour of lymph nodes, that classically presents as an inguinal mass.

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Intraosseous infusion

Intraosseous infusion (IO) is the process of injecting directly into the marrow of a bone.

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Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) is one form of intracerebral bleeding in which there is bleeding within brain parenchyma.

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Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities

Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) are abnormalities of the blood vessels that supply the retina of the eye, a sign of diabetic retinopathy.

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Intrascleral plexus

The intrascleral plexus is the network of blood vessels within the substance of the sclera.

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Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (ILBCL), also referred to as angiotropic large-cell lymphoma, angiotropic large-cell lymphoma, intralymphatic lymphomatosis, intravascular lymphomatosis, and, less specifically, intravascular lymphoma and malignant angioendotheliomatosis is a rare form of lymphoma.

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Intravascular ultrasound

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a medical imaging methodology using a specially designed catheter with a miniaturized ultrasound probe attached to the distal end of the catheter.

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Intussusception (blood vessel growth)

Intussusception also known as splitting angiogenesis, is a type of angiogenesis, the process whereby a new blood vessel is created.

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Iodinated contrast

Iodinated contrast is a form of intravenous radiocontrast (radiographic dye) containing iodine, which enhances the visibility of vascular structures and organs during radiographic procedures.

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Iohexol

Iohexol, sold under the trade names Omnipaque among others, is a contrast agent used during X-rays.

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Iopromide

Iopromide is a molecule used as a contrast medium.

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Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica

Iris aphylla subsp.

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Iris assadiana

Iris assadiana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris.

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Iris auranitica

Iris auranitica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section.

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Iris kobayashii

Iris kobayashii is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the Tenuifoliae series of the species.

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Iris marsica

Iris marsica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris.

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Iris minutoaurea

Iris minutoaurea is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the Chinenses series of the species.

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Iris tenuifolia

Iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the Tenuifoliae series of the species.

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Ischemia

Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).

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Isometheptene

Isometheptene (usually as isometheptene mucate) is a sympathomimetic amine sometimes used in the treatment of migraines and tension headaches due to its vasoconstricting properties; that is, it causes constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels (arteries and veins).

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Isosorbide mononitrate

Isosorbide mononitrate is a drug used principally in the treatment of angina pectoris and acts by dilating the blood vessels so as to reduce the blood pressure.

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Isotretinoin

Isotretinoin, also known as 13-cis-retinoic acid (and colloquially referred to by its former brand name Accutane or Roaccutane), is a medication primarily used to treat severe acne.

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J147

J147 is an experimental drug with reported effects against both Alzheimer's disease and ageing in mouse models of accelerated aging.

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James–Lange theory

The James–Lange theory refers to a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions and is one of the earliest theories of emotion within modern psychology.

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Jasmine rice

Jasmine rice (ข้าวหอมมะลิ) is a long-grain variety of fragrant rice (also known as aromatic rice).

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Jatene procedure

The Jatene procedure, arterial switch operation or arterial switch, is an open heart surgical procedure used to correct dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA); its development was pioneered by Canadian cardiac surgeon William Mustard and it was named for Brazilian cardiac surgeon Adib Jatene, who was the first to use it successfully.

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Jean Casimir Félix Guyon

Jean Casimir Félix Guyon (21 July 1831 – 2 August 1920) was a French surgeon and urologist born in Saint-Denis, Ile-Bourbon (Réunion).

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Johann Jakob Wepfer

Johann Jakob Wepfer (December 23, 1620 – January 26, 1695) was a Swiss pathologist and pharmacologist who was a native of Schaffhausen.

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John Conroy

Sir John Ponsonby Conroy, 1st Baronet, KCH (21 October 1786 – 2 March 1854) was a British army officer who served as comptroller to the Duchess of Kent and her young daughter, Princess Victoria, the future Queen of the United Kingdom.

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John M Squire

John Michael Squire is Professor of Structural Biophysics in the University of London, a Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and a Research Fellow at the University of Bristol where he researches Muscle Contraction and Blood Vessel Glycocalyx Structure.

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John Vane

Sir John Robert Vane FRS (29 March 1927 – 19 November 2004) was an English pharmacologist who was instrumental in the understanding of how aspirin produces pain-relief and anti-inflammatory effects and his work led to new treatments for heart and blood vessel disease and introduction of ACE inhibitors.

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Junctional epithelium

The junctional epithelium (JE) is that epithelium which lies at, and in health also defines, the base of the gingival sulcus.

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Junin virus

The Junin virus or Junín virus is an arenavirus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF).

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Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs.

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Karen Clark Sheard

Karen Clark-Sheard (born Karen Valencia Clark; November 15, 1960) is an American gospel singer, musician, and songwriter.

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Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer

Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer (14 November 1829 – 16 December 1902) was a Baltic German anatomist who discovered stellate macrophage cells that bear his name.

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Kasztanka

Kasztanka (Polish for "chestnut mare"; born 1909 or 1910, died November 23, 1927) was the famous mare that belonged to interwar Poland's leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski.

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Kavain

Kavain is the main kavalactone found mostly in the roots of the kava plant.

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Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease, also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a disease in which blood vessels throughout the body become inflamed.

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Kelgian (Sector General)

A Kelgian (physiological classification DBLF) is one of about seventy known intelligent species in the fictional Sector General universe, and one of the most common species in Sector 12 General Hospital itself.

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Keratin 7

Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 7 also known as cytokeratin-7 (CK-7) or keratin-7 (K7) or sarcolectin (SCL) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT7 gene.

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Kim Kyu-won

Kim Kyu-won is a South Korean biologist.

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Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome

Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome (KTS or KT), formerly Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome and sometimes angioosteohypertrophy syndrome and hemangiectatic hypertrophy, is a rare congenital medical condition in which blood vessels and/or lymph vessels fail to form properly.

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Kodecyte

A kodecyte (ko•de•cyte) is a living cell that has been modified (koded) by the incorporation of one or more function-spacer-lipid constructs (FSL constructs) to gain a new or novel biological, chemical or technological function.

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Krogh model

Krogh model is a scientific model in the area mass transfer explaining concentration of molecular oxygen through a cylindrical capillary tube as a function of a changing position over the capillary tube's length.

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Labetalol

Labetalol is a medication used to treat high blood pressure.

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Lacteal

A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.

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Lambdopsalis

Lambdopsalis bulla is an extinct multituberculate mammal from the Late Paleocene of China.

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Laminin 111

Laminin–111 (also "laminin–1") is a protein of the type known as laminin isoforms.

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Laminotomy

A laminotomy is an orthopaedic neurosurgical procedure that removes part of the lamina of a vertebral arch in order to relieve pressure in the vertebral canal.

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Langendorff heart

The Langendorff heart or isolated perfused heart assay is a predominant in vitro technique used in pharmacological and physiological research using animals.

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Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis through small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera.

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Large-cell lymphoma

One classification system for lymphomas divides the diseases according to the size of the white blood cells that has turned cancerous.

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Laser Doppler velocimetry

Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), also known as laser Doppler anemometry (LDA), is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a laser beam to measure the velocity in transparent or semi-transparent fluid flows, or the linear or vibratory motion of opaque, reflecting, surfaces.

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Late Devonian extinction

The Late Devonian extinction was one of five major extinction events in the history of the Earth's biota.

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Lateral grey column

The lateral grey column (lateral column, lateral cornu, lateral horn of spinal cord, intermediolateral column) is one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord (which give the shape of a butterfly); the others being the anterior and posterior grey columns.

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Lateral thoracic artery

In human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery (or external mammary artery) is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast.

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Lawley Pharmaceuticals

Lawley Pharmaceuticals is a privately owned Australian pharmaceutical company established by pharmacist Michael Buckley in 1995.

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Leg

A leg is a weight bearing and locomotive anatomical structure, usually having a columnar shape.

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Lennart Nilsson

Lennart Nilsson (24 August 1922 – 28 January 2017) was a Swedish photographer and scientist.

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Leptomeningeal collateral circulation

The leptomeningeal collateral circulation is a network of blood vessels supplying the brain that follows a diffuse course over the superficial surface of the brain.

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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by immunodeficiency resulting in recurrent infections.

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Levo-Transposition of the great arteries

Levo-Transposition of the great arteries (L-Transposition of the great arteries), also commonly referred to as congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CC-TGA), is an acyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) in which the primary arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) are transposed, with the aorta anterior and to the left of the pulmonary artery; the morphological left and right ventricles with their corresponding atrioventricular valves are also transposed.

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Ligamentous laxity

Ligamentous laxity, or ligament laxity, means loose ligaments.

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Linea alba (abdomen)

The white line (linea alba) is a fibrous structure that runs down the midline of the abdomen in humans and other vertebrates.

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Lip

Lips are a visible body part at the mouth of humans and many animals.

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List of Bulgarian inventors and discoverers

This is a List of Bulgarian inventors and discoverers, working locally or overseas.

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List of Christian Nobel laureates

65% of Nobel prize winners have been Christians.

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List of circulatory system conditions

There are many conditions of or affecting the human circulatory system — the biological system that includes the pumping and channeling of blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.

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List of cutaneous conditions

Many conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands.

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List of dangerous snakes

Of the 3400 snake species, there are around 600 venomous snake species in the world.

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List of Drexel University alumni

Drexel University is a private university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

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List of human endocrine organs and actions

The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.

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List of human hormones

The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens.

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List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning

The List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning is one of the ranges International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes.

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List of incurable diseases

This is an incomplete list of incurable diseases.

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List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research.

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List of instruments used in ophthalmology

This is a list of instruments used in ophthalmology.

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List of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure characters

The characters of the manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure are created by Hirohiko Araki.

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List of medical abbreviations: A

Category:Lists of medical abbreviations.

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List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes

This is a list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes used in medical terminology, their meanings, and their etymology.

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List of MeSH codes (A07)

The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH.

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List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists and doctors in the various fields of physiology or medicine.

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List of Presidents of the United States by date of death

The following is a list of Presidents of the United States by date of death, plus additional lists of presidential death related statistics.

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List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors

Before Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Conquistadors landed on the island of "Borikén" (Puerto Rico), the Tainos who inhabited the island depended on their astronomical observations for the cultivation of their crops.

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List of side effects of estradiol

List of side effects of estradiol which may occur as a result of its us or have been associated with estrogen and/or progestogen therapy includes.

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List of surgical procedures

The names of many surgical procedure names can be broken into parts to indicate the meaning.

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List of vaginal tumors

Vaginal tumors are neoplasms (tumors) found in the vagina.

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List of Women in Technology International Hall of Fame inductees

The Women in Technology International Hall of Fame was established in 1996 by Women in Technology International (WITI) to honor women who contribute to the fields of science and technology.

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Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.

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Liver biopsy

Liver biopsy is the biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue) from the liver.

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Liver cancer

Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver.

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Liver transplantation

Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with the healthy liver from another person (allograft).

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Local hormone

Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules that do not circulate within the blood. Local hormones are produced by cells and bind to either neighboring cells or the same type of cell that produced them.

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Longfin mako shark

The longfin mako shark (Isurus paucus) is a species of mackerel shark in the family Lamnidae, with a probable worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical waters.

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Loose connective tissue

Loose connective tissue is a category of connective tissue which includes areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose tissue.

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LRP1

Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), also known as alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor (A2MR), apolipoprotein E receptor (APOER) or cluster of differentiation 91 (CD91), is a protein forming a receptor found in the plasma membrane of cells involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis.

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Lumen (anatomy)

In biology, a lumen (plural lumina) is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine.

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Lung

The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.

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Lung abscess

Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.

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Lung on a chip

The lung-on-a-chip is a complex, three-dimensional model of a living, breathing human lung on a microchip.

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Lupus nephritis

Lupus nephritis (also known as SLE nephritis) is an inflammation of the kidneys caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease.

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Lymph node

A lymph node or lymph gland is an ovoid or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, and of the adaptive immune system, that is widely present throughout the body.

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Lymphatic system

The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system and an important part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning "water") directionally towards the heart.

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Lymphatic vessel

The lymphatic vessels (or lymph vessels or lymphatics) are thin-walled vessels structured like blood vessels, that carry lymph.

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Lymphohemangioma

Lymphohemangioma, or lymphohaemangioma, is a disease characterized by swelling of the lymph nodes and blood vessels.

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Lymphovascular invasion

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI or lymphovascular space invasion) is spread of a cancer to the blood vessels and/or lymphatics.

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Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency

Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL deficiency or LAL-D), also known as Wolman disease, is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism that results in the body not producing enough active lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) enzyme.

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Lysyl oxidase

Lysyl oxidase (LOX), also known as protein-lysine 6-oxidase, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LOX gene.

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Macrocephaly-capillary malformation

Macrocephaly-capillary malformation (M-CM) is a multiple malformation syndrome causing abnormal body and head overgrowth and cutaneous, vascular, neurologic, and limb abnormalities.

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Macrophage

Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).

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Macrovascular disease

Macrovascular disease is a disease of any large (macro) blood vessels in the body.

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Magnesium taurate

Magnesium taurate, also known as magnesium ditaurate, is the magnesium salt of taurine, and a mineral supplement.

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Malleability of intelligence

Malleability of intelligence describes the processes by which intelligence can increase or decrease over time and is not static.

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Mammalian eye

Mammals normally have a pair of eyes.

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Mammary tumor

A mammary tumor is a neoplasm originating in the mammary gland.

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Mandibular foramen

The mandibular foramen is an opening on the internal surface of the ramus of the mandible for divisions of the mandibular nerve and blood vessels to pass through.

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Margo Cohen

Margo Panush Cohen is an American physician and entrepreneur.

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Marine mammal

Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine ecosystems for their existence.

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Markus Affolter

Markus Affolter is a Swiss Developmental Biologist and Professor at the Biozentrum University of Basel, Switzerland.

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Marsupial lion

The marsupial lion (Thylacoleo carnifex) is an extinct species of carnivorous marsupial mammal that lived in Australia from the early to the late Pleistocene (1,600,000–46,000 years ago).

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Martian (The War of the Worlds)

The Martians, also known as the Invaders, are the fictional race of extraterrestrials from the H.G. Wells novel The War of the Worlds.

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Masson's trichrome stain

Masson's trichrome is a three-colour staining protocol used in histology.

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Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis, a type of mast cell disease, is a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells (also called mastocytes) and CD34+ mast cell precursors.

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Mastoid part of the temporal bone

The mastoid part of the temporal bone is the back part of the temporal bone.

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Matrix gla protein

Matrix gla protein (MGP) is member of a family of vitamin-K2 dependent, Gla-containing proteins.

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Maurice Henry Pappworth

Maurice Henry Pappworth (9 January 1910 – 12 October 1994) was a pioneering British medical ethicist and tutor, best known for his 1967 book Human Guinea Pigs, which exposed the unethical dimensions of medical research.

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Measuring instrument

A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity.

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Mecasermin rinfabate

Mecasermin rinfabate (INN, USAN) (brand name Iplex), also known as /, is a drug consisting of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) which is used for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease).

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Mediastinoscope

A mediastinoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the tissues and lymph nodes in the area between the lungs (mediastinum) in a procedure known as mediastinoscopy.

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Medical gas therapy

Medical gas therapy has been used in medicine since the use of oxygen therapy.

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Medical imaging

Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).

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Medical thermometer

A medical thermometer is used for measuring human or animal body temperature.

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Medical ultrasound

Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

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Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type.

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MEF2C

Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C also known as MADS box transcription enhancer factor 2, polypeptide C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEF2C gene.

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Meningeal syphilis

Meningeal syphilis (as known as syphilitic aseptic meningitis or meningeal neurosyphilis) is a chronic form of syphilis infection that affects the central nervous system.

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Meningitis

Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.

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Meningococcal disease

Meningococcal disease describes infections caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (also termed meningococcus).

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Menkes disease

Menkes disease (MNK), also known as Menkes syndrome, is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes coding for the copper-transport protein ATP7A, leading to copper deficiency.

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Mesentery

The mesentery is a continuous set of tissues that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall in humans and is formed by the double fold of peritoneum.

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Mesoangioblast

A mesoangioblast is a mesenchymal-like cell, associated with the walls of the large vessels.

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Mesoderm

In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.

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Metal foam

Regular foamed aluminium A metal foam is a cellular structure consisting of a solid metal (frequently aluminium) with gas-filled pores comprising a large portion of the volume.

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Metastasis

Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; it is typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor.

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Metastrongylus

Metastrongylus is a genus of nematodes of the family Metastrongylidae, usually found as lungworms in pigs and sometimes causing parasitic bronchitis.

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Methaemalbuminaemia

Methaemalbuminaemia is a clinical condition that can be caused by severe intravascular haemolysis or acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis.This can be due to proteolytic breakdown of haemoglobin to form both haem and methaem.

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Methuselah Foundation

The Methuselah Foundation is a non-profit organization co-founded in 2003 by David Gobel and Aubrey de Grey.

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Metolazone

Metolazone is a thiazide-like diuretic marketed under the brand names Zytanix from Zydus Cadila, Zaroxolyn, and Mykrox.

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Microangiopathy

Microangiopathy (or microvascular disease, or small vessel disease) is an angiopathy (i.e. disease of blood vessels) affecting small blood vessels in the body.

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Microbiology of decomposition

Microbiology of decomposition is the study of all microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) involved in decomposition, the chemical and physical processes during which organic matter is broken down and reduced to its original elements.

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Microcirculation

Microcirculation is the circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels, present within organ tissues.

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Microglia

Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.

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Microvascular angina

Cardiac syndrome X is a historic term for microvascular angina, angina (chest pain) with signs associated with decreased blood flow to heart tissue but with normal coronary arteries.

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Microvasculitis

Microvasculitis refers to a range of diseases or presentations associated with a disease, where there is inflammation of small blood vessels.

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Microvenular hemangioma

Microvenular hemangioma (also known as "Microcapillary hemangioma") is an acquired benign vascular neoplasm that presents as an asymptomatic, slowly growing, 0.5- to 2.0 cm reddish lesion on the forearms or other sites of young to middle-aged adults.

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Microvessel

Microvessel or microvasculature refers to the smallest systems of blood vessels in a body, including those responsible for microcirculation, the system of smaller blood vessels that distribute blood within tissues.

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Microwave

Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between and.

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Microwave burn

Microwave burns are burn injuries caused by thermal effects of microwave radiation absorbed in a living organism.

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Midline nevus flammeus

Midline nevus flammeus (also known as salmon patch and "angel's kiss,") is a vascular birthmark which may be found on the glabellar region or on one upper eyelid, and presents in approximately 15% of newborns.

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Migraine

A migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe.

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Mike King (comedian)

Mike King (born 12 April 1962) is a New Zealand comedian and television personality.

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Mikito Takayasu

was a Japanese ophthalmologist known for his discovery of Takayasu's arteritis.

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Milan Bandić

Milan Bandić, born 22 November 1955) is a Croatian politician currently serving his sixth term as a mayor of the Croatian capital, Zagreb. Between 2000 and 2009, he was a prominent member of the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP). In 2007, he unsuccessfully ran for party president. However, he remained one of the main rivals of the former party president Zoran Milanović. On 5 November 2009 he announced his intention to run for a president, in violation of the party's bylaws which led to his expulsion from the party. On 10 January 2010, he lost the Croatian presidential election to the official SDP candidate Ivo Josipović in the runoff elections. Bandić is widely regarded as one of the most influential individuals in contemporary Croatian politics. Although described in 2002 as the SDPs most popular politician for the "famous 24 hours he devotes to the service of citizens of Zagreb", he has also gained notoriety for a number of actions and statements he has made as mayor. Bandić is viewed as a hands-on mayor because of his ambition and the number of projects related to Zagreb that he has undertaken. He is widely credited for the renovation of Ljubljanska Avenue (now Zagrebačka Avenue), for his work on the Arena Zagreb and the Homeland Bridge (which opened during his third term). Milan Bandić was arrested in the evening hours of 19 October 2014, along with 18 other officials, under the suspicion of malfeasance related to Zagreb Holding. In his absence, his deputy Sandra Švaljek took the duties of mayor from 19 October 2014 until 26 March 2015. Bandić canceled the authorization that he granted to her because some disagreements between them. Consequently, Švaljek has resigned all of her duties in city. Bandić's second deputy Vesna Kusin took the duties of mayor on 26 March 2015. On 10 April 2015, Zagreb County Court ruled that Milan Bandić has to be released from prison while pending trial. Consequently, he returned to the position of Mayor.

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Milky spots

Milky spots are very small white-coloured areas of lymphoid tissue, found in the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities.

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Minocycline

Minocycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, and has a broader spectrum than the other members of the group.

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Mirusha Park

Mirusha (Mirusha / Mirushë) is a regional park located in the central part of Kosovo on the eastern side of the Dukagjin plain.

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Mitochondrial optic neuropathies

Mitohondrial optic neuropathies are a heterogenous group of disorders that present with visual disturbances resultant from mitochondrial dysfunction within the anatomy of the Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGC), optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract.

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Monorchism

Monorchism (also monorchidism) is the state of having only one testicle within the scrotum.

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Motor neuron

A motor neuron (or motoneuron) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.

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Mount Sinai Medical Center & Miami Heart Institute

Mount Sinai Medical Center is a hospital located at 4300 Alton Road in Miami Beach, Florida, and is the largest independent non-profit hospital in South Florida.

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Movat's stain

Movat's stain is a pentachrome stain originally developed by Henry Zoltan Movat (1923–1995), a Romanian-Canadian Pathologist in Toronto in 1955 to highlight the various constituents of connective tissue, especially cardiovascular tissue, by five colors in a single stained slide.

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MRI sequence

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a sequence is a particular setting of pulse sequences and pulsed field gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance.

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Mucormycosis

Mucormycosis is any fungal infection caused by fungi in the order Mucorales.

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Multimerin 1

Multimerin 1, also known as elastin microfibril interfacer 4 (EMILIN-4), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the MMRN1 gene.

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Murray's law

Murray's law predicts the thickness of branches in transport networks, such that the cost for transport and maintenance of the transport medium is minimized.

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Muscina

Muscina is a genus of flies that belongs to the family Muscidae, currently consisting of 27 species.

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Muscle

Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.

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Muscle contraction

Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle fibers.

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Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.

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Myelolipoma

Myelolipoma (myelo-, from the ancient greek μυελός, marrow; lipo, meaning of, or pertaining to, fat; -oma, meaning tumor or mass) is a benign tumor-like lesion composed of mature adipose (fat) tissue and haematopoietic (blood-forming) elements in various proportions.

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Mynx vascular closure device

The Mynx Vascular Closure Device is an extravascular vascular closure device (VCD) whose deployment system is designed to minimize the discomfort commonly associated with closing the small hole in the artery following catheterization procedure.

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Myocardial perfusion imaging

Myocardial perfusion scan (also referred to as MPI or MPS) is a nuclear medicine procedure that illustrates the function of the heart muscle (myocardium).

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Myogenic mechanism

The myogenic mechanism is how arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow within the blood vessel constant.

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Myograph

A myograph is any device used to measure the force produced by a muscle when under contraction.

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Myrica rubra

Myrica rubra, also called yangmei (Cantonese: yeung4 mui4; Shanghainese),, Chinese bayberry, Japanese bayberry, red bayberry, yumberry, waxberry, or Chinese strawberry (and often mistranslated from Chinese as arbutus) is a subtropical tree grown for its sweet, crimson to dark purple-red, edible fruit.

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Na-K-Cl cotransporter

The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a protein that aids in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells.

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NAD(P)H oxidase

NAD(P)H oxidase is a membrane-associated enzyme that catalyzes the production of superoxide– a reactive free radical– through a one electron transfer from NAD(P)H (NADH or NADPH) to oxygen as the electron acceptor.

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Naftidrofuryl

Naftidrofuryl (INN), also known as nafronyl or as the oxalate salt naftidrofuryl oxalate or nafronyl oxalate, is a vasodilator used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders.

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Nail (anatomy)

A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in most primates and a few other mammals.

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Naked mole-rat

The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), also known as the sand puppy, is a burrowing rodent native to parts of East Africa.

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Nanocarriers

A nanocarrier is nanomaterial being used as a transport module for another substance, such as a drug.

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Nanocell

The term nanocell refers to a drug delivery platform consisting of a polymer-bound chemotherapeutic drug combined with a lipid-bound anti-angiogenesis drug.

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Nanofiber

Nanofibers are fibers with diameters in the nanometer range.

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Nanorobotics

Nanorobotics is an emerging technology field creating machines or robots whose components are at or near the scale of a nanometre (10−9 meters).

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Nasal concha

In anatomy, a nasal concha, plural conchae, also called a turbinate or turbinal, is a long, narrow, curled shelf of bone that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose in humans and various animals.

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Nasal congestion

Nasal congestion is the blockage of the nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed blood vessels.

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National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale

The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, or NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a tool used by healthcare providers to objectively quantify the impairment caused by a stroke.

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Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity

Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity is an 1802 work of Christian apologetics and philosophy of religion by the English clergyman William Paley (July 1743 – 25 May 1805).

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Nd:YAG laser

Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12) is a crystal that is used as a lasing medium for solid-state lasers.

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Neck

The neck is the part of the body, on many vertebrates, that separates the head from the torso.

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Nectar

Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, which in turn provide antiherbivore protection.

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Neocardiogenesis

In cardiology neocardiogenesis is the homeostatic regeneration, repair and renewal of sections of malfunctioning adult cardiovascular tissue.

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Neonatal stroke

Neonatal Stroke, similar to a stroke which occurs in adults, is defined as a disturbance to the blood supply of the developing brain in the first 28 days of life.

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Neovascularization

Neovascularization is the natural formation of new blood vessels (neo- + vascular + -ization), usually in the form of functional microvascular networks, capable of perfusion by red blood cells, that form to serve as collateral circulation in response to local poor perfusion or ischemia.

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Nerve

A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (nerve fibers, the long and slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system.

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Nerve injury

Nerve injury is injury to nervous tissue.

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Neural spine sail

A neural spine sail is a large, flattish protrusion from the back of an animal colinear with the spine.

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Neurological disorder

A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system.

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Neurological examination

A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired.

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Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology (from Greek νεῦρον, neuron, "nerve"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia, "knowledge") is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the functioning of the nervous system.

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Neuroplastic effects of pollution

Research indicates that living in areas of high pollution has serious long term health effects.

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Neutrophil extracellular traps

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibers, primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which bind pathogens.

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Neverending Nightmares

Neverending Nightmares is a video game developed by Infinitap Games.

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Niacin receptor 1

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), also known as niacin receptor 1 (NIACR1) and GPR109A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HCAR2 gene.

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Nicergoline

Nicergoline (INN, marketed under the trade name Sermion) is an ergot derivative used to treat senile dementia and other disorders with vascular origins.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells.

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Nikita (season 3)

The third season of Nikita, an American drama/espionage television series based on the French film Nikita (1990), the remake Point of No Return (1993), and a previous series La Femme Nikita (1997), was announced in May 2012 and premiered on October 19, 2012.

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Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula NO.

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Nitric oxide synthase

Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine.

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Nitrofurantoin

Nitrofurantoin, sold under the trade name Macrobid among others, is an antibiotic used to treat bladder infections.

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Nitrovasodilator

A nitrovasodilator is a pharmaceutical agent that causes vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) by donation of nitric oxide (NO), and is mostly used for the treatment and prevention of angina pectoris.

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Noble Ape

Noble Ape is an artificial life development project launched in June, 1996 by Tom Barbalet.

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Non-invasive intracranial pressure measurement methods

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is one of the major causes of secondary brain ischemia that accompanies a variety of pathological conditions, most notably traumatic brain injury (TBI), strokes, and intracranial hemorrhages.

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Non-noradrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitter

A non-noradrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitter (NANC) is a neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that is neither acetylcholine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine.

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Nonunion

Nonunion is permanent failure of healing following a broken bone unless intervention (such as surgery) is performed.

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Norrie disease

Norrie disease is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the eye and almost always leads to blindness.

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Norrin

Norrin, also known as Norrie disease protein or X-linked exudative vitreoretinopathy 2 protein (EVR2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDP gene.

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Nurse cell

In general biology or reproductive physiology the term nurse cell is defined as a cell which provides food, helps other cells and provides stability to their neighboring cells.

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Nutrient artery

The nutrient artery (arteria nutricia) or medullary, usually accompanied by one or two veins, enters the bone through the nutrient foramen, runs obliquely through the cortex, sends branches upward and downward to the bone marrow, which ramify in the endosteum – the vascular membrane lining the medullary cavity, and give twigs to the adjoining canals.

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Nutrient canal

All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which extends into the medullary cavity.

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Nyasasaurus

Nyasasaurus (meaning "Lake Nyasa lizard") is an extinct genus of dinosauriform reptile from the Middle Triassic Manda Formation of Tanzania that appears to be the earliest known dinosaur.

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Occupational cardiovascular disease

Occupational cardiovascular disease is disease of the heart or blood vessels that are caused by working conditions, making them a form of occupational illness.

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Oligodendroglioma

Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell.

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Onychophora

Onychophora (from Ancient Greek, onyches, "claws"; and pherein, "to carry"), commonly known as velvet worms (due to their velvety texture and somewhat wormlike appearance) or more ambiguously as peripatus (after the first described genus, Peripatus), is a phylum of elongate, soft-bodied, many-legged panarthropods.

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Onyx (interventional radiology)

In interventional radiology, Onyx is a trade name for a copolymer used for embolisation therapy, which involves the occlusion of blood vessels.

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Operating microscope

An operating microscope is an optical microscope specifically designed to be used in a surgical setting, typically to perform microsurgery.

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OPS-301

The Operationen- und Prozedurenschlüssel (OPS) (in 2008, and 2005: OPS-301) is the German modification of the ICPM and now the official classification of operational procedures for power control, the performance record and basis for the claims processing (for inpatient services for G-DRG) of the German hospitals and physicians.

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Optic nerve tumor

An optic nerve melanocytoma is a tumor made up of melanocytes and melanin.

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Oral mucosa tissue engineering

Tissue engineering of oral mucosa combines cells, materials and engineering to produce a three-dimensional reconstruction of oral mucosa.

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Organ (anatomy)

Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.

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Organ printing

A printable organ is an artificially constructed device designed for organ replacement, produced using 3D printing techniques.

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Organ system

In biology, an organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.

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Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging

Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging is a method for imaging small blood vessels in tissue like the nail bed or lip.

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Orthostatic intolerance

Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is the development of symptoms when standing upright which are relieved when reclining.

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Osteoblast

Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, osteo- and βλαστάνω, blastanō "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone.

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Osteomyelitis of the jaws

Osteomyelitis of the jaws is osteomyelitis (which is infection and inflammation of the bone marrow, sometimes abbreviated to OM) which occurs in the bones of the jaws (i.e. maxilla or the mandible).

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Outline of cardiology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cardiology: Cardiology – branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the human heart.

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Outline of health sciences

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to health sciences: Health sciences – are applied sciences that address the use of science, technology, engineering or mathematics in the delivery of healthcare to human beings.

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Outline of medicine

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to medicine: Medicine – science of healing.

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Ovarian cortex

The ovarian cortex is the outer portion of the ovary.

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Ovary

The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum.

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Oxygen window in diving decompression

In diving, the oxygen window is the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2) in arterial blood and the ppO2 in body tissues.

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Oxytalan

In the cellular anatomy of teeth, oxytalan fibres are a component of the extracellular matrix.

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Oxytocin/ergometrine

Oxytocin/ergometrine (trade name Syntometrine) is an obstetric combination drug.

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Oyster

Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats.

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P. K. Sen (surgeon)

Prafulla Kumar Sen MD (7 December 1915 – 22 July 1982) was an Indian vascular and cardiothoracic surgeon who led the first human heart transplant procedure in India in 1968, the sixth in the world.

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Pain assessment

Pain is often regarded as the fifth vital sign in regard to healthcare because it is accepted now in healthcare that pain, like other vital signs, is an objective sensation rather than subjective.

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Paleontology in Iowa

Paleontology in Iowa refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Iowa.

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Pancreas

The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.

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Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass.

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Pancreatic islets

The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells, discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans.

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Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas.

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Pannus

Pannus is an abnormal layer of fibrovascular tissue or granulation tissue.

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Paolo Antonio Boccasanta

Paolo Antonio Boccasanta is an Italian general surgeon, a professor at the University of Milan and a specialist in general, vascular and thoracic surgery.

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Papaverine

Papaverine (Latin papaver, "poppy") is an opium alkaloid antispasmodic drug, used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasm and vasospasm (especially those involving the intestines, heart, or brain), and occasionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

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Papillary fibroelastoma

A papillary fibroelastoma is a primary tumor of the heart that typically involves one of the valves of the heart.

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Papillary thyroid cancer

Papillary thyroid cancer or papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer, representing 75 percent to 85 percent of all thyroid cancer cases.

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Papillary tumors of the pineal region

Papillary tumors of the pineal region (PTPR) were first described by A. Jouvet et al.

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Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential

In urologic pathology, PUNLMP, short for papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, is an exophytic (outward growing), (microscopically) nipple-shaped (or papillary) pre-malignant growth of the lining of the upper genitourinary tract (the urothelium), which includes the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder and part of the urethra.

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Parathyroid artery

The parathyroid artery is the blood vessel that carries blood to each of the parathyroid glands.

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Pascal Photocoagulator

The PASCAL Photocoagulator is an integrated semi-automatic pattern scan laser photocoagulation system designed to treat ocular diseases using a single shot or predetermined pattern array.

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Patch test

A patch test is a method used to determine whether a specific substance causes allergic inflammation of a patient's skin.

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Patella

The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.

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Pathophysiology of hypertension

Pathophysiology is a branch of medicine which explains the function of the body as it relates to diseases and conditions.

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Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS in which activated immune cells invade the central nervous system and cause inflammation, neurodegeneration, and tissue damage.

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Patrick Vallance

Patrick John Thompson Vallance One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: (born 1960) is a British medical doctor, and the head of Research and development (R&D) at the British multinational pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).

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Patterns in nature

Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world.

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Paul Ghalioungui

Paul Ghalioungui or Ghalioungi (1908–1987) (بول غليونجي), MD (Cairo), MRCP (Lond), Professor of Medicine and former Chairman of Internal Medicine department, Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine.

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PDE1

PDE1 (phosphodiesterase type 1) is a phosphodiesterase enzyme also known as calcium- and calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase.

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Pecten oculi

The pecten or pecten oculi is a comb-like structure of blood vessels belonging to the choroid in the eye of a bird.

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Pelagic thresher

The pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus) is a species of thresher shark, family Alopiidae; this group of sharks is characterized by the greatly elongated upper lobes of their caudal fins.

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Pelagornithidae

The Pelagornithidae, commonly called pelagornithids, pseudodontorns, bony-toothed birds, false-toothed birds or pseudotooth birds, are a prehistoric family of large seabirds.

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Peliosis hepatis

Peliosis hepatis is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by multiple, randomly distributed, blood-filled cavities throughout the liver.

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Pelvic girdle pain

Pelvic girdle pain (abbreviated PGP) is a pregnancy discomfort that causes pain, instability and limitation of mobility and functioning in any of the three pelvic joints.

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Penetrating head injury

A penetrating head injury, or open head injury, is a head injury in which the dura mater, the outer layer of the meninges, is breached.

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Pentastarch

Pentastarch is a subgroup of hydroxyethyl starch, with five hydroxyethyl groups out of each 11 hydroxyls, giving it approximately 50% hydroxyethylation.

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Percutaneous

In surgery, a percutaneous procedure is any medical procedure or method where access to inner organs or other tissue is done via needle-puncture of the skin, rather than by using an "open" approach where inner organs or tissue are exposed (typically with the use of a scalpel).

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Perfusion MRI

Perfusion MRI or perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) is perfusion scanning by the use of a particular MRI sequence.

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Pericardium

The pericardium is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

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Pericyte

Pericytes are contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body.

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Perindopril/indapamide

Perindopril/indapamide (marketed as Preterax and Noliprel) is a combination medication which contains perindopril (an ACE inhibitor) and indapamide (a thiazide-like diuretic) both of which are used for the treatment of essential hypertension (high blood pressure).

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Perineal sponge

The perineal sponge is a spongy cushion of tissue and blood vessels found in the lower genital area of women.

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Periorbital puffiness

Periorbital puffiness, also known as "puffy eyes", or swelling around the eyes, is the appearance of swelling in the tissues around the eyes, called the orbits.

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Peripheral chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors (of the carotid and aortic bodies) are so named because they are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations.

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Peritoneum

The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids.

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Perivascular space

A perivascular space, also known as a Virchow–Robin space, is a fluid-filled space surrounding certain blood vessels in several organs, potentially having an immunological function, but more broadly a dispersive role for neural and blood-derived messengers.

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Permissive hypotension

Permissive hypotension or hypotensive resuscitation is the use of restrictive fluid therapy, specifically in the trauma patient, that increases systemic blood pressure without reaching normotension (normal blood pressures).

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Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) is enlarged painful lymph nodes occurring in a couple of different areas for more than three to six months for which no other reason can be found.

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Persistent genital arousal disorder

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD), previously called persistent sexual arousal syndrome, is spontaneous, persistent, unwanted and uncontrollable genital arousal in the absence of sexual stimulation or sexual desire, and is typically not relieved by orgasm.

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Petechia

A petechia, plural petechiae, is a small (1–2 mm) red or purple spot on the skin, caused by a minor bleed from broken capillary blood vessels.

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Photoaging

Photoaging or photoageing (also known as "dermatoheliosis") is a term used for the characteristic changes to skin induced by chronic UVA and UVB exposure.

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Photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), sometimes called photochemotherapy, is a form of phototherapy involving light and a photosensitizing chemical substance, used in conjunction with molecular oxygen to elicit cell death (phototoxicity).

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Photorelaxation

Photorelaxation or Photo-vasorelaxation, described as the relaxation of blood vessels in response to light.

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Photothermal effect

Photothermal effect is a phenomenon associated with electromagnetic radiation.

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Physics of magnetic resonance imaging

The physics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involves the interaction of biological tissue with electromagnetic fields.

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Physiology of decompression

The physiology of decompression involves a complex interaction of gas solubility, partial pressures and concentration gradients, diffusion, bulk transport and bubble mechanics in living tissues.

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Physiology of underwater diving

Physiology of underwater diving is the physiological influences of the underwater environment on the physiology of air-breathing animals, and the adaptations to operating underwater, both during breath-hold dives and while breathing at ambient pressure from a suitable breathing gas supply.

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Placenta praevia

Placenta praevia is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but near or over the cervical opening.

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Placentation

In biology, placentation refers to the formation, type and structure, or arrangement of the placenta.

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Plasma renin activity

Plasma renin activity (PRA), also known as the renin (active) assay or random plasma renin, is a measure of the activity of the plasma enzyme renin, which plays a major role in the body's regulation of blood pressure, thirst, and urine output.

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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) also known as endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor or serpin E1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINE1 gene.

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Platelet membrane glycoprotein

Platelet membrane glycoproteins are surface glycoproteins found on platelets (thrombocytes) which play a key role in hemostasis.

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Pleural cavity

The pleural cavity is the thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae (known as visceral and parietal) of each lung.

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Plexopathy

Plexopathy is a disorder affecting a network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymph vessels.

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Plexus

A plexus (from the Latin for "braid") is a branching network of vessels or nerves.

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Pluto (mythology)

Pluto (Latin: Plūtō; Πλούτων) was the ruler of the underworld in classical mythology.

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Pneumostome

The pneumostome (or breathing pore) is a feature (the respiratory opening) of the external body anatomy of an air-breathing land slug or land snail.

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Podiatrist

A podiatrist, also known as a podiatric physician (/poʊˈdaɪətrɪst/ poh-dye-eh-trist) or "foot and ankle surgeon", is a medical doctor devoted to the study and medical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower extremity.

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Podiatry

Podiatry or podiatric medicine is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower extremity.

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Polidocanol

Polidocanol is a local anaesthetic and antipruritic component of ointments and bath additives.

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Poloxamer 407

Poloxamer 407 is a hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant of the more general class of copolymers known as poloxamers.

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Poly Implant Prothèse

Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) was a French company founded in 1991 that produced silicone gel breast implants.

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Polylysine

No description.

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Polymer solution casting

Polymer solution casting is a manufacturing process used to make flexible plastic components which are typically in the shape of a single or multi-lumen tube commonly utilized in the medical device industry.

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Polyneuropathy

Polyneuropathy (poly- + neuro- + -pathy) is damage or disease affecting peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathy) in roughly the same areas on both sides of the body, featuring weakness, numbness, and burning pain.

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Porbeagle

The porbeagle (Lamna nasus) is a species of mackerel shark in the family Lamnidae, distributed widely in the cold and temperate marine waters of the North Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere.

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Portable ultrasound

Portable ultrasound is a modality of medical ultrasonography that utilizes small and light devices, compared to the console style ultrasound machines that preceded them.

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Portal vein

The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver.

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Portal venous system

In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart.

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Posterior cerebral artery

The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the posterior aspect of the brain (occipital lobe) in human anatomy.

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Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a medical condition characterized by damage to the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerve due to inadequate blood flow (ischemia) to the optic nerve.

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Posterior perforated substance

The depressed area between the crura is termed the interpeduncular fossa, and consists of a layer of gray matter, the posterior perforated substance, which is pierced by small apertures for the transmission of blood vessels; its lower part lies on the ventral aspect of the medial portions of the tegmenta, and contains a nucleus named the interpeduncular ganglion; its upper part assists in forming the floor of the third ventricle.

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Potassium nitrite

Potassium nitrite (distinct from potassium nitrate) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula 2.

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PPAP2B

Lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 3 (LPP3), also known as phospholipid phosphatase 3 (PLPP3) and phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2B (PAP-2b or PPAP2B), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPAP2B gene on chromosome 1.

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Pregnancy (mammals)

In mammals, pregnancy is the period of reproduction during which a female carries one or more live offspring from implantation in the uterus through gestation.

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Prepatellar bursitis

Prepatellar bursitis is an inflammation of the prepatellar bursa at the front of the knee.

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Priapism

Priapism is a condition in which a penis remains erect for hours in the absence of stimulation or after stimulation has ended.

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Primary and secondary brain injury

Primary and secondary brain injury are ways to classify the injury processes that occur in brain injury.

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Primary bone

Primary bone is the first bone tissue that appears in embryonic development and in fracture repair.

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Primary hypertrophic osteoathropathy

Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) or primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare genetic disorder that affects both bones and skin.

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Primate experiments at Columbia University

Primate experiments at Columbia University came to public attention in October 2003, when CNN reported that a university veterinarian had approached its Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee about experiments being carried out there on baboons.

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Procollagen-proline dioxygenase

Procollagen-proline dioxygenase, commonly known as prolyl hydroxylase, is a member of the class of enzymes known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases.

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Progeroid syndromes

Progeroid syndromes (PS) are a group of rare genetic disorders which mimic physiological aging, making affected individuals appear to be older than they are.

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Prostacyclin

Prostacyclin (also called prostaglandin I2 or PGI2) is a prostaglandin member of the eicosanoid family of lipid molecules.

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Prostaglandin

The prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals.

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Prostaglandin E1

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), also known as alprostadil, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin which is used as a medication.

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Proteases in angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels from existing blood vessels.

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Provascular anticancer therapy

Provascular anticancer therapy is a strategy that exploits the differential reactivity of mature tumor blood vessels to increase the efficacy of conventional anticancer treatments (such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy).

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Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia

In breast pathology, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, commonly abbreviated PASH, is an overgrowth of myofibroblastic cells and has an appearance similar to fibroadenomatoid changes.

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Pseudobulbar palsy

Pseudobulbar palsy is a medical condition characterized by the inability to control facial movements (such as chewing and speaking) and caused by a variety of neurological disorders.

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Pseudohypertension

Pseudohypertension, also known as pseudohypertension in the elderly, noncompressibility artery syndrome, and Osler's sign of pseudohypertension is a falsely elevated blood pressure reading obtained through sphygmomanometry due to calcification of blood vessels which cannot be compressed.

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Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), also known as Grönblad–Strandberg syndrome, is a genetic disease that causes fragmentation and mineralization of elastic fibers in some tissues.

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Pubic symphysis

The pubic symphysis (or symphysis pubis) a cartilaginous joint that sits between and joins left and right the superior rami of the pubic bones.

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Pulmonary circulation

The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.

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Pulmonary laceration

A pulmonary laceration is a chest injury in which lung tissue is torn or cut.

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Pulmonary venoocclusive disease

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare form of pulmonary hypertension caused by progressive blockage of the small veins in the lungs.

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Pulmonata

Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills.

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Pulp polyp

A pulp polyp, also known as chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, is a "productive" (i.e., growing) inflammation of dental pulp in which the development of granulation tissue is seen, and is characterised by the overgrowth of the tissue outside the boundary of a tooth's pulp chamber.

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Putrefaction

Putrefaction is the fifth stage of death, following pallor mortis, algor mortis, rigor mortis, and livor mortis.

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Pyrolytic carbon

Pyrolytic carbon is a material similar to graphite, but with some covalent bonding between its graphene sheets as a result of imperfections in its production.

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Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn

Queen Elizabeth Hospital in King's Lynn, Norfolk, England.

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Radiation proctitis

Radiation proctitis (and the related radiation colitis) is inflammation and damage to the lower parts of the colon after exposure to x-rays or other ionizing radiation as a part of radiation therapy.

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Radical retropubic prostatectomy

Radical retropubic prostatectomy is a surgical procedure in which the prostate gland is removed through an incision in the abdomen.

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Radio frequency

Radio frequency (RF) refers to oscillatory change in voltage or current in a circuit, waveguide or transmission line in the range extending from around twenty thousand times per second to around three hundred billion times per second, roughly between the upper limit of audio and the lower limit of infrared.

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Radiographer

Radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, diagnostic radiographers and medical radiation technologists are healthcare professionals who specialise in the imaging of human anatomy for the diagnosis and treatment of pathology.

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Radiosurgery

Radiosurgery is surgery using radiation, that is, the destruction of precisely selected areas of tissue using ionizing radiation rather than excision with a blade.

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Rüdiger Klein

Rüdiger Klein (born March 24, 1958 in Nickenich) is a German neurobiologist.

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Receptor tyrosine kinase

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones.

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Rectal administration

Rectal administration uses the rectum as a route of administration for medication and other fluids, which are absorbed by the rectum's blood vessels,The rectum has numerous blood vessels available to absorb drugs.

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Recurrent laryngeal nerve

The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles.

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Red dress effect

The red dress effect is a putative phenomenon in which people wearing red clothing, such as a red dress, are perceived to be more sexually appealing than they are when wearing other colours.

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Red eye (medicine)

A red eye is an eye that appears red due to illness or injury.

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Registered Cardiovascular Invasive Specialist

A Registered Cardiovascular Invasive Specialist or RCIS assists a cardiologist with cardiac catheterization procedures in the United States.

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Relapsing polychondritis

Relapsing polychondritis is a multi-systemic condition characterized by repeated episodes of inflammation and deterioration of cartilage.

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Remote guidance

Remote guidance, in the medical context, refers to the supervision or guidance of a medical task, usually a procedures or test, from a remote location.

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Renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine.

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Renal ischemia

Renal ischemia also known asnephric ischaemia, is the deficiency of blood in one or both kidneys or nephrons, usually due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel.

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Renin

Renin (etymology and pronunciation), also known as an angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)—also known as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis—that mediates the volume of extracellular fluid (blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction.

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Reserpine

Reserpine (also known by trade names Raudixin, Serpalan, Serpasil) is an indole alkaloid, Major Types Of Chemical Compounds In Plants & Animals Part II: Phenolic Compounds, Glycosides & Alkaloids. Wayne's Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History.

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Resistance artery

A resistance artery is small diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that contributes significantly to the creation of the resistance to flow and regulation of blood flow.

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Resistin

Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1) is a cysteine-rich adipose-derived peptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene.

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Respiratory system

The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.

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Restenosis

Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis, a narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted blood flow.

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Resuscitative thoracotomy

A resuscitative thoracotomy (sometimes referred to as an emergency department thoracotomy (EDT), trauma thoracotomy or, colloquially, as "cracking the chest") is a thoracotomy performed to resuscitate a major trauma patient who has sustained severe thoracic or abdominal trauma and who has entered cardiac arrest because of this.

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Rete ovarii

The rete ovarii is a structure formed from the primary sex cords in females.

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Retinal scan

A retinal scan is a biometric technique that uses the unique patterns on a person's retina blood vessels.

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Retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also called retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) and Terry syndrome, is a disease of the eye affecting prematurely born babies generally having received intensive neonatal care, in which oxygen therapy is used on them due to the premature development of their lungs.

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Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS, sometimes called Call-Fleming syndrome) is a disease characterized by a weeks-long course of thunderclap headaches, sometimes focal neurologic signs, and occasionally seizures.

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Rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly.

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Rheumatoid nodule

A rheumatoid nodule is a local swelling or tissue lump, usually rather firm to touch, like an unripe fruit, which occurs almost exclusively in association with rheumatoid arthritis.

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Rhian Touyz

Rhian Touyz is a South African medical researcher.

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Rickettsia

Rickettsia is a genus of nonmotile, Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that can be present as cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), rods (1–4 μm long), or thread-like (10 μm long).

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Ridge detection

Ridge detection is the attempt, via software, to locate ridges (or edges) in an image.

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Ridged band

The ridged band is a band of highly innervated wrinkly skin toward the end of the foreskin.

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Right gastroepiploic vein

The right gastroepiploic vein (right gastroomental vein) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the greater curvature and left part of the body of the stomach into the superior mesenteric vein.

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RNA interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.

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Robert F. Furchgott

Robert Francis Furchgott (June 4, 1916 – May 19, 2009) was a Nobel Prize-winning American biochemist who contributed to the discovery of nitric oxide as a transient cellular signal in mammalian systems.

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Robert Hollenhorst

Dr.

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Robert S. Langer

Robert Samuel Langer, Jr. FREng (born August 29, 1948 in Albany, New York) is an American chemical engineer, scientist, entrepreneur, inventor and an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), also known as blue disease, is the most lethal and most frequently reported rickettsial illness in the United States.

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Rodenticide

Rodenticides, colloquially rat poison, are typically non-specific pest control chemicals made and sold for the purpose of killing rodents.

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Root canal

A root canal is the naturally occurring anatomic space within the root of a tooth.

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Root effect

The Root effect is a physiological phenomenon that occurs in fish hemoglobin, named after its discoverer R. W. Root.

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Rubeosis iridis

Rubeosis iridis, also called neovascularization of the iris (NVI), is a medical condition of the iris of the eye in which new abnormal blood vessels (formed by neovascularization) are found on the surface of the iris.

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Rudolf Magnus

Rudolf Magnus (2 September 1873, Brunswick – 25 July 1927, Pontresina) was a German pharmacologist and physiologist.

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Rugops

Rugops (meaning "first wrinkle face") is a genus of theropod dinosaur which inhabited what is now Africa approximately 95 million years ago (Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous).

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S1PR1

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P receptor 1 or S1P1), also known as endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S1PR1 gene.

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Saccade

A saccade (French for jerk) is a quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of fixation in the same direction.

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Sacral ganglia

The sacral ganglia are paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk.

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Salivary gland

The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts.

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Salmon

Salmon is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae.

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Salomon Stricker

Salomon Stricker (1 January 1834, Waag-Neustadtl/Vágújhely/Nové Mesto nad Váhom) – 2 April 1898) was an Austrian pathologist and histologist born in Waag-Neustadtl, a town that is now located in Slovakia. He studied at the University of Vienna, and subsequently became a research assistant at the Institute of Physiology under Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke. Later he became head of the Institute of General and Experimental Pathology in Vienna. Stricker is remembered for his extensive studies in the fields of histology and experimental pathology, and is credited with making discoveries involving the diapedesis of erythrocytes and the contractility of vascular walls. He also made contributions in his research of cell division in vivo, on the histology of the cornea, and on the relationship of cells to the extracellular matrix. Among his written works is the "Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere", a two-volume textbook that contains Stricker's essays on histology, along with treatises from several other prominent physicians and scientists, such as Max Schultze, Wilhelm Kühne, Joseph von Gerlach, Sigmund Mayer, Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer, Theodor Meynert, Ewald Hering, et al. During its time, it was considered one of the greatest textbooks concerning histology. Stricker was also the author of a number of philosophical works. In his landmark "Interpretation of Dreams", Sigmund Freud discusses a passage in Stricker's Studien uber das Bewusstsein regarding the expression of affect in dreams (e.g. fear, joy) and the dream's ideational content, and how these two elements compare to the ideational/affective dynamic in an awake state. In his book, Stricker uses as an example; "If I am afraid of robbers in my dreams, the robbers, to be sure, are imaginary, but the fear of them is real". It was at Stricker's institute that ophthalmologist Karl Koller, who at the suggestion of Freud, began his experimentation with cocaine as a local anaesthetic.

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Samba Sensors

Samba Sensors is a developer and manufacturer of advanced fiber-optic technology for pressure measurements.

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Santanaraptor

Santanaraptor (meaning "Santana Formation thief") is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in South America during the Early Cretaceous (late Aptian-early Albian), about 112 million years ago.

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Sarcoma

A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin.

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Sattler's layer

Sattler's layer, named after Hubert Sattler, an Austrian ophthalmologist, is one of five (or six) layers of medium-diameter blood vessels of the choroid, and a layer of the eye.

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Scale (anatomy)

In most biological nomenclature, a scale (Greek λεπίς lepis, Latin squama) is a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection.

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Schistosoma nasale

Schistosoma nasale is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae.

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Scleroderma

Scleroderma is a group of autoimmune diseases that may result in changes to the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs.

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Sclerotherapy

Sclerotherapy (the word reflects the Greek skleros, meaning "hard") is a procedure used to treat blood vessels or blood vessel malformations (vascular malformations) and also those of the lymphatic system.

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Scotoma

A scotoma (Greek σκότος/skótos, darkness; plural: scotomas or scotomata) is an area of partial alteration in the field of vision consisting of a partially diminished or entirely degenerated visual acuity that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved – vision.

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SCUBE1

Signal peptide, CUB domain and EGF like domain containing 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCUBE1 gene.

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Second-impact syndrome

Second-impact syndrome (SIS) occurs when the brain swells rapidly, and catastrophically, after a person suffers a second concussion before symptoms from an earlier one have subsided.

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Secondary hypertension

Secondary hypertension (or, less commonly, inessential hypertension) is a type of hypertension which by definition is caused by an identifiable underlying primary cause.

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Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.

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Seldinger technique

The Seldinger technique, also known as Seldinger wire technique, is a medical procedure to obtain safe access to blood vessels and other hollow organs.

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Selectin

The selectins (cluster of differentiation 62 or CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules (or CAMs).

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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.

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Senescence

Senescence or biological ageing is the gradual deterioration of function characteristic of most complex lifeforms, arguably found in all biological kingdoms, that on the level of the organism increases mortality after maturation.

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Serafim Guimarães

Serafim Guimarães, full name Serafim Correia Pinto Guimarães, (born May 2, 1934) is a Portuguese physician and pharmacologist.

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Serotonylation

Serotonylation is a receptor independent signaling mechanism by which serotonin activates intracellular processes by creating long lasting covalent bonds upon proteins.

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Serous membrane

In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid.

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Sex therapy

Sex therapy is a strategy for the improvement of sexual function and treatment of sexual dysfunction.

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Shark

Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head.

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Sharks Don't Get Cancer

Sharks Don't Get Cancer (subtitle: How Shark Cartilage Could Save Your Life) is a 1992 book written by I. William Lane and Linda Comac and published by Avery Publishing.

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Shiga-like toxin

Shiga-like toxin, also known as verotoxin and verocytotoxin, is a toxin generated by some strains of Escherichia coli (but see below).

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Shock (circulatory)

Shock is the state of low blood perfusion to tissues resulting in cellular injury and inadequate tissue function.

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Siegmund Mayer

Siegmund Mayer (December 27, 1842 – September, 1910) was a German physiologist and histologist.

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Simcere Pharmaceutical

Simcere Pharmaceutical Group or Simcere Pharmaceutical is a manufacturer and supplier of branded generic pharmaceuticals in the Chinese market.

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Simple columnar epithelium

A simple columnar epithelium is a columnar epithelium that is uni-layered.

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Sinoatrial node

The sinoatrial node (SA node), also known as sinus node, is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.

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Sinornithomimus

Sinornithomimus is a genus of ornithomimid theropod dinosaur found in 1997, in the early Late Cretaceous strata of the Ulansuhai Formation located at Alshanzuo Banner, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Northern China.

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Sinusoid (blood vessel)

A sinusoid is a small blood vessel that is a type of capillary similar to a fenestrated endothelium.

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Situs ambiguus

Situs ambiguus or situs ambiguous, also known as heterotaxy or heterotaxia, is a rare congenital defect in which the major visceral organs are distributed abnormally within the chest and abdomen.

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Situs inversus

Situs inversus (also called situs transversus or oppositus) is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions.

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SK3

SK3 (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3) also known as KCa2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNN3 gene.

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Skeleton

The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism.

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Skin

Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.

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Skin cancer

Skin cancers are cancers that arise from the skin.

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Skin repair

Protection from mechanical injury, chemical hazards, and bacterial invasion is provided by the skin because the epidermis is relatively thick and covered with keratin.

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Skull

The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates.

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Skull fracture

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the eight bones that form the cranial portion of the skull, usually occurring as a result of blunt force trauma.

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Snowflake (gorilla)

Snowflake (Floquet de Neu, Copito de Nieve; c. 1964 – 2003) was an albino Western lowland gorilla.

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Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography

The Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography (SDMS) is the largest professional association for sonographers in the world, and hosts the largest annual conference for sonographers.

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Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions. Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·n. The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, it is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes.

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Soft tissue

In anatomy, soft tissue includes the tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body, not being hard tissue such as bone.

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Sole (foot)

The sole is the underside of the foot.

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Somatotype and constitutional psychology

Somatotype is a taxonomy developed in the 1940s by American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon to categorize the human physique according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements which he termed "somatotypes".

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Soot

Soot is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.

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Specialty (medicine)

A specialty, or speciality, in medicine is a branch of medical practice.

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Specimens of Tyrannosaurus

Tyrannosaurus rex, one of the most iconic dinosaurs, is known from numerous specimens, some of which have acquired a degree of notability in their own right because of their scientific importance and coverage by the media.

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Spencer Leigh Hughes

Spencer Leigh Hughes (21 April 1858 – 22 February 1920) was a British, engineer, journalist and Liberal politician.

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Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

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SpineGuard

SpineGuard, S.A. develops and markets the PediGuard probes for the enhancement of spine surgery.

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Splenic artery

The splenic artery (in the past called the lienal artery) is the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen.

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Splenic vein

The splenic vein (formerly the lienal vein) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the spleen, the stomach fundus and part of the pancreas.

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Sprouting

Sprouting is the practice of germinating seeds to be eaten raw or cooked.

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Stage fright

Stage fright or performance anxiety is the anxiety, fear, or persistent phobia which may be aroused in an individual by the requirement to perform in front of an audience, whether actually or potentially (for example, when performing before a camera).

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Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and it is a member of the normal flora of the body, frequently found in the nose, respiratory tract, and on the skin.

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STARD13

StAR-related lipid transfer domain protein 13 (STARD13) also known as deleted in liver cancer 2 protein (DLC-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STARD13 gene and a member of the DLC family of proteins.

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Stefan R. Bornstein

Stefan R. Bornstein (November 5, 1961 in Oberstdorf, Germany) is the director of the Centre for Internal Medicine and the Medical Clinic and Policlinic III at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of the Technical University of Dresden as well as the medical faculty’s Vice Dean of International Affairs and Development and a member of the supervisory board of the University Hospital of Dresden.

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Stenosis

A stenosis is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure.

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Stent-electrode recording array

Stent-electrode recording array, also known as a stentrode, is a device that can be placed in the brain to record brain activity from specific regions.

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Stephen Sinatra

Stephen T. Sinatra (born 1946) is a board-certified cardiologist specializing in integrative medicine.

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Sternal fracture

A sternal fracture is a fracture of the sternum (the breastbone), located in the center of the chest.

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Sternum

The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the center of the chest.

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Steven Libutti

Steven K. Libutti, M.D., F.A.C.S. (born April 18, 1964) is an American surgeon and scientist.

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Stiff skin syndrome

Stiff skin syndrome (also known as "Congenital fascial dystrophy") is a cutaneous condition characterized by ‘rock hard’ induration, thickening of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, limited joint mobility, and mild hypertrichosis in infancy or early childhood.

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Stretching (body piercing)

Stretching, in the context of body piercing, is the deliberate expansion of a healed piercing for the purpose of wearing certain types of jewelry.

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Stria vascularis of cochlear duct

The upper portion of the spiral ligament (which forms the outer wall of the cochlear duct) contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis.

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Stroke

A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.

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Stroma of iris

The stroma of the iris is a fibrovascular layer of tissue.

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Stroma of ovary

The stroma of the ovary is a unique type of connective tissue abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped stroma cells.

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Structural encroachment

A structural encroachment is a concept in American real property law, in which a piece of real property hangs from one property over the property line of another landowner's premises.

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Stunning

Stunning is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious, with or without killing the animal, when or immediately prior to slaughtering them for food.

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Stupor

Stupor (from Latin stupere, "be stunned or amazed") is the lack of critical mental function and a level of consciousness wherein a sufferer is almost entirely unresponsive and only responds to base stimuli such as pain.

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Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding into the subarachnoid space—the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain.

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Subclavian steal syndrome

Subclavian steal syndrome (SSS), also called subclavian steal phenomenon or subclavian steal steno-occlusive disease, is a constellation of signs and symptoms that arise from retrograde (reversed) blood flow in the vertebral artery or the internal thoracic artery, due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) and/or occlusion of the subclavian artery.

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Subconjunctival hemorrhage

(Top) A stress induced subconjunctival hemorrhage in the left eye one week after hemorrhaging. (Bottom) Same hemorrhage four weeks after hemorrhaging. Some of the blood in the sclera has turned yellow, like a bruise. Subconjunctival hemorrhage, also known as subconjunctival haemorrhage and hyposphagma, is bleeding underneath the conjunctiva.

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Subcutaneous emphysema

Subcutaneous emphysema (SCE, SE) is when gas or air is in the layer under the skin.

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Submucosa

The submucosa (or tela submucosa) is a thin layer of tissue in various organs of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts.

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Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula.

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Sulidae

The bird family Sulidae comprises the gannets and boobies.

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Summa Akron City Hospital

Summa Akron City Hospital, part of Summa Health System, was founded in 1892 in Akron, Ohio, United States.

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Superior epigastric artery

In human anatomy, superior epigastric artery refers to a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood and arises from the internal thoracic artery (referred to as the internal mammary artery in the accompanying diagram).

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Superior epigastric vein

In human anatomy, superior epigastric vein refers to a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood and drains into the internal thoracic vein.

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Superior mesenteric vein

The superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine (jejunum and ileum).

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Surfactin

Surfactin is a very powerful surfactant commonly used as an antibiotic.

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Surfer's myelopathy

Surfer's myelopathy is a rare nontraumatic paraparesis.

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Surgery

Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.

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Surgical instrument

A surgical instrument is a specially designed tool or device for performing specific actions or carrying out desired effects during a surgery or operation, such as modifying biological tissue, or to provide access for viewing it.

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Suspensory ligament of ovary

The suspensory ligament of the ovary, also infundibulopelvic ligament (commonly abbreviated IP ligament or simply IP), is a fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis.

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Sven Ivar Seldinger

Sven Ivar Seldinger (19 April 1921 – 21 February 1998), was a radiologist from Mora Municipality, Sweden.

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Swim bladder

The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming.

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Syncope (medicine)

Syncope, also known as fainting, is a loss of consciousness and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery.

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Synovial membrane

The synovial membrane (also known as synovium or stratum synoviale) is a specialized connective tissue that lines the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints and tendon sheath.

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Syringe

A syringe is a simple reciprocating pump consisting of a plunger (though in modern syringes it's actually a piston) that fits tightly within a cylindrical tube called a barrel.

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Table of epithelia of human organs

This table lists the epithelia of different organs of the human body Category:Human anatomy.

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Table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS

Category:Autonomic nervous system Category:Biology-related lists.

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Taenia solium

Taenia solium is the pork tapeworm belonging to cyclophyllid cestodes in the family Taeniidae.

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Taeniasis

Taeniasis is a parasitic disease due to infection with tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia.

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Tail

The tail is the section at the rear end of an animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso.

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Taipan

The taipans are snakes of the genus Oxyuranus in the elapid family.

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Takayasu's arteritis

Takayasu's arteritis (also known as Takayasu's disease, "aortic arch syndrome," "nonspecific aortoarteritis," and "pulseless disease") is a form of large vessel granulomatous vasculitisAmerican College of Physicians (ACP).

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Tattoo

A tattoo is a form of body modification where a design is made by inserting ink, dyes and pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of the skin to change the pigment.

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Tattoo medical issues

A variety of medical issues can result from tattooing.

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Tawny frogmouth

The tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) is a species of frogmouth native to and found throughout the Australian mainland and Tasmania.

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Telangiectasia

Telangiectasias, also known as spider veins, are small dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, measuring between 0.5 and 1 millimeter in diameter.

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Telocyte

Telocytes are a novel defined type of interstitial (stromal) cells, in the field of Stem cells, with very long (tens to hundreds of micrometres) and very thin prolongations (mostly below the resolving power of light microscopy).

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Terazosin

Terazosin (marketed as Hytrin or Zayasel) is a selective alpha-1 antagonist used for treatment of symptoms of an enlarged prostate (BPH).

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Testicular nubbin

A testicular nubbin is the residual tissue of the human testis after a supposed perinatal vascular accident involving the testicular blood supply.

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Tetryzoline

Tetryzoline (INN; also known as tetrahydrozoline), a derivative of imidazoline, is found in over-the-counter eye drops and nasal sprays.

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Théodore Tuffier

Théodore-Marin Tuffier, known as Théodore Tuffier (26 March 1857 – 27 October 1929.

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The Big Bang Theory (season 4)

The fourth season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory, began airing on CBS on September 23, 2010.

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The Inner Life of the Cell

The Inner Life of the Cell is an 8.5-minute 3D computer graphics animation illustrating the molecular mechanisms that occur when a white blood cell in the blood vessels of the human body is activated by inflammation (Leukocyte extravasation).

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Theodor Weber (physician)

Theodor Weber (28 August 1829, Leipzig – 4 September 1914, Halle an der Saale) was a German physician.

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Therapeutic angiogenesis

Therapeutic angiogenesis is an experimental area in the treatment of ischemia, the condition associated with decrease in blood supply to certain organs, tissues, or body parts.

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Therapeutic gene modulation

Therapeutic gene modulation refers to the practice of altering the expression of a gene at one of various stages, with a view to alleviate some form of ailment.

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Thomas J. Fogarty

Dr.

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Thomas N. Sato

Thomas N. Sato is a prominent Japanese educator and biologist, whose research focuses on understanding molecular basis of cancer, cardiac disease and metabolic diseases by using a number of animal models including mice, zebrafish and fruit flies.

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Thoracic outlet syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition in which there is compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit.

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Thorax

The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ thorax "breastplate, cuirass, corslet" via thorax) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen.

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Throat

In vertebrate anatomy, the throat is the front part of the neck, positioned in front of the vertebra.

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Thrombogenicity

Thrombogenicity refers to the tendency of a material in contact with the blood to produce a thrombus, or clot.

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Thrombolysis

Thrombolysis is the breakdown (lysis) of blood clots formed in blood vessels, using medication.

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Thrombosis

Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις thrómbōsis "clotting”) is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

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Thrombosis prevention

Thrombosis prevention, also known as thrombosis prophylaxis, are treatments to prevent the formation of blood clots inside a blood vessel.

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Tilt table test

A tilt table test (TTT), occasionally called upright tilt testing (UTT), is a medical procedure often used to diagnose dysautonomia or syncope.

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Timeline of leukemia

This is a timeline of leukemia, describing especially major discoveries and advances in treatment against the disease.

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Timeline of stegosaur research

This timeline of stegosaur research is a chronological listing of events in the history of paleontology focused on the stegosaurs, the iconic plate-backed, spike-tailed herbivorous eurypod dinosaurs that predominated during the Jurassic period.

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Timeline of stroke

This is a timeline of stroke, describing especially major discoveries, developments and organizations concerning the disease.

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Timeline of tuberous sclerosis

The history of tuberous sclerosis (TSC) research spans less than 200 years.

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Tiplasinin

Tiplasinin or tiplaxtinin (PAI-039) is a drug which acts as an inhibitor of the serpin protein plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), thereby increasing activity of the enzymes tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase, which are involved in the blood clotting cascade.

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Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.

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Tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues.

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Tissue plasminogen activator

Tissue plasminogen activator (abbreviated tPA or PLAT) is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots.

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Tissue remodeling

Tissue remodeling is the reorganization or renovation of existing tissues.

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TMEM156

TMEM156 is a gene that encodes the transmembrane protein 156 (TMEM156) in Homo sapiens. It has the clone name of FLJ23235.

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Tongue

The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing.

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Tonsillectomy

Tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure in which both palatine tonsils (hereafter called "tonsils") are removed from a recess in the side of the pharynx called the tonsillar fossa.

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Toothache

Toothache, also known as dental pain,Segen JC.

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Tortuosity

Tortuosity is a property of curve being tortuous (twisted; having many turns).

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Tracheobronchial injury

Tracheobronchial injury (TBI) is damage to the tracheobronchial tree (the airway structure involving the trachea and bronchi).

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Tracheotome

A tracheotome is a medical instrument used to perform an incision in the trachea with a cutting blade operated by a powered cannula.

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Transcranial Doppler

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and transcranial color Doppler (TCCD) are types of Doppler ultrasonography that measure the velocity of blood flow through the brain's blood vessels by measuring the echoes of ultrasound waves moving transcranially (through the cranium).

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Transfersome

Transfersome is a trademark registered by the German company IDEA AG, which refers to its proprietary drug delivery technology.

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Transient ischemic attack

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by loss of blood flow (ischemia) in the brain, spinal cord, or retina, without tissue death (infarction).

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Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS or TIPSS) is an artificial channel within the liver that establishes communication between the inflow portal vein and the outflow hepatic vein.

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Transparent ceramics

Many ceramic materials, both glassy and crystalline, have found use as optically transparent materials in various forms from bulk solid-state components to high surface area forms such as thin films, coatings, and fibers.

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Transplant rejection

Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue.

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Transposition of the great vessels

Transposition of the great vessels (TGV) is a group of congenital heart defects involving an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels: superior and/or inferior venae cavae, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and aorta.

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Trauma surgery

Trauma surgery is a surgical specialty that utilizes both operative and non-operative management to treat traumatic injuries, typically in an acute setting.

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Trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN or TGN) is a chronic pain disorder that affects the trigeminal nerve.

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Trimeric autotransporter adhesin

In molecular biology, trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs), are proteins found on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

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Trimetaphan camsilate

Trimetaphan camsilate (INN) or trimethaphan camsylate (USAN), trade name Arfonad, is a drug that counteracts cholinergic transmission at the ganglion type of nicotinic receptors of the autonomic ganglia and therefore blocks both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

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Troy Hurtubise

Troy James Hurtubise (November 23, 1963 – June 17, 2018) was a Canadian inventor and conservationist, noted for his often bizarre creations that he tested on himself.

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Tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis, or tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), or epiloia (acronym of "epilepsy, low intelligence, adenoma sebaceum"), is a rare multisystem genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, liver, eyes, lungs, and skin.

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Tuck Rule Game

The 2001 AFC Divisional Playoff game between the New England Patriots and the Oakland Raiders, also known as the Snow Bowl and the Tuck Rule Game, took place on January 19, 2002, at Foxboro Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, the former home stadium of the Patriots.

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Tumor-associated endothelial cell

Tumor-associated endothelial cells or tumor endothelial cells (TECs) refers to cells lining the tumor-associated blood vessels that control the passage of nutrients into surrounding tumor tissue.

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Tunga penetrans

Tunga penetrans (chigoe flea or jigger) is a parasitic insect found in most tropical and sub-tropical climates.

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Tunica externa

The tunica externa (New Latin "outer coat") — also known as the tunica adventitia (New Latin "additional coat"), or adventitia for short — is the outermost tunica (layer) of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media.

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Tunica intima

The tunica intima (New Latin "inner coat"), or intima for short, is the innermost tunica (layer) of an artery or vein.

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Tunica media

The tunica media (New Latin "middle coat"), or media for short, is the middle tunica (layer) of an artery or vein.

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Tunicate

A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata, which is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords.

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Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS), also known as 45,X or 45,X0, is a condition in which a female is partly or completely missing an X chromosome.

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Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), also known as feto-fetal transfusion syndrome (FFTS) and twin oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence (TOPS) is a complication of disproportionate blood supply, resulting in high morbidity and mortality.

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Type III hypersensitivity

Type III hypersensitivity occurs when there is accumulation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that have not been adequately cleared by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of leukocytes.

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Tyrannosaurus

Tyrannosaurus is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur.

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U wave

The 'U' wave is a wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG).

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Ulnar artery

The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm.

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Ulrik Wisløff

Ulrik Wisløf (born 12 July 1968) is a Norwegian professor of physiology at the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway.

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Underage smoking in Australia

Underage smoking in Australia is still a major concern.().

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Underwater diving

Underwater diving, as a human activity, is the practice of descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment.

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Ungulate

Ungulates (pronounced) are any members of a diverse group of primarily large mammals that includes odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinoceroses, and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, deer, and hippopotami.

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Unhappy triad

The unhappy triad, also known as a blown knee among other names, is an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscus.

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Universal angiomatosis

Universal angiomatosis (also known as "Generalized telangiectasia") is a bleeding disease that affects the blood vessels of the skin and mucous membranes as well as other parts of the body.

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University of Alberta Hospital

The University of Alberta Hospital (UAH) is a research and teaching hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

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Urbach–Wiethe disease

Urbach–Wiethe disease (also known as lipoid proteinosis and hyalinosis cutis et mucosae) is a rare recessive genetic disorder, with approximately 400 reported cases since its discovery.

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Urotensin II-related peptide

Urotensin II-related peptide (URP) is a cyclic neuropeptide that is found in all vertebrates that have been genome sequenced so far.

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Uterus

The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.

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Uveitis

Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer that lies between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea.

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Vagal tone

Vagal tone refers to activity of the vagus nerve, a fundamental component of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

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Vaginal photoplethysmograph

Vaginal photoplethysmography (VPG, VPP) is a technique using light to measure the amount of blood in the walls of the vagina.

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Valvulotomy

Commissurotomy of heart valves is called valvulotomy, valvotomy, valvuloplasty, or valvoplasty and consists of making one or more incisions at the edges of the commissure formed between the two or three valve leaflets, which relieves the constriction of valvular stenosis (especially mitral valve stenosis).

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Varicocele

A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum.

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Vasa vasorum

The vasa vasorum is a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries (aorta) and large veins (venae cavae).

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Vascular congestion

Vascular congestion is the engorgement of an entity, such as the blood vessels of the erectile tissues, with blood.

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Vascular corrosion casting

Vascular corrosion casting uses resin to capture the 3D structure of blood vessels within human and animal tissue.

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Vascular disease

Vascular disease is a class of diseases of the blood vessels – the arteries and veins of the circulatory system of the body.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor B

Vascular endothelial growth factor B also known as VEGF-B is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the VEGF-B gene.

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Vascular headache

A vascular headache is an outdated term to describe certain types of headache which were thought to be related to blood vessel swelling and hyperemia as cause of pain.

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Vascular malformation

Vascular malformation is a blood vessel abnormality.

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Vascular permeability

Vascular permeability, often in the form of capillary permeability or microvascular permeability, characterizes the capacity of a blood vessel wall to allow for the flow of small molecules (drugs, nutrients, water, ions) or even whole cells (lymphocytes on their way to the site of inflammation) in and out of the vessel.

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Vascular remodelling in the embryo

Vascular remodelling is a process which begins at day 21 of human embryogenesis, when an immature heart begins contracting, pushing fluid through the early vasculature.

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Vascular ring

A vascular ring is a congenital defect in which there is an abnormal formation of the aorta and/or its surrounding blood vessels.

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Vascular smooth muscle

Vascular smooth muscle refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels.

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Vascular tissue neoplasm

A vascular tissue neoplasm is a tumor arising from endothelial cells, the cells that line the wall of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, as well as the heart.

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Vascular tumor

Vascular tumor may mean.

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Vascular-targeting agent

A vascular-targeting agent (VTA) or vascular disrupting agent (VDA) is a drug designed to damage the vasculature (blood vessels) of cancer tumors causing central necrosis.

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Vasculitis

Vasculitis is a group of disorders that destroy blood vessels by inflammation.

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Vasculogenesis

Vasculogenesis is the process of blood vessel formation occurring by a de novo production of endothelial cells.

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Vasculogenic mimicry

Vasculogenic mimicry is the formation of microvascular channels by aggressive, metastatic and genetically deregulated tumour cells.

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Vaso-occlusive crisis

A vaso-occlusive crisis is a common painful complication of sickle cell anemia in adolescents and adults.

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Vasoactivity

A vasoactive substance is an endogenous agent or pharmaceutical drug that has the effect of either increasing or decreasing blood pressure and/or heart rate through its vasoactivity, that is, vascular activity (effect on blood vessels).

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Vasocongestion

Vasocongestion is the swelling of bodily tissues caused by increased vascular blood flow and a localized increase in blood pressure.

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Vasodilation

Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels.

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Vasomotion

Vasomotion is the spontaneous oscillation in tone of blood vessel walls, independent of heart beat, innervation or respiration.

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Vasomotor

Vasomotor refers to actions upon a blood vessel which alter its diameter.

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Vasopressin receptor

The actions of vasopressin are mediated by stimulation of tissue-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called vasopressin receptors that are classified into the V1 (V1A), V2, and V3 (V1B) receptor subtypes.

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Vasoprotective

A Vasoprotective is a medication which acts to alleviate certain conditions of the blood vessels.

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VCAM-1

Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VCAM1 gene.

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VEGF receptor

VEGF receptors are receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

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Vein

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

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Vein matching

Vein matching, also called vascular technology, is a technique of biometric identification through the analysis of the patterns of blood vessels visible from the surface of the skin.

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Venous blood

Venous blood is deoxygenated blood which travels from the peripheral vessels, through the venous system into the right atrium of the heart.

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Venous ulcer

Venous ulcers (venous insufficiency ulceration, stasis ulcers, stasis dermatitis, varicose ulcers, or ulcus cruris) are wounds that are thought to occur due to improper functioning of venous valves, usually of the legs (hence leg ulcers).

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Venule

A venule is a very small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows blood to return from the capillary beds to drain into the larger blood vessels, the veins.

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Verhoeff's stain

Verhoeff's stain, also known as Verhoeff's elastic stain (VEG) or Verhoeff–Van Gieson stain (VVG), is a staining protocol used in histology, developed by American ophthalmic surgeon and pathologist Frederick Herman Verhoeff (1874–1968) in 1908.

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Verteporfin

Verteporfin (trade name Visudyne), a benzoporphyrin derivative, is a medication used as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as the wet form of macular degeneration.

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Vesiculo-vacuolar organelle

A vesiculo-vacuolar organelle (VVO) is an organelle that contributes to endothelial cell permeability.

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Vessel

Vessel or vessels may refer to.

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Vibrio anguillarum

Vibrio anguillarum is a species of Gram-negative bacteria with a curved-rod shape and one polar flagellum.

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Viktor Savelyev

Viktor Sergeyevich Savelyev (Ви́ктор Серге́евич Саве́льев; 24 February 1928 – 25 December 2013) was a Soviet and Russian surgeon.

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VIPR2

Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 also known as VPAC2, is a G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the VIPR2 gene.

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Viremia

Viremia (UK: viraemia) is a medical condition where viruses enter the bloodstream and hence have access to the rest of the body.

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Visible Human Project

The Visible Human Project is an effort to create a detailed data set of cross-sectional photographs of the human body, in order to facilitate anatomy visualization applications.

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Visine

Visine is a brand of eye drops produced by Johnson & Johnson.

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Vitamin C

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

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Vladimir Govyrin

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Govyrin (Владѝмир Алекса̀ндрович Говы̀рин, February 22, 1924, Balashov in Saratov region, USSR - February 5, 1994, Saint Petersburg, Russia) was Soviet and Russian physiologist, Academician of Academy of Sciences of USSR and Russian Academy of Sciences, who discovered regularity of the sympathetic innervation of the circulatory system of the vertebrates.

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Vladimir Hachinski

Vladimir Hachinski is a Canadian clinical neuroscientist and researcher based at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry at Western University.

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Vomer

The vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull.

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Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor

The von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor also known as pVHL is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VHL gene.

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Vulpian–Heidenhain–Sherrington phenomenon

Vulpian–Heidenhain–Sherrington phenomenon is a term given for slow contraction of denervated skeletal muscle by stimulating the autonomic cholinergic fibers innervating its blood vessels.

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Vulva

The vulva (wrapper, covering, plural vulvae or vulvas) consists of the external female sex organs.

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Walter Golaski

Walter Golaski (1913 in Torrington, Connecticut –1996) was an American Mechanical-Bio-Medical Engineer best known for developing Dense Knit Dacron Vascular Prostheses, which were the first practical artificial blood vessel replacements.

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Wart

Warts are typically small, rough, and hard growths that are similar in color to the rest of the skin.

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Water retention (medicine)

The term water retention (also known as fluid retention) or hydrops, hydropsy, edema, signifies an abnormal accumulation of clear, watery fluid in the tissues or cavities of the body.

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Watershed stroke

A watershed stroke or watershed infarct is defined as a brain ischemia that is localized to the vulnerable border zones between the tissues supplied by the anterior, posterior and middle cerebral arteries.

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Wavefront Technology Solutions

Wavefront Technology Solutions Inc. is one of North America's largest providers of secondary oil recovery and environmental technologies.

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Weather lore

Weather lore is the body of informal folklore related to the prediction of the weather.

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Weibel–Palade body

Weibel–Palade bodies are the storage granules of endothelial cells, the cells that form the inner lining of the blood vessels and heart.

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Wharton's jelly

Wharton's jelly (substantia gelatinea funiculi umbilicalis) is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord also present in vitreous humor of the eyeball, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate).

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White hand sign

The white hand sign is a medical sign observed as a visible whitening of skin on the hand when the subject elevates the hands above the shoulder girdle with fingers pointing to the ceiling and palms facing forward.

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William Hammesfahr

William Hammesfahr is an American neurologist practicing in Florida, who specializes in treating stroke victims.

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William Osler

Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet, (July 12, 1849 – December 29, 1919) was a Canadian physician and one of the four founding professors of Johns Hopkins Hospital.

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Wirginia Maixner

Wirginia June Maixner (born 28 June 1963) is an Australian neurosurgeon and the director of neurosurgery at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia.

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Wound

A wound is a type of injury which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn, cut, or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound).

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Wound healing

Wound healing is an intricate process in which the skin repairs itself after injury.

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Wouter Schievink

Wouter Ingmar Schievink (born 1963, Amsterdam) is a neurological surgeon noted for expertise in brain and spinal cord vascular disorders.

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X-ray generator

An X-ray generator is a device that produces X-rays.

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Xylometazoline

Xylometazoline, also spelled xylomethazoline, is a medication which is used to improve symptoms of nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis.

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You Don't Know (Kierra Sheard song)

You Don't Know is the debut single by gospel artist Kierra "Kiki" Sheard.

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Youssif (burn victim)

Youssif (last name unknown) (born October 14, 2002), is a 15-year-old Iraqi boy who was set on fire by unknown masked men outside of his central Baghdad home on January 15, 2007.

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Yule log

The Yule log, Yule clog, or Christmas block is a specially selected log burnt on a hearth as a Christmas tradition in a number of countries in Europe.

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Zafonic

Zafonic (1 April 1990 – 7 September 2002) was a European Thoroughbred racehorse bred in Kentucky.

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Zaurategrast

Zaurategrast (CDP323) is a small-molecule prodrug antagonist of the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) binding to α4-integrins.

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Zenker's paralysis

Zenker’s paralysis, also known as peroneal nerve paralysis or palsy, is a paralysis on common fibular nerve that affects patient’s ability to lift the foot at the ankle.

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Zoid

In botany, a zoid or zoïd is a reproductive cell that possesses one or more flagella, and is capable of independent movement.

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ZygoteBody

ZygoteBody, formerly Google Body, is a web application by Zygote Media Group that renders manipulable 3D anatomical models of the human body.

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1986 FBI Miami shootout

The 1986 FBI Miami shootout was a gun battle that occurred on April 11, 1986, in a formerly unincorporated region of Miami-Dade County in South Florida (incorporated as Pinecrest in 1996) between eight FBI agents and two serial bank robbers.

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2-Methoxyestradiol

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) is a natural metabolite of estradiol.

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2011 in science

The year 2011 involved many significant scientific events, including the first artificial organ transplant, the launch of China's first space station and the growth of the world population to seven billion.

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2013 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2013, including the discovery of numerous Earthlike exoplanets, the development of viable lab-grown ears, teeth, livers and blood vessels, and the atmospheric entry of the most destructive meteor since 1908.

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2nd Chance (Karen Clark Sheard album)

2nd Chance is the second album of gospel singer Karen Clark Sheard, released on July 30, 2002.

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5 to 9

"5 to 9" is the thirteenth episode of the sixth season of House.

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5-HT receptor

5-hydroxytryptamine receptors or 5-HT receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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5-HT1A receptor

The serotonin 1A receptor (or 5-HT1A receptor) is a subtype of serotonin receptor (5-HT receptor) that binds the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT).

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Avascular, Blood vessel neoplasm, Blood vessels, Blood-vessel, Bloodvessels, Extravascular, Extravascular space, Intravascular, Intravascular water, Umbilical blood vessel, Vas sanguineum, Vascular, Vascular wall.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel