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Bohr model

Index Bohr model

In atomic physics, the Rutherford–Bohr model or Bohr model or Bohr diagram, introduced by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity. [1]

189 relations: Adolf Kratzer, Alfred Fowler, Alfred Lauck Parson, Alpha particle, Analogy, Angular momentum, Antonius van den Broek, Arnold Sommerfeld, Arthur Erich Haas, Atom, Atomic number, Atomic orbital, Atomic physics, Atomic radius, Atomic theory, Atomic units, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics, August 1915, Azimuthal quantum number, Balmer series, Bohr (disambiguation), Bohr equation, Bohr magneton, Bohr model of the chemical bond, Bohr radius, Bohr–Einstein debates, Bohr–van Leeuwen theorem, Buddhism and science, Carrier scattering, Chemical bond, Classical limit, Cold fusion, Commemorative coins of Denmark, Correspondence principle, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, Cyclol, Deuterium, Discovery of the neutron, Douglas Hartree, Edward Charles Pickering, Edwin C. Kemble, Einstein–de Haas effect, Electron configuration, Electron shell, Empirical relationship, Energy level, Enrico Fermi, Erwin Fues, Euler's three-body problem, Exotic atom, ..., Extended periodic table, Fine-structure constant, Fixed orbit, Flag of the United Nations, Fractional Schrödinger equation, Franck–Hertz experiment, Gerda Laski, Glossary of chemistry terms, Glossary of physics, GRE Physics Test, Gustav Kirchhoff, H-alpha, Hantaro Nagaoka, Hartree equation, Hartree–Fock method, Heisenbug, Helium, Helmut Hönl, Henry Moseley, History of chemistry, History of fluid mechanics, History of physics, History of subatomic physics, Hydrogen, Hydrogen spectral series, Hydrogen-like atom, Index of chemistry articles, Index of physics articles (B), Inorganic chemistry, Introduction to quantum mechanics, Ionization, Ionization energy, Iridium satellite constellation, James Franck, Johann Jakob Balmer, Joint issue, Jun Ishiwara, Karel Niessen, Karl Bechert, Karl Herzfeld, L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger), Langmuir states, Léon Brillouin, Lie-to-children, List of Heidelberg University people, List of important publications in physics, List of Japanese inventions and discoveries, List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein, List of things named after Arnold Sommerfeld, List of things named after Niels Bohr, Loop quantum gravity, Lyman series, Lyman-alpha line, Magnetic quantum number, Magnetic resonance (quantum mechanics), Marginalism, Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, Matrix mechanics, Matter wave, Max Born, Michał Gryziński, Moseley's law, Motion (physics), Multipole density formalism, Natural units, Niels Bohr, Nonradiation condition, Nuclear chemistry, Nuclear fission, Old quantum theory, Optics, Orders of magnitude (acceleration), Paul Ehrenfest, Paul Peter Ewald, Paul Sophus Epstein, Periodic table, Pi, Pickering series, Pieter Zeeman, Plasma fusion preface, Plum pudding model, Potential theory of Polanyi, Principal quantum number, Protonium, Quantum chemistry, Quantum dot, Quantum Hall effect, Quantum harmonic oscillator, Quantum mechanics, Quantum number, Quantum vortex, Raymond Thayer Birge, Relativistic quantum chemistry, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Rutherford model, Rutherford scattering, Rydberg atom, Rydberg constant, Rydberg formula, Rydberg–Ritz combination principle, Schrödinger equation, Science and engineering in Manchester, Scientific phenomena named after people, Semiclassical, Semiclassical physics, September 1913 (month), Special relativity, Spectral line, Spectroscopy, Stark effect, Stern–Gerlach experiment, Superconducting quantum computing, Superseded scientific theories, System of measurement, Term symbol, The Value of Science, Thorium, Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics, Timeline of chemistry, Timeline of developments in theoretical physics, Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries, Timeline of scientific discoveries, Timeline of theoretical physics, Toroidal ring model, Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers, UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal, Unit fraction, Vector model of the atom, Wallis product, Walther Kossel, Werner Heisenberg, Western culture, Wigner–Weyl transform, Withington, Zero-point energy, 137 (number), 1913 in science, 1915 in science, 20th century in science. Expand index (139 more) »

Adolf Kratzer

B.

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Alfred Fowler

Alfred Fowler, CBE FRS (22 March 1868, in Yorkshire – 24 June 1940) was an English astronomer.

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Alfred Lauck Parson

Alfred Lauck Parson (October 24, 1889 – January 1, 1970) was a British chemist and physicist, whose "magneton theory" of the atom contributed to the history of chemistry.

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Alpha particle

Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus.

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Analogy

Analogy (from Greek ἀναλογία, analogia, "proportion", from ana- "upon, according to" + logos "ratio") is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the analog, or source) to another (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process.

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Angular momentum

In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum.

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Antonius van den Broek

Antonius Johannes van den Broek (4 May 1870, Zoetermeer – 25 October 1926, Bilthoven) was a Dutch amateur physicist notable for being the first who realized that the number of an element in the periodic table (now called atomic number) corresponds to the charge of its atomic nucleus.

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Arnold Sommerfeld

Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, (5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and mentored a large number of students for the new era of theoretical physics.

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Arthur Erich Haas

Arthur Erich Haas (April 30, 1884 in Brno – February 20, 1941 in Chicago) was an Austrian physicist, noted for a 1910 paper he submitted in support of his habilitation as Privatdocent at the University of Vienna that outlined a treatment of the hydrogen atom involving quantization of electronic orbitals, thus anticipating the Bohr model (1913) by three years.

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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.

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Atomic number

The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Atomic orbital

In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.

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Atomic physics

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.

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Atomic radius

The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons.

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Atomic theory

In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms.

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Atomic units

Atomic units (au or a.u.) form a system of natural units which is especially convenient for atomic physics calculations.

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Atomic, molecular, and optical physics

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter-matter and light-matter interactions; at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts.

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August 1915

The following events occurred in August 1915.

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Azimuthal quantum number

The azimuthal quantum number is a quantum number for an atomic orbital that determines its orbital angular momentum and describes the shape of the orbital.

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Balmer series

The Balmer series or Balmer lines in atomic physics, is the designation of one of a set of six named series describing the spectral line emissions of the hydrogen atom.

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Bohr (disambiguation)

Bohr usually refers to.

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Bohr equation

The Bohr equation, named after Danish physician Christian Bohr (1855–1911), describes the amount of physiological dead space in a person's lungs.

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Bohr magneton

In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol μB) is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused by either its orbital or spin angular momentum.

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Bohr model of the chemical bond

In addition to the model of the atom, Niels Bohr also proposed a model of the chemical bond.

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Bohr radius

The Bohr radius (a0 or rBohr) is a physical constant, approximately equal to the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state.

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Bohr–Einstein debates

The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr.

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Bohr–van Leeuwen theorem

The Bohr–van Leeuwen theorem states that when statistical mechanics and classical mechanics are applied consistently, the thermal average of the magnetization is always zero.

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Buddhism and science

Buddhism and science have increasingly been discussed as compatible, and Buddhism has entered into the science and religion dialogue.

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Carrier scattering

Defect types include atom vacancies, adatoms, steps, and kinks which occur most frequently at surfaces due to finite material size causing crystal discontinuity.

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Chemical bond

A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.

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Classical limit

The classical limit or correspondence limit is the ability of a physical theory to approximate or "recover" classical mechanics when considered over special values of its parameters.

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Cold fusion

Cold fusion is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature.

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Commemorative coins of Denmark

28.8930 grams.875 silver ASW.

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Correspondence principle

In physics, the correspondence principle states that the behavior of systems described by the theory of quantum mechanics (or by the old quantum theory) reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers.

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Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey

Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey is a 2014 American science documentary television series.

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Cyclol

The cyclol hypothesis is the first structural model of a folded, globular protein.

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Deuterium

Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol or, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1).

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Discovery of the neutron

The discovery of the neutron and its properties was central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics that occurred in the first half of the 20th century.

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Douglas Hartree

Douglas Rayner Hartree PhD, FRS (27 March 1897 – 12 February 1958) was an English mathematician and physicist most famous for the development of numerical analysis and its application to the Hartree–Fock equations of atomic physics and the construction of a differential analyser using Meccano.

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Edward Charles Pickering

Prof Edward Charles Pickering FRS(For) HFRSE (July 19, 1846 – February 3, 1919) was an American astronomer and physicist and the older brother to William Henry Pickering.

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Edwin C. Kemble

Edwin Crawford Kemble (January 28, 1889 in Delaware, Ohio – March 12, 1984) was an American physicist who made contributions to the theory of quantum mechanics and molecular structure and spectroscopy.

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Einstein–de Haas effect

The Einstein-de Haas effect is a physical phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic moment of a free body causes this body to rotate.

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Electron configuration

In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.

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Electron shell

In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.

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Empirical relationship

In science, an empirical relationship or phenomenological relationship is a relationship or correlation that is supported by experiment and observation but not necessarily supported by theory.

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Energy level

A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy.

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Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1.

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Erwin Fues

Erwin Richard Fues (January 17, 1893 in Stuttgart, Germany – 17 January 1970, Germany), was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to atomic physics and molecular physics, quantum wave mechanics, and solid-state physics.

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Euler's three-body problem

In physics and astronomy, Euler's three-body problem is to solve for the motion of a particle that is acted upon by the gravitational field of two other point masses that are fixed in space.

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Exotic atom

An exotic atom is an otherwise normal atom in which one or more sub-atomic particles have been replaced by other particles of the same charge.

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Extended periodic table

An extended periodic table theorizes about elements beyond oganesson (beyond period 7, or row 7).

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Fine-structure constant

In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as Sommerfeld's constant, commonly denoted (the Greek letter ''alpha''), is a fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.

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Fixed orbit

A fixed orbit is the concept, in atomic physics, where an electron is considered to remain in a specific orbit, at a fixed distance from an atom's nucleus, for a particular energy level.

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Flag of the United Nations

The flag of the United Nations was adopted on December 7, 1946, and consists of the official emblem of the United Nations in white on a blue background.

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Fractional Schrödinger equation

The fractional Schrödinger equation is a fundamental equation of fractional quantum mechanics.

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Franck–Hertz experiment

The Franck–Hertz experiment was the first electrical measurement to clearly show the quantum nature of atoms, and thus "transformed our understanding of the world".

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Gerda Laski

Gerda Laski (4 June 1893, Vienna – 24 November 1928, Berlin) was an Austrian/German physicist known for her research in infrared radiation.

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Glossary of chemistry terms

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of physics

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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GRE Physics Test

The GRE physics test is an examination administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS).

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Gustav Kirchhoff

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects.

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H-alpha

H-alpha (Hα) is a specific deep-red visible spectral line in the Balmer series with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air; it occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level.

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Hantaro Nagaoka

was a Japanese physicist and a pioneer of Japanese physics during the Meiji period.

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Hartree equation

In 1927, a year after the publication of the Schrödinger equation, Hartree formulated what are now known as the Hartree equations for atoms, using the concept of self-consistency that Lindsay had introduced in his study of many electron systems in the context of Bohr theory.

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Hartree–Fock method

In computational physics and chemistry, the Hartree–Fock (HF) method is a method of approximation for the determination of the wave function and the energy of a quantum many-body system in a stationary state.

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Heisenbug

In computer programming jargon, a heisenbug is a software bug that seems to disappear or alter its behavior when one attempts to study it.

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Helium

Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.

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Helmut Hönl

Helmut Hönl (February 10, 1903 in Mannheim, Germany – March 29, 1981 in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics and the understanding of atomic and molecular structure.

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Henry Moseley

Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number.

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History of chemistry

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.

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History of fluid mechanics

The history of fluid mechanics, the study of how fluids move and the forces on them, dates back to the Ancient Greeks.

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History of physics

Physics (from the Ancient Greek φύσις physis meaning "nature") is the fundamental branch of science.

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History of subatomic physics

The idea that matter consists of smaller particles and that there exists a limited number of sorts of primary, smallest particles in nature has existed in natural philosophy at least since the 6th century BC.

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.

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Hydrogen spectral series

The emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen is divided into a number of spectral series, with wavelengths given by the Rydberg formula.

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Hydrogen-like atom

A hydrogen-like ion is any atomic nucleus which has one electron and thus is isoelectronic with hydrogen.

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Index of chemistry articles

Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

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Index of physics articles (B)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry deals with the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds.

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Introduction to quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is the science of the very small.

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Ionization

Ionization or ionisation, is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.

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Ionization energy

The ionization energy (Ei) is qualitatively defined as the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron, of an isolated gaseous atom to form a cation.

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Iridium satellite constellation

The Iridium satellite constellation provides L-band voice and data coverage to satellite phones, pagers and integrated transceivers over the entire Earth surface.

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James Franck

James Franck (26 August 1882 – 21 May 1964) was a German physicist who won the 1925 Nobel Prize for Physics with Gustav Hertz "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom".

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Johann Jakob Balmer

Johann Jakob Balmer (1 May 1825 – 12 March 1898) was a Swiss mathematician and mathematical physicist.

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Joint issue

A joint issue is the release of stamps or postal stationery by two or more countries to commemorate the same topic, event or person.

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Jun Ishiwara

Jun Ishiwara or Atsushi Ishihara (石原 純; January 15, 1881 – January 19, 1947) was a Japanese theoretical physicist, known for his works on the electronic theory of metals, the theory of relativity and quantum theory.

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Karel Niessen

Karel Frederik Niessen (1895, Velsen – 1967) was a Dutch theoretical physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics and is known for the Pauli-Niessen model.

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Karl Bechert

Karl Richard Bechert (August 23, 1901 in Nuremberg, Middle Franconia – April 1, 1981 in Weilmünster-Möttau, Hesse) was a German theoretical physicist and political leader.

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Karl Herzfeld

Karl Ferdinand Herzfeld (February 24, 1892 – June 3, 1978) was an Austrian-American physicist.

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L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger)

L'Oiseau bleu (also known as The Blue Bird and Der Blaue Vogel) is a large oil painting created in 1912–1913 by the French artist and theorist Jean Metzinger (1883–1956); considered by Guillaume Apollinaire and André Salmon as a founder of Cubism, along with Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.

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Langmuir states

In quantum mechanics Langmuir states are certain quantum states of Helium that in the classical limit correspond to two parallel circular orbits of electrons one above the other and with the nucleus in between.

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Léon Brillouin

Léon Nicolas Brillouin (August 7, 1889 – October 4, 1969) was a French physicist.

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Lie-to-children

A lie-to-children (plural lies-to-children) is a simplified explanation of technical or complex subjects as a teaching method for children and laypeople.

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List of Heidelberg University people

Alumni and faculty of the university include many founders and pioneers of academic disciplines, and a large number of internationally acclaimed philosophers, poets, jurisprudents, theologians, natural and social scientists.

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List of important publications in physics

This is a list of important publications in physics, organized by field.

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List of Japanese inventions and discoveries

This is a list of Japanese inventions and discoveries.

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List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was a renowned theoretical physicist of the 20th century, best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity.

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List of things named after Arnold Sommerfeld

Arnold Sommerfeld was a German theoretical physicist whom the following is named after.

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List of things named after Niels Bohr

Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962), Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, is the eponym of the topics listed below.

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Loop quantum gravity

Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a theory of quantum gravity, merging quantum mechanics and general relativity.

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Lyman series

In physics and chemistry, the Lyman series is a hydrogen spectral series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the hydrogen atom as an electron goes from n ≥ 2 to n.

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Lyman-alpha line

the Lyman-alpha line In physics, the Lyman-alpha line, sometimes written as Ly-α line, is a spectral line of hydrogen, or more generally of one-electron ions, in the Lyman series, emitted when the electron falls from the n.

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Magnetic quantum number

In atomic physics, the magnetic quantum number, designated by the letter ml, is the third in a set of four quantum numbers (the principal quantum number, the azimuthal quantum number, the magnetic quantum number, and the spin quantum number) which describe the unique quantum state of an electron.

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Magnetic resonance (quantum mechanics)

Magnetic resonance is a phenomenon that affects a Magnetic dipole when placed in a uniform static magnetic field.

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Marginalism

Marginalism is a theory of economics that attempts to explain the discrepancy in the value of goods and services by reference to their secondary, or marginal, utility.

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Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics

The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are those mathematical formalisms that permit a rigorous description of quantum mechanics.

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Matrix mechanics

Matrix mechanics is a formulation of quantum mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan in 1925.

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Matter wave

Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics, being an example of wave–particle duality.

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Max Born

Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics.

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Michał Gryziński

Michał Gryziński (29 September 1930 - 1 June 2004) was a Polish nuclear physicist, plasma physics specialist and the founder of the free-fall atomic model, an alternative theoretical formulation, a classical approximation asking for trajectories of electron averaging to probability densities described by quantum mechanics.

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Moseley's law

Moseley's law is an empirical law concerning the characteristic x-rays that are emitted by atoms.

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Motion (physics)

In physics, motion is a change in position of an object over time.

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Multipole density formalism

The Multipole Density Formalism (also referred to as Hansen-Coppens Formalism) is an X-ray crystallography method of electron density modelling proposed by Niels K. Hansen and Philip Coppens in 1978.

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Natural units

In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement based only on universal physical constants.

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Niels Bohr

Niels Henrik David Bohr (7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.

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Nonradiation condition

Classical nonradiation conditions define the conditions according to classical electromagnetism under which a distribution of accelerating charges will not emit electromagnetic radiation.

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Nuclear chemistry

Nuclear chemistry is the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, such as nuclear transmutation, and nuclear properties.

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Nuclear fission

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).

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Old quantum theory

The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900–1925 which predate modern quantum mechanics.

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Optics

Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.

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Orders of magnitude (acceleration)

This page lists examples of the acceleration occurring in various situations.

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Paul Ehrenfest

Paul Ehrenfest (18 January 1880 – 25 September 1933) was an Austrian and Dutch theoretical physicist, who made major contributions to the field of statistical mechanics and its relations with quantum mechanics, including the theory of phase transition and the Ehrenfest theorem.

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Paul Peter Ewald

Paul Peter Ewald, FRS (January 23, 1888 in Berlin, Germany – August 22, 1985 in Ithaca, New York) was a German crystallographer and physicist, a pioneer of X-ray diffraction methods.

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Paul Sophus Epstein

Paul Sophus Epstein (Warsaw, then part of Imperial Russia, now Poland, March 20, 1883 – Pasadena, February 8, 1966) was a Russian-American mathematical physicist.

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Periodic table

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose structure shows periodic trends.

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Pi

The number is a mathematical constant.

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Pickering series

The Pickering series (also known as the Pickering–Fowler series) consists of three lines of singly ionized helium found, usually in absorption, in the spectra of hot stars like Wolf-Rayet stars.

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Pieter Zeeman

Pieter Zeeman (25 May 1865 – 9 October 1943) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect.

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Plasma fusion preface

This article is an effort in describing some basic considerations with regard to fusion power and its creation.

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Plum pudding model

The plum pudding model is one of several scientific models of the atom.

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Potential theory of Polanyi

The potential theory of Polanyi, also called Polanyi adsorption potential theory, is a model of adsorption proposed by Michael Polanyi where adsorption can be measured through the equilibrium between the chemical potential of a gas near the surface and the chemical potential of the gas from a large distance away.

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Principal quantum number

In quantum mechanics, the principal quantum number (symbolized n) is one of four quantum numbers which are assigned to all electrons in an atom to describe that electron's state.

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Protonium

Protonium (symbol: Pn), also known as antiprotonic hydrogen, is a type of exotic atom in which a proton (symbol: p) and an antiproton (symbol) orbit each other.

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Quantum chemistry

Quantum chemistry is a branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems.

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Quantum dot

Quantum dots (QD) are very small semiconductor particles, only several nanometres in size, so small that their optical and electronic properties differ from those of larger particles.

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Quantum Hall effect

The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantum-mechanical version of the Hall effect, observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall conductance undergoes quantum Hall transitions to take on the quantized values where is the channel current, is the Hall voltage, is the elementary charge and is Planck's constant.

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Quantum harmonic oscillator

The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum-mechanical analog of the classical harmonic oscillator.

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Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.

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Quantum number

Quantum numbers describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum system.

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Quantum vortex

In physics, a quantum vortex represents a quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity.

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Raymond Thayer Birge

Raymond Thayer Birge (March 13, 1887 – March 22, 1980) was a physicist.

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Relativistic quantum chemistry

Relativistic quantum chemistry combines relativistic mechanics with quantum chemistry to explain elemental properties and structure, especially for the heavier elements of the periodic table.

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Rutherford backscattering spectrometry

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is an analytical technique used in materials science.

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Rutherford model

The Rutherford model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford.

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Rutherford scattering

Rutherford scattering is the elastic scattering of charged particles by the Coulomb interaction.

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Rydberg atom

A Rydberg atom is an excited atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number.

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Rydberg constant

The Rydberg constant, symbol R∞ for heavy atoms or RH for hydrogen, named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, is a physical constant relating to atomic spectra, in the science of spectroscopy.

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Rydberg formula

The Rydberg formula is used in atomic physics to describe the wavelengths of spectral lines of many chemical elements.

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Rydberg–Ritz combination principle

The Rydberg–Ritz combination principle is an empirical generalization proposed by Walther Ritz in 1908 to describe the relationship of the spectral lines for all atoms.

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Schrödinger equation

In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is a mathematical equation that describes the changes over time of a physical system in which quantum effects, such as wave–particle duality, are significant.

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Science and engineering in Manchester

Manchester is one of the principal cities of the United Kingdom, gaining city status in 1853, thus becoming the first new city in over 300 years since Bristol in 1542.

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Scientific phenomena named after people

This is a list of scientific phenomena and concepts named after people (eponymous phenomena).

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Semiclassical

Semiclassical may refer to.

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Semiclassical physics

Semiclassical physics, or simply semiclassical refers to a theory in which one part of a system is described quantum-mechanically whereas the other is treated classically.

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September 1913 (month)

The following events occurred in September 1913.

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Special relativity

In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time.

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Spectral line

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.

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Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

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Stark effect

The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to presence of an external electric field.

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Stern–Gerlach experiment

The Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized.

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Superconducting quantum computing

Superconducting quantum computing is an implementation of a quantum computer in superconducting electronic circuits.

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Superseded scientific theories

A superseded, or obsolete, scientific theory is a scientific theory that the mainstream scientific community once widely accepted, but now considers an inadequate or incomplete description of reality, or simply false.

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System of measurement

A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other.

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Term symbol

In quantum mechanics, the term symbol is an abbreviated description of the (total) angular momentum quantum numbers in a multi-electron atom (however, even a single electron can be described by a term symbol).

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The Value of Science

The Value of Science (La Valeur de la Science) is a book by the French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Henri Poincaré.

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Thorium

Thorium is a weakly radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90.

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Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics

A timeline of atomic and subatomic physics.

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Timeline of chemistry

The timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.

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Timeline of developments in theoretical physics

This page lists important developments in theoretical physics that have either been experimentally confirmed or significantly influence current thinking in modern physics.

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Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries

No description.

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Timeline of scientific discoveries

The timeline below shows the date of publication of possible major scientific theories and discoveries, along with the discoverer.

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Timeline of theoretical physics

The Timeline of theoretical physics lists key events by century.

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Toroidal ring model

The toroidal ring model, known originally as the Parson magneton or magnetic electron, is also known as the plasmoid ring, vortex ring, or helicon ring.

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Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers are atomically thin semiconductors of the type MX2, with M a transition metal atom (Mo, W, etc.) and X a chalcogen atom (S, Se, or Te).

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UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal

The UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal was first minted in 1985 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of the Danish nuclear physicist Niels Bohr.

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Unit fraction

A unit fraction is a rational number written as a fraction where the numerator is one and the denominator is a positive integer.

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Vector model of the atom

In physics, in particular quantum mechanics, the vector model of the atom is a model of the atom in terms of angular momentum.

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Wallis product

In mathematics, Wallis' product for pi, written down in 1655 by John Wallis, states that \prod_^ \left(\frac \cdot \frac\right).

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Walther Kossel

Walther Ludwig Julius Kossel (4 January 1888 in Berlin, Germany – 22 May 1956 in Tübingen, Germany) was a German physicist known for his theory of the chemical bond (ionic bond/octet rule), Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law of atomic spectra, the Kossel-Stranski model for crystal growth, and the Kossel effect.

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Werner Heisenberg

Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics.

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Western culture

Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.

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Wigner–Weyl transform

In quantum mechanics, the Wigner–Weyl transform or Weyl–Wigner transform is the invertible mapping between functions in the quantum phase space formulation and Hilbert space operators in the Schrödinger picture.

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Withington

Withington is a suburb of south Manchester, England.

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Zero-point energy

Zero-point energy (ZPE) or ground state energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have.

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137 (number)

137 (one hundred thirty-seven) is the natural number following 136 and preceding 138.

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1913 in science

The year 1913 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1915 in science

The year 1915 involved numerous significant events in science and technology, some of which are listed below.

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20th century in science

Science advanced dramatically during the 20th century.

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Atom/Bohr model, Bohr Atomic Model, Bohr Energy, Bohr Model, Bohr atom, Bohr atom model, Bohr diagram, Bohr energy, Bohr model of the atom, Bohr theory, Bohr's Atomic Theory, Bohr's Model, Bohr's atomic model, Bohr's model, Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom, Bohr-Rutherford diagram, Bohr-Rutherford model, Bohr-Sommerfeld model, Bohr-Sommerfeld system, Bohr-Sommerfeld theory of the atom, Niels Bohr's model of the atom, Rutherford-Bohr model, Rutherford–Bohr model, Semiclassical model, Sommerfeld-Wilson quantization, Sommerfeld-Wilson-Ishiwara quantization, Sommerfeld–Wilson quantization, Sommerfeld–Wilson–Ishiwara quantization, Successes of Bohr model, Successes of Bohr's hydrogen atom, The Bohr Model.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

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