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161 relations: Agraphia, Albert Einstein's brain, Amusia, Angular gyrus, Anomic aphasia, Anthropology, Aphasia, Aphasiology, Aprosodia, Arcuate fasciculus, Arrowsmith School, Artificial grammar learning, Asemia, Bicameralism (psychology), Bilingual interactive activation plus, Boston Naming Test, Brain damage, Brain size, Brain tumor, Broca, Broca's region, Brodmann area, Brodmann area 44, Brodmann area 45, Carl Wernicke, Cerebral cortex, Cerebral hypoxia, Cerebrum, Chimpanzee, Cholinergic neuron, Cognitive neuropsychology, Cognitive neuroscience, Cognitive neuroscience of music, Cognitive specialization, Comprehension of idioms, Conduction aphasia, Constantin von Monakow, Contralateral brain, Corpus callosum, Cortical stimulation mapping, Dichotic listening, Dichotic listening test, Dissociation (neuropsychology), Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, Dream speech, Dyslexia, Echoic memory, Elizabeth Bates, Endocast, Epilepsy in children, ..., Equipotentiality, Expressive aphasia, Expressive language disorder, Extreme capsule, Focal and diffuse brain injury, Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome, FOXP2, Frontal gyrus, Frontal lobe, Frontal lobe disorder, Frontal lobe epilepsy, Functional specialization (brain), Genie (feral child), Gesture, Giovanni Mingazzini, Global aphasia, Glossary of medicine, Great Hippocampus Question, Hallucination, Head injury, Holism, Holism in science, Homo erectus, Human brain, Humor research, Index of anatomy articles, Inferior frontal gyrus, Jerome of Sandy Cove, KE family, Korbinian Brodmann, Landau–Kleffner syndrome, Language, Language acquisition, Language center, Language disorder, Language processing in the brain, Lateralization of brain function, Linguistic development of Genie, Linguistic intelligence, List of common misconceptions, List of eponyms (A–K), List of human anatomical parts named after people, List of neurologists and neurosurgeons, List of neuroscientists, List of physicians, Luciano Fadiga, McGill Picture Anomaly Test, Memory rehearsal, Mental status examination, Middle cerebral artery, Middle cerebral artery syndrome, Mirror neuron, Mixed transcortical aphasia, Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia, Muteness, Neanderthal behavior, Neocortex, Neurocomputational speech processing, Neurolinguistics, Neurological research into dyslexia, Neuroscience and intelligence, Neuroscience of multilingualism, Neuroscience of sex differences, Numerical cognition, Origin of language, Origin of speech, Otto Kalischer, Outline of the human brain, Paleoneurobiology, Paul Broca, Phineas Gage, Phonological dyslexia, Postmortem studies, Prediction in language comprehension, Priming (psychology), Prosody (linguistics), Psychosis, Pure alexia, Reading comprehension, Sex differences in human physiology, Sex differences in intelligence, Sex differences in psychology, Sigmund Exner, Sign language in the brain, Speech, Speech and language impairment, Speech and language pathology in school settings, Speech repetition, Speech science, Speech shadowing, Spontaneous recovery, Stroke, Stuttering, Subvocalization, Tan, Temporal dynamics of music and language, Temporal lobe, Thought identification, Timeline of psychology, Tinbergen's four questions, Transcortical motor aphasia, Transcortical sensory aphasia, Turkana Boy, Universal grammar, Up from Dragons, Vascular dementia, Verbal language in dreams, Vocal learning, Wernicke's area, 1806 in France, 1861 in science. Expand index (111 more) »
Agraphia
Agraphia is an acquired neurological disorder causing a loss in the ability to communicate through writing, either due to some form of motor dysfunction or an inability to spell.
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Albert Einstein's brain
The brain of physicist Albert Einstein has been a subject of much research and speculation.
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Amusia
Amusia is a musical disorder that appears mainly as a defect in processing pitch but also encompasses musical memory and recognition.
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Angular gyrus
The angular gyrus is a region of the brain lying mainly in the anterolateral region of parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus.
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Anomic aphasia
Anomic aphasia (also known as dysnomia, nominal aphasia, and amnesic aphasia) is a mild, fluent type of aphasia where an individual has word retrieval failures and cannot express the words they want to say (particularly nouns and verbs).
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Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.
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Aphasia
Aphasia is an inability to comprehend and formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions.
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Aphasiology
Aphasiology is the study of language impairment usually resulting from brain damage, due to neurovascular accident—hemorrhage, stroke—or associated with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including different types of dementia.
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Aprosodia
Aprosodia is a neurological condition characterized by the inability of a person to properly convey or interpret emotional prosody.
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Arcuate fasciculus
The arcuate fasciculus (curved bundle) is a bundle of axons that forms part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, an association fiber tract.
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Arrowsmith School
The Arrowsmith School is a private school in Toronto, Ontario, for children in Grades 1 to 12 with learning disabilities (also referred to as "specific learning difficulties").
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Artificial grammar learning
Artificial grammar learning (AGL) is a paradigm of study within cognitive psychology and linguistics.
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Asemia
Asemia is the term for the medical condition of being unable to understand or express any signs or symbols.
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Bicameralism (psychology)
Bicameralism (the condition of being divided into "two-chambers") is a hypothesis in psychology that argues that the human mind once operated in a state in which cognitive functions were divided between one part of the brain which appears to be "speaking", and a second part which listens and obeys — a bicameral mind.
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Bilingual interactive activation plus
Bilingual interactive activation plus (BIA+) is a model for understanding the process of bilingual language comprehension and consists of two interactive subsystems: the word identification subsystem and task/decision subsystem.
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Boston Naming Test
The Boston Naming Test (BNT), introduced in 1983 by Edith Kaplan, Harold Goodglass and Sandra Weintraub, is a widely used neuropsychological assessment tool to measure confrontational word retrieval in individuals with aphasia or other language disturbance caused by stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or other dementing disorder.
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Brain damage
Brain damage or brain injury (BI) is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells.
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Brain size
The size of the brain is a frequent topic of study within the fields of anatomy and evolution.
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Brain tumor
A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain.
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Broca
Broca may refer to.
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Broca's region
Broca's region describes a contemporary reconceptualization of "Broca's area" as an anatomical subdivision of the human brain that spans a larger portion of the left hemisphere's inferior frontal gyrus (IFG).
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Brodmann area
A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells.
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Brodmann area 44
Brodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
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Brodmann area 45
Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain.
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Carl Wernicke
Carl (or Karl) Wernicke (15 May 1848 – 15 June 1905) was a German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist.
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Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the cerebrum in the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.
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Cerebral hypoxia
Cerebral hypoxia is a form of hypoxia (reduced supply of oxygen), specifically involving the brain; when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen, it is called cerebral anoxia.
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Cerebrum
The cerebrum is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb.
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Chimpanzee
The taxonomical genus Pan (often referred to as chimpanzees or chimps) consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo.
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Cholinergic neuron
A cholinergic neuron is a nerve cell which mainly uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to send its messages.
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Cognitive neuropsychology
Cognitive neuropsychology is a branch of cognitive psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to specific psychological processes.
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Cognitive neuroscience
The term cognitive neuroscience was coined by George Armitage Miller and Michael Gazzaniga in year 1976.
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Cognitive neuroscience of music
The cognitive neuroscience of music is the scientific study of brain-based mechanisms involved in the cognitive processes underlying music.
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Cognitive specialization
Cognitive specialization suggests that certain behaviors, often in the domain of social communication, are passed on to offspring and refined to be maximally beneficial by the process of natural selection.
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Comprehension of idioms
Comprehension of idioms is the act of processing and understanding idioms.
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Conduction aphasia
Conduction aphasia, also called associative aphasia, is a relatively rare form of aphasia.
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Constantin von Monakow
Constantin von Monakow (November 4, 1853 – October 19, 1930) was a Russian-Swiss neuropathologist who was a native of Bobretsovo in the Vologda Governorate.
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Contralateral brain
The contralateral organization of the forebrain (Latin: contra ‚against‘; latus ‚side‘, lateral ‚sided‘) is the property that the hemispheres of the cerebrum and the thalamus represent mainly the contralateral side of the body.
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Corpus callosum
The corpus callosum (Latin for "tough body"), also callosal commissure, is a wide commissure, a flat bundle of commissural fibers, about 10 cm long beneath the cerebral cortex in the brains of placental mammals.
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Cortical stimulation mapping
Cortical stimulation mapping (CSM) is a type of electrocorticography that involves a physically invasive procedure and aims to localize the function of specific brain regions through direct electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex.
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Dichotic listening
Dichotic Listening is a psychological test commonly used to investigate selective attention within the auditory system and is a subtopic of cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
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Dichotic listening test
The Dichotic listening test is a psychological test commonly used to investigate selective attention within the auditory system and is a subtopic of cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
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Dissociation (neuropsychology)
In neuropsychology, dissociation involves identifying the neural substrate of a particular brain function through identification of case studies, neuroimaging, or neuropsychological testing.
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Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a model that attributes symptoms of schizophrenia (like psychoses) to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction.
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Dream speech
Dream speech (in German Traumsprache) is internal speech in which errors occur during a dream.
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Dyslexia
Dyslexia, also known as reading disorder, is characterized by trouble with reading despite normal intelligence.
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Echoic memory
Echoic memory is the sensory memory register specific to auditory information (sounds).
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Elizabeth Bates
Elizabeth Bates (July 26, 1947 – December 13, 2003) was a Professor of psychology and cognitive science at the University of California, San Diego.
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Endocast
An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms.
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Epilepsy in children
Epilepsy affects all ages groups.
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Equipotentiality
Equipotentiality refers to a psychological theory in both neuropsychology and behaviorism.
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Expressive aphasia
Expressive aphasia, also known as Broca's aphasia, is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact.
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Expressive language disorder
Expressive language disorder is a communication disorder in which there are difficulties with verbal and written expression.
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Extreme capsule
The extreme capsule (Latin: capsula extrema) is a long association fiber pathway of white matter in the brain that provides bidirectional communication between such areas as the claustrum and the insular cortex, and the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area) and the middle-posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area).
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Focal and diffuse brain injury
Focal and diffuse brain injury are ways to classify brain injury: focal injury occurs in a specific location, while diffuse injury occurs over a more widespread area.
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Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome
Foix-Chavany-Marie Syndrome (FCMS), also known as Bilateral Opercular Syndrome, is a neuropathological disorder characterized by paralysis of the facial, tongue, pharynx, and masticatory muscles of the mouth that aid in chewing.
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FOXP2
Forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOXP2 gene, also known as CAGH44, SPCH1 or TNRC10, and is required for proper development of speech and language.
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Frontal gyrus
The frontal gyrus is the gyrus of the frontal lobe in the brain.
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Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, is the largest of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the mammalian brain.
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Frontal lobe disorder
Frontal lobe disorder is an impairment of the frontal lobe that occurs due to disease or head trauma.
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Frontal lobe epilepsy
Frontal lobe epilepsy, or FLE, is a neurological disorder that is characterized by brief, recurring seizures that arise in the frontal lobes of the brain, often while the patient is sleeping.
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Functional specialization (brain)
Functional specialization suggests that different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions.
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Genie (feral child)
Genie (born 1957) is the pseudonym for an American feral child who was a victim of severe abuse, neglect, and social isolation.
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Gesture
A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication or non-vocal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, speech.
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Giovanni Mingazzini
Giovanni Mingazzini (15 February 1859, Ancona – 3 December 1929) was an Italian neurologist.
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Global aphasia
Global aphasia is a severe form of nonfluent aphasia, caused by damage to the left side of the brain, that affects receptive and expressive language skills (needed for both written and oral language) as well as auditory and visual comprehension.
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Glossary of medicine
This glossary of medical terms is a list of definitions about medicine, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.
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Great Hippocampus Question
The Great Hippocampus Question was a 19th-century scientific controversy about the anatomy of apes and human uniqueness.
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Hallucination
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception.
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Head injury
A head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain.
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Holism
Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic) and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts.
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Holism in science
Holism in science, or holistic science, is an approach to research that emphasizes the study of complex systems.
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Homo erectus
Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic humans that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological epoch.
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Human brain
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
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Humor research
Humor research (also humor studies) is a multifaceted field which enters the domains of linguistics, history, and literature.
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Index of anatomy articles
Articles related to anatomy include.
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Inferior frontal gyrus
The inferior frontal gyrus is a part of the frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe (the yellow area of the human brain image to the right).
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Jerome of Sandy Cove
Jerome (also spelled Jérôme) is the name given to an unidentifiable man discovered on the beach of Sandy Cove, Nova Scotia, on September 8, 1863.
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KE family
The KE family is a medical name designated for a British family, about half of whom exhibit a severe speech disorder called developmental verbal dyspraxia.
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Korbinian Brodmann
Korbinian Brodmann (17 November 1868 – 22 August 1918) was a German neurologist who became famous for his definition of the cerebral cortex into 52 distinct regions from their cytoarchitectonic (histological) characteristics, known as Brodmann areas.
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Landau–Kleffner syndrome
Landau–Kleffner syndrome (LKS)—also called infantile acquired aphasia, acquired epileptic aphasia or aphasia with convulsive disorder—is a rare childhood neurological syndrome.
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Language
Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.
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Language acquisition
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
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Language center
The term language center or language centre (or more accurately centers, e.g. Broca's area and Wernicke's area) refers to the areas of the brain which serve a particular function for speech processing and production.
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Language disorder
Language disorders or language impairments are disorders that involve the processing of linguistic information.
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Language processing in the brain
Language processing refers to the way humans use words to communicate ideas and feelings, and how such communications are processed and understood.
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Lateralization of brain function
The lateralization of brain function is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other.
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Linguistic development of Genie
When the circumstances of Genie, the primary victim in one of the most severe cases of abuse, neglect and social isolation on record in medical literature, first became known in early November 1970, authorities arranged for her admission to Children's Hospital Los Angeles, where doctors determined that at the age of 13 years and 7 months she had not acquired a first language.
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Linguistic intelligence
Linguistic Intelligence is a part of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory that deals with individuals' ability to understand both spoken and written language, as well as their ability to speak and write themselves.
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List of common misconceptions
This list of common misconceptions corrects erroneous beliefs that are currently widely held about notable topics.
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List of eponyms (A–K)
An eponym is a person (real or fictitious) from whom something is said to take its name.
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List of human anatomical parts named after people
This is a list of human anatomical parts named after people.
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List of neurologists and neurosurgeons
This is a list of neurologists and neurosurgeons, with their year of birth and death and nationality.
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List of neuroscientists
Many famous neuroscientists are from the 20th and 21st century, as neuroscience is a fairly new science.
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List of physicians
This is a list of famous physicians in history.
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Luciano Fadiga
Luciano Fadiga (born 1961) is a neurophysiologist at the Human Physiology Section of the University of Ferrara and a Senior Researcher at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia of Genoa Italy Born in 1961.
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McGill Picture Anomaly Test
The McGill Picture Anomaly Test (MPAT) is a scientific test that was created by Donald O. Hebb of McGill University and N.W. Morton that assists in testing visual intelligence as well as understanding human behavior.
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Memory rehearsal
Memory rehearsal is a term for the role of repetition in the retention of memories.
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Mental status examination
The mental status examination or mental state examination (MSE) is an important part of the clinical assessment process in psychiatric practice.
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Middle cerebral artery
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum.
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Middle cerebral artery syndrome
Middle cerebral artery syndrome is a condition whereby the blood supply from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel: the lateral aspects of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, the corona radiata, globus pallidus, caudate and putamen.
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Mirror neuron
A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.
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Mixed transcortical aphasia
Mixed transcortical aphasia is the least common of the three transcortical aphasias (behind transcortical motor aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia, respectively).
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Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia
Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia is a method for treating patients who have lost the ability to speak after a stroke or accident.
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Muteness
Muteness or mutism is an inability to speak, often caused by a speech disorder or surgery.
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Neanderthal behavior
Almost everything of Neanderthal behaviour is controversial.
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Neocortex
The neocortex, also called the neopallium and isocortex, is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.
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Neurocomputational speech processing
Neurocomputational speech processing is computer-simulation of speech production and speech perception by referring to the natural neuronal processes of speech production and speech perception, as they occur in the human nervous system (central nervous system and peripheral nervous system).
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Neurolinguistics
Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.
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Neurological research into dyslexia
Dyslexia is defined by the difficulty in an individual's ability to read given adequate intelligence and normal opportunities.
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Neuroscience and intelligence
Neuroscience and intelligence refers to the various neurological factors that are partly responsible for the variation of intelligence within a species or between different species.
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Neuroscience of multilingualism
Various aspects of multilingualism have been studied in the field of neurology.
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Neuroscience of sex differences
Neuroscience of sex differences is the study of the characteristics of the brain that separate the male brain and the female brain.
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Numerical cognition
Numerical cognition is a subdiscipline of cognitive science that studies the cognitive, developmental and neural bases of numbers and mathematics.
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Origin of language
The evolutionary emergence of language in the human species has been a subject of speculation for several centuries.
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Origin of speech
The origin of speech refers to the more general problem of the origin of language in the context of the physiological development of the human speech organs such as the tongue, lips and vocal organs used to produce phonological units in all human languages.
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Otto Kalischer
Otto Kalischer (April 23, 1869 in Berlin – August 14, 1942 in Berlin) was a German anatomist and neurologist.
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Outline of the human brain
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human brain: Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull.
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Paleoneurobiology
Paleoneurobiology is the study of brain evolution by analysis of brain endocasts to determine endocranial traits and volumes.
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Paul Broca
Pierre Paul Broca (28 June 1824 – 9 July 1880) was a French physician, anatomist and anthropologist.
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Phineas Gage
Phineas P. Gage (18231860) was an American railroad construction foreman remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior over the remaining 12 years of his lifeeffects sufficiently profound (for a time at least) that friends saw him as "no longer Gage".
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Phonological dyslexia
Phonological dyslexia is a reading disability that is a form of alexia (acquired dyslexia), resulting from brain injury, stroke, or progressive illness and that affects previously acquired reading abilities.
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Postmortem studies
Postmortem Studies are a type of neurobiological research, which provides information to researchers and individuals who will have to make medical decisions in the future.
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Prediction in language comprehension
Linguistic prediction is a phenomenon in psycholinguistics occurring whenever information about a word or other linguistic unit is activated before that unit is actually encountered.
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Priming (psychology)
Priming is a technique whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention.
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Prosody (linguistics)
In linguistics, prosody is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of syllables and larger units of speech.
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Psychosis
Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that results in difficulties telling what is real and what is not.
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Pure alexia
Pure alexia, also known as agnosic alexia or alexia without agraphia or pure word blindness, is one form of alexia which makes up "the peripheral dyslexia" group.
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Reading comprehension
Reading comprehension is the ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to integrate it with what the reader already knows.
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Sex differences in human physiology
Sex differences in human physiology are distinctions of physiological characteristics associated with either male or female humans.
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Sex differences in intelligence
Differences in intelligence have long been a topic of debate among researchers and scholars.
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Sex differences in psychology
Sex differences in psychology are differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes, and are due to a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and cultural factors.
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Sigmund Exner
Sigmund Exner (also Sigmund Exner, Siegmund Exner-Ewarten, Siegmund Exner Ritter von Ewarten; 5 April 1846 – 5 February 1926) was an Austrian physiologist born in Vienna.
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Sign language in the brain
Sign language refers to a mode of communication, distinct from spoken languages, which uses visual gestures with the hands accompanied by body language to express meaning.
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Speech
Speech is the vocalized form of communication used by humans and some animals, which is based upon the syntactic combination of items drawn from the lexicon.
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Speech and language impairment
Speech and language impairment are basic categories that might be drawn in issues of communication involve hearing, speech, language, and fluency.
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Speech and language pathology in school settings
Speech-language pathology, also known as communication sciences and disorders in the United States, is a fast-growing profession that, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, offers about 120,000 jobs in the United States alone.
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Speech repetition
Children copy with their own mouths the words spoken by the mouths of those around them. This enables them to learn the pronunciation of words not already in their vocabulary. Speech repetition is the saying by one individual of the spoken vocalizations made by another individual.
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Speech science
Speech science refers to the study of production, transmission and perception of speech.
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Speech shadowing
Speech shadowing is an experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech immediately after hearing it (usually through earphones).
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Spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon of learning and memory that was first named and described by Ivan Pavlov in his studies of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Stuttering
Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds. The term stuttering is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels. According to Watkins et al., stuttering is a disorder of "selection, initiation, and execution of motor sequences necessary for fluent speech production." For many people who stutter, repetition is the primary problem. The term "stuttering" covers a wide range of severity, encompassing barely perceptible impediments that are largely cosmetic to severe symptoms that effectively prevent oral communication. In the world, approximately four times as many men as women stutter, encompassing 70 million people worldwide, or about 1% of the world's population. The impact of stuttering on a person's functioning and emotional state can be severe. This may include fears of having to enunciate specific vowels or consonants, fears of being caught stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, being a possible target of bullying having to use word substitution and rearrange words in a sentence to hide stuttering, or a feeling of "loss of control" during speech. Stuttering is sometimes popularly seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is actually no direct correlation in that direction (though as mentioned the inverse can be true, as social anxiety may actually develop in individuals as a result of their stuttering). Stuttering is generally not a problem with the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress do not cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in anxiety and high allostatic stress load (chronic nervousness and stress) that reduce the amount of acute stress necessary to trigger stuttering in any given person who stutters, exacerbating the problem in the manner of a positive feedback system; the name 'stuttered speech syndrome' has been proposed for this condition. Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering. The disorder is also variable, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more severe or less, depending on whether or not the stutterer is self-conscious about their stuttering. Stutterers often find that their stuttering fluctuates and that they have "good" days, "bad" days and "stutter-free" days. The times in which their stuttering fluctuates can be random. Although the exact etiology, or cause, of stuttering is unknown, both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute. There are many treatments and speech therapy techniques available that may help decrease speech disfluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot identify a problem; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present. The severity of the person's stuttering would correspond to the amount of speech therapy needed to decrease disfluency. For severe stuttering, long-term therapy and hard work is required to decrease disfluency.
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Subvocalization
Subvocalization, or silent speech, is the internal speech typically made when reading; it provides the sound of the word as it is read.
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Tan
Tan or TAN may refer to.
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Temporal dynamics of music and language
The temporal dynamics of music and language describes how the brain coordinates its different regions to process musical and vocal sounds.
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Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.
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Thought identification
Thought identification refers to the empirically verified use of technology to, in some sense, read people's minds.
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Timeline of psychology
This article is a general timeline of psychology.
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Tinbergen's four questions
Tinbergen's four questions, named after Nikolaas Tinbergen and based on Aristotle's four causes, are complementary categories of explanations for behaviour.
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Transcortical motor aphasia
Transcortical motor aphasia (TMoA), also known as commissural dysphasia or white matter dysphasia, results from damage in the anterior superior frontal lobe of the language-dominant hemisphere.
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Transcortical sensory aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA) is a kind of aphasia that involves damage to specific areas of the temporal lobe of the brain, resulting in symptoms such as poor auditory comprehension, relatively intact repetition, and fluent speech with semantic paraphasias present.
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Turkana Boy
Turkana Boy, also called Nariokotome Boy, is the common name of Homo erectus fossil KNM-WT 15000,KNM-WT 15000: Kenya National Museum; West Turkana; item 15000 a nearly complete skeleton of a hominin youth who lived during the early Pleistocene.
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Universal grammar
Universal grammar (UG) in linguistics, is the theory of the genetic component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky.
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Up from Dragons
Up from Dragons: The Evolution of Human Intelligence is a 2002 book on human evolution, the human brain, and the origins of human cognition by John Skoyles and Dorion Sagan.
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Vascular dementia
Vascular dementia, also known as multi-infarct dementia (MID) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), is dementia caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain, typically a series of minor strokes, leading to worsening cognitive decline that occurs step by step.
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Verbal language in dreams
Verbal language in dreams is the speech—most commonly in the form of a dialogue between the dreamer him/herself and other dream characters—which forms part of the overall (mostly imagistic) dream scenario.
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Vocal learning
Vocal learning is the ability to modify acoustic and syntactic sounds, acquire new sounds via imitation, and produce vocalizations.
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Wernicke's area
Wernicke's area, also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech (the other is Broca's area).
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1806 in France
Events from the year 1806 in France.
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1861 in science
The year 1861 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Redirects here:
Broca area, Broca s area, Broca's Area, Broca's center, Brocas area, Broca’s area, Brocca area, Brocca's area, Gyrus of Broca, Leborgne, Louis Victor Leborgne, Organ of Broca, Tan (patient).
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca's_area
