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-ose

The suffix -ose is used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars.

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A Martian Odyssey

"A Martian Odyssey" is a science fiction short story by American writer Stanley G. Weinbaum originally published in the July 1934 issue of Wonder Stories.

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Aai Mata

Shri Aai Mata ji (1472 to 1561)in Vikram Samvat) is believed to be an incarnation of the goddess, Ambe Maa (Jagdambe Maa, आई माता जी का अवतार). Ambe Maa appeared to Shri Aai Mata ji's father, Rao Bika Dhabi, in a dream, informing him that she was going to incarnate as his daughter. After this dream, Shri Aai Mata ji was found by Rao Bika Dhabi in a garden in Ambapur (Gujarat), India. He adopted her and named her jiji, which means "sister." She later came to be known as Aai Mataji, and was famous for her beauty and helpful nature.

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AB7

AB7, also known as SMC WR7, is a binary star in the Small Magellanic Cloud.

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Abamectin

Abamectin is a widely used insecticide and anthelmintic.

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Abenakiite-(Ce)

Abenakiite-(Ce) (IMA1991-054) is a mineral of sodium, cerium, neodymium, lanthanum, praseodymium, thorium, samarium, oxygen, sulfur, carbon, phosphorus, and silicon with a chemical formula Na26Ce6(SiO3)6(PO4)6(CO3)6(S4+O2)O.

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Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life,Compare: Also occasionally called biopoiesis.

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Abrasive

An abrasive is a material, often a mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away by friction.

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Absolute dating

Absolute dating is the process of determining an age on a specified chronology in archaeology and geology.

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Absolute zero

Absolute zero is the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as 0.

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Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm.

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Abundance of the chemical elements

The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrence of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment.

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Abundances of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Abyssal channel

Abyssal channels (also, deep-sea channels, underwater channels) are channels in Earth's sea floor.

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Acenaphthylene

Acenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.

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Acetylene

Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H2.

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Acetylenedicarboxylic acid

Acetylenedicarboxylic acid or butynedioic acid is an organic compound (a dicarboxylic acid) with the formula C4H2O4 or HO2C-C≡C-CO2H.

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Acetylide

Acetylide refers to chemical compounds with the chemical formulas MC≡CH and MC≡CM, where M is a metal.

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Acidogenesis

Acidogenesis is the second stage in the four stages of anaerobic digestion.

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Acids in wine

The acids in wine are an important component in both winemaking and the finished product of wine.

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Aciduliprofundum boonei

Aciduliprofundum boonei is an obligate thermoacidophilic archaea belonging to the phylum Euryarchaeota.

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Acmonital

Acmonital (acronym of Acciaio Monetale Italiano, "Italian monetary steel") is a stainless steel alloy consisting mostly of iron, with 0.14% carbon, 17.5-19% chromium, 0.50% magnesium, 1.15% silicium, 0.03% sulfur, and 0.03% phosphorus by weight.

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Acorn nut

An acorn nut, also referred to as crown hex nut, blind nut, cap nut, domed cap nut, or dome nut (UK), is a nut that has a domed end on one side.

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Acrylamide

Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C3H5NO.

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Acrylate

Acrylates are the salts, esters, and conjugate bases of acrylic acid and its derivatives.

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Acryloyl group

In organic chemistry, the acryloyl group is form of enone with structure H2C.

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Actinide

The actinide or actinoid (IUPAC nomenclature) series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium.

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Actinide chemistry

Actinide chemistry (or actinoid chemistry) is one of the main branches of nuclear chemistry that investigates the processes and molecular systems of the actinides.

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Activated carbon

Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.

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Activation product

Activation products are materials made radioactive by neutron activation.

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Active solar

Solar hot water systems use pumps or fans to circulate fluid (often a mixture of water and glycol to prevent freezing during winter periods) or air, through solar collectors, and are therefore classified under active solar technology.

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Acyl CoA dehydrogenase

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) are a class of enzymes that function to catalyze the initial step in each cycle of fatty acid β-oxidation in the mitochondria of cells.

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Acyl group

An acyl group is a moiety derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid, including inorganic acids.

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Adamantane

Adamantane is a colorless, crystalline chemical compound with a camphor-like odor.

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Adamanzane

Adamanzanes (abbreviated Adz) are compounds containing four nitrogen atoms linked by carbons (analogous to adamantane with nitrogen at the branched position).

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Adamsite-(Y)

Adamsite-(Y) (previously IMA 1999-020), chemical formula NaY(CO3)2·6H2O is a mineral of sodium, yttrium, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

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Adolf von Baeyer

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (31 October 1835 – 20 August 1917) was a German chemist who synthesised indigo, developed a nomenclature for cyclic compounds (that was subsequently extended and adopted as part of the IUPAC organic nomenclature).

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Adolph Strecker

Adolph Strecker (October 21, 1822 – November 7, 1871) was a German chemist who is remembered primarily for his work with amino acids.

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Advanced heavy-water reactor

The advanced heavy-water reactor (AHWR) is the latest Indian design for a next-generation nuclear reactor that burns thorium in its fuel core.

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AEM rubber

AEM rubber, also abbreviated AECM (ISO 1629), is an ethylene acrylic rubber with the formula: Category:Rubber.

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Aeolis quadrangle

The Aeolis quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program.

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Aerinite

Aerinite (Ca4(Al,Fe,Mg)10Si12O35(OH)12CO3·12H2O) is a bluish-purple inosilicate mineral.

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Aermet

AerMet alloy is an ultra-high strength type of martensitic alloy steel.

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Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPBs) are alphaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria that are obligate aerobes that capture energy from light by anoxygenic photosynthesis.

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Aerogel

Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component for the gel has been replaced with a gas.

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Aerotropolis

An aerotropolis is a metropolitan subregion where the layout, infrastructure, and economy are centered on an airport which serves as a multimodal "airport city" commercial core.

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Agar plate

An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a solid growth medium, typically agar plus nutrients, used to culture small organisms such as microorganisms.

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Agarase

Agarase (AgaA, AgaB, endo-beta-agarase, agarose 3-glycanohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name agarose 4-glycanohydrolase.

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Agricultural soil science

Agricultural soil science is a branch of soil science that deals with the study of edaphic conditions as they relate to the production of food and fiber.

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Air conditioning

Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A/C, or air con) is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants.

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Air Ink

AIR-INKTM is an ink brand which produces ink and ink-based art products by condensing soot-based gaseous effluents generated by motor vehicles due to incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.

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AirCare (emissions program)

AirCare was an initiative started in 1992 to improve air quality in British Columbia, Canada through the systematic testing of road vehicles in order to reduce their emissions.

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AJ-60A

AJ-60A is a solid rocket booster produced by Aerojet Rocketdyne.

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Akilia

Akilia Island is an island in southwestern Greenland, about 22 kilometers south of Nuuk (Godthåb), at.

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Alacrite

Alacrite (also known as L-605, Cobalt L-605, Haynes 25, and occasionally F90) is a family of cobalt-based alloys.

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Alan Dean Foster

Alan Dean Foster (born November 18, 1946) is an American writer of fantasy and science fiction, who has written several book series, more than 20 standalone novels and many faithful novelizations of film scripts.

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AlbChrome

AlbChrome is an Albanian-based private company founded in 1948.

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Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.

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Aldose

An aldose is a monosaccharide (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a carbonyl group on the endmost carbon atom, making it an aldehyde, and hydroxyl groups connected to all the other carbon atoms.

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Alejandro Jenkins

Alejandro Jenkins (born 17 October 1979, San José, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican theoretical physicist.

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Alessandro Cruto

Alessandro Cruto was an Italian inventor, born in the village of Piossasco, who created the incandescent light bulb.

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Alexander Lodygin

Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin (Александр Николаевич Лодыгин; 18 October 1847 – 16 March 1923) was a Russian electrical engineer and inventor, one of inventors of the incandescent light bulb.

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Alexander Oparin

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Опа́рин) (– April 21, 1980) was a Soviet biochemist notable for his theories about the origin of life, and for his book The Origin of Life.

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Alfatradiol

Alfatradiol, also known as 17α-estradiol and sold under the brand names Avicis, Avixis, Ell-Cranell Alpha, and Pantostin, is a weak estrogen and a 5α-reductase inhibitor which is used as a topical medication in the treatment of androgenic alopecia (pattern hair loss) in men and women.

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Algal bloom

An algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems, and is recognized by the discoloration in the water from their pigments.

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Algorithmic cooling

Algorithmic cooling is an algorithmic method for transferring heat (or entropy) from some qubits to others or outside the system and into the environment, which results in a cooling effect.

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Aliphatic compound

In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (G. aleiphar, fat, oil) also known as non-aromatic compounds.

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Alkali metal

The alkali metals are a group (column) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.

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Alkaline earth metal

The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table.

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Alkaloid

Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.

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Alkane

In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon.

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Alkene

In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond.

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Alkyl

In organic chemistry, an alkyl substituent is an alkane missing one hydrogen.

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Alkyl cycloalkane

Alkyl cycloalkanes are chemical compounds with an alkyl group with a single ring of carbons to which hydrogens are attached according to the formula They are named analogously to their normal alkane counterpart of the same carbon count: methylcyclopropane, methylcyclobutane, methylcyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, etc.

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Allene

An allene is a compound in which one carbon atom has double bonds with each of its two adjacent carbon centres.

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Allotropes of carbon

Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes due to its valency.

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Allotropes of iron

Iron represents perhaps the best-known example for allotropy in a metal.

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Allotropes of phosphorus

Elemental phosphorus can exist in several allotropes, the most common of which are white and red solids.

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Alloy

An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.

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Alloy 20

Alloy 20 is an austenitic stainless steel developed for applications involving sulfuric acid.

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Alloy steel

Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties.

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Alloy wheel

In the automotive industry, alloy wheels are wheels that are made from an alloy of aluminium or magnesium.

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Allyl chloride

Allyl chloride is the organic compound with the formula CH2.

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Alpha and beta carbon

The alpha carbon (Cα) in organic molecules refers to the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group, such as a carbonyl.

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Alpha Ceti

Alpha Ceti (α Ceti, abbreviated Alpha Cet, α Cet), also named Menkar, is the second-brightest star in the constellation of Cetus.

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Alpha process

The alpha process, also known as the alpha ladder, is one of two classes of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert helium into heavier elements, the other being the triple-alpha process.

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Alpha-olefin

Alpha-olefins (or α-olefins) are a family of organic compounds which are alkenes (also known as olefins) with a chemical formula CxH2x, distinguished by having a double bond at the primary or alpha (α) position.

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Alphonsus (crater)

Alphonsus is an ancient impact crater on the Moon that dates from the pre-Nectarian era.

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Alpine regiments of the Roman army

The Alpine regiments of the Roman army were those auxiliary units of the army that were originally raised in the Alpine provinces of the Roman Empire: Tres Alpes, Raetia and Noricum.

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Alpine-steppe

The Alpine-steppe is a high altitude natural alpine grassland, which is a part of the Montane grasslands and shrublands biome.

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Alternant hydrocarbon

An alternant hydrocarbon is any conjugated hydrocarbon system which does not possess an odd-membered ring.

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Alternative periodic tables

Alternative periodic tables are tabulations of chemical elements differing significantly in their organization from the traditional depiction of the periodic system.

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Alternative versions of the Hulk

In addition to his mainstream incarnation, the Hulk has also been depicted in other fictional universes, in which Bruce Banner's transformation, behavior, or circumstances vary from the mainstream setting.

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Aluminium carbide

Aluminum carbide, chemical formula Al4C3, is a carbide of aluminum.

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Aluminium dodecaboride

Aluminium dodecaboride (AlB12) is a chemical compound made from the metal aluminium and the non-metal boron.

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Aluminium magnesium boride

Aluminum magnesium boride or BAM is a chemical compound of aluminium, magnesium and boron.

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Aluminium–air battery

Aluminium–air batteries (Al–air batteries) produce electricity from the reaction of oxygen in the air with aluminium.

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Alveolar macrophage

An alveolar macrophage (or dust cell) is a type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall.

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AM Canum Venaticorum

AM Canum Venaticorum is a cataclysmic variable binary star in the constellation of Canes Venatici.

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AM1*

AM1* is a semiempirical molecular orbital technique in computational chemistry.

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Amazon rainforest

The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Selva Amazónica, Amazonía or usually Amazonia; Forêt amazonienne; Amazoneregenwoud), also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America.

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Ames Laboratory

Ames Laboratory is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Ames, Iowa and affiliated with Iowa State University.

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Amide

An amide (or or), also known as an acid amide, is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups).

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Aminal

An aminal or aminoacetal is a functional group or type of organic compound that has two amine groups attached to the same carbon atom: -C(NR2)(NR2)-.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Amino acid dating

Amino acid dating is a dating technique used to estimate the age of a specimen in paleobiology, molecular paleontology, archaeology, forensic science, taphonomy, sedimentary geology and other fields.

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Amino acid kinase

In molecular biology, the amino acid kinase domain is a protein domain.

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Aminoacylase

In enzymology, an aminoacylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-acyl-L-amino acid and H2O, whereas its two products are carboxylate and L-amino acid.

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Aminocarb

Animocarb (Matacil) is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C11H16N2 O2.

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Aminopolycarboxylic acid

a metal complex with the EDTA anion glycinate ion can form a chelate complex with a metal ion An aminopolycarboxylic acid (sometimes abbreviated APCA) is a chemical compound containing one or more nitrogen atoms connected through carbon atoms to two or more carboxyl groups.

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Amorphous carbon

Amorphous carbon is free, reactive carbon that does not have any crystalline structure (also called diamond-like carbon).

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Anacor

Anacor Pharmaceuticals is a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering, developing and commercializing novel small-molecule therapeutics derived from its boron chemistry platform.

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Anaeroarcus burkinensis

Anaeroarcus burkinensis is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Anaeroarcus which has been isolated from soil from a rice field in Burkina Faso in Africa.

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Ancient Egyptian pottery

Ancient Egyptian pottery includes all objects of fired clay from ancient Egypt.

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Ancient iron production

Ancient iron production refers to iron working in times from prehistory to the early Middle Ages where knowledge of production processes is derived from archaeological investigation.

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André Dreiding

André S. Dreiding (22 June 1919 in Zürich – 24 December 2013 in Herrliberg near Zurich) was a Swiss chemist.

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Andre Geim

Sir Andre Konstantin Geim, FRS, HonFRSC, HonFInstP (born 21 October 1958) is a Soviet-born Dutch-British physicist working in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.

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Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (3 March 1709 – 7 August 1782) was a German chemist from Berlin, then capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and a pioneer of analytical chemistry.

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Angelo Secchi

Fr.

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Aniline acetate test

The aniline acetate test is a chemical test for the presence of certain carbohydrates, in which they are converted to furfural with hydrochloric acid, which reacts with aniline acetate to produce a bright pink color.

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Animal nutrition

Animal nutrition focuses on the dietary needs of animals, primarily those in agriculture and food production, but also in zoos, aquariums, and wildlife management.

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Annulene

Annulenes are completely conjugated monocyclic hydrocarbons.

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Anoto

Anoto Group AB (former C Technologies) is a Swedish technology company that develops and licenses digital pens.

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Ant Forest

Ant Forest (Chinese: 蚂蚁森林) is a scheme launched on Alipay mobile client by Ant Financial Services Group in August 2016.

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Antarctic krill

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a species of krill found in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean.

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Anthracene

Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of formula C14H10, consisting of three fused benzene rings.

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Anthracite

Anthracite, often referred to as hard coal, is a hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster.

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Anthropic principle

The anthropic principle is a philosophical consideration that observations of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it.

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Anthropogenic metabolism

Anthropogenic metabolism, also referred to as 'metabolism of the anthroposphere', is a term used in industrial ecology, material flow analysis, and waste management to describe the material and energy turnover of human society.

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Antibonding molecular orbital

In chemical bonding theory, an antibonding orbital is a type of molecular orbital (MO) that weakens the bond between two atoms and helps to raise the energy of the molecule relative to the separated atoms.

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Antimagnetic watch

Anti-magnetic (non-magnetic) watches are those that are able to run with minimal deviation when exposed to a certain level of magnetic field.

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Antimony trioxide

Antimony(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.

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Antiparallel (biochemistry)

In biochemistry, two biopolymers are antiparallel if they run parallel to each other but with opposite alignments.

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Aoufous Formation

The Aoufous Formation is a geological formation that contains some of the vertebrate assemblage of the Kem Kem Beds, of Late Cretaceous date.

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Aphelion (software)

The Aphelion Imaging Software Suite is a software suite that includes three base products (i.e., Aphelion Lab, Aphelion Dev, and Aphelion) for addressing image processing and image analysis applications.

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APM 08279+5255

APM 08279+5255 is a very distant, broad absorption line quasar located in the constellation Lynx.

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Aprepitant

Aprepitant (brand name: Emend (the brand name used in all English-speaking countries)) is an antiemetic chemical compound that belongs to a class of drugs called substance P antagonists (SPA).

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Aquamicrobium defluvii

Aquamicrobium defluvii is a gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, bacteria from the genus of Aquamicrobium which was isolated from activated sewage sludge in Germany.

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Aquatic Species Program

The Aquatic Species Program was a research program in the United States launched in 1978 by President Jimmy Carter and was funded by the United States Department of Energy, which over the course of nearly two decades looked into the production of energy using algae.

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Aquitania, Boyacá

Aquitania is a town and municipality in Boyacá Department, Colombia, part of the Sugamuxi Province, a subregion of Boyaca.

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Arabinose

Arabinose is an aldopentose – a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde (CHO) functional group.

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Aragonite

Aragonite is a carbonate mineral, one of the two most common, naturally occurring, crystal forms of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 (the other forms being the minerals calcite and vaterite).

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Arc converter

The arc converter, sometimes called the arc transmitter, or Poulsen arc after Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen who invented it in 1903, was a variety of spark transmitter used in early wireless telegraphy.

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Arc lamp

An arc lamp or arc light is a lamp that produces light by an electric arc (also called a voltaic arc).

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Arc welding

Arc welding is a process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when cool result in a binding of the metals.

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Archaea

Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.

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Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso

The Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso is a museum on the archaeological findings in the area of sacred City of the Sun Sogamoso, Boyacá, Colombia.

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Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt

The Barberton Greenstone Belt of eastern South Africa contains some of the most widely accepted fossil evidence for Archean life.

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Arctic haze

Arctic haze is the phenomenon of a visible reddish-brown springtime haze in the atmosphere at high latitudes in the Arctic due to anthropogenic air pollution.

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Arctic methane emissions

Arctic methane release is the release of methane from seas and soils in permafrost regions of the Arctic.

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Arecibo message

The Arecibo message is a 1974 interstellar radio message carrying basic information about humanity and Earth sent to globular star cluster M13 in the hope that extraterrestrial intelligence might receive and decipher it.

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Arenibacter algicola

Arenibacter algicola is a Gram-negative, hydrocarbon-degrading and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus of Arenibacter.

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Ariel (moon)

Ariel is the fourth-largest of the 27 known moons of Uranus.

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Army Nuclear Power Program

The Army Nuclear Power Program (ANPP) was a program of the United States Army to develop small pressurized water and boiling water nuclear power reactors to generate electrical and space-heating energy primarily at remote, relatively inaccessible sites.

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Arthrobacter

Arthrobacter (from the Greek, "jointed small stick”) is a genus of bacteria that is commonly found in soil.

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Arthrobotrys oligospora

Arthrobotrys oligospora was discovered in Europe in 1850 by Georg Fresenius.

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Aryl radical

An aryl radical in organic chemistry is a reactive intermediate and an arene compound incorporating one free radical carbon atom as part of the ring structure.

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Asbestos-ceramic

Asbestos-ceramic is a type of pottery manufactured with asbestos and clay in Finland, Karelia and more widely in Fennoscandia from around 5000 BC.

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Ashery

An ashery is a factory that converts hardwood ashes into lye, potash, or pearlash.

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Aspalathin

Aspalathin is a C-linked dihydrochalcone glucoside found in rooibos tea, a herbal tea prepared from the South African rooibos plant, Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae).

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Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungus of the genus Aspergillus, and is one of the most common Aspergillus species to cause disease in individuals with an immunodeficiency.

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Asphaltene

Asphaltenes are molecular substances that are found in crude oil, along with resins, aromatic hydrocarbons, and saturates (i.e. saturated hydrocarbons such as alkanes).

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Asteroid

Asteroids are minor planets, especially those of the inner Solar System.

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Asteroid belt

The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter.

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Asteroid mining

Asteroid mining is the exploitation of raw materials from asteroids and other minor planets, including near-Earth objects.

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ASTM A500

ASTM A500 is a standard specification published by the ASTM for cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in round, square, and rectangular shapes.

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Astrobiology

Astrobiology is a branch of biology concerned with the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.

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Astrobiology Field Laboratory

The Astrobiology Field Laboratory (AFL) (also Mars Astrobiology Field Laboratory or MAFL) was a proposed NASA unmanned spacecraft that would have conducted a robotic search for life on Mars.

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Astrochemistry

Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe, and their interaction with radiation.

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Astroecology

Astroecology concerns the interactions of biota with space environments.

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Asymmetric carbon

An asymmetric carbon atom (chiral carbon) is a carbon atom that is attached to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms.

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Asymptotic giant branch

The asymptotic giant branch (AGB) is a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram populated by evolved cool luminous stars.

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Atmosphere of Jupiter

The atmosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System.

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Atmosphere of Mars

The atmosphere of the planet Mars is composed mostly of carbon dioxide.

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Atmospheric entry

Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite.

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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.

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Atomic and molecular astrophysics

Atomic astrophysics is concerned with performing atomic physics calculations that will be useful to astronomers and using atomic data to interpret astronomical observations.

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Atomic hydrogen welding

Atomic hydrogen welding (AHW) is an arc welding process that uses an arc between two tungsten electrodes in a shielding atmosphere of hydrogen.

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Atomic radii of the elements (data page)

The atomic radius of a chemical element is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell of the electron.

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Atomic radius

The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons.

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Atomic spacing

Atomic spacing refers to the distance between the nuclei of atoms in a material.

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Atropine

Atropine is a medication to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate and to decrease saliva production during surgery.

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August Wilhelm von Hofmann

August Wilhelm von Hofmann (8 April 18185 May 1892) was a German chemist.

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Auriga (constellation)

Auriga is one of the 88 modern constellations; it was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy.

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Autotroph

An autotroph ("self-feeding", from the Greek autos "self" and trophe "nourishing") or producer, is an organism that produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) from simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis).

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AVCOAT

AVCOAT 5026-39 is a NASA code for a specific ablative heat shield material created by Avco (acquired by Textron in 1984).

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Aza-

The prefix aza- is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds where a carbon atom is replaced by a nitrogen atom.

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Azacosterol

Azacosterol (INN), or azacosterol hydrochloride (USAN) (brand name Ornitrol), also known as 20,25-diazacholesterol, is a cholesterol-lowering drug (hypocholesteremic) which was marketed previously but has since been discontinued. It is also an avian chemosterilant used to control the pest pigeon population via inducing sterility. The drug is a sterol and derivative of cholesterol in which two carbon atoms have been replaced with nitrogen atoms. Azacosterol acts as an inhibitor of 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (24-DHCR), preventing the formation of cholesterol from desmosterol. Although it primarily acts to inhibit 24-DHCR, the drug also inhibits other steps in cholesterol biosynthesis. The anti-fertility effects of the drug in birds are mediated by inhibition of steroid hormone production, steroid hormones being synthesized from cholesterol. Due to prevention of the metabolism of desmosterol, the drug causes it to accumulate, in turn producing side effects such as hyperkeratosis, particularly of the palms and soles.

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Azafullerene

Azafullerenes are a class of heterofullerenes in which the element substituting for carbon is nitrogen.

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Azasteroid

An azasteroid is a type of steroid derivative which has one of the carbon atoms in the steroid ring system replaced by a nitrogen atom.

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Azepine

Azepines are unsaturated heterocycles of seven atoms, with a nitrogen replacing a carbon at one position.

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Azetidine

Azetidine is a saturated heterocyclic organic compound containing three carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom.

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Azonine

Azonine is an unsaturated heterocycle of nine atoms, with a nitrogen replacing a carbon at one position.

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Azotobacter

Azotobacter is a genus of usually motile, oval or spherical bacteria that form thick-walled cysts and may produce large quantities of capsular slime.

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B-type asteroid

B-type asteroids are a relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid, falling into the wider C-group.

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Bacopa caroliniana

Bacopa caroliniana is a flowering plant species.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.

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Bacterial cellulose

Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the formula produced by certain types of bacteria.

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Baldwin effect (astronomy)

The Baldwin effect in astronomy describes a relationship between continuum and emission-line fluxes observed in the electromagnetic spectra of quasars and active galactic nuclei, namely an anticorrelation between the equivalent width, Wλ, of a spectral line and the continuum luminosity, L, in broad UV optical emission lines.

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Ball clay

Ball clays are kaolinitic sedimentary clays that commonly consist of 20–80% kaolinite, 10–25% mica, 6–65% quartz.

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Band gap

In solid-state physics, a band gap, also called an energy gap or bandgap, is an energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist.

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Barium acetate

Barium acetate (Ba(C2H3O2)2) is the salt of barium(II) and acetic acid.

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Barium chloride

Barium chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula BaCl2.

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Barium star

Barium stars are spectral class G to K giants, whose spectra indicate an overabundance of s-process elements by the presence of singly ionized barium, Ba II, at λ 455.4 nm.

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Barytocalcite

Barytocalcite is an anhydrous barium calcium carbonate mineral with the chemical formula BaCa(CO3)2.

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Base (chemistry)

In chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus paper blue), react with acids to form salts, promote certain chemical reactions (base catalysis), accept protons from any proton donor, and/or contain completely or partially displaceable OH− ions.

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Base pair

A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.

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Base-promoted epoxide isomerization

Base-promoted epoxide isomerization is the conversion of alkyl epoxides to ring-opened products through the action of strong base.

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Basic oxygen steelmaking

Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS, BOP, BOF, or OSM), also known as Linz–Donawitz-steelmaking or the oxygen converter processBrock and Elzinga, p. 50.

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Basketene

Basketene (IUPAC name: pentacyclodec-9-ene) is an organic compound with the formula C10H10.

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Basler drum

The Basler drum is a two-headed rope-tension drum.

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Battery recycling

Battery recycling is a recycling activity that aims to reduce the number of batteries being disposed as municipal solid waste.

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Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction

The Buchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction is the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with aliphatic diazoalkanes to form homologated ketones.

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BCN nanotube

BCN nanotubes are tubular structures with a sub-micrometer diameter and a length much longer than diameter.

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Beam dump

A beam dump is a device designed to absorb the energy of photons or other particles within an energetic beam.

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Beam-index tube

The beam-index tube is a color television cathode ray tube (CRT) design, using phosphor stripes and active-feedback timing, rather than phosphor dots and a beam-shadowing mask as developed by RCA.

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Beatriz Barbuy

Beatriz Leonor Silveira Barbuy is a Brazilian astrophysicist.

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Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident

This page describes how uranium dioxide nuclear fuel behaves during both normal nuclear reactor operation and under reactor accident conditions, such as overheating.

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Bendegó meteorite

Bendegó Meteorite (also known as Pedra do Bendegó or simply Bendengó) is a meteorite found in the interior of the state of Bahia, Brazil.

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Benguela Current Commission

The Benguela Current Commission, or BCC, is a multi-sectoral inter-governmental, initiative of Angola, Namibia and South Africa.

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Benorterone

Benorterone, also known by its developmental code name SKF-7690 and as 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone, is an steroidal antiandrogen which was studied for potential medical use but was never marketed.

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Benz(a)anthracene

Benzanthracene or benzoanthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C18H12.

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Benz(e)acephenanthrylene

Talk:Benz(e)acephenanthrylene#MadmanBot seems to be in error.) - please let me know if otherwise of course - in any case - Enjoy!) Drbogdan (talk) 15:53, 5 March 2014 (UTC) ---> Benzacephenanthrylene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C20H12. It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) made of four benzene rings around a 5-membered ring. On February 22, 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for detecting and monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzacephenanthrylene (as benzofluoranthene, a synonym), in the universe. According to NASA scientists, over 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang, are abundant in the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets.

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Benzene

Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.

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Benzenesulfonic acid

Benzenesulfonic acid (conjugate base benzenesulfonate) is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H5SO3H.

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Benzhydryl compounds

Benzhydryl compounds are compounds that are "diphenylmethane"-containing, i.e. two benzene rings adjoining a single carbon.

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Benzo(a)fluoranthene

Benzofluoranthene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C20H12.

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Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzopyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the result of incomplete combustion of organic matter at temperatures between and.

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Benzo(e)pyrene

Benzopyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C20H12.

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Benzo(ghi)perylene

Benzoperylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C22H12.

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Benzo(k)fluoranthene

Benzofluoranthene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C20H12.

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Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines (BZD, BZs), sometimes called "benzos", are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.

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Benzophenone

Benzophenone is the organic compound with the formula (C6H5)2CO, generally abbreviated Ph2CO.

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Benzopyrene

A benzopyrene is an organic compound with the formula C20H12.

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Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic acid

In chemistry, 1,4-benzoquinonetetracarboxylic acid is an organic compound with formula, or (C6O2)(-(CO)OH)4, which can be viewed as deriving from ''para''-benzoquinone through replacement of the four hydrogen atoms by carboxyl functional groups -(CO)OH.

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Benzotriyne

Benzotriyne or cyclocarbon is a hypothetical chemical compound, an allotrope of carbon with molecular formula C6.

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Benzylpenicillin

Benzylpenicillin, also known as penicillin G, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.

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Beretta 950

The Beretta 950 is a semi-automatic pistol designed and manufactured by Beretta since 1952.

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Berkefeld filter

A Berkefeld filter is a water filter made of diatomaceous earth (Kieselguhr).

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Berkut 360

The Berkut 360 is a tandem-seating, two-seat homebuilt canard aircraft with pusher configuration and retractable landing gear, built primarily of carbon fiber and fiberglass.

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Beryllium carbide

Beryllium carbide, or Be2C, is a metal carbide.

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Bessemer process

The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace.

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Beta carbon nitride

3N4 in the plane.

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Beta oxidation

In biochemistry and metabolism, beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain.

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Beta Pictoris

Beta Pictoris (β Pic, β Pictoris) is the second brightest star in the constellation Pictor.

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Beta-Carboline

β-Carboline (9H-pyridoindole), also known as norharmane, is a nitrogen containing heterocycle.

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Beta-Carotene

β-Carotene is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits.

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Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase

In molecular biology, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase, is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis.

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Beta-peptidyl aminopeptidase

Beta-peptidyl aminopeptidase (BapA) is an enzyme.

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Betelgeuse

Betelgeuse, also designated Alpha Orionis (α Orionis, abbreviated Alpha Ori, α Ori), is the ninth-brightest star in the night sky and second-brightest in the constellation of Orion.

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BH Crucis

BH Crucis, also known as Welch's Red Variable, is a star in the constellation Crux.

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Bicarbonate

In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.

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Bickford Formation

The Bickford Formation is a geologic formation of Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin that consists primarily of nonmarine sediments.

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Bicyclic molecule

A bicyclic molecule (bi.

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Bicyclo(1.1.1)pentane

Bicyclopentane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the bicyclic bridged compounds family.

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Bicycloundecane

Bicycloundecane is an organic compound with molecular formula C11H20.

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Bideford

Bideford is a historic port town on the estuary of the River Torridge in north Devon, south-west England.

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Big Bang nucleosynthesis

In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (abbreviated BBN, also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, arch(a)eonucleosynthesis, archonucleosynthesis, protonucleosynthesis and pal(a)eonucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, 1H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the Universe.

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Billhook

The billhook is a traditional cutting tool used widely in agriculture and forestry for cutting smaller woody material such as shrubs and branches and is distinct from the sickle.

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Binary compounds of hydrogen

Binary compounds of hydrogen are binary chemical compounds containing just hydrogen and one other chemical element.

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Binary compounds of silicon

Binary compounds of silicon are binary chemical compounds containing silicon and one other chemical element.

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Binaural recording

Binaural recording is a method of recording sound that uses two microphones, arranged with the intent to create a 3-D stereo sound sensation for the listener of actually being in the room with the performers or instruments.

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Bioarchaeology

The term bioarchaeology was first coined by British archaeologist Grahame Clark in 1972 as a reference to zooarchaeology, or the study of animal bones from archaeological sites.

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Biochar

Biochar is charcoal used as a soil amendment.

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

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Bioclimatology

Bioclimatology is the interdisciplinary field of science that studies the interactions between the biosphere and the Earth's atmosphere on time scales of the order of seasons or longer (by opposition to biometeorology).

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Biodegradation

Biodegradation is the disintegration of materials by bacteria, fungi, or other biological means.

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Biodiversity

Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.

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Biofuel in Sweden

Biofuels are renewable fuels that are produced by living organisms (biomass).

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Biogenic silica

Biogenic silica (bSi), also referred to as opal, biogenic opal, or amorphous opaline silica, forms one of the most widespread biogenic minerals.

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Biogeochemical cycle

In geography and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.

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Biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere).

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Biogeology

Biogeology is the study of the interactions between the Earth's biosphere and the lithosphere.

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Bioinorganic chemistry

Bioinorganic chemistry is a field that examines the role of metals in biology.

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Biointensive agriculture

Biointensive agriculture is an organic agricultural system that focuses on achieving maximum yields from a minimum area of land, while simultaneously increasing biodiversity and sustaining the fertility of the soil.

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Biological network

A biological network is any network that applies to biological systems.

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Biological pump

The biological pump, in its simplest form, is the ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere to deep sea water and sediment.

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Biomass

Biomass is an industry term for getting energy by burning wood, and other organic matter.

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Biomass (ecology)

Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time.

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Biomass briquettes

Biomass briquettes are a biofuel substitute to coal and charcoal.

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Biomolecular engineering

Biomolecular engineering is the application of engineering principles and practices to the purposeful manipulation of molecules of biological origin.

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Biomolecule

A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules and ions that are present in organisms, essential to some typically biological process such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development.

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Biosequestration

Biosequestration is the capture and storage of the atmospheric greenhouse gas carbon dioxide by biological processes.

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Biosignature

A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil) is any substance – such as an element, isotope, molecule, or phenomenon – that provides scientific evidence of past or present life.

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Biosphere

The biosphere (from Greek βίος bíos "life" and σφαῖρα sphaira "sphere") also known as the ecosphere (from Greek οἶκος oîkos "environment" and σφαῖρα), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.

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Biostimulation

Biostimulation involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation.

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Biosynthesis of doxorubicin

Doxorubicin (DXR) is a 14-hydroxylated version of daunorubicin, the immediate precursor of DXR in its biosynthetic pathway.

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Biotic material

Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms.

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Bismabenzene

Bismabenzene (C5H5Bi) is the parent representative of a group of organobismuth compounds that are related to benzene with a carbon atom replaced by a bismuth atom.

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Bismole

Bismole is a theoretical heterocyclic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H4BiH.

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Bismuth sulfite agar

Bismuth sulfite agar is a type of agar media used to isolate Salmonella species.

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Bisphosphonate

Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone density, used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases.

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Bistriflimide

Bistriflimide, systematically known as bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide and colloquially as TFSI, is a non-coordinating anion with the chemical formula −. The anion is widely used in ionic liquids, since it is less toxic and more stable than more "traditional" counterions such as tetrafluoroborate.

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Bituminite

Bituminite is an autochthonous maceral that is a part of the liptinite group in lignite, that occurs in petroleum source rocks originating from organic matter such as algae which has undergone alteration or degradation from natural processes such as burial.

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Blacksmith

A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects from wrought iron or steel by forging the metal, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. whitesmith).

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Blackwater river

A blackwater river is a type of river with a slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands.

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Bloomery

A bloomery is a type of furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides.

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Blue carbon

Blue carbon is the carbon captured by the world's oceans and coastal ecosystems.

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Blue diamond

Blue diamond is a type of diamond which exhibits all of the same inherent properties of the mineral except with the additional element of blue color in the stone.

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Blue straggler

A blue straggler is a main-sequence star in an open or globular cluster that is more luminous and bluer than stars at the main-sequence turn-off point for the cluster.

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Boavita

Boavita is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá, part of the subregion of the Northern Boyacá Province.

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Bochum

Bochum (Westphalian: Baukem) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and part of the Arnsberg region.

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Bogotá Formation

The Bogotá Formation (Formación Bogotá, E1-2b, Tpb, Pgb) is a geological formation of the Eastern Hills and Bogotá savanna on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.

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Boiling chip

A boiling chip, boiling stone, or anti-bumping granule is a tiny, unevenly shaped piece of substance added to liquids to make them boil more calmly.

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Boiling points of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Bok globule

In astronomy, Bok globules are isolated and relatively small dark nebulae, containing dense cosmic dust and gas from which star formation may take place.

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Bolloré Bluecar

The Bolloré Bluecar is a small four-seat, three-door electric car supplied by Bolloré, designed by Pininfarina and manufactured by Cecomp in Bairo, Italy, under a joint venture owned by Bolloré and Pininfarina called Vehicule Électriques Pininfarina Bolloré (VEPB).

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Bond energy

In chemistry, bond energy (E) or bond enthalpy (H) is the measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

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Bond length

In molecular geometry, bond length or bond distance is the average distance between nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule.

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Bond order

Bond order is the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms.

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Bond-dissociation energy

Bond-dissociation energy (BDE or D0) is one measure of the strength of a chemical bond.

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Bone char

Bone char (carbo animalis.) is a porous, black, granular material produced by charring animal bones.

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Book of the Dead

The Book of the Dead is an ancient Egyptian funerary text, used from the beginning of the New Kingdom (around 1550 BCE) to around 50 BCE.

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Borabenzene

A borabenzene is a heteroaromatic compound that has a boron atom instead of the carbon atom of a benzene molecule.

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Borafullerene

Borafullerenes are a class of heterofullerenes in which the element substituting for carbon is boron.

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Borirane

Borirane is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C2H4BH.

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Borole

Borole is a theoretical heterocyclic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H4BH.

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Boron

Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5.

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Boron carbide

Boron carbide (chemical formula approximately B4C) is an extremely hard boron–carbon ceramic, and covalent material used in tank armor, bulletproof vests, engine sabotage powders, as well as numerous industrial applications.

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Boron carbides

Boron carbides are boron–carbon compounds.

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Boron monoxide

Boron monoxide (B2O) is a chemical compound of boron and oxygen.

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Boron nitride

Boron nitride is a heat and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN.

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Boron trichloride

Boron trichloride is the inorganic compound with the formula BCl3.

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Borophene

Borophene is a proposed crystalline allotrope of boron.

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Bosch reaction

The Bosch reaction is a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen that produces elemental carbon (graphite), water, and a 10% return of invested heat.

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Bowman Creek

Bowman Creek (also known as Bowmans Creek or Bowman's Creek) is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County and Wyoming County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Branched-chain amino acid

A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is an amino acid having aliphatic side-chains with a branch (a central carbon atom bound to three or more carbon atoms).

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Branching (polymer chemistry)

In polymer chemistry, branching occurs by the replacement of a substituent, e.g., a hydrogen atom, on a monomer subunit, by another covalently bonded chain of that polymer; or, in the case of a graft copolymer, by a chain of another type.

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Brassicasterol

Brassicasterol (24-methyl cholest-5,22-dien-3β-ol) is a 28-carbon sterol synthesised by several unicellular algae (phytoplankton) and some terrestrial plants, e.g., oilseed rape.

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Brazing

Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.

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Brilliant green (dye)

Brilliant green is one of the triarylmethane dyes.

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Brominated flame retardant

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organobromine compounds that have an inhibitory effect on combustion chemistry and tend to reduce the flammability of products containing them.

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Bromine

Bromine is a chemical element with symbol Br and atomic number 35.

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Bromochlorodifluoromethane

Bromochlorodifluoromethane, also known by the trade name Halon 1211, or BCF, or Halon 1211 BCF, or Freon 12B1, is a haloalkane with the chemical formula CF2ClBr.

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Bromochlorofluoromethane

Bromochlorofluoromethane or fluorochlorobromomethane, is a chemical compound and trihalomethane deriative with the chemical formula CHBrClF.

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Bromodichloromethane

Bromodichloromethane is a trihalomethane with formula CHBrCl2.

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Bromofluorocarbon

Bromofluorocarbons (BFCs) are molecules based on carbon, bromine, and fluorine.

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Bromomethane

Bromomethane, commonly known as methyl bromide, is an organobromine compound with formula CH3Br.

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Bromotrifluoromethane

Bromotrifluoromethane, commonly known as Halon 1301, R13B1, Halon 13B1 or BTM, is an organic halide with the chemical formula CBrF3.

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Brown algae

The brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere.

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Brown powder

Brown powder or prismatic powder, sometimes referred as "cocoa powder" due to its color, was a propellant used in large artillery and ship's guns from about the 1870s.

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Bruno Pontecorvo

Bruno Pontecorvo (Бру́но Макси́мович Понтеко́рво, Bruno Maksimovich Pontecorvo; 22 August 1913 – 24 September 1993) was an Italian nuclear physicist, an early assistant of Enrico Fermi and the author of numerous studies in high energy physics, especially on neutrinos.

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BTX (chemistry)

In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the initialism BTX refers to mixtures of benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers, all of which are aromatic hydrocarbons.

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Buckminster Fuller

Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor and futurist.

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Buckminsterfullerene

Buckminsterfullerene is a type of fullerene with the formula C60.

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Bulat steel

Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times; regularly being mentioned in Russian legends as the material of choice for cold steel.

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Bulldog Tools

Rollins Bulldog Tools is a British manufacturer of gardening and agricultural tools based in Wigan, Greater Manchester, England.

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Bunsen cell

The Bunsen cell is a zinc-carbon primary cell (colloquially called a "battery") composed of a zinc anode in dilute sulfuric acid separated by a porous pot from a carbon cathode in nitric or chromic acid.

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Burckle Crater

Burckle Crater is an undersea feature hypothesized to be an impact crater by the Holocene Impact Working Group.

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Burevestnik-24

Burevestnik-24 is a Russian experimental civil piston ground effect vehicle (GEV) of an original design.

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Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic bacterium, a human and animal pathogen of genus Burkholderia causing glanders; the Latin name of this disease (malleus) gave its name to the species causing it.

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Butane

Butane is an organic compound with the formula C4H10 that is an alkane with four carbon atoms.

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Butanol

Butanol (also called butyl alcohol (or βουτανόλη in Greek)) is a four-carbon alcohol with a formula of C4H9OH, which occurs in five isomeric structures, from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol; all are a butyl or isobutyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (sometimes represented as BuOH, n-BuOH, and i-BuOH).

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Butene

Butene, also known as butylene, is a series of alkenes with the general formula C4H8.

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Butenolide

Butenolides are a class of lactones with a four-carbon heterocyclic ring structure.

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Butyl group

In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula −C4H9, derived from either of the two isomers of butane.

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Butyl rubber

Butyl rubber, sometimes just called "butyl", is a synthetic rubber, a copolymer of isobutylene with isoprene.

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Butyric acid

Butyric acid (from βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, abbreviated BTA, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH.

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C (disambiguation)

C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet.

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C-12: Final Resistance

C-12: Final Resistance is a video game developed by SCE Studio Cambridge for the PlayStation.

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C-type asteroid

C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids.

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C4 carbon fixation

C4 carbon fixation or the Hatch-Slack pathway is a photosynthetic process in some plants.

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C6

C6, C06, C VI or C-6 may refer to.

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C70 fullerene

C70 fullerene is the fullerene molecule consisting of 70 carbon atoms.

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Caborrojeños Pro Salud y Ambiente

Caborrojeños Pro Salud y Ambiente, Inc.

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Cabot Corporation

Cabot Corporation is an American specialty chemicals and performance materials company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Cadmium

Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48.

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Caesium

Caesium (British spelling and IUPAC spelling) or cesium (American spelling) is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55.

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Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules

The Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) sequence rules, named for organic chemists Robert Sidney Cahn, Christopher Kelk Ingold, and Vladimir Prelog — alternatively termed the CIP priority rules, system, or conventions — are a standard process used in organic chemistry to completely and unequivocally name a stereoisomer of a molecule.

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Calamine (mineral)

Calamine is a historic name for an ore of zinc.

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Calanus finmarchicus

Calanus finmarchicus is a species of copepods and a part of zooplankton, which is found in enormous amounts in the northern Atlantic Ocean.

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Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

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Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.

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Calcium disilicide

Calcium disilicide (CaSi2) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of calcium.

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Calcium propanoate

Calcium propanoate or calcium propionate has the formula Ca(C2H5COO)2.

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Caldie

Caldie is a matrix tool steel manufactured by Uddeholms AB for cold work applications with high demands on chipping / cracking resistance and compressive strength.

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Calgon Carbon

Calgon Carbon Corporation is a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania based company that manufactures and markets products that remove contaminants and odors from liquids and gases, both for industrial, municipal, and consumer markets.

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Callisto (moon)

Callisto (Jupiter IV) is the second-largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede.

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Calysta

Calysta is a multinational biotechnology firm based in Menlo Park, California.

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Cambrian explosion

The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was an event approximately in the Cambrian period when most major animal phyla appeared in the fossil record.

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Cambridge Structural Database

The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is both a repository and a validated and curated resource for the three-dimensional structural data of molecules generally containing at least carbon and hydrogen, comprising a wide range of organic, metal-organic and organometallic molecules.

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Camphor

Camphor is a waxy, flammable, white or transparent solid with a strong aroma.

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Camphoric acid

Camphoric acid, C10H16O4 or in Latin form Acidum camphoricum, is a white crystallisable substance obtained from the oxidation of camphor.

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Camptothecin

Camptothecin (CPT) is a topoisomerase inhibitor.

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Canadian Light Source

The Canadian Light Source (CLS) (Centre canadien de rayonnement synchrotron – CCRS) is Canada's national synchrotron light source facility, located on the grounds of the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

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Cancrinite

Cancrinite is a complex carbonate and silicate of sodium, calcium and aluminium with the formula Na6Ca2·2H2O.

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Candida keroseneae

Candida keroseneae is a species of yeast in the genus Candida, family Saccharomycetaceae.

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Canoe slalom

Canoe slalom (previously known as whitewater slalom) is a competitive sport with the aim to navigate a decked canoe or kayak through a course of hanging downstream or upstream gates on river rapids in the fastest time possible.

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Capacitor types

Capacitors are manufactured in many forms, styles, lengths, girths, and from many materials.

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Capella

Capella, also designated Alpha Aurigae (α Aurigae, abbreviated Alpha Aur, α Aur), is the brightest star in the constellation of Auriga, the sixth-brightest in the night sky, and the third-brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere after Arcturus and Vega.

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Carbanion

A carbanion is an anion in which carbon is threevalent (forms three bonds) and bears a formal negative charge in at least one significant mesomeric contributor (resonance form).

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Carbene

In chemistry, a carbene is a molecule containing a neutral carbon atom with a valence of two and two unshared valence electrons.

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Carbene analog

Carbene analogs in chemistry are carbenes with the carbon atom replaced by another chemical element.

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Carbide

In chemistry, a carbide is a compound composed of carbon and a less electronegative element.

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Carbocatalysis

Carbocatalysis is a form of catalysis that uses heterogeneous carbon materials for the transformation or synthesis of organic or inorganic substrates.

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Carbocation

A carbocation (/karbɔkətaɪː'jɔ̃/) is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom.

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Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).

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Carbohydrate-binding module

In molecular biology, a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) is a protein domain found in carbohydrate-active enzymes (for example glycoside hydrolases).

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Carbomycin

Carbomycin, also known as magnamycin, is a colorless, optically active crystalline macrolide antibiotic with the molecular formula C42H67NO16.

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Carbon (disambiguation)

Carbon is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.

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Carbon accounting

Carbon accounting refers generally to processes undertaken to "measure" amounts of carbon dioxide equivalents emitted by an entity.

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Carbon arc welding

Carbon arc welding (CAW) is a process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a non-consumable carbon (graphite) electrode and the work-piece.

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Carbon button lamp

The carbon button lamp is a single-electrode incandescent lamp invented by Nikola Tesla.

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Carbon chauvinism

Carbon chauvinism is a neologism meant to disparage the assumption that the chemical processes of hypothetical extraterrestrial life must be constructed primarily from carbon (organic compounds) because carbon's chemical and thermodynamic properties render it far superior to all other elements.

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Carbon County, Utah

Carbon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Utah.

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Carbon cycle

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

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Carbon detonation

Carbon detonation or Carbon deflagration is the violent reignition of thermonuclear fusion in a white dwarf star that was previously slowly cooling.

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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

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Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

Carbon dioxide is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.

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Carbon dioxide removal

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) refers to a number of technologies, the objective of which is the large-scale removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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Carbon disulfide

Carbon disulfide is a colorless volatile liquid with the formula CS2.

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Carbon dust

Carbon dust is an artistic technique in which carbon dust is applied to a prepared surface via dry brushes.

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Carbon fibers

Carbon fibers or carbon fibres (alternatively CF, graphite fiber or graphite fibre) are fibers about 5–10 micrometers in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms.

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Carbon film (technology)

Carbon films are thin film coatings which consist predominantly of the chemical element carbon.

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Carbon flaw

A carbon flaw is a blemish present within a diamond crystalline form of carbon, usually seen as a black spot.

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Carbon footprint

A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total emissions caused by an individual, event, organisation, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent.

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Carbon group

The carbon group is a periodic table group consisting of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl).

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Carbon in pulp

Carbon in pulp (CIP) is an extraction technique for recovery of gold which has been liberated into a cyanide solution as part of the gold cyanidation process.

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Carbon Medal

The Carbon Medal is a medal of achievement in carbon science and technology given by the American Carbon Society for the "...

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Carbon microphone

The carbon microphone, also known as carbon button microphone, button microphone, or carbon transmitter, is a type of microphone, a transducer that converts sound to an electrical audio signal.

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Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air.

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Carbon nanobud

In nanotechnology, a carbon nanobud is a material that combines carbon nanotubes and spheroidal fullerenes, both allotropes of carbon, in the same structure, forming "buds" attached to the tubes.

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Carbon nanocone

Carbon nanocones are conical structures which are made predominantly from carbon and which have at least one dimension of the order one micrometer or smaller.

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Carbon nanofiber

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCFs), or vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs) are cylindrical nanostructures with graphene layers arranged as stacked cones, cups or plates.

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Carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

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Carbon nanotube supported catalyst

Carbon nanotube supported catalyst is a novel supported catalyst, using carbon nanotubes as the support instead of the conventional alumina or silicon support.

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Carbon number

In organic chemistry, the carbon number of a compound is the number of carbon atoms in each molecule.

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Carbon paste electrode

A carbon-paste electrode (CPE) is made from a mixture of conducting graphite powder and a pasting liquid.

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Carbon planet

A carbon planet is a theoretical type of planet that contains more carbon (''Z''.

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Carbon respiration

Carbon respiration (also called carbon emissions and carbon releases) is used in combination with carbon fixation to gauge carbon flux (as CO2) between atmospheric carbon and the global carbon cycle.

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Carbon Sciences

Carbon Sciences is a public corporation based in Santa Barbara.

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Carbon sequestration

Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to mitigate or defer global warming.

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Carbon sink

A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period.

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Carbon stain

Carbon stains are a skin condition characterized by a discoloration of the skin from embedded carbon, usually occurring in children from accidents with firearms or firecrackers, or from a puncture wound by a pencil, which may leave a permanent black mark of embedded graphite, easily mistaken for metastatic melanoma.

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Carbon star

A carbon star is typically an asymptotic giant branch star, a luminous red giant, whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen; the two elements combine in the upper layers of the star, forming carbon monoxide, which consumes all the oxygen in the atmosphere, leaving carbon atoms free to form other carbon compounds, giving the star a "sooty" atmosphere and a strikingly ruby red appearance.

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Carbon steel

Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content up to 2.1% by weight.

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Carbon suboxide

Carbon suboxide, or tricarbon dioxide, is an oxide of carbon with chemical formula C3O2 or O.

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Carbon tax

A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels.

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Carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (the most notable being tetrachloromethane, also recognized by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4.

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Carbon trioxide

Carbon trioxide (CO3) is an unstable oxide of carbon (an oxocarbon).

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Carbon-12

Carbon-12 is the more abundant of the two stable isotopes of carbon (Carbon-13 being the other), amounting to 98.93% of the element carbon; its abundance is due to the triple-alpha process by which it is created in stars.

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Carbon-13

Carbon-13 (13C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons.

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Carbon-13 NMR satellite

Carbon satellites are small peaks that can be seen shouldering the main peaks in an NMR spectrum.

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Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance

Carbon-13 (C13)nuclear magnetic resonance (most commonly known as carbon-13 NMR or 13C NMR or sometimes simply referred to as carbon NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to carbon.

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Carbon-14

Carbon-14, 14C, or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

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Carbon-based fuel

Carbon-based fuel is any fuel principally from the oxidation or burning of carbon.

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Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio

A carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio or C:N ratio) is a ratio of the mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in a substance.

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Carbonaceous chondrite

Carbonaceous chondrites or C chondrites are a class of chondritic meteorites comprising at least 8 known groups and many ungrouped meteorites.

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Carbonaceous film (paleontology)

A carbonaceous film or carbon film is an organism outline of a fossil.

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Carbonado

Carbonado, commonly known as the "black diamond", is the toughest form of natural diamond.

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Carbonate

In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of.

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Carbon–carbon bond

A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms.

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Carbon–fluorine bond

The carbon–fluorine bond is a polar covalent bond between carbon and fluorine that is a component of all organofluorine compounds.

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Carbon–hydrogen bond

The carbon-hydrogen bond (C–H bond) is a bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be found in many organic compounds.

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Carbon–nitrogen bond

A carbon–nitrogen bond is a covalent bond between carbon and nitrogen and is one of the most abundant bonds in organic chemistry and biochemistry.

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Carbon–oxygen bond

A carbon–oxygen bond is a polar covalent bond between carbon and oxygen.

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CarbonFix Standard

The CarbonFix Standard (CFS) is an initiative supported by over 60 organisations promotes the development of climate forestation projects to sequester carbon from the atmosphere.

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Carboniferous

The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, Mya.

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Carbonitriding

Carbonitriding is a metallurgical surface modification technique that is used to increase the surface hardness of a metal, thereby reducing wear.

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Carbonium ion

In chemistry, carbonium ion is any cation that has a pentavalent carbon atom, The name carbonium may also be used for the simplest member of the class, properly called methanium, where the five valences are filled with hydrogen atoms.

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Carbonization

Carbonization (or carbonisation) is the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation.

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Carbonyl group

In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C.

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Carbonyl iron

Carbonyl iron is a highly pure (97.5% for grade S, 99.5+% for grade R) iron, prepared by chemical decomposition of purified iron pentacarbonyl.

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Carborane

A carborane is a cluster composed of boron, carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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Carborane acid

Carborane acids H(CHB11X11) are a class of superacids, that are at least one million times stronger than 100% sulfuric acid in terms of their Hammett acidity function (H0) values, which measure the ability of a medium or solvent to donate protons.

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Carbotanium

Carbotanium is a patented composite material invented by Modena Design, the carbon composite manufacturing and consultancy arm of the Italian car company Pagani.

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Carbothermic reaction

Carbothermic reactions involve the reduction of substances, often metal oxides (O2^2-), using carbon as the reducing agent.

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Carburetor

A carburetor (American English) or carburettor (British English; see spelling differences) is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper ratio for combustion.

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Carburizing

Carburizing, carburising (chiefly English), or carburization is a heat treatment process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon while the metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-bearing material, such as charcoal or carbon monoxide.

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Carbyne

In organic chemistry, a carbyne is a general term for any compound whose molecular structure includes an electrically neutral carbon atom with three non-bonded electrons, connected to another atom by a single bond.

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Cardo polymer

Cardo polymer is a polymer whose monomer has spiro quaternary carbons in the main chain.

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Carius halogen method

The Carius halogen method in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of halogens in chemical substances.

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Carlos Jaschek

Carlos Jaschek (March 2, 1926 – April 12, 1999) was a German-born Argentine astrophysicist who spent time in the United States, lived in Switzerland, settled in France, became a French citizen Be Star Newsletter #34; pp.

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Carved lacquer

Carved lacquer or Qīdiāo is a distinctive Chinese form of decorated lacquerware.

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Caryophyllene

Caryophyllene, or (&minus)-β-caryophyllene, is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many essential oils, especially clove oil, the oil from the stems and flowers of Syzygium aromaticum (cloves), the essential oil of Cannabis sativa, rosemary, and hops.

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CAS Registry Number

A CAS Registry Number, also referred to as CASRN or CAS Number, is a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) to every chemical substance described in the open scientific literature (currently including all substances described from 1957 through the present, plus some substances from the early or mid 1900s), including organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, isotopes, alloys and nonstructurable materials (UVCBs, of unknown, variable composition, or biological origin).

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Case-hardening

Case-hardening or surface hardening is the process of hardening the surface of a metal object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to remain soft, thus forming a thin layer of harder metal (called the "case") at the surface.

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Cast iron

Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.

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Casting defect

A casting defect is an undesired irregularity in a metal casting process.

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Castner process

The Castner process is a process for manufacturing sodium metal by electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide at approximately 330 °C.

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Cat's Eye Nebula

The Cat's Eye Nebula or NGC 6543, is a relatively bright planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Draco, discovered by William Herschel on February 15, 1786.

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Catalysis

Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.

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Catalyst support

In chemistry, a catalyst support is the material, usually a solid with a high surface area, to which a catalyst is affixed.

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Catalytic converter

A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (an oxidation and a reduction reaction).

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Catalytic reforming

Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil (typically having low octane ratings) into high-octane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for high-octane gasoline.

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Catawissa Tunnel

The Catawissa Tunnel is a mine drainage tunnel in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Catenation

In chemistry, catenation is the bonding of atoms of the same element into a series, called a chain.

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Cathodoluminescence microscope

A cathodoluminescence (CL) microscope combines methods from electron and regular (light optical) microscopes.

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Cavitation

Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid, small liquid-free zones ("bubbles" or "voids"), that are the consequence of forces acting upon the liquid.

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Caymanite

Caymanite at its type area is an uncommon variety of dolostone originally reported from locations in the Miocene Cayman Formation in the Cayman Islands: the Bluff in Cayman Brac and the East End on Grand Cayman.

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Céline Renooz

Céline Renooz (7 January 1840 – 22 February 1928) was a Belgian feminist writer and activist known for her works on evolution, epistemology, and historiography.

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César Lattes

Cesare Mansueto Giulio Lattes (11 July 1924 – 8 March 2005), also known as Cesar (or César) Lattes, was a Brazilian experimental physicist, one of the discoverers of the pion, a composite subatomic particle made of a quark and an antiquark.

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Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (May 10, 1900 – December 7, 1979) was a British–American astronomer and astrophysicist who, in 1925, proposed in her Ph.D. thesis an explanation for the composition of stars in terms of the relative abundances of hydrogen and helium.

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Cell physiology

In the context of human physiology, the term cell physiology often specifically applies to the physiology of membrane transport, neuron transmission, and (less frequently) muscle contraction.

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Cellocidin

Cellocidin (2-butynediamide) is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H4O2N2.

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Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.

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Cementation process

The cementation process is an obsolete technology for making steel by carburization of iron.

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Cementite

Cementite (or iron carbide) is a compound of iron and carbon, more precisely an intermediate transition metal carbide with the formula Fe3C.

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CEMP star

Carbon enhanced metal poor stars, usually referred to as CEMP stars, are a class of chemically peculiar star.

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Cenosphere

A cenosphere is a lightweight, inert, hollow sphere made largely of silica and alumina and filled with air or inert gas, typically produced as a byproduct of coal combustion at thermal power plants.

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Centaur (minor planet)

Centaurs are small solar system bodies with a semi-major axis between those of the outer planets.

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Centaurus

Centaurus is a bright constellation in the southern sky.

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Centennial Light

The Centennial Light is the world's longest-lasting light bulb, burning since 1901.

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Centergazservice-opt

Centergazservice-opt LLC (CGSO) (Центргазсервис-опт) is the core of Centergazholding Group, one of the world's largest carbon project developers.

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Ceramic

A ceramic is a non-metallic solid material comprising an inorganic compound of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds.

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Ceramic engineering

Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials.

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Ceramic matrix composite

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials as well as a subgroup of ceramics.

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Ceramic water filter

Ceramic water filters are an inexpensive and effective type of water filter, that rely on the small pore size of ceramic material to filter dirt, debris, and bacteria out of water.

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Cerotic acid

Cerotic acid, or hexacosanoic acid, is a 26-carbon long-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)24COOH.

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Cerrejonisuchus

Cerrejonisuchus is an extinct genus of dyrosaurid crocodylomorph.

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Cetane number

Cetane number (cetane rating) is an indicator of the combustion speed of diesel fuel and compression needed for ignition.

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CH3O

The molecular formula CH3O may refer to.

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Chalconatronite

Chalconatronite is a carbonate mineral and rare secondary copper mineral that contains copper, sodium, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, its chemical formula is Na2Cu(CO3)2•3(H2O).

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Chandrasekhar limit

The Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star.

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Chaoite

Chaoite, or white carbon, is a mineral described as an allotrope of carbon whose existence is disputed.

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Charalambides

Charalambides is an avant garde musical group originally from Houston, Texas, United States and lately of Austin, Texas.

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Charcoal

Charcoal is the lightweight black carbon and ash residue hydrocarbon produced by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances.

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Charcoal-burning suicide

Charcoal-burning suicide is suicide by burning charcoal in a closed room or area.

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Charles Christian Lauritsen

Charles Christian Lauritsen (April 4, 1892 – April 13, 1968) was a Danish-born American physicist.

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Charring

Charring is a chemical process of incomplete combustion of certain solids when subjected to high heat.

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CH–CH oxidoreductases

CH–CH oxidoreductases are oxidoreductase enzymes that convert single bonds and double bonds between two carbon atoms.

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Chef's knife

In cooking, a chef's knife, also known as a cook's knife, is a cutting tool used in food preparation.

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Chemical beam epitaxy

Chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) forms an important class of deposition techniques for semiconductor layer systems, especially III-V semiconductor systems.

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Chemical bond

A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.

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Chemical change

Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances.

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Chemical element

A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).

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Chemical elements in East Asian languages

The names for chemical elements in East Asian languages, along with those for some chemical compounds (mostly organic), are among the newest words to enter the local vocabularies.

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Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.

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Chemical reaction network theory

Chemical reaction network theory is an area of applied mathematics that attempts to model the behaviour of real world chemical systems.

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Chemical substance

A chemical substance, also known as a pure substance, is a form of matter that consists of molecules of the same composition and structure.

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Chemically assisted degradation of polymers

Chemically assisted degradation of polymers is a type of polymer degradation that involves a change of the polymer properties due to a chemical reaction with the polymer’s surroundings.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.

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Chemrec

Chemrec was a Stockholm, Sweden corporation that developed technology for entrained flow gasification of black liquor and certain types brown liquor for production of biofuels from the resulting syngas.

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Chicago Pile-1

Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the world's first nuclear reactor.

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Chicken wire

Chicken wire, or poultry netting, is a mesh of wire commonly used to fence in fowl, such as chickens, in a run or coop.

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Chicken wire (chemistry)

In chemistry the term chicken wire is used in different contexts.

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Chitin

Chitin (C8H13O5N)n, a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, is a derivative of glucose.

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Chloral hydrate

Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula C2H3Cl3O2.

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Chloramine

Chloramines are derivatives of ammonia by substitution of one, two or three hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms: monochloramine (chloroamine, NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3).

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Chloride process

The chloride process is used to separate titanium from its ores.

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Chlorofluorocarbon

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are fully halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon (С), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane.

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Chloroform

Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl3.

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Chlorosarin

Chlorosarin is a chemical precursor used in the final step of one method for the production of the nerve agent sarin.

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Chlorotrifluoroethylene

Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) is a chlorofluorocarbon with chemical formula CF2CClF.

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CHN analyzer

A CHN Analyzer is a scientific instrument which can determine the elemental concentrations in a given sample.

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Choanoflagellate

The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals.

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CHON

CHON is a mnemonic acronym for the four most common elements in living organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Chondrite

Chondrites are stony (non-metallic) meteorites that have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body.

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Chondritic uniform reservoir

The CHondritic Uniform Reservoir or CHUR is a scientific model in astrophysics and geochemistry for the mean chemical composition of the part of the Solar Nebula from which, during the formation of the Solar System, chondrites formed.

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Christmas tree cultivation

Christmas tree cultivation is an agricultural, forestry, and horticultural occupation which involves growing pine, spruce, and fir trees specifically for use as Christmas trees.

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Chromate ester

A chromate ester is a chemical structure that contains a chromium atom (symbol Cr) in a +6 oxidation state that is connected via an oxygen (O) linkage to a carbon (C) atom.

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Chrome steel

Chrome steel is one of a class of non stainless steels such as AISI 52100, En31, SUJ2, 100Cr6, 100C6, DIN 5401 which are used for applications such bearings, tools, drills and utensils.

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Chromic acid cell

The Chromic acid cell was a type of primary cell which used chromic acid as a depolarizer.

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Chromium

Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.

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Chromium-vanadium steel

Chromium-vanadium steel (symbol Cr-V or CrV; 6000-series SAE steel grades) is a group of steel alloys incorporating carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, and vanadium.

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Chromocene

Chromocene, formally known as bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)chromium(II), is a chemical compound with the condensed structural formula.

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Chromophore

A chromophore is the part of a molecule responsible for its color.

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Chronology

Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, chrónos, "time"; and -λογία, -logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time.

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Chronology of the universe

The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology.

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Chrysene

Chrysene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with the molecular formula that consists of four fused benzene rings.

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Chrysler Natrium

The Chrysler Natrium is a hybrid fuel cell-type hydrogen vehicle based on the Chrysler Town and Country.

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Chrysler turbine engines

The Chrysler turbine engine is a series of gas turbine engines developed by Chrysler intended to be used in road vehicles.

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Chrysopogon nigritanus

Chrysopogon nigritanus, more widely known by the taxonomic synonym Vetiveria nigritana, or the common name black vetivergrass, is a perennial grass species of the Poaceae family and therefore is also a monocotyledon.

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CI chondrite

CI chondrites, sometimes C1 chondrites, are a group of rare stony meteorites belonging to the carbonaceous chondrites.

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Cinnamomum camphora

Cinnamomum camphora (commonly known as camphor tree, camphorwood or camphor laurel) is a large evergreen tree that grows up to tall.

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Circuit de Monaco

Circuit de Monaco is a street circuit laid out on the city streets of Monte Carlo and La Condamine around the harbour of the principality of Monaco.

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Circuit diagram

A circuit diagram (electrical diagram, elementary diagram, electronic schematic) is a graphical representation of an electrical circuit.

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Citral

Citral, or 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal or lemonal, is either a pair, or a mixture of terpenoids with the molecular formula C10H16O.

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Citrate synthase family

In molecular biology, the citrate synthase family of proteins includes the enzymes citrate synthase, and the related enzymes 2-methylcitrate synthase and ATP citrate synthase.

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Citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Citrobacter

Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative coliform bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family.

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Citronellal

Citronellal or rhodinal or 3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-al (C10H18O) is a monoterpenoid, the main component in the mixture of terpenoid chemical compounds that give citronella oil its distinctive lemon scent.

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Clackmannan

Clackmannan (Clach Mhanainn, perhaps meaning "Stone of Manau"), is a small town and civil parish set in the Central Lowlands of Scotland.

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Claisen rearrangement

The Claisen rearrangement (not to be confused with the Claisen condensation) is a powerful carbon–carbon bond-forming chemical reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen.

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Clearcreekite

Clearcreekite is polymorphous with peterbaylissite.

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Cleveland Shale

The Cleveland Shale, also referred to as the Cleveland Member, is a shale geologic formation in the states of Kentucky and Ohio in the United States.

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Cliftonite

Cliftonite is a natural form of graphite that occurs as small octahedral inclusions in iron-containing meteorites, such as Campo del Cielo.

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Climate Impacts Research Centre

Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC) is a research institute based at the Department of ecology and environmental science (EMG) at Umeå University, Sweden, but primarily operative at Abisko Scientific Research Station which is run by the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat.

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Cluster chemistry

In chemistry, a cluster is an ensemble of bound atoms or molecules that is intermediate in size between a molecule and a bulk solid.

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CN star

A CN star is a star with strong cyanogen bands in its spectrum.

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CNO cycle

The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton–proton chain reaction.

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Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

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Coal oil

Coal oil is a shale oil obtained from the destructive distillation of cannel coal, mineral wax, or bituminous shale, once used widely for illumination.

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Coal-water slurry fuel

Coal-water slurry fuel is a combustible mixture of fine coal particles suspended in water.

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Cobalamin riboswitch

Cobalamin riboswitch is a cis-regulatory element which is widely distributed in 5' untranslated regions of vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) related genes in bacteria.

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Cobalt

Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.

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Cobalt(II) chloride

Cobalt(II) chloride is an inorganic compound of cobalt and chlorine, with the formula CoCl2.

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Cobalt-chrome

Cobalt-chrome or cobalt-chromium (CoCr) is a metal alloy of cobalt and chromium.

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Cocaine esterase

Cocaine esterase (CocE, hCE2, hCE-2, human carboxylesterase 2) is an enzyme with systematic name cocaine benzoylhydrolase.

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Cohenite

Cohenite is a naturally occurring iron carbide mineral with the chemical structure (Fe, Ni, Co)3C.

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Cohesion (geology)

Cohesion is the component of shear strength of a rock or soil that is independent of interparticle friction.

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Coinage metals

The coinage metals comprise, at a minimum, those metallic chemical elements which have historically been used as components in alloys used to mint coins.

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Coke (fuel)

Coke is a fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, usually made from coal.

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Coke strength after reaction

Coke Strength after Reaction (CSR) refers to coke "hot" strength, generally a quality reference in a simulated reaction condition in an industrial blast furnace.

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Cold seep

A cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs, often in the form of a brine pool.

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Cold water pitting of copper tube

Cold water pitting of copper tube occurs in only a minority of installations.

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Colin Beavan

Colin Beavan (born 1963) is an American non-fiction writer and internet blogger noted for recording the attempts of his family to live a "zero impact" lifestyle in New York City for one year.

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Colin Prentice

(Iain) Colin Prentice One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: holds the AXA Chair in Biosphere and Climate Impacts at Imperial College London and an Honorary Chair in Ecology and Evolution at Macquarie University in Australia.

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Colonization of the asteroids

The asteroids have long been suggested as possible sites for human colonization.

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Colossal carbon tube

Colossal carbon tubes (CCTs) are a tubular form of carbon.

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Combination reaction

A combination reaction (also known as a synthesis reaction) is a reaction where two or more elements or compounds (reactants) combine to form a single compound (product).

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Combustion

Combustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.

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Combustion analysis

Combustion analysis is a method used in both organic chemistry and analytical chemistry to determine the elemental composition (more precisely empirical formula) of a pure organic compound by combusting the sample under conditions where the resulting combustion products can be quantitatively analyzed.

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Comet Hyakutake

Comet Hyakutake (formally designated C/1996 B2) is a comet, discovered on 31 January 1996, that passed very close to Earth in March of that year.

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Commutator (electric)

A commutator is a rotary electrical switch in certain types of electric motors and electrical generators that periodically reverses the current direction between the rotor and the external circuit.

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Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic digestion

The following article is a comparison of aerobic and anaerobic digestion.

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Competitors (novel)

Competitors (Konkurenty) is a 2008 Russian science fiction novel written by Sergey Lukyanenko.

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Composition of Mars

The composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars.

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Composition of the human body

Body composition may be analyzed in terms of molecular type e.g., water, protein, connective tissue, fats (or lipids), hydroxylapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA.

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Compounds of carbon

Compounds of carbon are defined as chemical substances containing carbon.

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Compounds of thorium

Many compounds of thorium are known: this is because thorium and uranium are the most stable and accessible actinides and are the only actinides that can be studied safely and legally in bulk in a normal laboratory.

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Concerns and controversies at the 2008 Summer Olympics

A number of concerns and controversies surfaced before, during, and after the 2008 Summer Olympics, and which received major media coverage.

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Conductive elastomer

A conductive elastomer is a form of elastomer, often natural rubber or other rubber substitute, that is manufactured to conduct electricity.

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Conductive textile

A conductive textile is a fabric which can conduct electricity.

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Conduritol

Conduritol or 1,2,3,4-cyclohexenetetrol is any of the organic compounds with chemical formula C6H10O4, that can be seen as derivatives of cyclohexene with four hydroxyl groups (OH) replacing hydrogen atoms on the four carbon atoms not adjacent to the double bond.

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Conidiobolus coronatus

Conidiobolus coronatus is a saprotrophic fungus, first described by Costantin in 1897 as Boudierella coronata.

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Consolidated power generation

Consolidated Power Generation occurs when the total number of energy changing devices, such as automobile engines, decreases, while the total amount of usable energy increases or stays the same.

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Constructed wetland

A constructed wetland (CW) is an artificial wetland to treat municipal or industrial wastewater, greywater or stormwater runoff.

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Continental shelf pump

In oceanic biogeochemistry, the continental shelf pump is proposed to operate in the shallow waters of the continental shelves, acting as a mechanism to transport carbon (as either dissolved or particulate material) from surface waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean.

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Continuous casting

Continuous casting, also called strand casting, is the process whereby molten metal is solidified into a "semifinished" billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills.

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Control rod

Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to control the fission rate of uranium and plutonium.

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Cooking

Cooking or cookery is the art, technology, science and craft of preparing food for consumption.

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Coordination number

In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science the coordination number, also called ligancy, of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it.

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Copepod

Copepods (meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat.

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Copiotroph

A copiotroph is an organism found in environments rich in nutrients, particularly carbon.

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Copper(I) acetylide

Copper(I) acetylide, or cuprous acetylide, is a chemical compound with the formula Cu2C2.

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Copper(II) oxide

Copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula CuO.

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Coprostanol

5β-Coprostanol (5β-cholestan-3β-ol) is a 27-carbon stanol formed from the biohydrogenation of cholesterol (cholest-5en-3β-ol) in the gut of most higher animals and birds.

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Corallorhiza trifida

Corallorhiza trifida, commonly known as early coralroot, northern coralroot, or yellow coralroot, is a coralroot orchid native to North America and Eurasia, with a circumboreal distribution.

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Corannulene

Corannulene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C20H10.

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Cornwall Iron Furnace

Cornwall Iron Furnace is a designated National Historic Landmark that is administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in Cornwall, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania in the United States.

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Corrole

A corrole is an aromatic organic chemical tetrapyrrole, the structure of which is similar to the corrin ring, which is also present in cobalamin (vitamin B12).

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Corrosion under insulation

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a severe form of localized external corrosion that occurs in carbon and low alloy steel equipment that has been insulated.

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Corynebacterium

Corynebacterium is a genus of bacteria that are Gram-positive and aerobic.

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Cosmic dust

Cosmic dust, also called extraterrestrial dust or space dust, is dust which exists in outer space, as well as all over planet Earth.

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Cosmic ray spallation

Cosmic ray spallation is a naturally occurring nuclear reaction causing nucleosynthesis.

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Cosmochemistry

Cosmochemistry (from Greek κόσμος kósmos, "universe" and χημεία khemeía) or chemical cosmology is the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions.

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Cosmos Redshift 7

Cosmos Redshift 7 (also known as COSMOS Redshift 7, Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7, Galaxy CR7 or CR7) is a high-redshift Lyman-alpha emitter galaxy (meaning CR7 is one of the oldest, most distant galaxies), in the constellation Sextans, about 12.9 billion light travel distance years from Earth, reported to contain the first stars (first generation; Population III)—formed soon after the Big Bang during the reionisation epoch (redshift, z ∼ 6−7), when the Universe was about 800 million years old—to have provided the chemical elements (like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, calcium and iron) needed for the later formation of planets and life as it is known.

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Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey

Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey is a 2014 American science documentary television series.

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Cottrell atmosphere

In materials science, the concept of the Cottrell atmosphere was introduced by Cottrell and Bilby in 1949 to explain how dislocations are pinned in some metals by carbon or nitrogen interstitials.

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CPK coloring

In chemistry, the CPK coloring is a popular color convention for distinguishing atoms of different chemical elements in molecular models.

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CPM S30V steel

CPM S30V is a martensitic (hardened) powder-made (sintered) wear and corrosion resistant stainless steel developed by Dick Barber of Crucible Industries in collaboration with knifemaker Chris Reeve.

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Crab Nebula

The Crab Nebula (catalogue designations M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A) is a supernova remnant in the constellation of Taurus.

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Cracking (chemistry)

In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors.

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CrfA RNA

CrfA RNA (Caulobacter response to famine RNA) is a family of non-coding RNAs found in Caulobacter crescentus.

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Croconic acid

Croconic acid or 4,5-dihydroxycyclopentenetrione is a chemical compound with formula C5H2O5 or (C.

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Cross-linked polyethylene

Cross-linked polyethylene, commonly abbreviated PEX, XPE or XLPE, is a form of polyethylene with cross-links.

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Crucible steel

Crucible steel is steel made by melting pig iron (cast iron), iron, and sometimes steel, often along with sand, glass, ashes, and other fluxes, in a crucible.

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Cryptococcus adeliensis

Cryptococcus adeliensis is a species of Cryptococcus that when plated on agar produces colonies that are cream colored, with a smooth, glossy appearance.

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Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

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Crystal structure of boron-rich metal borides

Metals, and specifically rare-earth elements (RE), form numerous chemical complexes with boron.

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Crystallographic defects in diamond

Imperfections in the crystal lattice of diamond are common.

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CSGH

China Sun Group High-Tech Co Ltd, through its DLXY operating company, is a large producer of cobaltosic oxide and lithium cobalt oxide, both anode materials for lithium ion batteries.

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Cubane

Cubane (C8H8) is a synthetic hydrocarbon molecule that consists of eight carbon atoms arranged at the corners of a cube, with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom.

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Cucaita

Cucaita is a municipality in the Central Boyacá Province, part of Boyacá Department, Colombia.

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Cucunubá

Cucunubá is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Ubaté Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca.

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Cucurbitane

Cucurbitane is a chemical compound with formula (CAS number 65441-59-0).

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Culture of microalgae in hatcheries

Microalgae or microscopic algae grow in either marine or freshwater systems.

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Cupola furnace

A cupola or cupola furnace is a melting device used in foundries that can be used to melt cast iron, Ni-resist iron and some bronzes.

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Curdlan

Curdlan is a linear beta-1,3-glucan, a high-molecular-weight polymer of glucose.

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Curiosity (rover)

Curiosity is a car-sized rover designed to explore Gale Crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL).

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Cyanamide

Cyanamide is an organic compound with the formula CN2H2.

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Cyanide

A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the group C≡N.

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Cyanogen

Cyanogen is the chemical compound with the formula (CN)2.

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Cyanogen bromide

Cyanogen bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula (CN)Br or BrCN.

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Cyanogen fluoride

Cyanogen fluoride(Molecular formula: FCN, IUPAC name: carbononitridic fluoride) is an inorganic linear compound which consists of a fluorine in a single bond with carbon, and a nitrogen in a triple bond with carbon.

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Cyclic nucleotide

A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups.

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Cycloalkane

In organic chemistry, the cycloalkanes (also called naphthenes, but distinct from naphthalene) are the monocyclic saturated hydrocarbons.

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Cycloalkene

A cycloalkene or cycloolefin is a type of alkene hydrocarbon which contains a closed ring of carbon atoms, but has no aromatic character.

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Cyclobutane

Cyclobutane is a cycloalkane and organic compound with the formula (CH2)4.

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Cyclodeaminase domain

In molecular biology, enzymes containing the cyclodeaminase domain function in channeling one-carbon units to the folate pool.

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Cycloheptane

Cycloheptane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C7H14.

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Cyclohexane conformation

A cyclohexane conformation is any of several three-dimensional shapes that a cyclohexane molecule can assume while maintaining the integrity of its chemical bonds.

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Cyclohexanehexone

Cyclohexanehexone, also known as hexaketocyclohexane and triquinoyl, is an organic compound with formula C6O6, the sixfold ketone of cyclohexane.

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Cyclopentadiene

Cyclopentadiene is an organic compound with the formula C5H6.

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Cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl

Cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl is a blood-red color liquid.

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Cyclopentadienyl radical

In chemistry, cyclopentadienyl is a radical with the formula C5H5.

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Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer

Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer is an organometallic compound with the formula (η5-C5H5)2Fe2(CO)4, also abbreviated Cp2Fe2(CO)4.

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Cyclopentane

Cyclopentane is a highly flammable alicyclic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C5H10 and CAS number 287-92-3, consisting of a ring of five carbon atoms each bonded with two hydrogen atoms above and below the plane.

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Cyclopentanepentone

Cyclopentanepentone, also known as leuconic acid, is a hypothetical organic compound with formula C5O5, the fivefold ketone of cyclopentane.

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Cyclopentyne

Cyclopentyne is a cycloalkyne containing five carbon atoms in the ring.

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Cyclopropane

Cyclopropane is a cycloalkane molecule with the molecular formula C3H6, consisting of three carbon atoms linked to each other to form a ring, with each carbon atom bearing two hydrogen atoms resulting in D3h molecular symmetry.

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Cygnus X-1

Cygnus X-1 (abbreviated Cyg X-1) is a galactic X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus, and the first such source widely accepted to be a black hole.

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Cysteine protease

Cysteine proteases, also known as thiol proteases, are enzymes that degrade proteins.

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Czapek medium

Czapek medium, also called Czapek's agar (CZA) or Czapek-Dox medium, is a growth medium for propagating fungi and other organisms in a Laboratory.

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Czech chemical nomenclature

Foundations of the Czech chemical nomenclature (official term in Czech: české chemické názvosloví) and terminology were laid during the 1820s and 1830s.

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D-type asteroid

D-type asteroids have a very low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum.

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Dakin oxidation

The Dakin oxidation (or Dakin reaction) is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde or 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) or ketone reacts with hydrogen peroxide in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate.

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Dakin–West reaction

The Dakin–West reaction is a chemical reaction that transforms an amino-acid into a keto-amide using an acid anhydride and a base, typically pyridine.

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Dark fermentation

Dark fermentation is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen.

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Darren Cullen

Darren Cullen is a London-based professional graffiti artist who is commonly known by the tag name SER.

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Dassault Mirage 2000

The Dassault Mirage 2000 is a French multirole, single-engine fourth-generation jet fighter manufactured by Dassault Aviation.

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David Giorgio Mendes Nassi

David Giorgio Mendes Nassi is an Orthopaedics surgery specialist living in Israel.

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David Lary

David Lary (born 7 December 1965) is an atmospheric scientist interested in applying computational and information systems to facilitate discovery and decision support in Earth system science.

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David Reay

David S. Reay is a climate change scientist, author, and professor of carbon management at the University of Edinburgh.

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DayCent

Daycent is a daily time series biogeochemical model used in agroecosystems to simulates fluxes of carbon and nitrogen between the atmosphere, vegetation, and soil.

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Deamination

Deamination is the removal of an amine group from a protein molecule.

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Dean S. Tarbell

Dean Stanley Tarbell (October 19, 1913 – May 26, 1999) was an American chemist.

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Debye model

In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid.

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Decarburization

Decarburization (or decarbonization) is the process opposite to carburization, namely the reduction of carbon content.

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Decomposer

Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so, they carry out the natural process of decomposition.

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Deep Carbon Observatory

The Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) is a global research program designed to transform understanding of carbon's role in Earth.

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Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project

Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) project is an initiative to unite scientists around the world to make tangible advances towards quantifying the amount of carbon outgassed from the Earth’s deep interior (core, mantle, crust) into the surface environment (e.g. biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere) through naturally occurring processes.

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Deep Space Homer

"Deep Space Homer" is the fifteenth episode of The Simpsons' fifth season.

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Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota 2

Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota 2 (DHVE2) is a lineage of Archaea ubiquitous in hydrothermal vent systems.

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Deeper, Deeper, Deeper Still

"Deeper, Deeper, Deeper Still" is the sixth episode of the American documentary television series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey.

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Deforestation

Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.

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Deforestation in Brazil

Brazil once had the highest deforestation rate in the world and in 2005 still had the largest area of forest removed annually.

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Degenerate energy levels

In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system.

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Deinococcus ficus

Deinococcus ficus strain CC-FR2-10T is a recently discovered gram-positive bacteria which plays a role in the production of nitrogen fertilizer.

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Delocalized electron

In chemistry, delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule, ion or solid metal that are not associated with a single atom or a covalent bond.

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Dendrometry

Dendrometry is the branch of botany that is concerned with the measurement of the various dimensions of trees, such as their diameter, size, shape, age, overall volume, thickness of the bark, etc., as well as the statistical properties of tree stands, including measures of central tendency and dispersion of these quantities, wood density, or yearly growth, for instance.

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Densities of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Deoxidization

Deoxidization is a method used in metallurgy to remove the oxygen content during steel manufacturing.

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Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose, or more precisely 2-deoxyribose, is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H−(C.

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Dextran

Dextran is a complex branched glucan (polysaccharide made of many glucose molecules) composed of chains of varying lengths (from 3 to 2000 kilodaltons).

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Dhar iron pillar

The Dhar iron pillar is a now-fragmented iron column located in the Dhar town of Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Di-pi-methane rearrangement

The di-pi-methane rearrangement is a photochemical reaction of a molecular entity that contains two π-systems separated by a saturated carbon atom (a 1,4-diene or an allyl-substituted aromatic ring), to form an ene- (or aryl-) substituted cyclopropane.

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Diamond

Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.

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Diamond enhancement

Diamond enhancements are specific treatments, performed on natural diamonds (usually those already cut and polished into gems), which are designed to improve the visual gemological characteristics of the diamond in one or more ways.

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Diamond flaw

Diamond flaws are common.

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Diamond simulant

A diamond simulant, diamond imitation or imitation diamond is an object or material with gemological characteristics similar to those of a diamond.

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Diamond type

Diamond type is a method of scientifically classifying diamonds by the level and type of their chemical impurities.

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Diamond-like carbon

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a class of amorphous carbon material that displays some of the typical properties of diamond.

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Diamondoid

In chemistry, diamondoids are variants of the carbon cage molecule known as adamantane (C10H16), the smallest unit cage structure of the diamond crystal lattice.

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Diarylethene

In chemistry, diarylethene is the general name of a class of compounds that have aromatic groups bonded to each end of a carbon–carbon double bond.

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Diazolidinyl urea

Diazolidinyl urea is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics.

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Dibenz(a,h)anthracene

Dibenzanthracene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C22H14.

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Dibenz(a,j)anthracene

Dibenzanthracene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C22H14.

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Dibenzofuran

Dibenzofuran is a heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical structure shown at right.

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Dibromopropane

Dibromopropane is a molecule that contains three carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and two bromine atoms.

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Dicarbon monoxide

Dicarbon monoxide (C2O) is molecule that contains two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.

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Dicarbonate

In organic chemistry, a dicarbonate, also known as a pyrocarbonate, is a compound containing the divalent or −− functional group, which consists of two carbonate groups sharing an oxygen atom.

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Dichloroacetic acid

Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), sometimes called bichloroacetic acid (BCA), is the chemical compound with formula.

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Dichloroacetylene

Dichloroacetylene (DCA) is an oily pyrophoric liquid chemical compound with the chemical formula C2Cl2.

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Dichlorobenzene

There are three distinct chemical compounds which are dichlorobenzenes.

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Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) is an organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin.

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Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) is a chemical compound formed by the loss of hydrogen chloride (dehydrohalogenation) from DDT, of which it is one of the more common breakdown products.

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Dichloromethane

Methylene dichloride (DCM, or methylene chloride, or dichloromethane) is a geminal organic compound with the formula CH2Cl2.

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Dicyanoacetylene

Dicyanoacetylene, also called carbon subnitride or but-2-ynedinitrile (IUPAC), is a compound of carbon and nitrogen with chemical formula C4N2.

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Diene

In organic chemistry a diene or diolefin is a hydrocarbon that contains two carbon double bonds.

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Diesel engine problems

Diesel engines can suffer damage as a result of misapplication or misuse, such as internal glazing (occasionally referred to as bore glazing or piling) and carbon build-up.

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Diesel exhaust

Diesel exhaust is the gaseous exhaust produced by a diesel type of internal combustion engine, plus any contained particulates.

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Diesel fuel

Diesel fuel in general is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel.

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Dieseling

Dieseling or engine run-on is a condition that can occur in spark-plug-ignited, gasoline powered internal combustion engines, whereby the engine keeps running for a short period after being turned off, due to the engine kicking back upon shutdown, drawing fuel through the carburetor, into the engine and igniting it without a spark.

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Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.

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Diffuse interstellar bands

Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are absorption features seen in the spectra of astronomical objects in the Milky Way and other galaxies.

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Digital paper

Digital paper, also known as interactive paper, is patterned paper used in conjunction with a digital pen to create handwritten digital documents.

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Dimethylmercury

Dimethylmercury ((CH3)2Hg) is an organomercury compound.

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Diose

A diose is a monosaccharide containing two carbon atoms.

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Dioxane tetraketone

Dioxane tetraketone (or 1,4-dioxane-2,3,5,6-tetrone) is an organic compound with the formula C4O6.

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Dioxathion

Dioxathion, systematically known as p-dioxane-2,3-diyl ethyl phosphorodithioate, is an organophosphate pesticide.

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Diphenyl ether

Diphenyl ether is the organic compound with the formula (C6H5)2O.

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Dirac matter

The term Dirac matter refers to a class of condensed matter systems which can be effectively described by the Dirac equation.

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Direct reduced iron

Direct-reduced iron (DRI), also called sponge iron, is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines) to iron by a reducing gas or elemental carbon produced from natural gas or coal.

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Disaccharide

A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or bivose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage.

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Discovery and development of ACE inhibitors

The discovery of an orally inactive peptide from snake venom established the important role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in regulating blood pressure.

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Discovery and development of beta-blockers

β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias.

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Discovery and development of cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are a broad class of bactericidal antibiotics that include the β-lactam ring and share a structural similarity and mechanism of action with other β-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, carbapenems and monobactams).

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Disease in Imperial Rome

The Roman Empire is often thought of as one of the great civilizations and empires of all time.

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Dislocation creep

Dislocation creep is a deformation mechanism in crystalline materials.

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Dissolved organic carbon

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sometimes known as dissolved organic material (DOM), is a broad classification for organic molecules of varied origin and composition within aquatic systems.

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Distributor

A distributor is an enclosed rotating shaft used in spark-ignition internal combustion engines that have mechanically-timed ignition.

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Dmitry Chernov

Dmitry Konstantinovich Chernov (or Tchernov, Дмитрий Константинович Чернов; Saint-Petersburg - January 2, 1921 Yalta) was a Russian metallurgist.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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DNA methyltransferase

In biochemistry, the DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA.

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Dodecahedrane

Dodecahedrane is a chemical compound (C20H20) first synthesised by Leo Paquette of Ohio State University in 1982, primarily for the "aesthetically pleasing symmetry of the dodecahedral framework".

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Dodecane

Dodecane (also known as dihexyl, bihexyl, adakane 12 or duodecane) is a liquid alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)10CH3 (or C12H26), an oily liquid of the paraffin series.

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Donald D. Clayton

Donald Delbert Clayton (born March 18, 1935) is an American astrophysicist whose most visible achievement was the prediction from nucleosynthesis theory that supernovae are intensely radioactive.

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Donkervoort

Donkervoort Automobielen BV is a manufacturer of authentic hand-built and ultra light weight sports cars based in Lelystad, Netherlands.

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Double bond

A double bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two.

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Double bond rule

The double bond rule states that chemical elements with a principal quantum number greater than 2 for their valence electrons (period 3 elements and lower) should not form multiple bonds (e.g. double bonds and triple bonds) with themselves or with other elements.

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Douglas Patrick Harrison

Douglas Patrick Harrison is a with Louisiana State University's since his retirement in 2005.

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Downs cell

The Downs' process is an electrochemical method for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium, in which molten NaCl is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell.

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Dredge suction mouth

The dredge suction mouth is a Cutter Suction Dredger component positioned behind the cutter head of a CSD during extraction of non-cohesive material from the sea bottom.

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Dredge turning gland

Dredge Turning Gland is a Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger component.

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Dredge-up

A dredge-up is a period in the evolution of a star where a surface convection zone extends down to the layers where material has undergone nuclear fusion.

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Drugs for acid-related disorders

There are several classes of drugs for acid-related disorders, such as dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD/GERD), or laryngopharyngeal reflux.

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Dry cell

A dry cell is a type of battery, commonly used for portable electrical devices.

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Dry decontamination

Dry decontamination is a method of decontaminating (or removing contaminants like chemicals, biological particles, or other liquids, gasses, or solids) that requires no water or other liquids.

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Dry ice

Dry ice, sometimes referred to as "cardice" (chiefly by British chemists), is the solid form of carbon dioxide.

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Ductile iron

Ductile iron, also known as ductile cast iron, nodular cast iron, spheroidal graphite iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron and SG iron, is a type of graphite-rich cast iron discovered in 1943 by Keith Millis.

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Ductility

Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test.

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Dud Dudley

Dudd (Dud) Dudley (1600–1684) was an English metallurgist, who fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War as a soldier, military engineer, and supplier of munitions.

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Dunster Castle

Dunster Castle is a former motte and bailey castle, now a country house, in the village of Dunster, Somerset, England.

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DY Centauri

DY Centauri is a variable star in the constellation Centaurus.

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DY Persei variable

DY Persei variables are a subclass of R Coronae Borealis (R CrB) variables.

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Dzama

Dzama (/ˈzɑːmə/) "Rhum" is the brand name for rums produced by Groupe Vidzar in Madagascar.

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E1cB-elimination reaction

The E1cB elimination reaction is a type of elimination reaction which occurs under basic conditions, where a particularly poor leaving group (such as -OH or -OR) and an acidic hydrogen eliminate to form an additional bond.

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Earliest known life forms

The earliest known life forms on Earth are putative fossilized microorganisms found in hydrothermal vent precipitates.

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Early Japanese iron-working techniques

Early Japanese iron-working techniques.

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Earth battery

An Earth battery is a pair of electrodes made of two dissimilar metals, such as iron and copper, which are buried in the soil or immersed in the sea.

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Earth mass

Earth mass (where ⊕ is the standard astronomical symbol for planet Earth) is the unit of mass equal to that of Earth.

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Earth Observing-1

Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) is a decommissioned NASA Earth observation satellite created to develop and validate a number of instrument and spacecraft bus breakthrough technologies.

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Easy Being Green

Easy Being Green is one of the largest energy efficiency operators in Australia.

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Echoes of Life

Echoes of Life: What Fossil Molecules Reveal about Earth History is a book written by Susan M. Gaines, Geoffrey Eglinton, and Jurgen Rullkotter concerning organic chemistry and, in particular, the links between the living and the material Earth.

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Ecological stoichiometry

Ecological stoichiometry considers how the balance of energy and elements affects and is affected by organisms and their interactions in ecosystems.

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Ecology

Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.

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Economics of plastics processing

The economics of plastics processing is determined by the type of process.

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Economy of Romania

Romania, as part of the European Union single market, is a fast developing, upper-middle income mixed economy with a very high Human Development Index and a skilled labour force, the 16th largest in the European Union by total nominal GDP and the 13th largest based on purchasing power parity.

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Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.

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Ecosystem ecology

Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework.

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Ectomycorrhiza

An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ektos, "outside", μύκης mykes, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont and the roots of various plant species.

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Ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelium

Ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelium (also known as extraradical mycelium) is the collection of filamentous fungal hyphae emanating from ectomycorrhizas.

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Ediacaran

The Ediacaran Period, spans 94 million years from the end of the Cryogenian Period 635 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Cambrian Period 541 Mya.

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Edison light bulb

Antique filament light bulbs, Edison light bulbs, and vintage light bulbs all refer to carbon- or early tungsten-filament lamps.

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Edmontosaurus

Edmontosaurus (meaning "lizard from Edmonton") is a genus of hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur.

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Edward C. T. Chao

Edward C. T. Chao (Edward Ching-Te Chao) (November 30, 1919 – February 3, 2008) was one of the founders of the field of impact metamorphism, the study of the effects of meteorite impacts on the Earth's crust.

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Effects of global warming on human health

The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.

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Efrén Pérez Rivera

Efrén Pérez Rivera (March 10, 1929 – May 15, 2011) was a Puerto Rican environmentalist leader and college professor.

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Eglin steel

Eglin steel (ES-1) is a high-strength, high-performance, low-alloy, low-cost steel, developed for new generation of bunker buster type bombs, e.g. the Massive Ordnance Penetrator and the improved version of the GBU-28 bomb known as EGBU-28.

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Eicosapentaenoic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid.

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Einstein–Szilárd letter

The Einstein–Szilárd letter was a letter written by Leó Szilárd and signed by Albert Einstein that was sent to the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 2, 1939.

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Elasmotherium

Elasmotherium ("Thin Plate Beast"), also known as the Siberian Unicorn is an extinct genus of rhinoceros endemic to Eurasia during the Late Pliocene through the Pleistocene, documented from 2.6 Ma to as late as 29,000 years ago in the Late Pleistocene.

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Elastic properties of the elements (data page)

All values from CRC refer to room temperature.

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Elastomer

An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity (i. e., both viscosity and elasticity) and very weak intermolecular forces, and generally low Young's modulus and high failure strain compared with other materials.

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Electric arc

An electric arc, or arc discharge, is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces an ongoing electrical discharge.

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Electric arc furnace

An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc.

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Electric battery

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.

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Electric guitar design

Electric guitar design is a type of industrial design where the looks and efficiency of the shape as well as the acoustical aspects of the guitar are important factors.

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Electrical contacts

An electrical contact is an electrical circuit component found in electrical switches, relays, connectors and circuit breakers.

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Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources.

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Electrical steel

Electrical steel (lamination steel, silicon electrical steel, silicon steel, relay steel, transformer steel) is a special steel tailored to produce specific magnetic properties: small hysteresis area resulting in low power loss per cycle, low core loss, and high permeability.

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Electron affinity (data page)

This page deals with the electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase).

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Electron configurations of the elements (data page)

This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states.

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Electron counting

Electron counting is a formalism used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting electronic structure and bonding.

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Electron density

Electron density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at a specific location.

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Electron energy loss spectroscopy

In electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies.

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Electron ionization

Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with solid or gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions.

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Electron shell

In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.

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Electron-beam physical vapor deposition

Electron-beam physical vapor deposition, or EBPVD, is a form of physical vapor deposition in which a target anode is bombarded with an electron beam given off by a charged tungsten filament under high vacuum.

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Electronegativities of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Electronic cigarette

An electronic cigarette or e-cigarette is a handheld electronic device that simulates the feeling of tobacco smoking.

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Electroplating

Electroplating is a process that uses an electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin coherent metal coating on an electrode.

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Electrostatic discharge materials

Electrostatic discharge materials (ESD materials) are plastics that reduce static electricity to protect electrostatic-sensitive devices (ESD) or contain flammable liquids or gases.

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Electrostatic nuclear accelerator

An electrostatic nuclear accelerator is one of the two main types of particle accelerators, where charged particles can be accelerated by subjection to a static high voltage potential.

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Element Hunters

is a 2009 Japanese-Korean anime series that began airing in Japan and Korea as a science-fiction adventure to generate more awareness in chemistry and other sciences.

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Element-reactant-product table

An element-reaction-product table is used to find coefficients while balancing an equation representing a chemical reaction.

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Elemental analysis

Elemental analysis is a process where a sample of some material (e.g., soil, waste or drinking water, bodily fluids, minerals, chemical compounds) is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition.

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Elementar

Elementar is a German multinational manufacturer of elemental analyzers and isotope ratio mass spectrometers for the analysis of non-metallic elements like carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, hydrogen, oxygen or chlorine.

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Elkem

Elkem is a company that produces solar grade silicon, silicon, alloys for the foundry industry, carbon and microsilica.

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Ember

An ember is a glowing, hot coal made of greatly heated wood, coal, or other carbon-based material that remain after, or sometimes precede, a fire.

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Emil Erlenmeyer

Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer, known in his own day and subsequently simply as Emil Erlenmeyer (28 June 1825 – 22 January 1909), was a German chemist known for contributing to the early development of the theory of structure, formulating the Erlenmeyer rule, and designing the Erlenmeyer flask, a type of chemical flask, which is named after him.

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Emission intensity

An emission intensity (also carbon intensity, C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP).

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Emissions trading

Emissions trading, or cap and trade, is a government, market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.

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EMMA (accelerator)

The Electron Machine with Many Applications or Electron Model for Many Applications (EMMA) is a linear non-scaling FFAG (Fixed Field Alternating Gradient) particle accelerator at Daresbury Laboratory in the UK that can accelerate electrons from 10 to 20 MeV.

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Empirical formula

In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound.

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Enantioselective synthesis

Enantioselective synthesis, also called asymmetric synthesis, is a form of chemical synthesis.

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Enceladus Life Finder

Enceladus Life Finder (ELF) is a proposed astrobiology mission concept for a NASA spacecraft intended to assess the habitability of the internal aquatic ocean of Enceladus, which is Saturn's sixth-largest moon and seemingly similar in chemical makeup to comets.

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Endohedral fullerene

Endohedral fullerenes, also called endofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters enclosed within their inner spheres.

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Endohedral hydrogen fullerene

Endohedral hydrogen fullerene (H2@C60) is an endohedral fullerene containing molecular hydrogen.

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Energy value of coal

The energy value of coal, or the fuel content, is the amount of potential energy in coal that can be converted into actual heating ability.

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Engraved Hourglass Nebula

The Engraved Hourglass Nebula (also known as MyCn 18) is a young planetary nebula in the southern constellation Musca about 8,000 light-years from Earth.

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Enhanced coal bed methane recovery

Enhanced coal bed methane recovery is a method of producing additional coalbed methane from a source rock, similar to enhanced oil recovery applied to oil fields.

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Enolase superfamily

The enolase superfamily is a superfamily of enzymes, members of which catalyse a range of reactions.

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Enoyl CoA isomerase

Enoyl-CoA-(∆) isomerase, also known as dodecenoyl-CoA-(∆) isomerase, 3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase, ∆3(cis),∆2(trans)-enoyl-CoA isomerase, or acetylene-allene isomerase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cis-or trans-double bonds of fatty acids at gamma-carbon (position 3) to trans double bonds at beta-carbon (position 2).

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Enoyl-CoA hydratase

Enoyl-CoA hydratase is an enzyme that hydrates the double bond between the second and third carbons on acyl-CoA.

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Environmental impact of electricity generation

Electric power systems consist of generation plants of different energy sources, transmission networks, and distribution lines.

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Environmental inequality in Europe

Environmental racism in Europe has been documented in relation to racialized immigrant and migrant populations alongside Romani (Roma/Gypsy), Yenish, Irish Traveller, and communities (such as the Sami, Komi, and Nenets) from within continental borders.

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Environmental radioactivity

Environmental radioactivity is produced by radioactive materials in the human environment.

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Eocene

The Eocene Epoch, lasting from, is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era.

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Episulfide

Episulfides are a class of organic compounds that contain a saturated heterocyclic ring consisting of two carbon atoms and one sulfur atom.

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Epitaxial graphene growth on silicon carbide

Epitaxial graphene growth on silicon carbide (SiC) by thermal decomposition is a methods to produce large-scale few-layer graphene (FLG).

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Epoxy

Epoxy is either any of the basic components or the cured end products of epoxy resins, as well as a colloquial name for the epoxide functional group.

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Equilibrium fractionation

Equilibrium isotope fractionation is the partial separation of isotopes between two or more substances in chemical equilibrium.

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Equipartition theorem

In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies.

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Equivalent carbon content

The equivalent carbon content concept is used on ferrous materials, typically steel and cast iron, to determine various properties of the alloy when more than just carbon is used as an alloyant, which is typical.

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Erio Tosatti

Erio Tosatti, (Nonantola 9 November 1943) is an Italian theoretical physicist active at the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), and at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), both in Trieste, Italy.

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Erythritol tetranitrate

Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is an explosive compound chemically similar to PETN.

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Erythrulose

D-Erythrulose (also known as erythrulose) is a tetrose carbohydrate with the chemical formula C4H8O4.

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Estradiol undecylate

Estradiol undecylate, or estradiol undecanoate, sold under the brand name Progynon Depot 100 among others, is a medication which has been used in the treatment of prostate cancer in men.

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Eta Corvi

Eta Corvi (Eta Crv, η Corvi, η Crv) is an F-type main-sequence star, the sixth-brightest star in the constellation of Corvus.

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Ethanium

In chemistry, ethanium or protonated ethane is a highly reactive positive ion with formula.

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Ethanol-induced non-lamellar phases in phospholipids

The presence of ethanol can lead to the formations of non-lamellar phases also known as non-bilayer phases.

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Ethenone

Ethenone is the formal name for ketene, an organic compound with formula C2H2O or H2C.

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Ethion

Ethion (C9H22O4P2S4) is an organophosphate insecticide.

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Ethyl group

In chemistry, an ethyl group is an alkyl substituent derived from ethane (C2H6).

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Ethylene

Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or H2C.

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Ethylenetetracarboxylic acid

Ethylenetetracarboxylic acid is an organic compound with formula, or (HO(OC)-)2C.

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Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride

Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride is a chemical compound with formula, that can be seen as the twofold anhydride of ethylenetetracarboxylic acid.

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Ethylmercury

Ethylmercury (sometimes ethyl mercury) is a cation composed of an organic CH3CH2- species (an ethyl group) bound to a mercury(II) centre, making it a type of organometallic cation, and giving it a chemical formula is C2H5Hg+.

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Eveready Industries India

Eveready Industries India Ltd.

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Evolutionary history of life

The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which both living organisms and fossil organisms evolved since life emerged on the planet, until the present.

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Exothermic welding

Exothermic welding, also known as exothermic bonding, thermite welding (TW), and thermit welding, is a welding process that employs molten metal to permanently join the conductors.

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Extraterrestrial atmosphere

The study of extraterrestrial atmospheres is an active field of research, both as an aspect of astronomy and to gain insight into Earth's atmosphere.

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Extraterrestrial life

Extraterrestrial life,Where "extraterrestrial" is derived from the Latin extra ("beyond", "not of") and terrestris ("of Earth", "belonging to Earth").

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Extraterrestrial materials

Most atoms on Earth came from the interstellar dust and gas from which the Sun and Solar System formed.

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Extreme pressure additive

Extreme pressure additives, or EP additives, are additives for lubricants with a role to decrease wear of the parts of the gears exposed to very high pressures.

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Extremophile

An extremophile (from Latin extremus meaning "extreme" and Greek philiā (φιλία) meaning "love") is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth.

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Eye black

Eye black is a grease or strip applied under the eyes to reduce glare.

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F-ratio

In oceanic biogeochemistry, the f-ratio is the fraction of total primary production fuelled by nitrate (as opposed to that fuelled by other nitrogen compounds such as ammonium).

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F-type asteroid

F-type asteroids are a relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid, falling into the wider C-group.

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Fallacy of composition

The fallacy of composition arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole (or even of every proper part).

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Fatty acid

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.

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Fatty acid desaturase

A fatty acid desaturase is an enzyme that removes two hydrogen atoms from a fatty acid, creating a carbon/carbon double bond.

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Fatty acid metabolism

Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).

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Félix d'Herelle

Félix d'Hérelle (April 25, 1873 – February 22, 1949) was a French-Canadian microbiologist.

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Fee and dividend

Fee and Dividend or Carbon Fee and Dividend (CF&D) is a market-based mechanism for reducing the carbon emissions that help to drive anthropogenic climate change.

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Fermentation in winemaking

The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage.

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Fermi point

The term Fermi point has two applications but refers to the same phenomena (special relativity).

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Fermilab E-906/SeaQuest

Fermilab E-906/SeaQuest is a particle physics experiment which will use Drell–Yan process to measure the contributions of antiquarks to the structure of the proton or neutron and how this structure is modified when the proton or neutron is included within an atomic nucleus.

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Fernico

Fernico describe a family of metal alloys made primarily of iron, nickel and cobalt.

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Ferrari 637

The Ferrari 637 was a Ferrari racing car designed to run in the American CART series.

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Ferritic nitrocarburizing

Ferritic nitrocarburizing, also known by the proprietary names Tennifer/ Tenifer and Melonite,Other trade names include Tuffride/ Tuffrider, Sulfinuz, Sursulf, Meli 1, and Nitride, among others is a range of proprietary case hardening processes that diffuse nitrogen and carbon into ferrous metals at sub-critical temperatures during a salt bath.

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Ferroalloy

Ferroalloy refers to various alloys of iron with a high proportion of one or more other elements such as manganese (Mn), aluminium (Al), or silicon (Si).

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Ferroboron

Ferroboron is an ferroalloy consisting of iron and boron.

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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.

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Ferromanganese

Ferromanganese, a ferroalloy with high content of manganese, is made by heating a mixture of the oxides MnO2 and Fe2O3, with carbon, usually as coal and coke, in either a blast furnace or an electric arc furnace-type system, called a submerged arc furnace.

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Ferrosilicon

Ferrosilicon is an alloy of iron and silicon with an average silicon content between 15 and 90 weight percent.

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Ferrouranium

Ferrouranium, also called ferro-uranium, is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and uranium, after World War II usually depleted uranium.

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Fibrolytic bacterium

Not to be confused with fibrinolytic via fibrinolysis or the breakdown of fibrin. Fibrolytic Bacteria constitute a group of microorganisms that are able to process complex plant polysaccharides thanks to their capacity to synthesize cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes.

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Field desorption

Field desorption (FD) is a method of ion formation used in mass spectrometry (MS) in which a high-potential electric field is applied to an emitter with a sharp surface, such as a razor blade, or more commonly, a filament from which tiny "whiskers" have formed.

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Filamentous carbon

Filamentous carbon is a carbon-containing deposit structure that refers to several allotropes of carbon, including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and microcoils.

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Fine-structure constant

In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as Sommerfeld's constant, commonly denoted (the Greek letter ''alpha''), is a fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.

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Fire retardant

A fire retardant is a substance that is used to slow or stop the spread of fire or reduce its intensity.

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Fire-safe polymers

Fire-safe polymers are polymers that are resistant to degradation at high temperatures.

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Firefighter

A firefighter is a rescuer extensively trained in firefighting, primarily to extinguish hazardous fires that threaten life, property and the environment as well as to rescue people and animals from dangerous situations.

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Fireworks

Fireworks are a class of low explosive pyrotechnic devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes.

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Fischer projection

The Fischer projection, devised by Hermann Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection.

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Fission fragment reactor

Similar to how the fission-fragment rocket produces thrust, a fission fragment reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates electricity by decelerating an ion beam of fission byproducts instead of using nuclear reactions to generate heat.

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Fission-fragment rocket

The fission-fragment rocket is a rocket engine design that directly harnesses hot nuclear fission products for thrust, as opposed to using a separate fluid as working mass.

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Flame

A flame (from Latin flamma) is the visible, gaseous part of a fire.

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Flash-gas (petroleum)

In an oil and gas production, flash-gas is a spontaneous vapor that is produced from the heating or depressurization of the extracted oil mixture during different phases of production.

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Fleming–Tamao oxidation

The Fleming–Tamao oxidation, or Tamao–Kumada–Fleming oxidation, converts a carbon–silicon bond to a carbon–oxygen bond with a peroxy acid or hydrogen peroxide.

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Flerovium

Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with symbol Fl and atomic number 114.

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Float-zone silicon

Float-zone silicon is very pure silicon obtained by vertical zone melting.

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Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion

Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion refers to the combustion-product gas resulting from the burning of fossil fuels.

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Fluid catalytic cracking

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries.

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Fluoranthene

Fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH).

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Fluorapatite

Fluorapatite, often with the alternate spelling of fluoroapatite, is a phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F (calcium fluorophosphate).

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Fluorine

Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9.

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Fluorocarbon

Fluorocarbons, sometimes referred to as perfluorocarbons or PFCs, are, strictly speaking, organofluorine compounds with the formula CxFy, i.e. they contain only carbon and fluorine, though the terminology is not strictly followed.

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Fluorographene

Fluorographene (or perfluorographane, graphene fluoride) is a fluorocarbon derivative of graphene.

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Fluoromethane

Fluoromethane, also known as methyl fluoride, Freon 41, Halocarbon-41 and HFC-41, is a non-toxic, liquefiable, and flammable gas at standard temperature and pressure.

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Fluorotriiodomethane

Fluorotriiodomethane is a chemical compound and methane derivative with the chemical formula CFI3.

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Fly ash

Fly ash, also known as "pulverised fuel ash" in the United Kingdom, is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates (fine particles of burned fuel) that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases.

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Food chemistry

Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non-biological components of foods.

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Force field (chemistry)

In the context of molecular modeling, a force field (a special case of energy functions or interatomic potentials; not to be confused with force field in classical physics) refers to the functional form and parameter sets used to calculate the potential energy of a system of atoms or coarse-grained particles in molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations.

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Forges de Syam

The Forges de Syam (Syam Forges) are forge works and sheet metal mills at the confluence of the rivers Ain and Saine to the south of Champagnole in the French département of Jura.

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Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry

Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry refers to ongoing scientific efforts aimed at reconstructing the beginnings of life on our planet assuming that formamide could accumulate in sufficiently high amounts to serve as the building block and reaction medium for the synthesis of the first biogenic molecules.

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Formation and evolution of the Solar System

The formation and evolution of the Solar System began 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud.

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Formula unit

A formula unit in chemistry is the empirical formula of any ionic or covalent network solid compound used as an independent entity for stoichiometric calculations.

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Fortune Head

Fortune Head is a headland located about from the town of Fortune on the Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland.

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Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

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Fossil fuel

A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.

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Fossil fuel phase-out

Fossil fuel phase out refers to the discontinuation of the use of fossil fuels, through the decommissioning of operating fossil fuel-fired power plants, the prevention of the construction of new ones, and the use of alternative energy to replace the role of fossil fuels.

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Fossils of the Burgess Shale

The fossils of the Burgess Shale, like the Burgess Shale itself, formed around in the Mid Cambrian period.

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Foundation series

The Foundation series is a science fiction book series written by American author Isaac Asimov.

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Four-carbon molecule

Four-carbon molecules are based on a skeleton made from four carbon atoms.

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Fractional distillation

Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions.

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Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide to carbohydrates via several chemical pathways that provide energy to an organism and preferentially react with certain stable isotopes of carbon.

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Fragilariopsis kerguelensis

Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, is a pennate diatom native to the Southern Ocean.

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François Diederich

Professor François Diederich (born 9 July 1952, in Ettelbruck) is a Luxembourgian chemist specializing in organic chemistry.

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Frank Spedding

Frank Harold Spedding (22 October 1902 – 15 December 1984) was a Canadian American chemist.

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Frank–Caro process

The Frank–Caro process, also called cyanamide process, is the nitrogen fixation reaction of calcium carbide with nitrogen gas in a reactor vessel at about 1,000°C.

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Franklin Marble

The Franklin Marble is a geologic deposit located in the Highlands region of New Jersey.

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Fred Hoyle

Sir Fred Hoyle FRS (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was a British astronomer who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.

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Free element

In chemistry, a free element is a chemical element that is not combined with or chemically bonded to other elements.

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Friedrich Wöhler

Friedrich Wöhler (31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a German chemist, best known for his synthesis of urea, but also the first to isolate several chemical elements.

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Fuel

A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as heat energy or to be used for work.

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Fuel cell

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen fuel with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.

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Fullerene

A fullerene is a molecule of carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many other shapes.

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Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

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Fura-2

Fura-2, an aminopolycarboxylic acid, is a ratiometric fluorescent dye which binds to free intracellular calcium.

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Furanose

A furanose is a collective term for carbohydrates that have a chemical structure that includes a five-membered ring system consisting of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.

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Furantetracarboxylic acid

In chemistry, furantetracarboxylic acid is an organic compound with formula, or (C4O)(-(CO)OH)4, which can be viewed as deriving from furan through replacement of the four hydrogen atoms by carboxyl functional groups -(CO)OH.

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Fusain

Fusain is a fossilised carbon deposit which, after some controversy, has been identified as fossilised charcoal.

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Fuscospora fusca

Fuscospora fusca, commonly known as red beech (Māori: tawhai raunui) is a species of southern beech, endemic to New Zealand, where it occurs on both the North Island and South Island.

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Fusicoccin

Fusicoccins are organic compounds produced by a fungus.

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Fusion bonded epoxy coating

Fusion bonded epoxy coating, also known as fusion-bond epoxy powder coating and commonly referred to as FBE coating, is an epoxy-based powder coating that is widely used to protect steel pipe used in pipeline construction, concrete reinforcing bars (rebar) and on a wide variety of piping connections, valves etc.

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Future of an expanding universe

Observations suggest that the expansion of the universe will continue forever.

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Future of Earth

The biological and geological future of Earth can be extrapolated based upon the estimated effects of several long-term influences.

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G-type asteroid

G-type asteroids are a relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid that makes up approximately 5% of asteroids.

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Galactic habitable zone

In astrobiology and planetary astrophysics, the galactic habitable zone is the region of a galaxy in which life might most likely develop.

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Galileo (spacecraft)

Galileo was an American unmanned spacecraft that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as several other Solar System bodies.

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Gallic acid

Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants.

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Galvanic corrosion

Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte.

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Game Day Recycling

Game Day Recycling is the idea that having large crowds of people in a small, concentrated space will generate great amounts of trash and products that need to be recycled.

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Gamma Aquilae

Gamma Aquilae (γ Aquilae, abbreviated Gamma Aql, γ Aql), also known as Tarazed, is a star in the constellation of Aquila.

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Gamma-ray spectrometer

A gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) is an instrument for measuring the distribution (or spectrum—see figure) of the intensity of gamma radiation versus the energy of each photon.

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Gary Haq

Dr.

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Gas carbon

Gas carbon is a carbon that is obtained when the destructive distillation of coal is done.

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Gas diffusion electrode

Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) are electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface, and an electrical conducting catalyst supporting an electrochemical reaction between the liquid and the gaseous phase.

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Gas pycnometer

A gas pycnometer is a laboratory device used for measuring the density—or, more accurately, the volume—of solids, be they regularly shaped, porous or non-porous, monolithic, powdered, granular or in some way comminuted, employing some method of gas displacement and the volume:pressure relationship known as Boyle's Law.

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Gasification

Gasification is a process that converts organic- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

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Gasoline

Gasoline (American English), or petrol (British English), is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in spark-ignited internal combustion engines.

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Göran Fredrik Göransson

Göran Fredrik Göransson (20 January 1819 – 12 May 1900) was a Swedish merchant, ironmaster and industrialist.

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GCSH

Glycine cleavage system H protein, mitochondrial (abbreviated as GCSH) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GCSH gene.

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Geek Pop

Geek Pop is a free online music festival featuring artists inspired by science.

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Geminal

In chemistry, the descriptor geminal refers to the relationship between two atoms or functional groups that are attached to the same atom.

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Geminal diol

A geminal diol (or gem-diol for short) is any organic compound having two hydroxyl functional groups (-OH) bound to the same carbon atom.

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Gemstone

A gemstone (also called a gem, fine gem, jewel, precious stone, or semi-precious stone) is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments.

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General Electric Company

The General Electric Company, or GEC, was a major UK-based industrial conglomerate involved in consumer and defence electronics, communications, and engineering.

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Genius of Britain

Genius of Britain: The Scientists Who Changed the World is a five-part television documentary presented by leading British scientific figures, which charts the history of some of Britain's most important scientists and innovators.

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Geochemistry of carbon

The geochemistry of carbon is the study of the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the Earth.

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Geology of the Capitol Reef area

The exposed geology of the Capitol Reef area presents a record of mostly Mesozoic-aged sedimentation in an area of North America in and around Capitol Reef National Park, on the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah.

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Geology of the Moon

The geology of the Moon (sometimes called selenology, although the latter term can refer more generally to "lunar science") is quite different from that of Earth.

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Geomyces pannorum

Geomyces pannorum is a yellow-brown filamentous fungus of the phylum Ascomycota commonly found in cold soil environments including the permafrost of the Northern hemisphere.

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Georges Creek Valley

Georges Creek Valley is located in Allegany County, Maryland along the George's Creek.

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Gerard Parkin

Gerard "Ged" F. R. Parkin (b. 15 February 1959) is a professor of chemistry at Columbia University.

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Germabenzene

Germabenzene (C5H6Ge) is the parent representative of a group of chemical compounds containing in their molecular structure a benzene ring with a carbon atom replaced by a germanium atom.

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German searchlights of World War II

German searchlights of the Second World War were used to detect and track enemy aircraft at night.

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Germanium

Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32.

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Gerolsteiner Brunnen

Gerolsteiner Brunnen GmbH & Co.

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Giant planet

A giant planet is any massive planet.

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Giant star

A giant star is a star with substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature.

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GIFBuilder

GIFBuilder was an early animated GIF creation program for Apple Macintosh computers.

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Giovanni Battista Donati

Giovanni Battista Donati Associate RAS (16 December 1826, Pisa, Italy20 September 1873, Florence, Italy) was an Italian astronomer.

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Glass

Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.

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Glass battery

The Glass battery is a type of solid state battery.

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Glass coloring and color marking

Glass coloring and color marking may be obtained by 1) addition of coloring ions,Bernard H. W. S. De Jong, Ruud G. C. Beerkens, Peter A. van Nijnatten: "Glass", in: "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2002, by 2) precipitation of nanometer sized colloides (so-called striking glassesBernard H. W. S. De Jong, Ruud G. C. Beerkens, Peter A. van Nijnatten: "Glass", in: "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2002, such as "gold ruby" or red "selenium ruby"),Werner Vogel: "Glass Chemistry"; Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K; 2nd revised edition (November 1994), 3) by colored inclusions (as in milk glass and smoked glass), 4) by light scattering (as in phase separated glass), 5) by dichroic coatings (see dichroic glass), or 6) by colored coatings.

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Glass-to-metal seal

Glass-to-metal seals are a very important element of the construction of vacuum tubes, electric discharge tubes, incandescent light bulbs, glass encapsulated semiconductor diodes, reed switches, pressure tight glass windows in metal cases, and metal or ceramic packages of electronic components.

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Glassy carbon

Glass-like carbon, often called glassy carbon or vitreous carbon, is a non-graphitizing, or nongraphitizable, carbon which combines glassy and ceramic properties with those of graphite.

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Global biodiversity

Global biodiversity is the measure of biodiversity on planet Earth and is defined as the total variability of life forms.

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Global change

Global change refers to planetary-scale changes in the Earth system.

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Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network

Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) is an international grass-roots, voluntary network of researchers, educators, and community groups interested in making and utilizing time series of high-frequency observations made on and in lakes and reservoirs all over the world.

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Glomalin

Glomalin is a glycoprotein produced abundantly on hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soil and in roots.

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Glossary of chemistry terms

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of climate change

This article serves as a glossary of climate change terms.

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Glossary of diabetes

The following is a glossary of diabetes which explains terms connected with diabetes.

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Glossary of ecology

This glossary of ecology is a list of definitions of terms and topics in ecology and related fields.

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Glossary of firelighting

This is an alphabetized glossary of terms pertaining to lighting fires, along with their definitions.

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Glossary of fuel cell terms

The Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry.

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Glossary of winemaking terms

This glossary of winemaking terms lists some of terms and definitions involved in making wine, fruit wine, and mead.

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Gluconic acid

Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH.

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Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

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Glucosinolate

The glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish.

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Glutamic acid

Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.

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Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase

Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) is an enzyme encoded by the GCDH gene on chromosome 19.

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Glycal

Glycal is a name for cyclic enol ether derivatives of sugars having a double bond between carbon atoms 1 and 2 of the ring.

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Glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde (glyceral) is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3.

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Glyceryl hydroxystearate

Glyceryl hydroxystearate, also known as glyceryl monohydroxystearate (GMHS), is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C21H42O5.

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Glycol nucleic acid

Glycol nucleic acid (GNA) is a polymer similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its "backbone".

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Glycoside hydrolase family 52

In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 52 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.

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Glycosidic bond

In chemistry, a glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

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Glycosylation

Glycosylation (see also chemical glycosylation) is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor).

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Glycosyltransferase

Glycosyltransferases (GTFs, Gtfs) are enzymes (EC 2.4) that establish natural glycosidic linkages.

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Gojo Industries

GOJO Industries, Inc., is a privately held manufacturer of hand hygiene and skin care products.

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Gold plating

Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold onto the surface of another metal, most often copper or silver (to make silver-gilt), by chemical or electrochemical plating.

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Golden Valley Formation

The Golden Valley Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Paleocene to Early Eocene age in the Williston Basin of North Dakota.

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Golding Bird

Golding Bird (9 December 1814 – 27 October 1854) was a British medical doctor and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

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Goldschmidt classification

The Goldschmidt classification, developed by Victor Goldschmidt (1888-1947), is a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (ore-loving or chalcogen-loving), and atmophile (gas-loving) or volatile (the element, or a compound in which it occurs, is liquid or gaseous at ambient surface conditions).

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GrafTech

GrafTech International Holdings Inc., commonly referred to as GrafTech, is a manufacturer of carbon and graphite products founded in 1886 and headquartered in Independence, Ohio.

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Graphane

Graphane is a two-dimensional polymer of carbon and hydrogen with the formula unit (CH)n where n is large.

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Graphene

Graphene is a semi-metal with a small overlap between the valence and the conduction bands (zero bandgap material).

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Graphis scripta

Graphis scripta is a crustose lichen in the Graphidaceae family.

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Graphite

Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal.

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Graphite oxide

Graphite oxide, formerly called graphitic oxide or graphitic acid, is a compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios, obtained by treating graphite with strong oxidizers.

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Graphyne

Graphyne is a theorized allotrope of carbon.

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Graptolitic argillite

Graptolitic argillite (also known as dictyonema argillite, dictyonema oil shale, dictyonema shale, or Tremadocian black shale) is a marinite-type black shale of sapropelic origin.

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Gray iron

Gray iron, or grey cast iron, is a type of cast iron that has a graphitic microstructure.

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Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead

The Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.

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Green accounting

Green accounting is a type of accounting that attempts to factor environmental costs into the financial results of operations.

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Green Cross International

Green Cross International (GCI) is a global independent non-profit and non-governmental environmental organisation (NGO) working to address the inter-connected global challenges of security, poverty eradication and environmental degradation through a combination of advocacy and local projects.

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Green paradox

The green paradox is the title of a controversial book by German economist, Hans-Werner Sinn, describing the observation that an environmental policy that becomes greener with the passage of time acts like an announced expropriation for the owners of fossil fuel resources, inducing them to accelerate resource extraction and hence to accelerate global warming.

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Green waste

Green waste also called agricultural waste is supposed to be biodegradable waste that can be composed of garden or park waste, such as grass or flower cuttings and hedge trimmings, as well as domestic and commercial food waste.

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Greenstone Building

The Greenstone Building, officially the Greenstone Government of Canada Building, and sometimes known as the Greenstone Government Building, is located on Franklin (50th) Avenue in downtown Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.

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GROMOS

GROMOS is the name of a force field for molecular dynamics simulation, and a related computer software package.

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Group (mathematics)

In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element and that satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility.

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Group (periodic table)

In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements.

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Group 12 element

Group 12, by modern IUPAC numbering, is a group of chemical elements in the periodic table.

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Group 14 hydride

Group 14 hydrides are chemical compounds composed of hydrogen atoms and carbon group atoms (the elements of group 14 are carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead).

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Group 4 element

Group 4 is a group of elements in the periodic table.

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Group 6 element

Group 6, numbered by IUPAC style, is a group of elements in the periodic table.

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Group contribution method

A group contribution method in chemistry is a technique to estimate and predict thermodynamic and other properties from molecular structures.

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Growth medium

A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid or semi-solid designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens.

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GTP cyclohydrolase I

GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) is a member of the GTP cyclohydrolase family of enzymes.

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Gunpowder

Gunpowder, also known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive.

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Gyrinal

Gyrinal is an organic chemical compound - an unsaturated ketoaldehyde - with the formula C14H18O3, obtained from the whirligig beetle (the water boatman, Gyrinus natator).

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Gyromitra esculenta

Gyromitra esculenta, is an ascomycete fungus from the genus Gyromitra, widely distributed across Europe and North America.

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Gyromitrin

Gyromitrin is a toxin and carcinogen present in several members of the fungal genus Gyromitra, like G. esculenta.

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Hadean zircon

Hadean zircon is the oldest solid crustal material which was formed in Earth's earliest geological time period, the Hadean eon is about 4 billion years ago.

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Hafnium

Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72.

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Hafnium diboride

Hafnium diboride belong to the class of Ultra-high-temperature ceramics, a type of ceramic composed of hafnium and boron.

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Hafnium(IV) carbide

Hafnium carbide (HfC) is a chemical compound of hafnium and carbon.

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Hagi ware

is a type of Japanese pottery traditionally originated from the town of Hagi, Yamaguchi, in the former Nagato Province.

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Halanaerobium hydrogenoformans

Halanaerobium hydrogeninformans is alkaliphilic bacterium that capable of biohydrogen production at (pH 11 and 7% (w/v) sodium chloride salts) and 33˚c,, (2011).

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Halo nucleus

In nuclear physics, an atomic nucleus is called a halo nucleus or is said to have a nuclear halo when it has a core nucleus surrounded by a "halo" of orbiting protons or neutrons, which makes the radius of the nucleus appreciably larger than that predicted by the liquid drop model.

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Haloalkane

The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens.

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Haloarcula quadrata

Haloarcula quadrata is a species of archaea discovered in a brine pool in the Sinai peninsula of Egypt.

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Halocarbon

Halocarbon compounds are chemicals in which one or more carbon atoms are linked by covalent bonds with one or more halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine –) resulting in the formation of organofluorine compounds, organochlorine compounds, organobromine compounds, and organoiodine compounds.

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Halogen addition reaction

A halogen addition reaction is a simple organic reaction where a halogen molecule is added to the carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene functional group.

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Halohydrin

In organic chemistry a halohydrin (also a haloalcohol or β-halo alcohol) is a functional group in which a halogen and a hydroxyl are bonded to adjacent carbon atoms, which otherwise bear only hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups (e.g. 2-chloroethanol, 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol).

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Halton-with-Aughton

Halton-with-Aughton is a civil parish and electoral ward located east of Lancaster, England, on the north bank of the River Lune.

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Hamilton Castner

Hamilton Young Castner (September 11, 1858 – October 11, 1899) was an American industrial chemist.

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Hamilton Group

The Devonian Hamilton Group is a mapped bedrock unit in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio and West Virginia.

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Hans Goldschmidt

Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Goldschmidt (January 18, 1861 – May 21, 1923) was a German chemist.

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Hardenability

The hardenability of a metal alloy is the depth up to which a material is hardened after putting through a heat treatment process.

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Hardnesses of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Harold Ellingham

Harold Johann Thomas Ellingham, OBE, (1897–1975) was a British physical chemist, best known for his Ellingham diagrams, which summarize a large amount of information concerning extractive metallurgy.

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Harry Brearley

Harry Brearley (18 February 1871 – 14 July 1948) was an English metallurgist, usually credited with the invention of "rustless steel" (later to be called "stainless steel" in the anglophone world).

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Harry Marsh

Harry Marsh is a leading figure in the world of carbon science.

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Harvey armor

Harvey armor was a type of steel armor developed in the early 1890s in which the front surfaces of the plates were case hardened.

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Hatchettite

Hatchettite (also mountain tallow, mineral tallow, mineral adipocire, or adipocerite) is a mineral hydrocarbon.

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Haustorium

In botany and mycology, a haustorium (plural haustoria) is a structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients.

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Havar (alloy)

Havar, or UNS R30005, is an alloy of cobalt, possessing very high mechanical strength.

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Hawaii Ocean Time-series

The Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program is a long-term oceanographic study based at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

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Hawker 4000

The Hawker 4000, originally known as the Hawker Horizon, is a super-midsize business jet developed by Hawker Beechcraft (formerly Raytheon Aircraft Company).

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Haworth projection

A Haworth projection is a common way of writing a structural formula to represent the cyclic structure of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective.

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Haynes International

Haynes International, Inc., headquartered in Kokomo, Indiana, is one of the world’s largest producers of high‑performance nickel‑ and cobalt-based alloys in flat product form such as sheet, coil and plate forms; it also manufactures alloys in seamless and welded tubulars, and in slab, bar, billet and wire forms.

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HD 108874 b

HD 108874 b is a gas giant announced in 2003.

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HD 209458 b

HD 209458 b, also given the nickname Osiris,http://exoplanets.co/exoplanets-tutorial/extrasolar-planet-hd-209458-b.html is an exoplanet that orbits the solar analog HD 209458 in the constellation Pegasus, some 159 light-years from the Solar System.

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HE0107-5240

HE0107-5240 is an extremely metal-poor Population II star, located roughly away from the Earth, that has a mass of approximately 80% of the mass of the Sun.

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Hearth

In historic and modern usage, a hearth is a brick- or stone-lined fireplace, with or without an oven, used for heating and originally also used for cooking food.

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Heat capacities of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Heat of combustion

The heating value (or energy value or calorific value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it.

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Heat shield

A heat shield is designed to shield a substance from absorbing excessive heat from an outside source by either dissipating, reflecting or simply absorbing the heat.

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Heat treating

Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material.

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Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Heavy metals

Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.

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Heck reaction

The Heck reaction (also called the Mizoroki-Heck reaction) is the chemical reaction of an unsaturated halide (or triflate) with an alkene in the presence of a base and a palladium catalyst (or palladium nanomaterial-based catalyst) to form a substituted alkene.

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Heechee

The Heechee are a fictional alien race from the science fiction works of Frederik Pohl.

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Heinrich Friedrich Weber

Heinrich Friedrich Weber (7 November 1843 – 24 May 1912) was a physicist born in the town of Magdala, near Weimar.

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Heinz Oberhummer

Heinz Oberhummer (19 May 1941 – 24 November 2015) was an Austrian physicist and skeptic.

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Helium flash

A helium flash is a very brief thermal runaway nuclear fusion of large quantities of helium into carbon through the triple-alpha process in the core of low mass stars (between 0.8 solar masses and 2.0) during their red giant phase (the Sun is predicted to experience a flash 1.2 billion years after it leaves the main sequence).

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Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation

The Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation reaction halogenates carboxylic acids at the α carbon.

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Hemiaminal

A hemiaminal (also carbinolamine) is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has a hydroxyl group and an amine attached to the same carbon atom: -C(OH)(NR2)-.

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Hempcrete

Hempcrete or Hemplime is bio-composite material, a mixture of hemp hurds (shives) and lime (possibly including natural hydraulic lime, sand, pozzolans) used as a material for construction and insulation.

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Heneicosylic acid

Heneicosylic acid, or heneicosanoic acid, is a 21-carbon long-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)19COOH.

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Hennig Brand

Hennig Brand (c. 1630c. 1692 or c. 1710) was a merchant and alchemist in Hamburg.

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Henri Moissan

Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan (28 September 1852 – 20 February 1907) was a French chemist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds.

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Henry Bessemer

Sir Henry Bessemer (19 January 1813 – 15 March 1898) was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century for almost one century from year 1856 to 1950.

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Heptacosylic acid

Heptacosylic acid, or heptacosanoic acid or carboceric acid, is a 27-carbon long-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)25COOH.

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Heptatriacontanoic acid

Heptatriacontanoic acid is a 37-carbon saturated fatty acid.

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Heptose

A heptose is a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms.

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Heraeus

Heraeus is a German technology group with a focus on precious and special metals, medical technology, quartz glass, sensors and specialty light sources.

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Herbert C. Brown

Herbert Charles Brown (May 22, 1912 – December 19, 2004) was an English-born American chemist and recipient of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with organoboranes.

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Hermes (spacecraft)

Hermes was a proposed spaceplane designed by the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) in 1975, and later by the European Space Agency (ESA).

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Heteroatom

In chemistry, a heteroatom (from Ancient Greek heteros, "different", + atomos, "uncut") is any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen.

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Heterocyst

Heterocysts are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed during nitrogen starvation by some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc punctiforme, Cylindrospermum, and Anabaena sphaerica.

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Heterodiamond

Heterodiamond is a superhard material containing boron, carbon, and nitrogen (BCN).

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Heterothallism

Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals.

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Hexabromocyclododecane

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD or HBCDD) is a brominated flame retardant.

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Hexachloroethane

Hexachloroethane, also known as perchloroethane (PCA), C2Cl6, is a white crystalline solid at room temperature with a camphor-like odor.

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Hexachloropropene

Hexachloropropene is a toxic compound of chlorine and carbon.

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Hexadecane

Hexadecane (also called cetane) is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C16H34.

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Hexadecene

Hexadecene, also known as cetene, is an alkene containing 16 carbon atoms, with a molecular formula of C16H32.

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Hexaethyl tetraphosphate

Hexaethyl tetraphosphate is the chemical compound with the chemical formula (C2H5O)6P4O7.

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Hexamethylbenzene

Hexamethylbenzene, also known as mellitene, is a hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C12H18 and the condensed structural formula C6(CH3)6.

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Hexane

Hexane is an alkane of six carbon atoms, with the chemical formula C6H14.

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Hexose

In bio-organic chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms, having the chemical formula C6H12O6.

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Hierarchy

A hierarchy (from the Greek hierarchia, "rule of a high priest", from hierarkhes, "leader of sacred rites") is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally.

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High pressure

In science and engineering the study of high pressure examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure.

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High-speed steel

High-speed steel (HSS or HS) is a subset of tool steels, commonly used as cutting tool material.

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Higher alkanes

Higher alkanes are alkanes having nine or more carbon atoms.

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Higher fullerenes

Higher fullerenes are fullerene molecules consisting of more than 70 carbon atoms.

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Himalayan foreland basin

The Himalayan foreland basin is an active collisional foreland basin system that developed adjacent to the Himalayan mountain belt in response to the weight of crustal thickening when the Indian Plate collided and subducted under the Eurasian plate.

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History of anthracite coal mining in Pennsylvania

There are two types of coal found in Pennsylvania: anthracite (the “hard coal” found in Northeastern Pennsylvania below the Allegheny Ridge southwest to Harrisburg; also called “stone coal”, “rock coal” in the 1800s) and bituminous (“soft coal”, found west of the Allegheny Front escarpment).

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History of chemistry

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.

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History of electrochemistry

Electrochemistry, a branch of chemistry, went through several changes during its evolution from early principles related to magnets in the early 16th and 17th centuries, to complex theories involving conductivity, electric charge and mathematical methods.

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History of experiments

The history of experimental research is long and varied.

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History of gunpowder

Gunpowder is the first physical explosive.

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History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent

The history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began prior to the 3rd millennium BCE and continued well into the British Raj.

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History of metamaterials

The history of metamaterials begins with artificial dielectrics in microwave engineering as it developed just after World War II.

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History of molecular theory

In chemistry, the history of molecular theory traces the origins of the concept or idea of the existence of strong chemical bonds between two or more atoms.

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History of the periodic table

The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements and are organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations and recurring chemical properties.

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History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)

Canada's oil sands and heavy oil resources are among the world's great petroleum deposits.

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Histosol

In both the FAO soil classification and the USDA soil taxonomy, a histosol is a soil consisting primarily of organic materials.

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HMG-CoA reductase family

In molecular biology, the HMG-CoA reductase family is a family of enzymes which participate in the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and other isoprenoids.

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Hofmann rearrangement

The Hofmann rearrangement is the organic reaction of a primary amide to a primary amine with one fewer carbon atom.

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Holarctic

The Holarctic is the name for the biogeographic realm that encompasses the majority of habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world, combining Wallace's Palearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North Africa and all of Eurasia (with the exception of the southern Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent), and the Nearctic zoogeographical region, consisting of North America, north of Mexico.

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Homoaromaticity

Homoaromaticity, in organic chemistry, refers to a special case of aromaticity in which conjugation is interrupted by a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom.

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Homonuclear molecule

Homonuclear molecules, or homonuclear species, are molecules composed of only one type of element.

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Homoserine dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a homoserine dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 2 substrates of this enzyme are L-homoserine and NAD+ (or NADP+), whereas its 3 products are L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde, NADH (or NADPH), and H+.

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Hope Diamond

The Hope Diamond is one of the most famous jewels in the world, with ownership records dating back almost four centuries.

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Horizontal branch

The horizontal branch (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the red giant branch in stars whose masses are similar to the Sun's.

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Horse hair raku

Horse hair raku is a method of decorating pottery through the application of horsehair and other dry carbonaceous material to the heated ware.

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Horseshoe Canyon Formation

The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is a stratigraphic unit of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in southwestern Alberta.

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HR 6902

HR 6902 (also designated V2291 Oph) is a binary system located 790 light years away from the Sun in the Ophiuchus constellation.

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HR 8799

HR 8799 is a roughly 30 million-year-old main-sequence star located 129 light years (39 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation of Pegasus.

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Human body

The human body is the entire structure of a human being.

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Human nutrition

Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and health.

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Hummers' method

Hummers' method is a chemical process that can be used to generate graphite oxide through the addition of potassium permanganate to a solution of graphite, sodium nitrate, and sulfuric acid.

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Humphry Davy

Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet (17 December 177829 May 1829) was a Cornish chemist and inventor, who is best remembered today for isolating, using electricity, a series of elements for the first time: potassium and sodium in 1807 and calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron the following year, as well as discovering the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine.

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Humus

In soil science, humus (derived in 1790–1800 from the Latin humus for earth, ground) denominates the fraction of soil organic matter that is amorphous and without the "cellular cake structure characteristic of plants, micro-organisms or animals." Humus significantly affects the bulk density of soil and contributes to its retention of moisture and nutrients.

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HY-80

HY-80 is a high-tensile, high yield strength, low alloy steel.

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Hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition

Hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) is a thin-film deposition technique, that combines physical vapor deposition (PVD) with chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

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Hydnum repandum

Hydnum repandum, commonly known as the sweet tooth, wood hedgehog or hedgehog mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Hydnaceae.

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Hydrazine

Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written), called diamidogen, archaically.

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Hydride

In chemistry, a hydride is the anion of hydrogen, H−, or, more commonly, it is a compound in which one or more hydrogen centres have nucleophilic, reducing, or basic properties.

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Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

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Hydrocarbon mixtures

Hydrocarbon mixtures are a group of various volatile, highly flammable, mixtures used chiefly as nonpolar solvents.

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Hydrodesulfurization

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils.

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Hydrofluoroolefin

Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are unsaturated organic compounds composed of hydrogen, fluorine and carbon.

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Hydroformylation

Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes.

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Hydrogel encapsulation of quantum dots

The behavior of quantum dots (QDs) in solution and their interaction with other surfaces is of great importance to biological and industrial applications, such as optical displays, animal tagging, anti-counterfeiting dyes and paints, chemical sensing, and fluorescent tagging.

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.

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Hydrogen darkening

Hydrogen darkening is a physical degradation of the optical properties of glass.

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Hydrogen embrittlement

Hydrogen embrittlement is the process by which hydride-forming metals such as titanium, vanadium, zirconium, tantalum, and niobium become brittle and fracture due to the introduction and subsequent diffusion of hydrogen into the metal.

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Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry

Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry is the scientific study of biological, geological, and chemical processes in the environment using the distribution and relative abundance of hydrogen isotopes.

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Hydrogen storage

Methods of hydrogen storage for subsequent use span many approaches including high pressures, cryogenics, and chemical compounds that reversibly release H2 upon heating.

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Hydrology of the Catawissa Tunnel

The Catawissa Tunnel is a mine drainage tunnel in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Hydrometalation

Hydrometalation (hydrometallation) is a type of chemical reaction in organometallic chemistry in which a chemical compound with a hydrogen to metal bond (M-H, metal hydride) adds to compounds with an unsaturated bond like an alkene (RC.

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Hydromethanation

Hydromethanation, is the process by which methane (the main constituent of natural gas) is produced through the combination of steam, carbonaceous solids and a catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor.

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Hydrothermal carbonization

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) (also referred to as "aqueous carbonization at elevated temperature and pressure") is a chemical process for the conversion of organic compounds to structured carbons.

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Hydrothermal liquefaction

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermal depolymerization process used to convert wet biomass into crude-like oil -sometimes referred to as bio-oil or biocrude- under moderate temperature and high pressure.

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Hydroxycitronellal

Hydroxycitronellal (7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal) is an odorant used in perfumery.

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Hydroxyproline

(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxyproline, or L-hydroxyproline (C5H9O3N), is a common non-proteinogenic amino acid, abbreviated as Hyp, e.g., in Protein Data Bank.

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Hygiea family

The Hygiea or Hygiean '''family''' of asteroids is a grouping of dark, carbonaceous C-type and B-type asteroids in outer asteroid belt, the largest member of which is 10 Hygiea.

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Hyperion (moon)

Hyperion (Greek: Ὑπερίων), also known as Saturn VII (7), is a moon of Saturn discovered by William Cranch Bond, George Phillips Bond and William Lassell in 1848.

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Hyphomicrobium chloromethanicum

Hyphomicrobium chloromethanicum is an aerobic, methylotrophic bacteria from the genus of Hyphomicrobium which can utilize chloromethane as the only source of carbon.

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Hypogene

In ore deposit geology, hypogene processes occur deep below the earth's surface, and tend to form deposits of primary minerals, as opposed to supergene processes that occur at or near the surface, and tend to form secondary minerals.

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Hypothetical types of biochemistry

Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry speculated to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time.

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HZE ions

HZE ions are the high-energy nuclei component of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) which have an electric charge greater than +2.

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Iapetus (moon)

Iapetus (Ιαπετός), or occasionally Japetus, is the third-largest natural satellite of Saturn, eleventh-largest in the Solar System, and the largest body in the Solar System known not to be in hydrostatic equilibrium.

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Ice axe

An ice axe is a multi-purpose hiking and climbing tool used by mountaineers both in the ascent and descent of routes that involve frozen conditions with snow and/or ice.

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Ice giant

An ice giant is a giant planet composed mainly of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.

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Iceane

Iceane is a saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon with formula C12H18.

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If We Were Moons

If We Were Moons is a "four-way split" album released December 2006 by Tract Records.

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Illuminated manuscript

An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations.

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IMCO Carbide Tool

IMCO Carbide Tool is an American manufacturing company that researches, designs and manufactures high-performance cutting tools for a variety of applications in the aerospace, automotive, medical, petrochemical, and manufacturing industries.

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Imidazolidinyl urea

Imidazolidinyl urea is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics.

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Imine

An imine is a functional group or chemical compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond.

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Implicit solvation

Implicit solvation (sometimes termed continuum solvation) is a method to represent solvent as a continuous medium instead of individual “explicit” solvent molecules, most often used in molecular dynamics simulations and in other applications of molecular mechanics.

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Improving the Neighbourhood

"Improving the Neighbourhood" is a science fiction short story by Arthur C. Clarke.

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Impsonite

Impsonite is a black, carbonaceous substance, with a specific gravity of 1.10–1.25 and a carbon content of 50–85%.

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In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy

In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a specialized technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

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Incandescent light bulb

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence).

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Inconel

Inconel is a family of austenitic nickel-chromium-based superalloys.

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Index of alcohol-related articles

Alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom, usually connected to other carbon or hydrogen atoms.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of chemistry articles

Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

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India ink

India ink (British English: Indian Ink; also Chinese ink) is a simple black or colored ink once widely used for writing and printing and now more commonly used for drawing and outlining, especially when inking comic books and comic strips.

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Indigenous horticulture

Indigenous horticulture is practised in various ways across all inhabited continents.

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Indigo dye

Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color (see indigo).

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Indo-1

Indo-1 is a popular calcium indicator similar to Fura-2.

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Indole

Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with formula C8H7N.

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Indole-3-carbinol

Indole-3-carbinol (C9H9NO) is produced by the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucobrassicin, which can be found at relatively high levels in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collard greens and kale.

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Induction hardening

Induction hardening is a type of surface hardening in which a metal part is induction-heated and then quenched.

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Inductive effect

In chemistry and physics, the inductive effect is an experimentally observed effect of the transmission of charge through a chain of atoms in a molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond.

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Infrared heater

An infrared heater or heat lamp is a body with a higher temperature which transfers energy to a body with a lower temperature through electromagnetic radiation.

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Infrared spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter.

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Infrared window

The infrared atmospheric window is the overall dynamic property of the earth's atmosphere, taken as a whole at each place and occasion of interest, that lets some infrared radiation from the cloud tops and land-sea surface pass directly to space without intermediate absorption and re-emission, and thus without heating the atmosphere.

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Ingeo

Ingeo is trademarked brand name for a range of polylactic acid (PLA) biopolymers owned by NatureWorks.

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Injector

A steam injector is typically used to deliver cold water to a boiler against its own pressure using its own live or exhaust steam, replacing any mechanical pump.

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Ink eraser

An ink eraser is an instrument used to remove ink from a writing surface, more difficult than removing pencil markings.

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Inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry deals with the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds.

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Inorganic compounds by element

This is a list of common inorganic and organometallic compounds of each element.

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Inorganic polymer

Inorganic polymers are polymers with a skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms in the backbone.

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Insertion reaction

An insertion reaction is a chemical reaction where one chemical entity (a molecule or molecular fragment) interposes itself into an existing bond of typically a second chemical entity e.g.: The term only refers to the result of the reaction and does not suggest a mechanism.

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Integrated Biosphere Simulator

IBIS-2 is the version 2 of the land-surface model Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS), which includes several major improvements and additions to the prototype model developed by Foley et al.

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Intensive farming

Intensive farming involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area.

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Interaction (statistics)

In statistics, an interaction may arise when considering the relationship among three or more variables, and describes a situation in which the simultaneous influence of two variables on a third is not additive.

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Interactive Energy AG

Interactive Energy AG is an energy and commodities company.

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Intergalactic dust

Intergalactic dust is cosmic dust in between galaxies in intergalactic space.

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Intergranular corrosion

Intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides.

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Internal combustion engine

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

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Internal heating

Internal heat is the heat source from the interior of celestial objects, such as stars, brown dwarfs, planets, moons, dwarf planets, and (in the early history of the Solar System) even asteroids such as Vesta, resulting from contraction caused by gravity (the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism), nuclear fusion, tidal heating, core solidification (heat of fusion released as molten core material solidifies), and radioactive decay.

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Interstellar medium

In astronomy, the interstellar medium (ISM) is the matter and radiation that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy.

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Interstitial compound

An interstitial compound, or interstitial alloy, is a compound that is formed when an atom with a small enough radius sits in an interstitial “hole” in a metal lattice.

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Interstitial element

An interstitial element is an impurity found in "pure" metals or crystals.

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Iodine

Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53.

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Iodoform

Iodoform is the organoiodine compound with the formula CHI3.

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Ion beam deposition

Ion beam deposition (IBD) is a process of applying materials to a target through the application of an ion beam.

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Ionic radius

Ionic radius, rion, is the radius of an atom's ion in ionic crystals structure.

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Ionization energies of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Iridium

Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age system, preceded by the Stone Age (Neolithic) and the Bronze Age.

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Iron Age sword

Swords made of iron (as opposed to bronze) appear from the Early Iron Age (c. 12th century BC), but do not become widespread before the 8th century BC.

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Iron gall ink

Iron gall ink (also known as iron gall nut ink, oak gall ink, and common ink) is a purple-black or brown-black ink made from iron salts and tannic acids from vegetable sources.

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Iron Mountain Mine

Iron Mountain Mine, also known as the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain, is a mine near Redding in Northern California, US.

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Iron planet

An iron planet is a type of planet that consists primarily of an iron-rich core with little or no mantle.

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Iron–hydrogen alloy

Iron–hydrogen alloy, also known as iron hydride, is an alloy of iron and hydrogen and other elements.

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Irrigation in viticulture

Irrigation in viticulture is the process of applying extra water in the cultivation of grapevines.

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Isabela (province)

Isabela (Probinsia ti Isabela; Probinsia nat Isabela; Probinsia na Isabela; Lalawigan ng Isabela) is the second largest province of the Philippines, and the largest on the island of Luzon in land area.

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Isobutyl chloride

Isobutyl chloride (1-chloro-2-methylpropane) is a compound of chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen.

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Isocyanic acid

Isocyanic acid is a chemical compound with the formula HNCO, discovered in 1830 by Liebig and Wöhler.

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Isocyanide

An isocyanide (also called isonitrile or carbylamine) is an organic compound with the functional group -N≡C.

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Isomer

An isomer (from Greek ἰσομερής, isomerès; isos.

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Isopentane

Isopentane, C5H12, also called methylbutane or 2-methylbutane, is a branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms.

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Isoquinoline

Isoquinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound.

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Isoscapes

Isoscapes are spatially explicit predictions of elemental isotope ratios (δ) that are produced by executing process-level models of elemental isotope fractionation or distribution in a Geographic Information System (GIS).

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Isothiocyanate

Isothiocyanate is the chemical group –N.

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Isotope

Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.

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Isotope analysis

Isotope analysis is the identification of isotopic signature, the abundance of certain stable isotopes and chemical elements within organic and inorganic compounds.

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Isotope geochemistry

Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various elements.

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Isotopes of boron

Boron (5B) naturally occurs as isotopes 10B and 11B, the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron.

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Isotopes of carbon

Carbon (6C) has 15 known isotopes, from 8C to 22C, of which 12C and 13C are stable.

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Isotopes of lithium

Naturally occurring lithium (3Li) is composed of two stable isotopes, lithium-6 and lithium-7, with the latter being far more abundant: about 92.5 percent of the atoms.

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Isotopes of nitrogen

Natural nitrogen (7N) consists of two stable isotopes, nitrogen-14, which makes up the vast majority of naturally occurring nitrogen, and nitrogen-15, which is less common.

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Isotopes of oxygen

There are three known stable isotopes of oxygen (8O): 16O, 17O, and 18O.

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Isotopes of sulfur

Sulfur (16S) has 24 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 26 to 49, four of which are stable: 32S (95.02%), 33S (0.75%), 34S (4.21%), and 36S (0.02%).

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Isotopic analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance

Isotopic analysis is one of the most difficult scientific processes in the history of man.

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Isotopic ratio outlier analysis

Isotopic ratio outlier analysis (IROA) is a stable isotopic labeling technique that utilizes the creation of distinct signatures in the molecules of a biological sample for identification and quantification.

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Isotopically pure diamond

An isotopical pure diamond is a type of diamond that is composed entirely of one isotope of carbon.

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ISSPIC

ISSPIC or International Symposium on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters is an established biennial conference series on fundamental science of atomically small particles, organized since 1976.

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IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005

Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, IUPAC Recommendations 2005 is the 2005 version of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (which is informally called the Red Book).

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J0815+4729

J0815+4729, abbreviated from SDSS J081554.26+472947.5, is a star with an ultra-low metallicity in the constellation of Lynx.

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Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Jr. (30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist.

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Jacques Mering

Jacques Mering (3 January 1904 - 29 March 1973) was a Russian-born, naturalised French engineer well known in the fields of X-ray crystallography and mineralogy.

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Jalama Formation

The Jalama Formation is a sedimentary rock formation widespread in southern Santa Barbara County and northern Ventura County, southern California.

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James Crafts

James Mason Crafts (March 8, 1839 – June 20, 1917) was an American chemist, mostly known for developing the Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with Charles Friedel in 1876.

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James E. Purdy

James Edward Purdy (December 19, 1858 – August 2, 1933) was an American photographer based in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Jamnica (company)

Jamnica is a water bottling company from Croatia and part of Agrokor Group.

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January 1950

The following events occurred in January 1950.

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Jean Stas

Jean Servais Stas (21 August 1813 – 13 December 1891) was a Belgian analytical chemist that co-discovered the weight of carbon.

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Jean-Baptiste Dumas

Jean Baptiste André Dumas (14 July 180010 April 1884) was a French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights (relative atomic masses) and molecular weights by measuring vapor densities.

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Jeanerette, Louisiana

Jeanerette is a small city in Iberia Parish, Louisiana, United States.

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Jet (lignite)

Pendant in Jet, Magdalenian, Marsoulas MHNT Jet is a type of lignite, a precursor to coal, and is a gemstone.

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Johan Gottlieb Gahn

Johan Gottlieb Gahn (19 August 1745 – 8 December 1818) was a Swedish chemist and metallurgist who discovered manganese in 1774.

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Johannes Martin Bijvoet

Johannes Martin Bijvoet (23 January 1892, Amsterdam – 4 March 1980, Winterswijk) was a Dutch chemist and crystallographer at the van 't Hoff Laboratory at Utrecht University.

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John Cockcroft

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, (27 May 1897 – 18 September 1967) was a British physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1951 for splitting the atomic nucleus with Ernest Walton, and was instrumental in the development of nuclear power.

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John Wellington Starr

John Wellington Starr (1822? – November 21, 1846) was an American inventor and pioneer in development of the incandescent light bulb.

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Johnny Isakson

John Hardy Isakson (born December 28, 1944) is the senior United States Senator from Georgia, in office since 2005, and a member of the Republican Party.

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Johnsonville, Victoria

Johnsonville is a town in the East Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia.

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Joint European Torus

JET, the Joint European Torus, is the world's largest operational magnetically confined plasma physics experiment, located at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy in Oxfordshire, UK.

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Jonathon Keats

Jonathon Keats (born October 2, 1971) is an American conceptual artist and experimental philosopher known for creating large-scale thought experiments.

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Joseph Proust

Joseph Louis Proust (26 September 1754 – 5 July 1826) was a French chemist.

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Joseph Swan

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was an English physicist, chemist, and inventor.

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Josiah Marshall Heath

Josiah Marshall Heath (died 1851) was an English metallurgist, businessman and ornithologist, who invented the use of manganese to deoxidise steel.

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Julius Lothar Meyer

Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 – 11 April 1895) was a German chemist.

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Julius Nyerere

Julius Kambarage Nyerere (13 April 1922 – 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian anti-colonial activist, politician, and political theorist.

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Jupiter

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System.

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Justus von Liebig

Justus Freiherr von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and was considered the founder of organic chemistry.

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Kaliapparat

A kaliapparat is a laboratory device invented in 1831 by Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) for the analysis of carbon in organic compounds.

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Kamacite

Kamacite is an alloy of iron and nickel, which is found on Earth only in meteorites.

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Kamrun Nahar

Kamrun Nahar is a Bangladeshi soil scientist and environmentalist.

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KduI/IolB isomerase family

In molecular biology, the KduI/IolB isomerase family is a family of isomerase enzymes.

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Keith Millis

Keith Dwight Millis (May 20, 1915 – July 6, 1992) was an American metallurgical engineer and inventor of ductile iron.

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Kemper Project

The Kemper Project, also called the Kemper County energy facility or Plant Ratcliffe, is a natural gas-fired electrical generating station currently under construction in Kemper County, Mississippi.

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KENTORT II

KENTORT II is an above-ground shale oil extraction process developed by the Center for Applied Energy Research of the University of Kentucky.

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Kerogen

Kerogen is a solid organic matter in sedimentary rocks.

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Kerosene

Kerosene, also known as paraffin, lamp oil, and coal oil (an obsolete term), is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum.

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Ketanserin

Ketanserin (INN, USAN, BAN) (brand name Sufrexal; former developmental code name R41468) is a drug used clinically as an antihypertensive agent and in scientific research to study the serotonin system; specifically, the 5-HT2 receptor family.

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Ketone

In chemistry, a ketone (alkanone) is an organic compound with the structure RC(.

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Ketyl

A ketyl group in organic chemistry is an anion radical that contains a group.

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Kim reformer

The Kim reformer is a type of syngas plant invented by Dr.

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Kinetic isotope effect

The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is the change in the reaction rate of a chemical reaction when one of the atoms in the reactants is replaced by one of its isotopes.

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Kitchen knife

A kitchen knife is any knife that is intended to be used in food preparation.

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Kiviter process

The Kiviter process is an above ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction.

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Knife

A knife (plural knives) is a tool with a cutting edge or blade, hand-held or otherwise, with most having a handle.

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Kompozit

OAO "Кompozit" (Open Joint Stock Company "Kompozit") (ОАО Композит) is a company in the field of materials science, famous for its role in several spacecraft and rocket projects.

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Koněprusy Caves

Koněprusy Caves (Koněpruské jeskyně) is a cave system in the heart of the limestone region known as Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic.

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Kosova e Re

Kosova e Re, also known as the New Kosovo project, is a plan of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo to build a new 500 MW power plant near Prishtina, to rehabilitate the existing Kosovo B power plant and completely shut down the Kosovo A power plant which is considered the largest source of pollution in Kosovo.

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Kovar

Kovar (trademark of CRS Holdings, inc., Delaware) is a nickel–cobalt ferrous alloy compositionally identical to Fernico 1, designed to have substantially the same thermal expansion characteristics as borosilicate glass (~5 × 10−6 /K between 30 and 200 °C, to ~10 × 10−6 /K at 800 °C) in order to allow a tight mechanical joint between the two materials over a range of temperatures.

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Kovats retention index

In gas chromatography, Kovats retention index (shorter Kovats index, retention index; plural retention indices) is used to convert retention times into system-independent constants.

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Kudzu in the United States

Kudzu is an invasive plant species in the United States.

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Kukersite

Kukersite is a light-brown marine type oil shale of Ordovician age.

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L-arabinose isomerase

In enzymology, a L-arabinose isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-arabinose, and one product, L-ribulose.

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La Superba

La Superba (Y CVn, Y Canum Venaticorum) is a variable star in the constellation Canes Venatici, well known for its strikingly red appearance.

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Lactobacillus pontis

Lactobacillus pontis is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive facultatively anaerobic bacterium.

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Lactoylglutathione lyase

In enzymology, a lactoylglutathione lyase (also known as glyoxalase I) is an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of hemithioacetal adducts, which are formed in a spontaneous reaction between a glutathionyl group and aldehydes such as methylglyoxal.

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Ladock

Ladock (Egloslajek) is a village and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

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Lake of Fetzara

The Lake of Fetzara is located in northeastern Algeria, southeast of the city of Annaba.

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Lake Onega

Lake Onega (also known as Onego, p; Ääninen or Äänisjärvi; Oniegu or Oniegu-järve; Änine or Änižjärv) is a lake in the north-west European part of Russia, located on the territory of Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast.

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Lakes on Mars

In summer 1965, the first close-up pictures from Mars showed a cratered desert with no signs of water.

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Lambda Hydrae

λ Hydrae, Latinised as Lambda Hydrae, is a spectroscopic binary star in the constellation Hydra.

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Lamborghini Sesto Elemento

The Sesto Elemento ("Sixth Element" in English) is a high-performance limited edition lightweight automobile produced by Italian automaker Lamborghini, which debuted at the 2010 Paris Motor Show.

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Laminated steel blade

A laminated steel blade or piled steel is a knife, sword, or other tool blade made out of layers of differing types of steel, rather than a single homogeneous alloy.

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Lampadomancy

Lampadomancy is a form of divination using a single oil lamp or a torch flame.

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Lancia Urban Bike

The Lancia Urban Bike is a concept bicycle created by Italian automaker Lancia in collaboration with MomoDesign.

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Land use, land-use change, and forestry

Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) is defined by the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat as a "greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use such as settlements and commercial uses, land-use change, and forestry activities." LULUCF has impacts on the global carbon cycle and as such, these activities can add or remove carbon dioxide (or, more generally, carbon) from the atmosphere, influencing climate.

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Lanostane

Lanostane or 4,4,14-trimethylcholestane is a chemical compound with formula.

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Lanthanum carbide

Lanthanum carbide (LaC2) is a chemical compound.

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Lanthanum carbonate

Lanthanum carbonate, La2(CO3)3, is the salt formed by lanthanum(III) cations and carbonate anions.

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Lascar (volcano)

Lascar is a stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans the countries of Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.

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Lasri condensation

The Lasri condensation is an organic chemistry reaction where chalcone reacts with a hydrazone to furnish an azine and 3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole.

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Lateral root

Lateral roots extend horizontally from the primary root (radicle) and serve to anchor the plant securely into the soil.

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Law of Maximum

The Law of Maximum also known as Law of the Maximum is a principle developed by Arthur Wallace which states that total growth of a crop or a plant is proportional to about 70 growth factors.

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Law of multiple proportions

In chemistry, the law of multiple proportions is one of the basic laws of stoichiometry used to establish the atomic theory, alongside the law of conservation of mass (matter) and the law of definite proportions.

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Léon Foucault

Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (18 September 1819 – 11 February 1868) was a French physicist best known for his demonstration of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation.

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Lüders band

Lüders bands, also known as "slip bands" or "stretcher-strain marks," are localized bands of plastic deformation in metals experiencing tensile stresses, common to low-carbon steels and certain Al-Mg alloys.

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Le Chatelier's principle

Le Chatelier's principle, also called Chatelier's principle or "The Equilibrium Law", can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on some chemical equilibria.

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Le quattro volte

Le quattro volte ("The Four Times") is an Italian film, made in 2010, about life in the remote mountain town of Caulonia, in southern Italy.

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Leachate

A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts soluble or suspended solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Lead carbide

Lead carbide is a hypothetical chemical compound of carbon and lead.

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Lead paint

Lead paint or lead-based paint is paint containing lead.

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Lead tetrachloride

Lead tetrachloride, also known as lead(IV) chloride, has the molecular formula PbCl4.

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Leblanc process

The Leblanc process was an early industrial process for the production of soda ash (sodium carbonate) used throughout the 19th century, named after its inventor, Nicolas Leblanc.

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Leclanché cell

The Leclanché cell is a battery invented and patented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866.

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Legumin

Legumin, or vegetable casein, is a protein substance analogous to the casein of milk, obtained from beans, peas, lentils, vetches, hemp (specifically edestin) and other leguminous seeds.

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Lemonal

Lemonal may refer to.

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Leo Szilard

Leo Szilard (Szilárd Leó; Leo Spitz until age 2; February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Hungarian-German-American physicist and inventor.

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Leopold Gmelin

Leopold Gmelin (2 August 1788 – 13 April 1853) was a German chemist.

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Leptospira noguchii

Leptospira noguchii is a gram-negative, pathogenic organism.

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Leucosporidium frigidum

Leucosporidium frigidum is a species of yeast that belongs to the genus of fungi Leucosporidium, and the family Leucosporidiaceae.

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Leuser Ecosystem

The Leuser Ecosystem is an area of forest located in the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia.

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Leviathan Mine

Leviathan Mine is a United States superfund site (CERCLIS ID: CAD98067685) at an abandoned open-pit sulfur mine located in Alpine County, California.

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Levoglucosan

Levoglucosan (C6H10O5) is an organic compound with a six-carbon ring structure formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose.

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LH Aviation

LH Aviation is a French aircraft manufacturing company, founded in 2004 and located in Melun-Villaroche.

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Life

Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.

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Life on Mars

The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of significant interest to astrobiology due to its proximity and similarities to Earth.

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Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources

Measurement of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions involves calculating the global-warming potential of electrical energy sources through life-cycle assessment of each energy source.

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Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program

The Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program is a U.S. government research and development program.

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Lignin

Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form important structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are cross-linked phenolic polymers.

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Lincomycin

Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis.

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Linear alpha olefin

Linear alpha olefins (LAO) or normal alpha olefins (NAO) are olefins or alkenes with a chemical formula CxH2x, distinguished from other mono-olefins with a similar molecular formula by linearity of the hydrocarbon chain and the position of the double bond at the primary or alpha position.

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Linus Pauling

Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, educator, and husband of American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling.

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Liquid droplet radiator

The liquid droplet radiator (LDR) or previously termed liquid droplet stream radiator is a proposed lightweight radiator for the dissipation of waste heat generated by power plants, propulsion or spacecraft systems in space.

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List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production

The oil and gas industry uses many acronyms and abbreviations.

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List of acronyms: C

(Main list of acronyms).

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List of alien races in Marvel Comics

This is a list of alien races that appear in Marvel Comics.

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List of alloys

This is a list of named alloys grouped alphabetically by base metal.

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List of astronomy acronyms

This is a compilation of initialisms and acronyms commonly used in astronomy.

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List of basic income models

A basic income is a form of social security in which all citizens or residents of a country receive a regular, unconditional sum of money, either from a government or from some other public institution, independent of any other income.

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List of blade materials

Blade materials are those used to make the blade of a knife or other simple edged hand tool or weapon, such as a hatchet or sword.

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List of chemical element name etymologies

This is the list of etymologies for all chemical element names.

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List of chemical elements

, 118 chemical elements are identified.

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List of Chinese inventions

China has been the source of many innovations, scientific discoveries and inventions.

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List of commonly available chemicals

Many chemicals are commonly available in pure form.

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List of compounds with carbon number 1

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 1 carbon atom.

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List of compounds with carbon number 10

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 10 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 11

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 11 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 12

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 12 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 13

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 13 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 14

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 14 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 15

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 15 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 16

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 16 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 17

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 17 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 18

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 18 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 19

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 19 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 2

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 2 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 20

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 20 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 21

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 21 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 22

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 22 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 23

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 23 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 24

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 24 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 3

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 3 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 4

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 4 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 5

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 5 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 6

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 6 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 7

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 7 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 8

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 8 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon number 9

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 9 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon numbers 25–29

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 25 to 29 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon numbers 30–39

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 30 to 39 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon numbers 40–49

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 40 to 49 carbon atoms.

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List of compounds with carbon numbers 50–100

This is a partial list of molecules that contain 50 to 100 carbon atoms.

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List of counties in Pennsylvania

The following is a list of the sixty-seven counties of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States of America. The city of Philadelphia is coterminous with Philadelphia County, and governmental functions have been consolidated since 1854.

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List of craters on Mathilde

This is a list of named craters on 253 Mathilde, an asteroid of the asteroid belt, approximately 53 kilometers in diameter.

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List of Dutch inventions and discoveries

The Netherlands had a considerable part in the making of modern society.

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List of elements by atomic properties

This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by Atomic number.

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List of elements by stability of isotopes

Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge.

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List of examples of lengths

This is a list of examples of lengths, in metres in order to give an understanding of lengths.

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List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

This is a list of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded, ellipsoidal shape due to the forces of their own gravity (hydrostatic equilibrium).

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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/C

Category:Lists of words.

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List of Heidelberg University people

Alumni and faculty of the university include many founders and pioneers of academic disciplines, and a large number of internationally acclaimed philosophers, poets, jurisprudents, theologians, natural and social scientists.

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List of In Our Time programmes

In Our Time is a discussion programme on the history of ideas; it has been hosted since 1998 by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom.

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List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules

This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes, grouped by the number of component atoms.

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List of ions

This is a list of ions, indexed according to the periodic table.

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List of Latin words with English derivatives

This is a list of Latin words with derivatives in English (and other modern languages).

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List of letters used in mathematics and science

Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.

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List of MeSH codes (D01)

This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of Modern Marvels episodes

This is an episode list of the long-running documentary television series Modern Marvels.

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List of neutrino experiments

This is a non-exhaustive list of neutrino experiments, neutrino detectors, and neutrino telescopes.

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List of oxidation states of the elements

This is a list of known oxidation states of the chemical elements, excluding nonintegral values.

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List of Rees's Cyclopædia articles

The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature is an important 19th century British encyclopædia edited by Rev.

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List of refrigerants

Chemical refrigerants are assigned an R number which is determined systematically according to molecular structure.

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List of rock formations in Albania

Albania is a small predominantly mountainous country between Southern and Southeastern Europe, facing the Adriatic and Ionian seas within the Mediterranean sea.

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List of Russian chemists

This list of Russian chemists includes the famous chemists and material scientists of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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List of starships in Stargate

This is a list of fictional starships in the Stargate universe depicted through a series of television shows and three feature-length movies.

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List of straight-chain alkanes

The following is a list of straight-chain and branched alkanes and their common names, sorted by number of carbon atoms.

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List of Superfund sites in Washington (state)

This is a list of Superfund sites in Washington State designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of The Colbert Report episodes (2008)

This is a list of episodes for The Colbert Report in 2008.

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List of The Qwaser of Stigmata characters

The following is a list of characters from The Qwaser of Stigmata series of stories that were published in the Japanese manga Champion Red.

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List of thermal conductivities

In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat.

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List of UN numbers 1301 to 1400

The UN numbers from UN1301 to UN1400 as assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.

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List of world production

This is a list of annual world production.

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Lists of organisms by population

This is a collection of lists of organisms by their population.

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Lithium

Lithium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.

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Lithium battery

Lithium batteries are primary batteries that have lithium as an anode.

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Lithium carbide

Lithium carbide,, often known as dilithium acetylide, is a chemical compound of lithium and carbon, an acetylide.

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Lithium iron phosphate

Lithium iron phosphate, also known as LFP, is an inorganic compound with the formula.

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Lithium iron phosphate battery

The lithium iron phosphate battery, also called LFP battery (with "LFP" standing for "lithium ferrophosphate"), is a type of rechargeable battery, specifically a lithium-ion battery, which uses 4 as a cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic current collector grid as the anode.

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Lithium polymer battery

A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly lithium-ion polymer battery (abbreviated as LiPo, LIP, Li-poly, lithium-poly and others), is a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte.

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Lithium-ion battery

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.

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Lithium-ion capacitor

A lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is a hybrid type of capacitor out of the family of the supercapacitors.

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Lithium–titanate battery

The lithium–titanate battery is a type of rechargeable battery which has the advantage of being faster to charge than other lithium-ion batteries.

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Lithotroph

Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

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Little Mahanoy Creek

Little Mahanoy Creek is a tributary of Mahanoy Creek in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania.

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Living Planet Programme

The Living Planet Programme (LPP) is a programme within the European Space Agency which is managed by the Earth Observation Programmes Directorate.

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Llogara National Park

The Llogara National Park (Parku Kombëtar i Llogarasë) is a national park centered on the Ceraunian Mountains along the Albanian Riviera in Southwestern Albania, spanning an surface area of.

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Local oxidation nanolithography

Local oxidation nanolithography (LON) is a tip-based nanofabrication method.

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Locant

In organic chemistry, a locant is a figure to indicate the position of a functional group within a molecule.

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Lolitrem B

Lolitrem B is one of many toxins produced by a fungus called Epichloë festucae (var. lolii), which grows in perennial ryegrass.

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Los Angeles metropolitan area

The Los Angeles metropolitan area, also known as Metropolitan Los Angeles or the Southland, is the 18th largest metropolitan area in the world and the second-largest metropolitan area in the United States.

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Lost City Hydrothermal Field

The Lost City Hydrothermal Field is a field of alkaline hydrothermal vents in the mid-Atlantic Ocean.

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Louis Calder Center

The Louis Calder Center is Fordham University's biological field station.

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Low-alloy special purpose steel

Low-alloy special purpose steel is a grade of tool steel characterized by its proportion of iron to other elements, the kind of elements in its composition, and its treatment during the manufacturing process.

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Lower fullerenes

Lower fullerenes are fullerene molecules consisting of fewer than 60 carbon atoms.

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LP 145-141

LP 145-141 is a white dwarf located 15 light years from the Solar System.

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Luciferin

Luciferin (from the Latin lucifer, "light-bringer") is a generic term for the light-emitting compound found in organisms that generate bioluminescence.

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Luisa Ottolini

Luisa Ottolini (born July 10, 1954, in Tortona, province of Alessandria, Italy) is an Italian physicist.

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LWRC International

LWRC International, LLC, formerly known as Land Warfare Resources Corporation, is a CAGE defense contractor and firearms manufacturer, founded in 1999, and based in Cambridge, Maryland.

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LWRC M6

The M6 is a series of carbines designed and manufactured by LWRC International.

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Lyate ion

In chemistry, a lyate ion is the anion derived by the deprotonation of a solvent molecule.

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Lyman-alpha forest

In astronomical spectroscopy, the Lyman-alpha forest is a series of absorption lines in the spectra of distant galaxies and quasars arising from the Lyman-alpha electron transition of the neutral hydrogen atom.

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Lyonium ion

In chemistry, a lyonium ion is the cation derived by the protonation of a solvent molecule.

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Lysergic acid diethylamide

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects, which may include altered awareness of one's surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and images that seem real though they are not.

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Lysinibacillus fusiformis

Lysinibacillus fusiformis (commonly abbreviated L. fusiformis) is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Lysinibacillus.

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Lyxose

Lyxose is an aldopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group.

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Maastrichtian

The Maastrichtian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the latest age (uppermost stage) of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series, the Cretaceous period or system, and of the Mesozoic era or erathem.

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Macrocystis pyrifera

Macrocystis pyrifera, commonly known as giant kelp or giant bladder kelp, is a species of kelp (large brown algae), and one of four species in the genus Macrocystis.

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Madelung synthesis

The Madelung synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces (substituted or unsubstituted) indoles by the intramolecular cyclization of N-phenylamides using strong base at high temperature.The Madelung synthesis was reported in 1912 by Walter Madelung, when he observed that 2-phenylindole was synthesized using N-benzoyl-o-toluidine and two equivalents of sodium ethoxide in a heated, airless, reaction.

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Magnesiopascoite

Magnesiopascoite is a bright orange mineral with formula Ca2Mg(V10O28)·16H2O.

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Magnesite

Magnesite is a mineral with the chemical formula MgCO3 (magnesium carbonate).

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Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.

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Magnesium in biology

Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems.

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Magnesium sulfur battery

A magnesium sulfur battery is a rechargeable battery that uses magnesium ion as its charge carrier, magnesium metal as anode and sulfur as cathode.

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Magnet

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.

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Magnetic circular dichroism

Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) is the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized (LCP and RCP) light, induced in a sample by a strong magnetic field oriented parallel to the direction of light propagation.

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Magnetic inequivalence

In the context of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the term magnetic inequivalence refers to the distinction between magnetically active nuclear spins by their NMR signals, owing to a difference in either chemical shift (magnetic inequivalence by the chemical shift criterion) or spin-spin coupling (J-coupling) (magnetic inequivalence by the coupling criterion).

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Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

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Magnetic susceptibility

In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility (Latin: susceptibilis, "receptive"; denoted) is one measure of the magnetic properties of a material.

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Magnetism

Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields.

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Main sequence

In astronomy, the main sequence is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appear on plots of stellar color versus brightness.

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Main-group element

In chemistry and atomic physics, the main group is the group of elements whose lightest members are represented by helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine as arranged in the periodic table of the elements.

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Malonate

The malonate or propanedioate ion is CH2(COO)22− (malonic acid minus two hydrogen ions).

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Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.

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Manual transmission

A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, a standard transmission or colloquially in some countries (e.g. the United States) as a stick shift is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications.

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Maraging steel

Maraging steels (a portmanteau of "martensitic" and "aging") are steels (iron alloys) that are known for possessing superior strength and toughness without losing malleability, although they cannot hold a good cutting edge.

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Marceli Nencki

Wilhelm Marceli Nencki (15 January 1847 in Boczki, Zduńska Wola County – 14 October 1901 in Saint Petersburg) was a famous Polish chemist and doctor.

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Marcello Pirani

Marcello Stefano Pirani (July 1, 1880 – January 11, 1968) was a German physicist known for his invention of the Pirani vacuum gauge, a vacuum gauge based on the principle of heat loss measurement.

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Mariana Weissmann

Mariana Weissmann (born 17 December 1933) is an Argentinian physicist, specializing in the computational physics of condensed matter.

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Marilyn Fogel

Marilyn Fogel (born September 19, 1952) is an American geo-ecologist, currently working as a Professor of Geo-ecology at UC Riverside in Riverside, California. She is known for her work with stable isotope geochemistry, studying ancient climate, animal behavior, ecology, and astrobiology. Fogel has also served in many leadership roles, including Program Director at the National Science Foundation in geobiology and low-temperature geochemistry. She was the second female member of the Geophysical Laboratory and the first woman recipient of the Alfred Treibs Medal from the Geochemical Society for her work in organic geochemistry.

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Marine biogenic calcification

Marine biogenic calcification is the process by which marine organisms such as oysters and clams form calcium carbonate.

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Marine biology

Marine biology is the scientific study of marine life, organisms in the sea.

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Marine life

Marine life, or sea life or ocean life, is the plants, animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries.

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Marine microorganism

Marine microorganisms are defined by their habitat as the microorganisms living in a marine environment, that is, in the saltwater of a sea or ocean or the brackish water of a coastal estuary.

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Marine snow

In the deep ocean, marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column.

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Mars Scout Program

The Mars Scout Program was a NASA initiative to send a series of small, low-cost robotic missions to Mars, competitively selected from innovative proposals by the scientific community.

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Mars to Stay

Mars to Stay missions propose astronauts sent to Mars for the first time should intend to stay.

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Marsh test

The Marsh test is a highly sensitive method in the detection of arsenic, especially useful in the field of forensic toxicology when arsenic was used as a poison.

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Martin Kamen

Martin David Kamen (August 27, 1913, Toronto – August 31, 2002) was a chemist briefly involved with the Manhattan project.

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Masbate

Masbate, officially the Province of Masbate (Masbateño: Probinsya san Masbate; Kapuoran sang Masbate; Probinsya kan Masbate; Lalawigan ng Masbate) is an island province in the Philippines located near the middle of the nation's archipelago.

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Maserati MC12

The Maserati MC12 is a limited production two-seater sports car produced by Italian car maker Maserati to allow a racing variant to compete in the FIA GT Championship.

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Mass (mass spectrometry)

The mass recorded by a mass spectrometer can refer to different physical quantities depending on the characteristics of the instrument and the manner in which the mass spectrum is displayed.

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Mass number

The mass number (symbol A, from the German word Atomgewichte (atomic weight), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It determines the atomic mass of atoms. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion. The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element. This is not the same as the atomic number (Z) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus, and thus uniquely identifies an element. Hence, the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus:. The mass number is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of carbon is carbon-12, or, which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The full isotope symbol would also have the atomic number (Z) as a subscript to the left of the element symbol directly below the mass number:. This is technically redundant, as each element is defined by its atomic number, so it is often omitted.

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Mass spectral interpretation

Mass spectral interpretation is the method employed to identify the chemical formula, characteristic fragment patterns and possible fragment ions from the mass spectra.

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Material ConneXion

Material ConneXion is a materials consultancy that helps companies source advanced materials to enhance the performance, aesthetics and sustainability of their projects.

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Material properties of diamond

Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic.

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Materials science

The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids.

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Matricaria chamomilla

Matricaria chamomilla (synonym: Matricaria recutita), commonly known as chamomile (also spelled camomile), Italian camomilla, German chamomile, Hungarian chamomile (kamilla), wild chamomile or scented mayweed, is an annual plant of the composite family Asteraceae.

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MAVEN

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) is a space probe developed by NASA to study the Martian atmosphere while orbiting Mars.

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MAX phases

The MAX phases are layered, hexagonal carbides and nitrides have the general formula: Mn+1AXn, (MAX) where n.

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Mössbauer spectroscopy

Mössbauer spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect.

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Mølen

Mølen in Brunlanes, Larvik is Norway's largest beach of rolling stones, and is a part of Vestfoldraet, the terrain left behind after the end of the most recent ice age around 10,000 years ago.

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McDermitt Caldera

The McDermitt Caldera is a large, oval-shaped caldera west of McDermitt in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada in the United States.

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Measurement

Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events.

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Meat tax

A meat tax is a tax levied on the carbon emissions of meat and/or other animal products.

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Mechanosynthesis

Mechanosynthesis is a term for hypothetical chemical syntheses in which reaction outcomes are determined by the use of mechanical constraints to direct reactive molecules to specific molecular sites.

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Medieval bioarchaeology

Medieval bioarchaeology is the study of human remains recovered from medieval archaeological sites.

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Meeker Run

Meeker Run is a tributary of Heberly Run in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Meitnerium

Meitnerium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109.

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Mellitic acid

Mellitic acid, also called graphitic acid or benzenehexacarboxylic acid, is an acid first discovered in 1799 by M. H. Klaproth in the mineral mellite (honeystone), which is the aluminium salt of the acid.

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Mellitic anhydride

Mellitic anhydride, the anhydride of mellitic acid, is an organic compound with the formula C12O9.

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Melting point

The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure.

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Melting points of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Membrane curvature

Membrane curvature is the geometrical measure or characterization of the curvature of membranes.

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Membrane lipid

A membrane lipid is a compound which belongs to a group of (structurally similar to fats and oils) which form the double-layered surface of all cells (lipid bilayer).

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Mendelevium

Mendelevium is a synthetic element with chemical symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101.

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Mercury(II) acetate

Mercury(II) acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Hg(O2CCH3)2.

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Mercury(II) cyanide

Mercury(II) cyanide, also known as mercuric cyanide, is a coordination compound of nitrogen, carbon and mercury.

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Mesoxalic acid

Mesoxalic acid, also called oxomalonic acid or ketomalonic acid, is an organic compound with formula C3H2O5 or HO-(C.

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Messelite

Messelite is a mineral with formula Ca2(Fe2+,Mn2+)(PO4)2·2H2O.

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Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.

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Metal

A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.

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Metallacycle

In organometallic chemistry, a metallacycle is a derivative of a carbocyclic compound wherein a metal has replaced at least one carbon center; this is to some extent similar to heterocycles.

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Metallic microlattice

A metallic microlattice is a synthetic porous metallic material consisting of an ultra-light metal foam.

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Metallicity

In astronomy, metallicity is used to describe the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen or helium.

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Metallocarbohedryne

A metallocarbohedryne (or met-car for short) is any one of a family of chemical compounds with the generic molecular formula, where M is a transition metal such as titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, molybdenum, chromium, or iron.

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Metallography

Metallography is the study of the physical structure and components of metals, by using microscopy.

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Metalloid

A metalloid is any chemical element which has properties in between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them.

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Metallosphaera sedula

Metallosphaera sedula is a species of Metallosphaera that is originally isolated from a volcanic field in Italy.

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Meteoroid

A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space.

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Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).

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Methane clumped isotopes

Methane clumped isotopes are methane molecules that contain two or more rare isotopes. Methane (CH4) contains two elements, carbon and hydrogen, each of which has two stable isotopes.

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Methanetetracarboxylate

In chemistry, methanetetracarboxylate is a tetravalent anion with formula C5O84− or C(COO&minus)4.

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Methanium

In chemistry, methanium is a complex positive ion with formula +, namely a molecule with one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one hydrogen molecule, bearing a +1 electric charge.

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Methanohalophilus mahii

Methanohalophilus mahii (also known as Mhp. mahii) is an obligately anaerobic, methylotrophic, methanogenic cocci-shaped archaeon of the genus Methanohalophilus that can be found in high salinity aquatic environments.

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Methanol

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH).

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Methanomethylovorans hollandica

Methanomethylovorans hollandica is a species of methylotrophic methanogen able to grow on dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol.

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Methanotroph

Methanotrophs (sometimes called methanophiles) are prokaryotes that metabolize methane as their only source of carbon and energy.

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Methedrone

Methedrone (para-methoxymethcathinone, 4-methoxymethcathinone, bk-PMMA, PMMC, methoxyphedrine, 4-MeOMC) is a recreational drug of the cathinone chemical class.

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Methine group

In chemistry, methine is a trivalent functional group.

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Methoxy group

A methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen.

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Methyl green

Methyl green (CI 42585) is a cationic or positive charged stain, related to Ethyl green, that has been used for staining DNA since the 19th century.

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Methyl group

A methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms — CH3.

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Methyl jasmonate

No description.

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Methyl perchlorate

Methyl perchlorate is an organic chemical compound.

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Methylene bridge

In organic chemistry, a methylene bridge, methylene spacer, or methanediyl group is any part of a molecule with formula --; namely, a carbon atom bound to two hydrogen atoms and connected by single bonds to two other distinct atoms in the rest of the molecule.

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Methylene group

In organic chemistry, a methylene group is any part of a molecule that consists of two hydrogen atoms bound to a carbon atom, which is connected to the remainder of the molecule by a double bond.

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Methylidyne group

In chemistry, a methylidyne group or just methylidyne is a neutral part of a molecule (a substituent or functional group) with formula ≡CH, consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom by one single bond and to the rest of the molecule by one triple bond.

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Methylidynephosphane

Methylidynephosphane (phosphaethyne) is a chemical compound which was the first phosphaalkyne compound discovered, containing the unusual C≡P carbon-phosphorus triple bond.

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Methyllithium

Methyllithium is the simplest organolithium reagent with the empirical formula CH3Li.

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Methylomonas scandinavica

Methylomonas scandinavica is a species of Gram-negative gammaproteobacteria found in deep igneous rock ground water in Sweden.

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Methylsilane

Methylsilane (CH3-SiH3) is a compound of silicon, carbon, and hydrogen.

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Mexican peso

The Mexican peso (sign: $; code: MXN) is the currency of Mexico.

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Michael A. O'Keefe

Michael A. O'Keefe (b. 8 September 1942, in East Melbourne, Australia) is a physicist who has worked in materials science and electron microscopy.

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Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

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Microbial ecology

Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment.

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Microbial metabolism

Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce.

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Micrometeorite

A micrometeorite is essentially a micrometeoroid that has survived entry through Earth's atmosphere.

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Microtiter plate

A microtiter plate (spelled Microtiter is a registered trade name in the United States) or microplate or microwell plate or multiwell, is a flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes.

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Mikhail Katsnelson

Mikhail Iosifovich Katsnelson (Михаил Иосифович Кацнельсон; born 10 August 1957) is a Dutch professor of theoretical physics of Russian descent.

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Milionerzy

Milionerzy (Millionaires) is a Polish game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? The show is hosted by Hubert Urbański.

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Minenwerfer

Minenwerfer ("mine launcher") is the German name for a class of short range mortars used extensively during the First World War by the German Army.

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Mineral salts pyridone broth

Mineral salts pyridone broth is a selective medium for bacteria that can metabolize pyridone (which is an unusual carbon source that a select few types of bacteria can use).

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Mining industry of Romania

Romania ranks tenth in the world in terms of the diversity of minerals produced in the country.

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Minnes Group

The Minnes Group, originally named the Minnes Formation, is a geologic unit of latest Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.

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Miscibility

Miscibility is the property of substances to mix in all proportions (that is, to fully dissolve in each other at any concentration), forming a homogeneous solution.

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Mitsubishi Lancer WRC

The Mitsubishi Lancer WRC is a World Rally Car built by Ralliart, Mitsubishi Motors' motorsport division, to compete in the World Rally Championship.

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Modelling biological systems

Modelling biological systems is a significant task of systems biology and mathematical biology.

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Molar ionization energies of the elements

These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ mol−1.

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Molasses

Molasses, or black treacle (British, for human consumption; known as molasses otherwise), is a viscous product resulting from refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar.

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Molecular assembler

A molecular assembler, as defined by K. Eric Drexler, is a "proposed device able to guide chemical reactions by positioning reactive molecules with atomic precision".

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Molecular dynamics

Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for studying the physical movements of atoms and molecules.

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Molecular model

A molecular model, in this article, is a physical model that represents molecules and their processes.

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Molecular solid

A molecular solid is a solid consisting of discrete molecules.

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Molecule

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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Molten salt reactor

A molten salt reactor (MSR) is a class of generation IV nuclear fission reactor in which the primary nuclear reactor coolant, or even the fuel itself, is a molten salt mixture.

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Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42.

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Molybdenum carbide

Molybdenum carbide (MoC and Mo2C) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools.

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Monach Formation

The Monach Formation is a geologic formation of Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin that consists primarily of sandstone.

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Monica Grady

Monica Mary Grady, CBE (born 15 July 1958 in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK), is a leading British space scientist, primarily known for her work on meteorites.

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Monomethylhydrazine

Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) is a volatile hydrazine chemical with the chemical formula CH3(NH)NH2.

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Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the most basic units of carbohydrates.

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Monosaccharide nomenclature

Monosaccharide nomenclature is a set of conventions used in chemistry to name the compounds known as monosaccharides or "simple sugars" — the basic structural units of carbohydrates, which cannot be hydrolysed into simpler units.

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Monounsaturated fat

In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fatty acids (abbreviated MUFAs, or more plainly monounsaturated fats) are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain with all of the remainder carbon atoms being single-bonded.

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Montreal Laboratory

The Montreal Laboratory in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, was established by the National Research Council of Canada during World War II to undertake nuclear research in collaboration with the United Kingdom, and to absorb some of the scientists and work of the Tube Alloys nuclear project in Britain.

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Moon

The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite.

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Morgan Advanced Materials

Morgan Advanced Materials is a global manufacturer of specialist products, using carbon, advanced ceramics and composites for a broad range of markets.

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Morpholine

Morpholine is an organic chemical compound having the chemical formula O(CH2CH2)2NH.

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Morris S. Kharasch

Morris Selig Kharasch (August 24, 1895 – October 9, 1957) was a pioneering organic chemist best known for his work with free radical additions and polymerizations.

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Moss meteorite

Moss is a carbonaceous chondrite meteorite that fell over the communities of Rygge and Moss in Østfold county, southeast southern Norway in the morning of midsummer day, July 14, 2006.

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Motor oil

Motor oil, engine oil, or engine lubricant is any of various substances comprising base oils enhanced with additives, particularly antiwear additive plus detergents, dispersants and, for multi-grade oils viscosity index improvers.

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Motorola Aura

Motorola Aura (styled AURA) is a series of luxury mobile phones from Motorola, and is part of the 4LTR line, announced in October 2008 and made available by December.

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Mountain pine beetle

The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a species of bark beetle native to the forests of western North America from Mexico to central British Columbia.

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Mu Cephei

Mu Cephei (μ Cep, μ Cephei), also known as Herschel's Garnet Star, is a red supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus.

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Mu-metal

Mu-metal is a nickel–iron soft ferromagnetic alloy with very high permeability, which is used for shielding sensitive electronic equipment against static or low-frequency magnetic fields.

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Muisca Confederation

The Muisca Confederation was a loose confederation of different Muisca rulers (zaques, zipas, iraca and tundama) in the central Andean highlands of present-day Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America.

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Muisca economy

This article describes the economy of the Muisca.

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Multiplicity (chemistry)

In spectroscopy and quantum chemistry, the multiplicity of an energy level is defined as 2S+1, where S is the total spin angular momentum.

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Mushet steel

Mushet steel, also known as Robert Mushet's Special Steel (RMS), self-hardening steel and air-hardening steel,.

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Mycobacterium fortuitum

Mycobacterium fortuitum is a nontuberculous species of the phylum actinobacteria (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus mycobacterium.

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Mycolic acid

Mycolic acids are long fatty acids found in the cell walls of the Mycolata taxon, a group of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis.

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Mycoremediation

Mycoremediation (from ancient Greek μύκης (mukēs), meaning "fungus" and the suffix -remedium, in Latin meaning 'restoring balance') is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based technology is used to decontaminate the environment.

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Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage

Soil carbon storage is an important function of terrestrial ecosystems.

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N-Acetylglucosamine

N-Acetylglucosamine (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or GlcNAc, or NAG) is a monosaccharide and a derivative of glucose.

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N-Acetylmuramic acid

N-Acetylmuramic acid, or MurNAc, is the ether of lactic acid and ''N''-acetylglucosamine with a chemical formula of C11H19NO8.

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N-Acyl homoserine lactone

N-Acyl homoserine lactones (Abbreviated as AHLs or N-AHLs) are a class of signaling molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing.

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N-Butanol

n-Butanol or n-butyl alcohol or normal butanol is a primary alcohol with a 4-carbon structure and the chemical formula C4H9OH.

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N-Butyllithium

n-Butyllithium (abbreviated n-BuLi) is an organolithium reagent.

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N-linked glycosylation

N-linked glycosylation, is the attachment of the sugar molecule oligosaccharide known as glycan to a nitrogen atom (the amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue of a protein), in a process called N-glycosylation, studied in biochemistry.

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N1 (rocket)

The N1 (Russian: Н1, from Ракета-носитель, Raketa-Nositel, carrier) was a super heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to deliver payloads beyond low Earth orbit, acting as the Soviet counterpart to the US Saturn V. It was designed with crewed extra-orbital travel in mind.

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Nahcolite

Nahcolite is a soft, colourless or white carbonate mineral with the composition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) also called thermokalite.

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Nakhla meteorite

Nakhla is a Martian meteorite fallen in Egypt in 1911.

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Naming of chemical elements

Chemical elements may be named from various sources: sometimes based on the person who discovered it, or the place it was discovered.

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Nano guitar

The nano guitar is a microscopically small carved guitar.

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Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries

Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries are attempts to employ nanotechnology to improve the design of lithium-ion batteries.

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Nanochemistry

Nanochemistry is the combination of chemistry and nanoscience.

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Nanoelectromechanical systems

Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are a class of devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale.

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Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 to 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but usually is 1 to 100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale).

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Nanonet

A nanonet is a net with fibers on the scale of nanometers.

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Nanonetwork

A nanonetwork or nanoscale network is a set of interconnected nanomachines (devices a few hundred nanometers or a few micrometers at most in size), which are able to perform only very simple tasks such as computing, data storing, sensing and actuation.

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Nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate

A nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate is a nanoparticle with biomolecules attached to its surface.

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Nanophytoplankton

Nanophytoplankton are particularly small phytoplankton with sizes between 2 and 20 µm.

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Nanopipette

Nanopipettes are pipettes in nanometer scale, generally made from quartz capillaries with the help of laser-based pipette puller system.

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Nanoremediation

Nanoremediation is the use of nanoparticles for environmental remediation.

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Nanosheet

A nanosheet is a two-dimensional nanostructure with thickness in a scale ranging from 1 to 100 nm.

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Nanticoke Creek

Nanticoke Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Naphthalene

Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula.

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National Research Universal reactor

The National Research Universal (NRU) reactor was a 135 MWt nuclear research reactor built in the Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario, one of Canada’s national science facilities.

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Native element minerals

Native element minerals are those elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure.

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Native metal

A native metal is any metal that is found in its metallic form, either pure in nature.

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Natron

Natron is a naturally occurring mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O, a kind of soda ash) and around 17% sodium bicarbonate (also called baking soda, NaHCO3) along with small quantities of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate.

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Natural building

A natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability.

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Natural environment

The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.

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Natural gas vehicle

A natural gas vehicle (NGV) is an alternative fuel vehicle that uses compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG).

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Natural-gas condensate

Natural-gas condensate is a low-density mixture of hydrocarbon liquids that are present as gaseous components in the raw natural gas produced from many natural gas fields.

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NatureWorks

NatureWorks LLC is an international company that manufactures bioplastics—polymers derived entirely from plant resources—as an alternative to conventional plastic, which is made from petroleum.

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Nefopam

Nefopam, sold under the brand names Acupan among others, is a painkilling medication.

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Neomorphism

Neomorphism refers to the wet metamorphic process in which diagenetic alterations systematically transform minerals into either polymorphs or crystalline structures that are structurally identical to the rock(s) from which they developed.

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Neon

Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10.

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Neon-burning process

The neon-burning process (nuclear decay) is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in massive stars (at least 8 Solar masses).

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Neopentane

Neopentane, also called 2,2-dimethylpropane, is a double-branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms.

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Neptunium

Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93.

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Nervonic acid

Nervonic acid (24:1, n-9) is a fatty acid.

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Neuromuscular-blocking drug

Neuromuscular-blocking drugs block neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the affected skeletal muscles.

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Neutron

| magnetic_moment.

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Neutron cross section

In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus.

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Neutron moderator

In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction involving uranium-235 or a similar fissile nuclide.

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Neutron radiation

Neutron radiation is a form of ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons.

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Neutron reflectometry

Neutron reflectometry is a neutron diffraction technique for measuring the structure of thin films, similar to the often complementary techniques of X-ray reflectivity and ellipsometry.

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Neutron scattering length

A neutron may pass by a nucleus with a probability determined by the nuclear interaction distance, or be absorbed, or undergo scattering that may be either coherent or incoherent.

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Ngäbe

The Ngäbe or Guaymí are an indigenous people within the territories of present-day Panama and Costa Rica in Central America.

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NGC 6072

NGC 6072 is a type I nebulae in the constellation Scorpius.

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NGC 7027

NGC 7027 is a very young and dense planetary nebula located around away in the constellation Cygnus.

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NGC 7419

NGC 7419 is an open cluster in the constellation Cepheus.

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Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.

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Nickel tetracarbonyl

Nickel carbonyl (IUPAC name: tetracarbonylnickel) is the organonickel compound with the formula Ni(CO)4.

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Nicotinate-nucleotide—dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase

In enzymology, a nicotinate-nucleotide-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, whereas its two products are nicotinate and alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate.

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Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev

Nikolai Alexandrovich Kozyrev (Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Ко́зырев; September 2, 1908 – February 27, 1983) was a Soviet astronomer/astrophysicist.

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Nili Fossae

Nili Fossae is a group of large, concentric grabens on Mars, located in the Syrtis Major quadrangle.

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Niobium carbide

Niobium carbide (NbC and Nb2C) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools.

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Niobium diboride

Niobium diboride (NbB2) is a highly covalent refractory ceramic material with a hexagonal crystal structure.

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Nitrification

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate.

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Nitrile

A nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group.

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Nitrocefin

Nitrocefin is a chromogenic cephalosporin substrate routinely used to detect the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes produced by various microbes.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.

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Nitrogen dioxide poisoning

Nitrogen dioxide poisoning is the illness resulting from the toxic effect of nitrogen dioxide.

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Nitrogen rule

The nitrogen rule states that organic compounds containing exclusively hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens either have 1) an odd nominal mass that indicates an odd number of nitrogen atoms are present or 2) an even nominal mass that indicates an even number of nitrogen atoms in the molecular formula of the molecular ion. The nitrogen rule is not a rule, per se, as much as a general principle which may prove useful when attempting to solve organic mass spectrometry structures.

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Nitrogen–phosphorus detector

The nitrogen–phosphorus detector (NPD) is also known as thermionic specific detector (TSD) is a detector commonly used with gas chromatography, in which thermal energy is used to ionize an analyte.

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Nitronic

Nitronic is the trade name for a collection of nitrogen strengthened stainless steel alloys.

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Nobelium

Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102.

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Noble gas

The noble gases (historically also the inert gases) make up a group of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity.

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Nonacosylic acid

Nonacosylic acid, or Nonacosanoic acid, is a 29-carbon long-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formulaCH3(CH2)27COOH.

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Nonadecylic acid

Nonadecylic acid, or nonadecanoic acid, is a 19-carbon long saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)17COOH.

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Nonane

Nonane is a linear alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C9H20.

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Nonmetal

Apart from hydrogen, nonmetals are located in the p-block. Helium, as an s-block element, would normally be placed next to hydrogen and above beryllium. However, since it is a noble gas, it is instead placed above neon (in the p-block). In chemistry, a nonmetal (or non-metal) is a chemical element that mostly lacks metallic attributes.

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Nopaline

Nopaline is a chemical compound derived from the amino acids glutamic acid and arginine.

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Noreia

Noreia is an ancient lost city in the Eastern Alps, most likely in southern Austria.

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Norfolk punt

The Norfolk Punt is a type of yacht, derived from the flat-bottomed gun punts that roamed the Broadland waters in the mid-to-late 19th century.

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Noricum

Noricum is the Latin name for a Celtic kingdom, or federation of tribes, that included most of modern Austria and part of Slovenia.

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North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat

North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat (formerly Regional Research Laboratory) is a constituent establishment of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), a premier R&D organisation of India, which has a chain of laboratories across the country.

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North Horn Formation

The North Horn Formation is a widespread non-marine sedimentary unit with extensive outcrops exposed in central and eastern Utah.

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Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

The Northrop (later Northrop Grumman) B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, is an American heavy penetration strategic bomber, featuring low observable stealth technology designed for penetrating dense anti-aircraft defenses; it is a flying wing design with a crew of two.

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Nothofagin

Nothofagin is a dihydrochalcone.

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Nuclear chemistry

Nuclear chemistry is the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, such as nuclear transmutation, and nuclear properties.

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Nuclear energy in Bangladesh

Bangladesh first conceived building a nuclear power plant in 1961.

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Nuclear magnetic moment

The nuclear magnetic moment is the magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus and arises from the spin of the protons and neutrons.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling

Nuclear magnetic resonance decoupling (NMR decoupling for short) is a special method used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy where a sample to be analyzed is irradiated at a certain frequency or frequency range to eliminate fully or partially the effect of coupling between certain nuclei.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) quantum computing is one of the several proposed approaches for constructing a quantum computer, that uses the spin states of nuclei within molecules as qubits.

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Nuclear reaction analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) is a nuclear method in materials science to obtain concentration vs.

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Nuclear reprocessing

Nuclear reprocessing technology was developed to chemically separate and recover fissionable plutonium from spent nuclear fuel.

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Nuclear transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element or an isotope into another chemical element.

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Nuclear winter

Nuclear winter is the severe and prolonged global climatic cooling effect hypothesized to occur after widespread firestorms following a nuclear war.

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Nucleic acid nomenclature

Molecular biologists use several shorthand terms when referring to nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA and RNA, collectively referred to as nucleic acid nomenclature.

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Nucleophile

Nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.

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Nucleosynthesis

Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons.

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Number density

In physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology and geography, number density (symbol: n or ρN) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional line number density.

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Nutrient

A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.

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Nutrition

Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism.

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Nyerereite

Nyerereite is a very rare sodium calcium carbonate mineral with formula Na2Ca(CO3)2.

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Nylon

Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers, based on aliphatic or semi-aromatic polyamides.

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Oak (wine)

Oak is used in winemaking to vary the color, flavor, tannin profile and texture of wine.

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Oberon (moon)

Oberon, also designated, is the outermost major moon of the planet Uranus.

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Ocean fertilization

Ocean fertilization or ocean nourishment is a type of climate engineering based on the purposeful introduction of nutrients to the upper ocean to increase marine food production and to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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Oceanic carbon cycle

The oceanic carbon cycle (or marine carbon cycle) is composed of processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the seafloor.

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Ochroconis anomala

Ochroconis anomala is a species of fungus of the Ascomycota group described in 2012.

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Octadecatrienoic acid

An octadecatrienoic acid is a chemical compounds with formula, a fatty acid with whose molecule has an 18-carbon unbranched backbone with three double bonds.

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Octatetraynyl radical

Octatetraynyl radical (C8H) is an organic free radical with eight carbon atoms linked in a chain with alternating single bonds and triple bonds.

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Octet rule

The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electron configuration as a noble gas.

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October 22

No description.

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Octopine dehydrogenase family

In molecular biology, the octopine dehydrogenase family of enzymes act on the CH-NH substrate bond using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as an acceptor.

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Odd Hassel

Odd Hassel (17 May 1897 – 11 May 1981) was a Norwegian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate.

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Oddo–Harkins rule

The Oddo–Harkins rule holds that an element with an even atomic number (such as carbon: element 6) is more abundant than both elements with the adjacently smaller and larger odd atomic numbers (such as boron: element 5 and nitrogen: element 7, respectively for the carbon).

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Oil

An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving").

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Oil refinery

Oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils.

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Oil shale

Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons, called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales), can be produced.

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Oil shale geology

Oil shale geology is a branch of geologic sciences which studies the formation and composition of oil shales–fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing significant amounts of kerogen, and belonging to the group of sapropel fuels.

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Oil shale in Australia

There are oil shale deposits in Australia which range from small deposits to large reserves.

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Olca-Paruma

Olca-Paruma is a volcanic complex in Chile.

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Old-growth forest

An old-growth forest — also termed primary forest, virgin forest, primeval forest, or late seral forest— is a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance and thereby exhibits unique ecological features and might be classified as a climax community.

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Omega Seamaster Planet Ocean

The Omega Seamaster Planet Ocean is an automatic professional Swiss made luxury diving watch designed and manufactured by Omega SA since 2005.

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Open Fuel Standard Coalition

The Open Fuel Standard Coalition is a bipartisan group in the United States actively working for passage of H.R. 1687, the "Open Fuel Standard Act of 2011." The OFS Coalition views this legislation as the solution to the current energy crisis by the implementing of alternative energy sources into our fuel transportation market sector, thereby breaking our dependence on foreign oil.

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Operation Wallacea

Operation Wallacea (known as Opwall) is an organisation funded by tuition fees that runs a series of biological and conservation management research programmes operating in remote locations across the world.

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Orbital hybridisation

In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.

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Orchid mycorrhiza

Orchid mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships between the roots of plants of the family Orchidaceae and a variety of fungi.

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Orders of magnitude (length)

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

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Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude.

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Ordovician–Silurian extinction events

The Ordovician–Silurian extinction events, when combined, are the second-largest of the five major extinction events in Earth's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct.

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Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve

Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve is a protected area in the northern Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon in the United States.

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Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.

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Organic compound

In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.

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Organic matter

Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter (NOM) refers to the large pool of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments.

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Organic mineral

In chemistry and mineralogy, an organic mineral is a mineral that contains carbon.

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Organic semiconductor

Organic semiconductors are solids whose building blocks are pi-bonded molecules or polymers made up by carbon and hydrogen atoms and – at times – heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.

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Organic solar cell

An organic solar cell or plastic solar cell is a type of photovoltaic that uses organic electronics, a branch of electronics that deals with conductive organic polymers or small organic molecules, for light absorption and charge transport to produce electricity from sunlight by the photovoltaic effect.

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Organic superconductor

An organic superconductor is a synthetic organic compound that exhibits superconductivity at low temperatures.

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Organic-rich sedimentary rocks

Organic-rich sedimentary rocks are a specific type of sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts (>3%) of organic carbon.

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Organically moderated and cooled reactor

The organic moderated and cooled reactor (OCR) was an early power-reactor concept studied in the formative years of nuclear power by the United States Atomic Energy Commission and others around the world.

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Organism

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.

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Organoactinide chemistry

Organoactinide chemistry is the science exploring the properties, structure and reactivity of organoactinide compounds, which are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to actinide chemical bond.

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Organoaluminium chemistry

Organoaluminium chemistry is the study of compounds containing bonds between carbon and aluminium bond.

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Organoantimony chemistry

Organoantimony chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing a carbon to antimony (Sb) chemical bond.

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Organoarsenic chemistry

Organoarsenic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing a chemical bond between arsenic and carbon.

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Organobismuth chemistry

Organobismuth chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to bismuth chemical bond.

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Organoboron chemistry

Organoborane or organoboron compounds are chemical compounds of boron and carbon that are organic derivatives of BH3, for example trialkyl boranes.

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Organobromine compound

Organobromine compounds, also called organobromides, are organic compounds that contain carbon bonded to bromine.

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Organocadmium compound

An organocadmium compound is an organometallic compound containing a carbon to cadmium chemical bond.

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Organocatalysis

In organic chemistry, the term organocatalysis (a portmanteau of the terms "organic" and "catalyst") refers to a form of catalysis, whereby the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by an organic catalyst referred to as an "organocatalyst" consisting of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and other nonmetal elements found in organic compounds.

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Organocerium chemistry

Organocerium compounds are chemical compounds that contain one or more chemical bond between carbon and cerium.

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Organochromium chemistry

Organochromium chemistry is a branch of organometallic chemistry that deals with organic compounds containing a chromium to carbon bond and their reactions.

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Organocobalt chemistry

Organocobalt chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to cobalt chemical bond.

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Organocopper compound

Organocopper compounds in organometallic chemistry contain carbon to copper chemical bonds.

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Organogallium chemistry

Organogallium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to gallium (Ga) chemical bond.

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Organogermanium compound

Organogermanium compounds are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to germanium or hydrogen to germanium chemical bond.

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Organogold chemistry

Organogold chemistry is the study of compounds containing gold–carbon bonds.

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Organoiodine compound

Organoiodine compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more carbon–iodine bonds.

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Organoiridium compound

Organoiridium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a iridium-carbon chemical bond.

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Organoiron chemistry

Organoiron chemistry is the chemistry of iron compounds containing a carbon-to-iron chemical bond.

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Organolanthanide chemistry

Organolanthanide chemistry is the field of chemistry that studies compounds with a lanthanide-to-carbon bond.

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Organolead compound

Organolead compounds are chemical compounds containing a chemical bond between carbon and lead.

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Organolithium reagent

Organolithium reagents are organometallic compounds that contain carbon – lithium bonds.

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Organomanganese chemistry

Organomanganese chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to manganese chemical bond.

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Organometallic chemistry

Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin, as well.

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Organoneptunium chemistry

Organoneptunium chemistry is the chemical science exploring the properties, structure and reactivity of organoneptunium compounds, which are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to neptunium chemical bond.

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Organonickel

Organonickel chemistry is a branch of organometallic chemistry that deals with organic compounds featuring nickel-carbon bonds.

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Organoniobium chemistry

Organoniobium chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing niobium-carbon (Nb-C) bonds.

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Organoplatinum

Organoplatinum chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to platinum chemical bond, and the study of platinum as a catalyst in organic reactions.

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Organorhodium chemistry

Organorhodium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a rhodium-carbon chemical bond, and the study of rhodium and rhodium compounds as catalysts in organic reactions.

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Organoruthenium chemistry

Organoruthenium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to ruthenium chemical bond.

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Organoscandium chemistry

Organoscandium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to scandium chemical bond.

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Organoselenium chemistry

Organoselenium compounds are chemical compounds containing carbon-to-selenium chemical bonds.

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Organosilicon

Organosilicon compounds are organometallic compounds containing carbon–silicon bonds.

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Organosilver chemistry

Organosilver chemistry in chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to silver chemical bond and the study of silver as catalyst in organic reactions.

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Organosodium chemistry

Organosodium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to sodium chemical bond.

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Organotantalum chemistry

Organotantalum chemistry is the chemistry of chemical compounds containing a carbon-to-tantalum chemical bond.

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Organotellurium chemistry

Organotellurium chemistry in chemistry describes the synthesis and properties of chemical compounds containing a carbon to tellurium chemical bond.

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Organotitanium compound

Organotitanium compounds in organometallic chemistry contain carbon-to-titanium chemical bonds.

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Organouranium chemistry

Organouranium chemistry is the science exploring the properties, structure and reactivity of organouranium compounds, which are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to uranium chemical bond.

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Organovanadium chemistry

Organovanadium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to vanadium (V) chemical bond.

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Organoxenon compound

Organoxenon compounds in organic chemistry contain carbon to xenon chemical bonds.

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Organoyttrium chemistry

Organoyttrium chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon-yttrium bonds.

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Organozinc compound

Organozinc compounds in organic chemistry contain carbon to zinc chemical bonds.

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Organozirconium chemistry

Organozirconium compounds are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to zirconium chemical bond.

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Organyl group

In organic and organometallic chemistry a organyl group is an organic substituent with one (sometimes more) free valence(-s) at a carbon atom.

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Origin and use of the term metalloid

The origin and usage of the term metalloid is convoluted.

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Origin of birds

The scientific question of within which larger group of animals birds evolved, has traditionally been called the origin of birds.

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Orphenadrine

Orphenadrine (sold under many brand names worldwide Page accessed Feb 5, 2016) is an anticholinergic drug of the ethanolamine antihistamine class; it is closely related to diphenhydramine.

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Orthocarbonic acid

Orthocarbonic acid (methanetetrol) is the name given to a hypothetical compound with the chemical formula H4CO4 or C(OH)4.

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Orthodontic archwire

An archwire in orthodontics is a wire conforming to the alveolar or dental arch that can be used with dental braces as a source of force in correcting irregularities in the position of the teeth.

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OSIRIS-REx

The OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer) is a NASA asteroid study and sample-return mission.

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Osmium

Osmium (from Greek ὀσμή osme, "smell") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76.

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Osmium tetroxide

Osmium tetroxide (also osmium(VIII) oxide) is the chemical compound with the formula OsO4.

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Otavite

Otavite is a rare cadmium carbonate mineral with the formula CdCO3.

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Our Mr. Sun

Our Mr.

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Outline of chemistry

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry: Chemistry – science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate the chemical reactions.

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Outline of organic chemistry

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to organic chemistry: Organic chemistry – scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.

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Oxalic anhydride

Oxalic anhydride or ethanedioic anhydride, also called oxiranedione, is a hypothetical organic compound with the formula C2O3, which can be viewed as the anhydride of oxalic acid or the two-fold ketone of ethylene oxide.

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Oxalicibacterium horti

Oxalicibacterium horti is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, nonspore-forming, yellow-pigmented bacterium from the genus Oxalicibacterium and family Oxalobacteraceae.

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Oxalotrophic

Oxalotrophic bacteria are bacteria capable of using oxalate as their sole source of carbon and energy.

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Oxandrolone

Oxandrolone, sold under the brand names Oxandrin and Anavar among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used to help promote weight gain in various situations, to help offset protein catabolism caused by long-term corticosteroid therapy, to support recovery from severe burns, to treat bone pain associated with osteoporosis, to aid in the development of girls with Turner syndrome, and for other indications.

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Oxaprostaglandin

An oxaprostaglandin is a type of prostaglandin with one carbon atom replaced by an oxygen atom.

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Oxatriquinacene

Oxatriquinacene is an organic cation with formula.

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Oxatriquinane

Oxatriquinane is an alkyl oxonium ion with formula, remarkable for being stable in aqueous solution.

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Oxazepine

Oxazepines are unsaturated heterocycles of seven atoms, with a nitrogen replacing a carbon at one position and with an oxygen replacing a carbon at one position.

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Oxazolidine

An oxazolidine is a five-membered ring compound consisting of three carbons, a nitrogen, and an oxygen.

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Oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.

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Oxidizing and reducing flames

In various burners, the oxidizing flame is the flame produced with an excessive amount of oxygen.

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Oxime

An oxime is a chemical compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula R1R2C.

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Oxocarbon

An oxocarbon or oxide of carbon is a chemical compound consisting only of carbon and oxygen.

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Oxocarbon anion

In chemistry, an oxocarbon anion is a negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula for some integers x, y, and n. The most common oxocarbon anions are carbonate,, and oxalate,.

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Oxonine

Oxonine is an unsaturated heterocycle of nine atoms, with a oxygen replacing a carbon at one position.

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Oxosilanol

Oxosilanol is a chemical compound.

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Oxyacid

An oxyacid, or oxoacid, is an acid that contains oxygen.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Oxygen balance

Oxygen balance (OB, or OB%) is an expression that is used to indicate the degree to which an explosive can be oxidized.

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Oxygen evolution

Oxygen evolution is the process of generating molecular oxygen through chemical reaction.

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Ozone

Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.

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P-type asteroid

P-type asteroids have low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum.

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P. C. S. Devara

Panuganti China Sattilingam Devara, also known as P. C. S. Devara is an Indian atmospheric scientist and physicist.

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Paenibacillus tylopili

Paenibacillus tylopili is a soil-dwelling, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium.

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Pagodane

Pagodane is an organic compound with formula whose carbon skeleton was said to resemble a pagoda, hence the name.

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PAH world hypothesis

The PAH world hypothesis is a speculative hypothesis that proposes that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), known to be abundant in the universe, including in comets, and, as well, assumed to be abundant in the primordial soup of the early Earth, played a major role in the origin of life by mediating the synthesis of RNA molecules, leading into the RNA world.

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Paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).

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Pan Am Flight 103 bombing investigation

The investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 began at 19:03 on December 21, 1988 when Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland.

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Panspermia

Panspermia is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids, and also by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms.

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Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin.

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Parent hydride

In IUPAC nomenclature, a parent hydride is an unbranched acyclic or cyclic structure to which only hydrogen atoms are attached.

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Parisite-(Ce)

Parisite is a rare mineral consisting of cerium, lanthanum and calcium fluoro-carbonate, Ca(Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2.

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Park Yung-woo

Park Yung-woo (Hangul: 박영우, born 1952) is a South Korean physicist, who has worked in the field of materials science.

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Particle in a box

In quantum mechanics, the particle in a box model (also known as the infinite potential well or the infinite square well) describes a particle free to move in a small space surrounded by impenetrable barriers.

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Particle in a ring

In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box.

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Particle therapy

Particle therapy is a form of external beam radiotherapy using beams of energetic protons, neutrons, or positive ions for cancer treatment.

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Particulates

Atmospheric aerosol particles, also known as atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter (PM), particulates, or suspended particulate matter (SPM) are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in Earth's atmosphere.

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Parts washer

A parts washer is a piece of equipment used to remove contaminants or debris, such as dirt, grime, carbon, oil, grease, metal chips, cutting fluids, mold release agents, ink, paint, and corrosion from workpieces.

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Passai

Passai (拔塞, katakana パッサイ), also Bassai (バッサイ), is the name of a group of kata practiced in different styles of martial arts, including karate and various Korean martial arts, including Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, and Soo Bahk Do.

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Patricia Stallings

Patricia Stallings (born 1964 or 1965) is an American woman who was wrongfully convicted of murder after the death of her son Ryan on September 7, 1989.

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Pattern welding

Pattern welding is the practice in sword and knife making of forming a blade of several metal pieces of differing composition that are forge-welded together and twisted and manipulated to form a pattern.

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Paul von Ragué Schleyer

Paul von Ragué Schleyer (February 27, 1930 – November 21, 2014) was an American physical organic chemist of substantial significance whose research is cited with great frequency.

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Paula Tesoriero

Paula Margaret Tesoriero, MNZM (born 29 August 1975 in Wellington, New Zealand) was a New Zealand paralympics racing cyclist, most notable for her performance at the 2008 Summer Paralympics; her world record-breaking time in the women's 500m time trial secured New Zealand's first gold medal at that games, and she later went on to win bronze in both the individual pursuit, and the women's individual road time trial.

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Pearlite

Pearlite is a two-phased, lamellar (or layered) structure composed of alternating layers of ferrite (88 wt%) and cementite (12 wt%) that occurs in some steels and cast irons.

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Pebble-bed reactor

The pebble-bed reactor (PBR) is a design for a graphite-moderated, gas-cooled nuclear reactor.

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Pekka Pyykkö

Veli Pekka Pyykkö (October 12, 1941) is a Finnish academic.

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Pelagosite

Pelagosite is a form of pisolitic aragonite (CaCO3) whose type locality is the Croatian island group of Palagruža (Italian Pelagosa, whence the name) in the middle of the Adriatic.

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Pellet fuel

Pellet fuels (or pellets) are biofuels made from compressed organic matter or biomass.

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Pentaborane

Pentaborane, also called pentaborane(9) to distinguish it from pentaborane(11) (B5H11), is an inorganic compound with the formula B5H9.

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Pentacarbon dioxide

Pentacarbon dioxide, officially penta-1,2,3,4-tetraene-1,5-dione, is an oxide of carbon (an oxocarbon) with formula C5O2 or O.

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Pentacene

Pentacene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of five linearly-fused benzene rings.

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Pentachloroethane

Pentachloroethane is a non-flammable but toxic chemical compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon.

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Pentacosylic acid

Pentacosylic acid, or pentacosanoic acid, or hyenic acid, is a 25-carbon long-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)23COOH.

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Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as PENT, PENTA, TEN, corpent, or penthrite (or—rarely and primarily in German—as nitropenta), is an explosive material.

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Pentakis dodecahedron

In geometry, a pentakis dodecahedron or kisdodecahedron is a dodecahedron with a pentagonal pyramid covering each face; that is, it is the Kleetope of the dodecahedron.

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Pentane

Pentane is an organic compound with the formula C5H12—that is, an alkane with five carbon atoms.

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Pentazine

Pentazine is a hypothetical compound that consists of a six-membered aromatic ring containing five nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula CHN5.

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Pentene

Pentenes are alkenes with chemical formula.

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Pentose

A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms.

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Pentose phosphate pathway

The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis.

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Pentyl group

In organic chemistry, pentyl is a five-carbon alkyl functional group (substituent) with chemical formula -C5H11.

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PEPPSI

PEPPSI is an abbreviation for pyridine-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation.

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Peptic ulcer disease

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a break in the lining of the stomach, first part of the small intestine or occasionally the lower esophagus.

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Peptide bond

A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain.

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Peptide nucleic acid

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA.

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Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) is a chemical compound with a four carbon fluorocarbon chain and a sulfonic acid functional group.

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Perfluorocycloalkene

Perfluorocycloalkene (PFCA) is a general class of fluorocarbon compounds comprising many commercially available perfluorocyclo-olefins including hexafluorocyclobutene (or perfluorocyclobutene), octafluorocyclopentene (or perfluorocyclopentene) and decafluorocyclohexene (or perfluorocyclohexene) (Figure 1).

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Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane

Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane, also known as FDTS, is a colorless liquid chemical with molecular formula C10H4Cl3F17Si.

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Perfluorotoluene

Perfluorotoluene or Octafluorotoluene is a chemical which belongs to the class of Fluorocarbons, sometimes referred to as perfluorocarbons or PFCs.

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Period (periodic table)

A period in the periodic table is a horizontal row.

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Period 1 element

A period 1 element is one of the chemical elements in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements.

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Period 2 element

A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements.

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Period 3 element

A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements.

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Period 6 element

A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the lanthanides.

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Periodic table

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose structure shows periodic trends.

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Permafrost

In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.

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Permian–Triassic extinction event

The Permian–Triassic (P–Tr or P–T) extinction event, colloquially known as the Great Dying, the End-Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction, occurred about 252 Ma (million years) ago, forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.

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Peroxy acid

A peroxy acid (often spelled as one word, peroxyacid, and sometimes called peracid) is an acid which contains an acidic –OOH group.

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Peroxycarbonate

In chemistry, peroxycarbonate (sometimes peroxocarbonate) is a divalent anion with formula.

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Peroxydicarbonate

In chemistry, peroxydicarbonate (sometimes peroxodicarbonate) is a divalent anion with formula.

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Perylene

Perylene or perilene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C20H12, occurring as a brown solid.

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Peter Maitlis

Peter Michael Maitlis, FRS (born 15 January 1933) is a retired British organometallic chemist.

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Peter Smith (biologist)

Pete Smith is Professor of Soils and Global change at the University of Aberdeen where he directs the Scottish Climate Change Centre of Expertise, ClimateXChange.

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Peter Thrower

Peter Thrower (born 1938) is a professor emeritus of materials science and engineering at Pennsylvania State University, and a former editor-in-chief of the scientific journal Carbon, a post he has held between 1982 and 2013.

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Petrifaction

In geology, petrifaction or petrification is the process by which organic material becomes a fossil through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals.

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Petrified wood

Petrified wood (from the Greek root petro meaning "rock" or "stone"; literally "wood turned into stone") is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation.

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Petroleum

Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.

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Petroleum coke

Petroleum coke, abbreviated coke or petcoke, is a final carbon-rich solid material that derives from oil refining, and is one type of the group of fuels referred to as cokes.

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Petroleum naphtha

Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil with CAS-no 64742-48-9.

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Petroleum product

Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries.

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Peugeot Hoggar (concept)

The Peugeot Hoggar was a concept car produced by Peugeot.

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PG 1159 star

A PG 1159 star, often also called a pre-degenerate, is a star with a hydrogen-deficient atmosphere that is in transition between being the central star of a planetary nebula and being a hot white dwarf.

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PGM1

Phosphoglucomutase-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PGM1 gene.

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Phagolysosome

In biology, a phagolysosome, or endolysosome, is a cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs during phagocytosis. Formation of phagolysosomes is essential for the intracellular destruction of microorganisms and pathogens.

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Phan Xích Long

Phan Xích Long, also known as Hồng Long, born Phan Phát Sanh (1893–1916), was a 20th-century Vietnamese mystic and geomancer who claimed to be the Emperor of Vietnam.

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Phase (matter)

In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.

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Phase diagram

A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium.

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Phenanthrene

Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings.

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Phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn" or "phph" in shorthand notation.

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Phenotypic testing of mycobacteria

In microbiology, the phenotypic testing of mycobacteria uses a number of methods.

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Phenyl group

In organic chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5.

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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction converting L-phenylalanine to ammonia and ''trans''-cinnamic acid.

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Phenylsilane

Phenylsilane, also known as silylbenzene, a colorless liquid, is one of the simplest organosilanes with the formula C6H5SiH3.

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Phil Ineson

Professor Phil Ineson is a Chair in Global Change Ecology at the University of York.

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Philippe Croizon

Philippe Croizon (born 1968) is a French athlete and the first quadruple amputee to swim across the English Channel.

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Philosophy of chemistry

The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry.

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Phloem loading

Phloem loading is the process of loading carbon into the phloem for transport to different 'sinks' in a plant.

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Phosgenite

Phosgenite is a rare mineral consisting of lead chlorocarbonate, (PbCl)2CO3.

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Phosphaalkyne

In chemistry, phosphaalkynes (IUPAC name: alkylidynephosphanes) are organophosphorus compounds that have a phosphorus-carbon triple bond.

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Phosphatidic acid

Phosphatidic acids are phospholipids which on hydrolysis give rise to one molecule of glycerol and phosphoric acid and two molecules of fatty acids.

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Phosphor

A phosphor, most generally, is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence.

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Phosphorine

Phosphorine (IUPAC name: phosphinine) is a heavier element analog of pyridine, containing a phosphorus atom instead of an aza- moiety.

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Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons or other free carriers when light shines on a material.

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Photoflash battery

A photoflash battery is a specialized zinc-carbon battery optimized to provide a high electric current output for a short duration of time, such as required to fire a flashbulb.

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Photographic emulsion

Photographic emulsion is a light-sensitive colloid used in film-based photography.

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Photosynthetically active radiation

Photosynthetically active radiation, often abbreviated PAR, designates the spectral range (wave band) of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nanometers that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis.

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Phototroph

Phototrophs (Gr: φῶς, φωτός.

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Physical change

Physical changes are changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but not its chemical composition.

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Physical organic chemistry

Physical organic chemistry, a term coined by Louis Hammett in 1940, refers to a discipline of organic chemistry that focuses on the relationship between chemical structures and reactivity, in particular, applying experimental tools of physical chemistry to the study of organic molecules.

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Phytochemistry

Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants.

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Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems.

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Pi electron donor-acceptor

The pEDA parameter (pi electron donor-acceptor) is a pi-electron substituent effect scale, described also as mesomeric or resonance effect.

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Pichia pastoris

Pichia pastoris is a species of methylotrophic yeast.

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Picoline

Picoline refers to three different methylpyridine isomers, all with the chemical formula C6H7N and a molar mass of 93.13 g mol−1.

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Pictor

Pictor is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere, located between the star Canopus and the Large Magellanic Cloud.

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Pig iron

Pig iron is an intermediate product of the iron industry.

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Pigment

A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.

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Pigmentiphaga kullae

Pigmentiphaga kullae is a gram-negative, oxidase and catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Pigmentiphaga which has the ability to decolorize the azo dyes-compound 1-(4'-carboxyphenylazo)-4-naphthol aerobically and uses it as a sole source of carbon and energy.

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Pillared graphene

Pillared graphene is a hybrid carbon, structure consisting of an oriented array of carbon nanotubes connected at each end to a sheet of graphene.

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Pink diamond

Pink diamond is a type of diamond which has pink color.

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Pion

In particle physics, a pion (or a pi meson, denoted with the Greek letter pi) is any of three subatomic particles:,, and.

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Piranha solution

Piranha solution, also known as piranha etch, is a mixture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), used to clean organic residues off substrates.

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Planar hexacoordinate carbon

Planar hexacoordinate carbon in chemistry describes a molecular geometry featuring a planar arrangement of carbon with six surrounding atoms.

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Planetarium (board game)

No description.

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Planetary habitability

Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to have habitable environments hospitable to life, or its ability to generate life endogenously.

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Planetary nebula

A planetary nebula, abbreviated as PN or plural PNe, is a type of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars late in their lives.

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Planktology

Planktology is the study of plankton, various small drifting plants, animals and microorganisms that inhabit bodies of water.

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Plankton

Plankton (singular plankter) are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current.

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Plant defense against herbivory

Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores.

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Plant nutrition

Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for plant growth, plant metabolism and their external supply.

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Plant physiology

Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.

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Plant tolerance to herbivory

Tolerance is the ability of plants to mitigate the negative fitness effects caused by herbivory.

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Plastic

Plastic is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects.

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Plastic recycling

Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products.

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Platonic hydrocarbon

A Platonic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon (molecule) whose structure matches one of the five Platonic solids, with carbon atoms replacing its vertices, carbon–carbon bonds replacing its edges, and hydrogen atoms as needed.

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Plutonium

Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

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PM3 (chemistry)

PM3, or Parameterized Model number 3, is a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry.

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Pneumocandin B0

Pneumocandin B0, also known as pneumocandin B0, pneumocandin B(0), and hydroxy echinocandin, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C50H80N8O17, produced by the fungus Glarea lozoyensis.

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Pneumoconiosis

Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease and a restrictive lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust, often in mines and from agriculture.

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Polistes nimpha

Polistes nimpha is a eusocial paper wasp found all over Europe, with particular sightings in Turkey, Finland, Estonia, and Latvia.

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Polonium

Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84.

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Poly(dichlorophosphazene)

Poly(dichlorophosphazene), also called dichlorophosphazine polymer or phosphonitrilechloride polymer, is a chemical compound with formula (PNCl2)n.

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Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), also known as acrylic or acrylic glass as well as by the trade names Crylux, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, and Perspex among several others (see below), is a transparent thermoplastic often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass.

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Polyacetylene

Polyacetylene (IUPAC name: polyethyne) usually refers to an organic polymer with the repeating unit (C2H2)n.

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Polyanhydrides

Polyanhydrides are a class of biodegradable polymers characterized by anhydride bonds that connect repeat units of the polymer backbone chain.

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Polybioides raphigastra

Polybioides raphigastra is a species of social wasp found in the forests of South East Asia and Indonesia.

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Polycaprolactone

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polyester with a low melting point of around 60 °C and a glass transition temperature of about −60 °C.

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Polychlorinated biphenyl

A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is an organic chlorine compound with the formula C12H10−xClx.

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Polychlorinated naphthalene

Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) are the products obtained upon treatment of naphthalene with chlorine.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, also polyaromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) are hydrocarbons—organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—that are composed of multiple aromatic rings (organic rings in which the electrons are delocalized).

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Polyene

Polyenes are poly-unsaturated organic compounds that contain at least three alternating double and single carbon–carbon bonds.

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Polyether block amide

Polyether block amide or PEBA is a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE).

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Polyetherimide

Polyetherimide (PEI) is an amorphous, amber-to-transparent thermoplastic with characteristics similar to the related plastic PEEK.

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Polyglucan

Polyglucan is any polysaccharide that contains glucan units.

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Polyhydroxybutyrate

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are of interest as bio-derived and biodegradable plastics.

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Polyketide synthase

Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a family of multi-domain enzymes or enzyme complexes that produce polyketides, a large class of secondary metabolites, in bacteria, fungi, plants, and a few animal lineages.

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Polymer

A polymer (Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.

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Polysilazane

Polysilazanes are polymers in which silicon and nitrogen atoms alternate to form the basic backbone.

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Polystyrene

Polystyrene (PS) is a synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer made from the monomer styrene.

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Polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene that has numerous applications.

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Polyunsaturated aldehyde

Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are a group of allelopathic chemicals typically associated with diatom-copepod predator-prey interactions.

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Polyvinyl alcohol

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH, PVA, or PVAl) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer.

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Porphine

Porphine is the parent chemical compound for types of biochemically significant compounds called porphyrins.

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Portneuf River (Idaho)

The Portneuf River is a tributary of the Snake River in southeastern Idaho in the United States.

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Potassium bicarbonate

Potassium bicarbonate (also known as potassium hydrogen carbonate or potassium acid carbonate) is a colorless, odorless, slightly basic, salty substance.

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Potassium bitartrate

Potassium bitartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, with formula K C4 H5 O6, is a byproduct of winemaking.

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Potassium ferrocyanide

Potassium ferrocyanide is the inorganic compound with formula K4·3H2O.

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Potassium fulminate

Potassium fulminate is the potassium salt of the fulminate ion.

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Potassium iodate

Potassium iodate (KIO3) is a chemical compound.

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Powder metallurgy

Powder metallurgy (PM) is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders.

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Powdered activated carbon treatment

Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT) is a wastewater technology in which powdered activated carbon is added to an anaerobic or aerobic treatment system.

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Powers of Ten (film)

The Powers of Ten films are two short American documentary films written and directed by Charles and Ray Eames.

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Prairie restoration

Prairie restoration is an ecologically friendly way to restore some of the prairie land that was lost to industry, farming and commerce.

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Precambrian

The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pЄ, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon.

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Prices of elements and their compounds

This table lists the elements by their name and gives some historical prices for them and their commonly traded compounds.

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Primary carbon

A primary carbon is a carbon atom which is bound to only one other carbon atom.

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Primary cell

A primary cell is a battery that is designed to be used once and discarded, and not recharged with electricity and reused like a secondary cell (rechargeable battery).

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Primary nutritional groups

Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided in relation to the nutrition mode according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction.

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Priming (microbiology)

Priming or a "Priming Effect" is said to occur when something that is added to soil or compost affects the rate of decomposition occurring on the soil organic matter (SOM), either positively or negatively.

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Primo Levi

Primo Michele Levi (31 July 1919 – 11 April 1987) was an Italian Jewish chemist, writer, and Holocaust survivor.

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Producer gas

Producer gas is fuel gas that is manufactured from material such as coal, as opposed to natural gas.

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Project Daedalus

Project Daedalus was a study conducted between 1973 and 1978 by the British Interplanetary Society to design a plausible unmanned interstellar spacecraft.

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Project Excalibur

Project Excalibur was a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) research program to develop an X-ray laser as a ballistic missile defense (BMD).

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Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)

Project Orion was a study of a spacecraft intended to be directly propelled by a series of explosions of atomic bombs behind the craft (nuclear pulse propulsion).

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Propane

Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C3H8.

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Propargyl chloride

Propargyl chloride, or 3-chloro-1-propyne, is a highly toxic and flammable clear brown liquid with chemical formula CHCCH2Cl.

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Propellane

In organic chemistry, propellane is any member of a class of polycyclic hydrocarbons, whose carbon skeleton consists of three rings of carbon atoms sharing a common carbon–carbon covalent bond.

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Propene

Propene, also known as propylene or methyl ethylene, is an unsaturated organic compound having the chemical formula C3H6.

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Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals

can be broadly divided into metals, metalloids and nonmetals according to their shared physical and chemical properties.

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Propionate

The propionate, or propanoate ion, is C2H5COO− (the conjugate base of propionic acid).

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Propionic acid

Propionic acid (from the Greek words protos, meaning "first", and pion, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula C2H5COOH.

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Proposed redefinition of SI base units

The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) has proposed revised definitions of the SI base units, for consideration at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM).

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Propyl gallate

Propyl gallate, or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol.

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Propyl group

In organic chemistry, propyl is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula – for the linear form.

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Propylene glycol

Propylene glycol (IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol) is a synthetic organic compound with the chemical formula C3H8O2.

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Prostaglandin

The prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals.

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Protease

A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

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Protein mass spectrometry

Protein mass spectrometry refers to the application of mass spectrometry to the study of proteins.

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Protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase

In enzymology, a protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and protein L-glutamic acid, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and protein L-glutamate methyl ester.

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Prothipendyl

Prothipendyl (brand names Dominal, Timovan, Tolnate), also known as azaphenothiazine or phrenotropin, is an anxiolytic, antiemetic, and antihistamine of the azaphenothiazine group which is marketed in Europe and is used to treat anxiety and agitation in psychotic syndromes.

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Proton nuclear magnetic resonance

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (proton NMR, hydrogen-1 NMR, or 1H NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules.

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Pruning shears

Pruning shears, also called hand pruners (in American English), or secateurs, are a type of scissors for use on plants.

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PSR B1257+12 C

PSR B1257+12 C, alternatively designated PSR B1257+12 d and also named Phobetor, is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12 approximately 2,315 light-years (710 parsecs, or nearly km) away from Earth in the constellation of Virgo.

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PTC rubber

PTC rubber is a silicone rubber which conducts electricity with a resistivity that increases exponentially with increasing temperature for all temperatures up to a temperature where the resistivity grows to infinity.

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Pulsating white dwarf

A pulsating white dwarf is a white dwarf star whose luminosity varies due to non-radial gravity wave pulsations within itself.

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Pulsed DC

Pulsed DC (PDC) or pulsating direct current is a periodic current which changes in value but never changes direction.

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Pummerer rearrangement

The Pummerer rearrangement is an organic reaction whereby an alkyl sulfoxide rearranges to an α-acyloxy–thioether in the presence of acetic anhydride.

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Purine metabolism

Purine metabolism refers to the metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down purines that are present in many organisms.

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Putnisite

Putnisite is a mineral composed of strontium, calcium, chromium, sulfur, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

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Putrescine

Putrescine, or tetramethylenediamine, is a foul-smelling organic chemical compound NH2(CH2)4NH2 (1,4-diaminobutane or butanediamine) that is related to cadaverine; both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses.

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Pyramidal alkene

Pyramidal alkenes are alkenes in which the two carbon atoms making up the double bond are not coplanar with their four substituents.

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Pyran

In chemistry, pyran, or oxine, is a six-membered heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring, consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom and containing two double bonds.

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Pyrazole

Pyrazole is an organic compound with the formula C3H3N2H.

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Pyre

A pyre (πυρά; pyrá, from πῦρ, pyr, "fire"), also known as a funeral pyre, is a structure, usually made of wood, for burning a body as part of a funeral rite or execution.

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Pyrene

Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.

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Pyridine

Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N.

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Pyrocystis fusiformis

Pyrocystis fusiformis is a non-motile, tropical, epipelagic, marine dinoflagellate (flagellate microorganisms), reaching lengths of up to 1 mm.

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Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere.

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Pyrolysis oil

Pyrolysis oil, sometimes also known as biocrude or bio-oil, is a synthetic fuel under investigation as substitute for petroleum.

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Pyrometallurgy

Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy.

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Pyrophoricity

A pyrophoric substance (from Greek πυροφόρος, pyrophoros, "fire-bearing") ignites spontaneously in air at or below 55 °C (130 °F).

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Pyrotechnic colorant

A pyrotechnic colorant is a chemical compound which causes a flame to burn with a particular color.

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Pyrotechnic composition

A pyrotechnic composition is a substance or mixture of substances designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas/smoke or a combination of these, as a result of non-detonative self-sustaining exothermic chemical reactions.

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Pyrrole

Pyrrole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H4NH.

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Pyrylium salt

The pyrylium cation is a six-membered, unsaturated, mono-cyclic compound.

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Q-carbon

Q-carbon is an allotrope of carbon, discovered in 2015, that is ferromagnetic, electrically conductive, and glows when exposed to low levels of energy.

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Quantum number

Quantum numbers describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum system.

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Quaternary carbon

A quaternary carbon is a carbon atom bound to four other carbon atoms.

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Quinbolone

Quinbolone, sold under the brand names Anabolicum and Anabolvis, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) which was previously marketed in Italy.

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R Coronae Borealis

R Coronae Borealis is a peculiar low-mass yellow supergiant star in the constellation of Corona Borealis.

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R Coronae Borealis variable

An R Coronae Borealis variable (abbreviated RCB, R CrB) is an eruptive variable star that varies in luminosity in two modes, one low amplitude pulsation (a few tenths of a magnitude), and one irregular, unpredictably-sudden fading by 1 to 9 magnitudes.

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R136a1

RMC 136a1 (usually abbreviated to R136a1) is a Wolf–Rayet star located at the center of R136, the central condensation of stars of the large NGC 2070 open cluster in the Tarantula Nebula.

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Radar cross-section

Radar cross-section (RCS) is a measure of how detectable an object is by radar.

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Radiation protection

Radiation protection, sometimes known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this".

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Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is therapy using ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator.

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Radiation-absorbent material

Radiation-absorbent material, usually known as RAM, is a material which has been specially designed and shaped to absorb incident RF radiation (also known as non-ionising radiation), as effectively as possible, from as many incident directions as possible.

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Radical initiator

In chemistry, radical initiators are substances that can produce radical species under mild conditions and promote radical reactions.

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Radioactive decay

Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.

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Radioactive tracer

A radioactive tracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radionuclide so by virtue of its radioactive decay it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioisotope follows from reactants to products.

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Radioanalytical chemistry

Radioanalytical chemistry focuses on the analysis of sample for their radionuclide content.

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Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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Radiometric dating

Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.

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Radionuclide

A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.

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Radiopharmaceutical

Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs which have radioactivity.

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RainSong

RainSong is an acoustic guitar manufacturer currently based in Woodinville, Washington, and originally based in Kihei, Maui, Hawaii.

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Raku ware

is a type of Japanese pottery traditionally used in Japanese tea ceremonies, most often in the form of chawan tea bowls.

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Rapidcreekite

Rapidcreekite is a rare mineral with formula Ca2(SO4)(CO3)·4H2O.

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Rattan

Rattan (from the Malay rotan) is the name for roughly 600 species of old world climbing palms belonging to subfamily Calamoideae (from the Greek 'kálamos'.

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Razor blade steel

Razor blade steel, also known as razor steel, is special type of stainless steel designed specifically to be used as a razor blade.

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Röder HTS Höcker

Röder HTS Höcker (Röder HTS) is a German company who design and manufacture temporary structures.

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RD-162

RD-162 is a second-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which was developed for the treatment of prostate cancer but was never marketed.

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Reaction bonded silicon carbide

Reaction bonded silicon carbide, also known as siliconized silicon carbide or SiSiC, is a type of silicon carbide that is manufactured by a chemical reaction between porous carbon or graphite with molten silicon.

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Reaction mechanism

In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs.

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Reactivity (chemistry)

In chemistry, reactivity is the impetus for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy.

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Rebar

Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), collectively known as reinforcing steel and reinforcement steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in compression.

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Red diamond

A red diamond is a diamond which displays red color and exhibits the same mineral properties as colorless diamonds.

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Red supergiant star

Red supergiants are stars with a supergiant luminosity class (Yerkes class I) of spectral type K or M. They are the largest stars in the universe in terms of volume, although they are not the most massive or luminous.

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Redfield ratio

Redfield ratio or Redfield stoichiometry is the atomic ratio of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus found in phytoplankton and throughout the deep oceans.

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Redox

Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.

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RedToL

RedToL, or Red Algal Tree of Life, is part of the collaborative National Science Foundation Assembling the Tree of Life activity (AToL), funded through the Division of Environmental Biology, Directorate for Biological Sciences.

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Reducing agent

A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is an element (such as calcium) or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction.

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Reference materials for stable isotope analysis

Isotopic reference materials are compounds (solids, liquids, gasses) with well-defined isotopic compositions and are the ultimate sources of accuracy in mass spectrometric measurements of isotope ratios.

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Refining (metallurgy)

In metallurgy, refining consists of purifying an impure metal.

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Refractory

A refractory mineral is a mineral that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack.

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Refractory metals

Refractory metals are a class of metals that are extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear.

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Refrigerant

A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle.

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Regenerative city

A regenerative city is an urban development built on an environmentally enhancing, restorative relationship with the natural systems from which the city draws resources for its sustenance.

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Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhopal

Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhopal is a branch of the National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi, it is the center of an informal environment education, whose main purpose is to make people aware of environmental protection through various internal and external activities.

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Regular polyhedron

A regular polyhedron is a polyhedron whose symmetry group acts transitively on its flags.

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Relative volatility

Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture of chemicals.

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Remineralisation

In biogeochemistry, remineralization (US, UK Spelling: remineralisation) refers to the breakdown or transformation of organic matter (those molecules derived from a biological source) into its simplest inorganic forms.

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Remote sensing (geology)

Remote sensing in geology is remote sensing used in the geological sciences as a data acquisition method complementary to field observation, because it allows mapping of geological characteristics of regions without physical contact with the areas being explored.

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Renal tubular acidosis

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical condition that involves an accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine.

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René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur

René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (28 February 1683, La Rochelle – 17 October 1757, Saint-Julien-du-Terroux) was a French entomologist and writer who contributed to many different fields, especially the study of insects.

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Renewable energy in Brazil

Renewable energy accounted for more than 85.4% of the domestically produced electricity used in Brazil.

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Renewable resource

A renewable resource is a natural resource which replenishes to overcome resource depletion caused by usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time in a human time scale.

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Research and Development Institute of Mechanical Engineering

FSUE Research and Development Institute of Mechanical Engineering (Russian: ФГУП Научно-исследовательский институт машиностроения), also known as NIIMash, is a Russian rocket engine design and manufacturing company specialized in small thrusters.

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Research in lithium-ion batteries

Research in lithium-ion batteries has produced many proposed refinements of lithium-ion batteries.

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Resolution by Proxy

Resolution by Proxy (ResProx) is a method for assessing the equivalent X-ray resolution of NMR-derived protein structures.

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Respiratory quotient

The respiratory quotient (or RQ or respiratory coefficient), is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production.

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Reverse Krebs cycle

The reverse Krebs cycle (also known as the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, the reverse TCA cycle, or the reverse citric acid cycle) is a sequence of chemical reactions that are used by some bacteria to produce carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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Revitalizant

Revitalizant (vita — life, can be literally translated to “bringing back to life”) — a semi permanent treatment for metals found in automobile engines, transmissions, fuel pumps, and other friction surfaces in industrial and other machines.

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Reynolds 531

Reynolds 531 (pronounced 'five-three-one') is a brand name, registered to Reynolds Technology of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, for a manganese–molybdenum, medium-carbon steel tubing that was used in many quality applications, including race car chassis, aircraft components and, most famously, bicycle frame tubing.

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Rhenium

Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75.

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Rho Cassiopeiae

Rho Cassiopeiae (ρ Cas, ρ Cassiopeiae) is a yellow hypergiant star in the constellation Cassiopeia.

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Rhodocene

Rhodocene, formally known as bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)rhodium(II), is a chemical compound with the formula.

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Rhodococcus fascians

Rhodococcus fascians (known as Corynebacterium fascians until 1984) is a Gram positive bacterial phytopathogen that causes leafy gall disease.

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Rhodopseudomonas palustris

Rhodopseudomonas palustris is a rod-shaped gram-negative purple non-sulfur bacterium, notable for its ability to switch between four different modes of metabolism.

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Rhondite

Rhondite is a nano-scale helical carbon-based structure created by Robert Job that may be used in the production of steels and alloys to increase hardness, strength, ductility, and wear resistance.

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Ribose

Ribose is a carbohydrate with the formula C5H10O5; specifically, it is a pentose monosaccharide (simple sugar) with linear form H−(C.

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Ribulose

Ribulose is a ketopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group.

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Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is an organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis.

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Richard Friend

Sir Richard Henry Friend (born 18 January 1953) FRS FREng is Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge and Tan Chin Tuan Centennial Professor at the National University of Singapore.

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Rigaku

Rigaku Corporation is an international manufacturer and distributor of scientific, analytical and industrial instrumentation specializing in X-ray related technologies, including X-ray crystallography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), automation, cryogenics and X-ray optics.

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Ring (chemistry)

In chemistry, a ring is an ambiguous term referring either to a simple cycle of atoms and bonds in a molecule or to a connected set of atoms and bonds in which every atom and bond is a member of a cycle (also called a ring system).

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Ring Nebula

The Ring Nebula (also catalogued as Messier 57, M57 or NGC 6720) is a planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Lyra.

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Ring-opening polymerization

In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization, in which the terminal end of a polymer chain acts as a reactive center where further cyclic monomers can react by opening its ring system and form a longer polymer chain (see figure).

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Riparian buffer

A riparian buffer or stream buffer is a vegetated area (a "buffer strip") near a stream, usually forested, which helps shade and partially protect the stream from the impact of adjacent land uses.

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Risalto

RisAlto is an international exposition of contemporary art that was organized annually in Camino, Piedmont's medieval castle between 2001 and 2010.

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Robert Bunsen

Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (30 March 1811N1 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist.

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Robert J. Warren

Robert J. Warren (born 1933) is the president emeritus of LECO Corporation, a pioneer in the development of carbon determination instrumentation for use in the iron and steel industry, and other types of analytic instrumentation for use in organic and metallographic analysis and separation science.

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Robert Schmieder

Robert William Schmieder (born July 10, 1941) is an American scientist and explorer.

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Robert Young (materials scientist)

Robert Joseph Young (born 29 May 1948) is a British materials scientist specialising in polymers and composites.

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Rock City, Kansas

Rock City is a park located on hillsides overlooking the Solomon River in Ottawa County, Kansas.

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Roles of chemical elements

This table is designed to show the role(s) performed by each chemical element, in nature and in technology.

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Rolls-Royce RZ.2

The RZ.2 was a British design for a liquid oxygen (LOX) / kerosene-fuelled rocket engine to power the Blue Streak missile.

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Roman army of the mid-Republic

The Roman army of the mid-Republic (also known as the manipular Roman army or the "Polybian army"), refers to the armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic, from the end of the Samnite Wars (290 BC) to the end of the Social War (88 BC).

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Ronal

Ronal AG is a manufacturer of wheels for cars and commercial vehicles, with its headquarters in Härkingen, Switzerland.

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Rosiwal scale

The Rosiwal scale is a hardness scale, with its name given in memory of the Austrian geologist August Karl Rosiwal.

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Royal Australian Chemical Institute

The Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) is both the qualifying body in Australia for professional chemists and a learned society promoting the science and practice of chemistry in all its branches.

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RP-5063

RP-5063, also known as RP-5000, is an investigational atypical antipsychotic which is under development by Reviva Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

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RT Trianguli Australis

RT Trianguli Australis, or RT TrA, is a BL Herculis variable (type II Cepheid) in the constellation of Triangulum Australe.

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Ruf CTR3

The Ruf CTR3 is a mid-engined sports car built by Ruf Automobile of Germany.

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Rum Jungle, Northern Territory

Rum Jungle is a locality in the Northern Territory of Australia located about 105 kilometres south of Darwin on the East Branch of the Finniss River.

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Rutherfordine

Rutherfordine is a mineral containing almost pure uranyl carbonate (UO2CO3).

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RV Southern Surveyor

The RV Southern Surveyor was an Australian marine research vessel.

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S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine

S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) is the chemical compound with the formula ONSC(CH3)2CH(NHAc)CO2H.

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S-type star

An S-type star (or just S star) is a cool giant with approximately equal quantities of carbon and oxygen in its atmosphere.

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S.R. 819

"S.R. 819" is the ninth episode of the sixth season of the science fiction television series The X-Files.

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Sabinaite

Sabinaite (Na4Zr2TiO4(CO3)4) is a rare carbonate mineral.

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Saccharomycotina

Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota in the Kingdom Fungi.

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SAE 904L stainless steel

904L is an austenitic stainless steel.

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Saiga semi-automatic rifle

The Saiga semi-automatic rifles (/ˈsaɪɡə/, Saiga) are a family of Russian semi-automatic rifles manufactured by Kalashnikov Concern (formerly Izhmash), which also manufactures the original AK-47 and its variants, Saiga-12 shotguns and Dragunov sniper rifle.

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Sakurai reaction

The Sakurai reaction (also known as the Hosomi–Sakurai reaction) is the chemical reaction of carbon electrophiles (such as a ketone shown here) with allylic silanes catalyzed by strong Lewis acids.

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Sakurai's Object

Sakurai's Object (V4334 Sgr) is a star in the constellation of Sagittarius.

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Salp

A salp (plural salps), salpa (plural salpae or salpas), is a barrel-shaped, planktonic tunicate.

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Salt marsh die-off

Salt marsh die-off is a term that has been used in the US and UK to describe the death of salt marsh cordgrass leading to subsequent degradation of habitat, specifically in the low marsh zones of salt marshes on the coasts of the Western Atlantic.

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Salter Science

Salter Science was brand of science kits sold by Thomas Salter Ltd., a Scotland-based company which manufactured toys and science activity kits for children.

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Salvinorin A

Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum, a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an entheogen by indigenous Mazatec shamans.

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Sample Analysis at Mars

Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) is a suite of instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory ''Curiosity'' rover.

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San Mateo, Boyacá

San Mateo is a town and municipality in the Northern Boyacá Province, part of the Colombian department of Boyacá.

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Santa Paula, California

Santa Paula is a city in Ventura County, California, United States.

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Sapropel

Sapropel (a contraction of ancient Greek words sapros and pelos, meaning putrefaction and mud, respectively) is a term used in marine geology to describe dark-coloured sediments that are rich in organic matter.

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Sarcosine oxidase

Sarcosine oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of sarcosine to yield glycine, H2O2, 5,10-CH2-tetrahydrofolate in a reaction requiring H4-tetrahydrofolate and oxygen.

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Saturation (chemistry)

In chemistry, saturation (from the Latin word saturare, meaning 'to fill') has diverse meanings, all based on the idea of reaching a maximum capacity.

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Saturation velocity

Saturation velocity is the maximum velocity a charge carrier in a semiconductor, generally an electron, attains in the presence of very high electric fields.

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Saturn

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter.

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Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe

The Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe is a mission concept under study since 2010, where a robotic spacecraft would deliver a single probe into Saturn to study its atmosphere.

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Sauber C23

The Sauber C23 was a Formula One racing car designed by Sauber for the 2004 Formula One season.

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Sébastien René Lenormand

Sébastien René Lenormand (2 April 1796 in Condé-sur-Noireau – 10 December 1871) was a French lawyer and botanist who specialized in the field of phycology.

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Schleicher ASH 26

The ASH 26 is an 18 metre Class glider, built of modern fibre reinforced composites.

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Schleicher ASW 27

The ASW 27 is a 15 metre Class glider built of modern fibre reinforced composites, which first flew in 1995 and was certified in 1997.

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Schleicher ASW 28

The ASW 28 is a Standard Class glider with a fifteen-metre span built of modern fibre reinforced composites.

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Science and technology of the Song dynasty

The Song dynasty (960–1279 CE) provided some of the most significant technological advances in Chinese history, many of which came from talented statesmen drafted by the government through imperial examinations.

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SCP 06F6

SCP 06F6 is (or was) an astronomical object of unknown type, discovered on 21 February 2006 in the constellation Boötes, New Scientist News, 16 September 2008 during a survey of galaxy cluster CL 1432.5+3332.8 with the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys Wide Field Channel.

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SDSS J102915+172927

SDSS J102915+172927 or Caffau's Star is a population II star in the galactic halo, seen in the constellation Leo.

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Sea kayak

A sea kayak or touring kayak is a kayak developed for the sport of paddling on open waters of lakes, bays, and the ocean.

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Seawater

Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean.

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Second-generation biofuels

Second-generation biofuels, also known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass.

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Secondary carbon

A secondary carbon is a carbon atom bound to two other carbon atoms.

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Secondary treatment

Secondary treatment is a treatment process for wastewater (or sewage) to achieve a certain degree of effluent quality by using a sewage treatment plant with physical phase separation to remove settleable solids and a biological process to remove dissolved and suspended organic compounds.

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Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.

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Sedoheptulose

Sedoheptulose or D-altro-heptulose is a ketoheptose—a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms and a ketone functional group.

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Seebeck coefficient

The Seebeck coefficient (also known as thermopower, thermoelectric power, and thermoelectric sensitivity) of a material is a measure of the magnitude of an induced thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature difference across that material, as induced by the Seebeck effect.

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Selective leaching

Selective leaching, also called dealloying, demetalification, parting and selective corrosion, is a corrosion type in some solid solution alloys, when in suitable conditions a component of the alloys is preferentially leached from the material.

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Selenium

Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.

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Selenoxide elimination

Selenoxide elimination (also called α-selenation) is a method for the chemical synthesis of alkenes from selenoxides.

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Semi Joseph Begun

Semi Joseph Begun (December 2, 1905 in Germany – January 5, 1995), usually referred to as S. Joseph Begun, was a German-American engineer and inventor.

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Semi-steel

Semi-steel casting is a lower cost method to produce a casting that is not quite as strong as a steel casting but less expensive to manufacture.

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Semimetal

A semimetal is a material with a very small overlap between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band.

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Senko hanabi

Senko hanabi (線香花火 senkō hanabi) (sparkler - literally: incense-stick fireworks) is a traditional Japanese firework.

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Sentenced to Prism

Sentenced to Prism (1985) is a science fiction novel by American writer Alan Dean Foster, a stand-alone entry in his Humanx Commonwealth series of books.

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Separation of isotopes by laser excitation

Separation of isotopes by laser excitation (SILEX) is a process for isotope separation that is used to produce enriched uranium using lasers.

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Sergei Winogradsky

Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky (or Vinogradskiy; Сергій Миколайович Виноградський; 1 September 1856 – 25 February 1953) was a Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle-of-life concept.

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Sergey Zimov

Sergey Aphanasievich Zimov (Сергей Афанасьевич Зимов) is a Russian scientist.

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Serine dehydratase

Serine dehydratase or L-serine ammonia lyase (SDH) is in the β-family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent (PLP) enzymes.

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Serpens

Serpens ("the Serpent", Greek Ὄφις) is a constellation of the northern hemisphere.

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Sewage treatment

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage.

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Seyferth–Gilbert homologation

The Seyferth–Gilbert homologation is a chemical reaction of an aryl ketone 1 (or aldehyde) with dimethyl (diazomethyl)phosphonate 2 and potassium tert-butoxide to give substituted alkynes 3.

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SGL Carbon

SGL Carbon SE is a European chemical company based in Germany.

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Shade-grown coffee

Shade-grown coffee is a form of the beverage produced from coffee plants grown under a canopy of trees.

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Shale

Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.

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Shallow water marine environment

Shallow water marine environment refers to the area between the shore and deeper water, such as a reef wall or a shelf break.

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Shape theory of olfaction

The Shape theory of smell proposes that a molecule's smell character is due to its molecular shape, molecular size and functional groups.

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Shape-memory alloy

A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle wire, smart alloy) is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and that when deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated.

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Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park

The Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park (Parku Kombëtar Shebenik-Jabllanicë) is a national park in eastern Albania adjacent to the border with the Republic of Macedonia.

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Sheldon coin grading scale

The Sheldon Coin Grading Scale is a 70-point coin grading scale used in the numismatic assessment of a coin's quality.

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Sheldrickite

Sheldrickite is a sodium calcium carbonate fluoride mineral, named in honor of George M. Sheldrick, former Professor of Crystallography at the University of Göttingen in Germany.

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Shock metamorphism

Shock metamorphism or impact metamorphism describes the effects of shock-wave related deformation and heating during impact events.

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Sialic acid

Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone.

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Siderocalin

Siderocalin (Scn), lipocalin-2, NGAL, 24p3 is a mammalian lipocalin-type protein that can prevent iron acquisition by pathogenic bacteria by binding siderophores, which are iron-binding chelators made by microorganisms.

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Sigma electron donor-acceptor

The sEDA parameter (sigma electron donor-acceptor) is a sigma-electron substituent effect scale, described also as inductive and electronegativity related effect.

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Sigmatropic reaction

A sigmatropic reaction in organic chemistry is a pericyclic reaction wherein the net result is one σ-bond is changed to another σ-bond in an uncatalyzed intramolecular process.

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Silabenzene

A silabenzene is a heteroaromatic compound containing one or more silicon atoms instead of carbon atoms in benzene.

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Silenes

Silene, or silalkenes,Philip P. Power "pi-Bonding and the Lone Pair Effect in Multiple Bonds between Heavier Main Group Elements" Chemical Reviews, 1999, 99, 3462.

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Silicene

Silicene is a two-dimensional allotrope of silicon, with a hexagonal honeycomb structure similar to that of graphene.

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Silicide

A silicide is a compound that has silicon with (usually) more electropositive elements.

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Silicon

Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.

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Silicon carbide

Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum, is a semiconductor containing silicon and carbon.

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Silicon-vacancy center in diamond

The silicon-vacancy center (Si-V) is an optically active defect in diamond (referred to as a color center) that is receiving an increasing amount of interest in the diamond research community.

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Silicone

Silicones, also known as polysiloxanes, are polymers that include any inert, synthetic compound made up of repeating units of siloxane, which is a chain of alternating silicon atoms and oxygen atoms, combined with carbon, hydrogen, and sometimes other elements.

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Silicone rubber

Silicone rubber is an elastomer (rubber-like material) composed of silicone—itself a polymer—containing silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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Silicyne

Silicynes are allotropes of silicon.

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Silver

Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.

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Silver acetylide

Silver acetylide is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Ag2C2, a metal acetylide.

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Silver steel

Silver steel is common tool steel that is supplied as a centerless ground round bar (with tolerances similar to that of drill bit).

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Silver(II) fluoride

Silver(II) fluoride is a chemical compound with the formula AgF2.

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Simmons–Smith reaction

The Simmons–Smith reaction is an organic cheletropic reaction involving an organozinc carbenoid that reacts with an alkene (or alkyne) to form a cyclopropane.

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Simple aromatic ring

Simple aromatic rings, also known as simple arenes or simple aromatics, are aromatic organic compounds that consist only of a conjugated planar ring system.

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Simplex

In geometry, a simplex (plural: simplexes or simplices) is a generalization of the notion of a triangle or tetrahedron to arbitrary dimensions.

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Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification

Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SNdN) is a wastewater treatment process.

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Sintering

Clinker nodules produced by sintering Sintering is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction.

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Sir George Mackenzie, 7th Baronet

Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, 7th Baronet FRS FRSE FSA (22 June 1780–26 October 1848) was a Scottish geologist, chemist and agricultural improver.

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Skeletal formula

The skeletal formula, also called line-angle formula or shorthand formula, of an organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula that serves as a shorthand representation of a molecule's bonding and some details of its molecular geometry.

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Slaframine

Slaframine is an indolizidine alkaloidal mycotoxin that generally causes salivation (slobbers) in most animals.

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Smelting

Smelting is a process of applying heat to ore in order to melt out a base metal.

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Smithsonite

Smithsonite, or zinc spar, is zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), a mineral ore of zinc.

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Smoke

Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.

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Smoke inhalation

Smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death for victims of fires.

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SMSS J031300.36-670839.3

SMSS J031300.36-670839.3 (shortened as SMSS J0313-6708; informally abbreviated to SM0313) is a star in the Milky Way at a distance of 6,000 light years from Earth.

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SN 2005E

SN 2005E (aka 2005-1032) was a calcium-rich supernova first observed in January 2005 that scientists concluded was a new type of cosmic explosion.

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Snowboard

Snowboards are boards where both feet are secured to the same board, which are wider than skis, with the ability to glide on snow.

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Social and environmental impact of palm oil

Palm oil, produced from the oil palm, is a basic source of income for many farmers in South East Asia, Central and West Africa, and Central America.

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Soda Industry Inc.

Soda Industry Inc. (Soda Sanayii A.Ş., also called Sodakrom) is a chemical company in Mersin, Turkey producing soda ash and chromium compounds mainly for the glass industry in its parent's group of companies.

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Sodern

Sodern is a French company based in Limeil-Brévannes, near Paris in Ile-de-France, specialized in space instrumentation, optics and neutron analyzers.

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Sodium

Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.

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Sodium carbonate

Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid.

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Sodium cyanide

Sodium cyanide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaCN.

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Sodium iodate

Sodium iodate (NaIO3) is the sodium salt of iodic acid.

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Sodium laureth sulfate

Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), an accepted contraction of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), is an anionic detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products (soaps, shampoos, toothpaste etc.). SLES is an inexpensive and very effective foaming agent.

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Sodium myreth sulfate

Sodium myreth sulfate is a mixture of organic compounds with both detergent and surfactant properties.

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Sodium propionate

Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(C2H5COO).

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Sodium silicate

Sodium silicate is a generic name for chemical compounds with the formula or ·, such as sodium metasilicate, sodium orthosilicate, and sodium pyrosilicate.

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Sodium thiosulfate

Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is a chemical and medication.

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Sodium–sulfur battery

A sodium–sulfur battery is a type of molten-salt battery constructed from liquid sodium (Na) and sulfur (S).

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Soil

Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.

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Soil biodiversity

Soil biodiversity refers to the relationship of soil to biodiversity and to aspects of the soil that can be managed in relation to biodiversity.

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Soil food web

The soil food web is the community of organisms living all or part of their lives in the soil.

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Solar Dynamics Observatory

The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is a NASA mission which has been observing the Sun since 2010.

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Solar hot water in Australia

Solar hot water is water heated using only natural energy from the sun.

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Solar phenomena

Solar phenomena are the natural phenomena occurring within the magnetically heated outer atmospheres in the Sun.

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Solid

Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma).

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Solid fuel

Solid fuel refers to various forms of solid material that can be burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the process of combustion.

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Solubility pump

In oceanic biogeochemistry, the solubility pump is a physico-chemical process that transports carbon (as dissolved inorganic carbon) from the ocean's surface to its interior.

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Something, Something, Something, Dark Side

"Something, Something, Something, Dark Side" is a direct-to-video special of the animated series Family Guy which later served as the 20th episode of the show's eighth season and is part of the series' Star Wars parody trilogy Laugh It Up, Fuzzball.

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Sons of Vulcan

The Sons of Vulcan was an American labor union which existed from 1858 until 1876.

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Soot

Soot is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.

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Soot (disambiguation)

Soot is the black, impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon.

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Sorbent

A sorbent is a material used to absorb or adsorb liquids or gases.

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Space colonization

Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off the planet Earth.

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Space manufacturing

Space manufacturing is the production of manufactured goods in an environment outside a planetary atmosphere.

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Spacecraft of The Saga of Seven Suns

The following is a list of fictional spacecraft featured in The Saga of Seven Suns, a series of science fiction novels written by Kevin J. Anderson.

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Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis

Astronauts are exposed to approximately 50-2,000 millisieverts (mSv) while on six-month-duration missions to the International Space Station (ISS), the moon and beyond.

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Spadikam George

George, popularly credited as Spadikam George is an Indian actor, primarily concentrating in Malayalam films.

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Spark (fire)

A spark is an incandescent particle.

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Spark arrestor

A spark arrester (sometimes spark arrestor) is any device which prevents the emission of flammable debris from combustion sources, such as internal combustion engines, fireplaces, and wood burning stoves.

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Special Report on Emissions Scenarios

The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that was published in 2000.

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Special treatment steel

Special Treatment Steel (STS), also known as Protective Deck Plate, was originally developed by Carnegie Steel around 1910.

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Spectroscopic notation

Spectroscopic notation provides a way to specify atomic ionization states, as well as atomic and molecular orbitals.

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Speeds of sound of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Spent potlining

Spent Potlining (SPL) is a waste material generated in the primary aluminium smelting industry.

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Spent shale

Spent shale or spent oil shale (also known as retorted shale) is a solid residue from the shale oil extraction process of producing synthetic shale oil from oil shale.

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Spiegeleisen

Spiegeleisen (literally "mirror-iron", —mirror or specular; —iron) is a ferromanganese alloy containing approximately 15% manganese and small quantities of carbon and silicon.

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Spirochaeta thermophila

Spirochaeta thermophila is a fairly recently discovered free-living, anaerobic, spirochaete that seems to be the most thermophilic of the Spirochaetales order.

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Sporobolomyces koalae

Sporobolomyces koalae is a species of fungus in the order Sporidiobolales.

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Spring steel

Spring steel is a name given to a wide range of steels used in the manufacture of springs, prominently in automotive and industrial suspension applications.

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Spurrite

Spurrite is a white, yellow or light blue mineral with monoclinic crystals.

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Sputter deposition

Sputter deposition is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method of thin film deposition by sputtering.

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SS Virginis

SS Virginis is a Mira variable star that appears with a strong red hue.

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St Matthew's Church, Sheffield

St Matthew's Church, more usually known as St Matthew's Carver Street, is situated on Carver Street in the centre of Sheffield.

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Staballoy

Staballoy is the name of two different classes of metal alloys, one class typically used for munitions and a different class developed for drilling rods.

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Stable isotope ratio

The term stable isotope has a meaning similar to stable nuclide, but is preferably used when speaking of nuclides of a specific element.

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Staffane

A staffane or staffane is an organic compound, a polycyclic hydrocarbon with molecular structure H-n-H, for some integer n ≥ 1.

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Stained glass

The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it.

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Stainless steel fiber

Stainless steel fibers are manufactured fibers composed of stainless steel.

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Standard electrode potential (data page)

The data values of standard electrode potentials are given in the table below, in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, and are for the following conditions.

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Standard enthalpy of formation

The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the substance from its constituent elements, with all substances in their standard states.

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Standard Gibbs free energy of formation

The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).

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Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource

The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (formerly Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory), a division of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is operated by Stanford University for the Department of Energy.

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Stannabenzene

Stannabenzene (C5H6Sn) is the parent representative of a group of organotin compounds that are related to benzene with a carbon atom replaced by a tin atom.

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Stannole

Stannole is an organotin compound with the formula (CH)4SnH2.

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Star

A star is type of astronomical object consisting of a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its own gravity.

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Star formation

Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space, sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions", collapse and form stars.

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Star Trek planet classification

The planet classification used in the Star Trek science fiction media franchise uses letters to refer to classes of planets and planetoids.

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Starlicide

Starlicide or gull toxicant is a chemical avicide that is highly toxic to European starlings (thus the name) and gulls, but less toxic to other birds or to mammals such as humans and pets.

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Staudinger synthesis

The Staudinger Synthesis, also called the Staudinger Ketene-Imine Cycloaddition, is a chemical synthesis in which an imine reacts with a ketene through a non-photochemical 2+2 cycloaddition to produce a ''β''-lactam.

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Steam car

A steam car is a car (automobile) powered by a steam engine.

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Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.

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Steelmaking

Steelmaking is the process for producing steel from iron ore and scrap.

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Stellar classification

In astronomy, stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics.

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Stellar evolution

Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of time.

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Stellar nucleosynthesis

Stellar nucleosynthesis is the theory explaining the creation (nucleosynthesis) of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions between atoms within the stars.

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Stellite

Stellite is a range of cobalt-chromium alloys designed for wear resistance.

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Stephanie Burns

Stephanie A. Burns (born 24 January 1955, Torrington, Wyoming) is an American organosilicon chemist and businesswoman, who served as President and CEO of Dow Corning from 2003-2011.

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Stereocenter

In a molecule, a stereocenter is a particular instance of a stereogenic element that is geometrically a point.

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Stereoelectronic effect

The stereoelectronic effect is the effect on molecular structures, physical properties and reactivities due to the molecules' electronic structures, in particular the interaction between atomic and/or molecular orbitals.

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Steroid

A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

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Steroid Delta-isomerase

In enzymology, a steroid Δ5-isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, a 3-oxo-Δ5-steroid, and one product, a 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid.

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Steve Mandel

Steve Mandel is an amateur astronomer and astrophotographer.

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Stibole

Stibole is a theoretical heterocyclic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H4SbH.

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Stichtite

Stichtite is a mineral, a carbonate of chromium and magnesium; formula Mg6Cr2CO3(OH)16·4H2O.

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Stone–Wales defect

A Stone–Wales defect is a crystallographic defect that involves the change of connectivity of two π-bonded carbon atoms, leading to their rotation by 90° with respect to the midpoint of their bond.

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Strained silicon

Strained silicon is a layer of silicon in which the silicon atoms are stretched beyond their normal interatomic distance.

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Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification).

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Strengthening mechanisms of materials

Methods have been devised to modify the yield strength, ductility, and toughness of both crystalline and amorphous materials.

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Strip algebra

Strip Algebra is a set of elements and operators for the description of carbon nanotube structures, considered as a subgroup of polyhedra, and more precisely, of polyhedra with vertices formed by three edges.

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Strip-till

Strip-till is a conservation system that uses a minimum tillage.

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Strontianite

Strontianite (SrCO3) is an important raw material for the extraction of strontium.

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Strontium aluminate

Strontium aluminate (SRA, SrAl, 24) is a solid odorless, nonflammable, pale yellow, monoclinic crystalline powder, heavier than water.

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Strontium titanate

Strontium titanate is an oxide of strontium and titanium with the chemical formula SrTiO3.

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Structural isomer

Structural isomerism, or constitutional isomerism (per IUPAC), is a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have different bonding patterns and atomic organization, as opposed to stereoisomerism, in which molecular bonds are always in the same order and only spatial arrangement differs.

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Structure factor

In condensed matter physics and crystallography, the static structure factor (or structure factor for short) is a mathematical description of how a material scatters incident radiation.

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STS-8

STS-8 was the eighth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the third flight of the Space Shuttle ''Challenger''.

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Sublimation (phase transition)

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.

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Sublimation sandwich method

The sublimation sandwich method (also called the sublimation sandwich process and the sublimation sandwich technique) is a kind of physical vapor deposition used for creating man-made crystals.

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Submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production

The Submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production is a particular sub-type of electric arc furnace used to produce phosphorus and other products.

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Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite

The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) is a NASA submillimeter astronomy satellite, and is the third spacecraft in the Small Explorer program.

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Submillimetre astronomy

Submillimetre astronomy or submillimeter astronomy (see spelling differences) is the branch of observational astronomy that is conducted at submillimetre wavelengths (i.e., terahertz radiation) of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Subscript and superscript

A subscript or superscript is a character (number, letter or symbol) that is (respectively) set slightly below or above the normal line of type.

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Substituent

In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a substituent is an atom or group of atoms which replaces one or more hydrogen atoms on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon, becoming a moiety of the resultant new molecule.

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Succinate dehydrogenase subunit E

In molecular biology, the protein domain named Sdh5 is also named SdhE which stands for succinate dehydrogenase protein E. In the past, it has also been named YgfY and DUF339.

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Sucrose

Sucrose is common table sugar.

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Sucrose-phosphate synthase

Sucrose-phosphate synthase is a plant enzyme involved in sucrose biosynthesis.

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Suesca

Suesca is a town and municipality in the Almeidas Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia.

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Suess effect

The Suess effect is a change in the ratio of the atmospheric concentrations of heavy isotopes of carbon (13C and 14C) by the admixture of large amounts of fossil-fuel derived CO2, which is depleted in 13CO2 and contains no 14CO2.

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Sugars in wine

Sugars in wine are at the heart of what makes winemaking possible.

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Suillellus luridus

| name.

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Sulfate-methane transition zone

The sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) is a zone in oceans, lakes, and rivers found below the sediment surface in which sulfate and methane coexist.

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Sulforhodamine B

Sulforhodamine B or Kiton Red 620 (C27H30N2O7S2) is a fluorescent dye with uses spanning from laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to the quantification of cellular proteins of cultured cells.

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Sulfur

Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.

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Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a mineral acid with molecular formula H2SO4.

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Sulphur Mountain Formation

The Sulphur Mountain Formation is a geologic formation of Early to Middle Triassic age.

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Sulphur Springs, Saint Lucia

Sulphur Springs is the "world's only drive in volcano"; it is located in Saint Lucia towards the southwestern side of the island, near Soufrière (French for Sulfur).

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Sumio Iijima

Sumio Iijima (飯島 澄男 Iijima Sumio, born May 2, 1939) is a Japanese physicist, often cited as the inventor of carbon nanotubes.

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Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.

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Sunny Sanwar

Sahibzada Sanwar Azam Sunny (সানওয়ার আজম সানি, born 17 December 1989) is a Bangladeshi-born artist, environmental activist and social entrepreneur.

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Superalloy

A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy that exhibits several key characteristics: excellent mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep deformation, good surface stability, and resistance to corrosion or oxidation.

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Supercapacitor

A supercapacitor (SC) (also called a supercap, ultracapacitor or Goldcap) is a high-capacity capacitor with capacitance values much higher than other capacitors (but lower voltage limits) that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries.

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Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.

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Superdense carbon allotropes

Superdense carbon allotropes are proposed configurations of carbon atoms that result in a stable material with a higher density than diamond.

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Superionic water

Superionic water is a phase of water under extreme heat and pressure which has properties of both a solid and a liquid, which is supported by some experimental evidence.

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Supernova

A supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is a transient astronomical event that occurs during the last stellar evolutionary stages of a star's life, either a massive star or a white dwarf, whose destruction is marked by one final, titanic explosion.

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Supernova nucleosynthesis

Supernova nucleosynthesis is a theory of the nucleosynthesis of the natural abundances of the chemical elements in supernova explosions, advanced as the nucleosynthesis of elements from carbon to nickel in massive stars by Fred Hoyle in 1954.

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Surfactin

Surfactin is a very powerful surfactant commonly used as an antibiotic.

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Sustainability

Sustainability is the process of change, in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.

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Sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.

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Suzuki reaction

The Suzuki reaction is an organic reaction, classified as a coupling reaction, where the coupling partners are a boronic acid and an organohalide catalyzed by a palladium(0) complex.

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Sverker 21

Sverker 21 is a tool steel manufactured by Uddeholms AB.

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Swiss Army knife

The Swiss Army knife is a pocketknife or multi-tool manufactured by Victorinox AG (and up to 2005 also by Wenger SA).

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Symbol (chemistry)

In relation to the chemical elements, a symbol is a code for a chemical element.

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Syngas fermentation

Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process.

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Syntactic foam

Syntactic foams are composite materials synthesized by filling a metal, polymer, or ceramic matrix with hollow spheres called microballoons or cenospheres or non-hollow spheres (e.g. perlite).

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Synthetic diamond

A synthetic diamond (also known as an artificial diamond, cultured diamond, or cultivated diamond) is diamond produced in an artificial process, as opposed to natural diamonds, which are created by geological processes.

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Szczerbiec

Szczerbiec is the coronation sword that was used in crowning ceremonies of most Polish monarchs from 1320 to 1764.

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Taekjip Ha

Taekjip Ha (born February 20, 1968, Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean-born American biophysicist who is currently a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University.

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Taiga

Taiga (p; from Turkic), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches.

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Tailored fiber placement

Tailored fiber placement or TFP is a textile manufacturing technique based on the principle of sewing for a continuous placement of fibrous material for composite components.

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Tamahagane

Tamahagane (玉鋼) is a type of steel made in the Japanese tradition.

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Tamoxifen

Tamoxifen (TMX), sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a medication that is used to prevent breast cancer in women and treat breast cancer in women and men.

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Tandem accelerator

Conventionally, positively charged ions are accelerated because this is the polarity of the atomic nucleus.

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Tangential firing

Tangential firing is a method of firing a fuel to heat air in thermal power stations.

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Tantalum

Tantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73.

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Tantalum carbide

Tantalum carbides form a family of binary chemical compounds of tantalum and carbon with the empirical formula TaCx, where x usually varies between 0.4 and 1.

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Tantalum hafnium carbide

Tantalum hafnium carbide is a refractory chemical compound with a general formula TaxHfy-xCy, which can be considered as a solid solution of tantalum carbide and hafnium carbide.

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Tar

Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation.

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Tasimeter

The tasimeter, or microtasimeter, or measurer of infinitesimal pressure, is a device designed by Thomas Edison to measure infrared radiation.

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Tattoo ink

Tattoo inks consist of pigments combined with a carrier, and are used in tattooing.

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TC

TC, T.C., Tc, Tc, tc, tC, or.tc may refer to.

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Technology in Stargate

In the fictional universe of Stargate, a number of technologically advanced races and societies have produced a variety of highly advanced weapons, tools, and spacecraft.

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Teledeltos

Teledeltos paper is an electrically conductive paper.

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Telluric iron

Telluric iron, also called native iron, is iron that originated on Earth, and is found in a metallic form rather than as an ore.

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Tellurium monoxide

The diatomic molecule tellurium monoxide has been found as a transient species.

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Term symbol

In quantum mechanics, the term symbol is an abbreviated description of the (total) angular momentum quantum numbers in a multi-electron atom (however, even a single electron can be described by a term symbol).

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Terra preta

Terra preta (locally, literally "black soil" in Portuguese) is a type of very dark, fertile artificial (anthropogenic) soil found in the Amazon Basin.

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Terrestrial biological carbon cycle

2 is removed from the atmosphere through gross primary production (GPP) and converted to organic carbon.

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Territorialisation of carbon governance

Territorialisation of Carbon Governance (ToCG) is a concept used in political geography or environmental policy which is considered to be a new logic of environmental governance.

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Terry Fugate-Wilcox

Tery Fugate-Wilcox, (AKA Terry Fugate-Wilcox before the 1980s) (born 1944) is a minimalist and natural-process postminimalist (Actual Art)-ist painter and sculptor best known for three monumental art works in New York City and surrounding region: the LMCC-sponsored Holland Tunnel Wall (dismantled circa 1989), the 3-storey Self-Watering Tetrahedrons fountain located in Prudential's Gateway 4 lobby until 1998, and the permanently installed 36-foot-tall 3000 A.D. Diffusion Piece in J. Hood Wright Park overlooking the George Washington Bridge.

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Tert-Butyl isocyanide

tert-Butyl isocyanide is an organic compound with the formula Me3CNC (Me.

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Tertiary (disambiguation)

Tertiary (from Latin tertiarius) is an adjective meaning "third" or "third hand".

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Tertiary carbon

A tertiary carbon atom is a carbon atom bound to three other carbon atoms.

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Tetrabromomethane

Tetrabromomethane, CBr4, also known as carbon tetrabromide, is a carbon bromide.

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Tetracarbon dioxide

Tetracarbon dioxide is an oxide of carbon, a chemical compound of carbon and oxygen, with chemical formula C4O2 or O.

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Tetracene

Tetracene, also called naphthacene, is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.

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Tetrachloroethylene

Tetrachloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene ("perc" or "PERC"), and many other names, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C.

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Tetracyclopropylmethane

Tetracyclopropylmethane is an organic compound, a polycyclic hydrocarbon with formula C13H20, or (C3H5-)4C.

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Tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate

Tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate (also known as TEDP or Sulfotepp) is a highly toxic chemical compound with the chemical formula C8H20O5P2S2.

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Tetrafluoroethylene

Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) is a fluoromonomer with chemical formula C2F4.

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Tetrafluoromethane

Tetrafluoromethane, also known as carbon tetrafluoride, is the simplest fluorocarbon (CF4).

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Tetrahydrothiophene

Tetrahydrothiophene is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH2)4S.

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Tetramethylsilane

Tetramethylsilane (abbreviated as TMS) is the organosilicon compound with the formula Si(CH3)4.

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Tetraneutron

A tetraneutron is a hypothetical stable cluster of four neutrons.

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Tetranitratoxycarbon

Tetranitratoxycarbon, systematic name tetrakis(nitratoxycarbon)methane, is a hypothetical molecule that was proposed by Clara Lazen, a fifth-grader in Kansas City, Missouri, who conceived of its structure and built a model in 2012.

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Tetranitrogen

Tetranitrogen is a neutrally charged polynitrogen allotrope of the chemical formula and consists of four nitrogen atoms.

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Tetravalence

In chemistry, tetravalence is the state of an atom with four valence electrons available for covalent chemical bonding in its outermost electron shell, giving the atom a chemical valence of four.

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Tetrazine

Tetrazine is an unstable compound that consists of a six-membered aromatic ring containing four nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H2N4.

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Tetrazole

Tetrazoles are a class of synthetic organic heterocyclic compound, consisting of a 5-member ring of four nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom.

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Tetrodotoxin

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin.

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Tetrose

A tetrose is a monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms.

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Tetryl

2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine commonly referred to as tetryl (C7H5N5O8) is an explosive compound used to make detonators and explosive booster charges.

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Texas A&M Nuclear Science Center

There are two nuclear research reactors that serve the Texas A&M University.

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Textile

A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres (yarn or thread).

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Thallium(I) carbonate

Thallium(I) carbonate (Tl2CO3) is a chemical compound.

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Thaumasite

Thaumasite is a silicate mineral with chemical formula Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O.

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The Ambidextrous Universe

The Ambidextrous Universe is a popular science book by Martin Gardner, covering aspects of symmetry and asymmetry in human culture, science and the wider universe.

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The Case for Mars

The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must is a nonfiction science book by Robert Zubrin, first published in 1996, and revised and updated in 2011.

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The Chemical History of a Candle

The Chemical History of a Candle was the title of a series of six lectures on the chemistry and physics of flames given by Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution in 1848, as part of the series of Christmas lectures for young people founded by Faraday in 1825 and still given there every year.

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The Climate Reality Project

The Climate Reality Project is a non-profit organization involved in education and advocacy related to climate change.

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The Diamond Age

The Diamond Age: Or, A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer is a science fiction novel by American writer Neal Stephenson.

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The Earth Institute

The Earth Institute was established at Columbia University in 1995.

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The Elements (song)

"The Elements" is a song by musical humorist and lecturer Tom Lehrer, which recites the names of all the chemical elements known at the time of writing, up to number 102, nobelium.

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The Facilities Society

The Facilities Society was founded in the UK on 9 December 2008 as a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee (registered in England nr. 6769050).

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The Green Initiative

The Green Initiative has as its main objective the offsetting of Greenhouse gases emitted by human activities that can range from complex industrial production processes to simply driving a car, with reforestation projects in riparian areas that need to be recovered.

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The Hartwell Paper

The Hartwell Paper called for a reorientation of climate policy after the perceived failure in 2009 of the UNFCCC climate conference in Copenhagen.

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The Periodic Table (short story collection)

The Periodic Table (Il Sistema Periodico) is a collection of short stories by Primo Levi, published in 1975, named after the periodic table in chemistry.

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The Savage Curtain

"The Savage Curtain" is a third season episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek, first broadcast on March 7, 1969, and repeated July 1, 1969.

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The Urantia Book

The Urantia Book (sometimes called The Urantia Papers or The Fifth Epochal Revelation) is a spiritual, philosophical, and scientific book that originated in Chicago some time between 1924 and 1955.

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Theobromine

Theobromine, formerly known as xantheose, is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant, with the chemical formula C7H8N4O2.

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Theoretical astronomy

Theoretical astronomy is the use of the analytical models of physics and chemistry to describe astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena.

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Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer

The Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) is a scientific instrument aboard the Phoenix spacecraft, a Mars lander which landed on operated on the planet Mars in 2008.

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Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Thermal depolymerization

Thermal depolymerization (TDP) is a depolymerization process using hydrous pyrolysis for the reduction of complex organic materials (usually waste products of various sorts, often biomass and plastic) into light crude oil.

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Thermal expansion coefficients of the elements (data page)

All values refer to 25 °C unless noted.

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Thermal insulation

Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e. the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence.

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Thermistor

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors.

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Thermite

Thermite is a pyrotechnic composition of metal powder, which serves as fuel, and metal oxide.

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Thermodynamic versus kinetic reaction control

Thermodynamic reaction control or kinetic reaction control in a chemical reaction can decide the composition in a reaction product mixture when competing pathways lead to different products and the reaction conditions influence the selectivity or stereoselectivity.

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Thermoporometry and cryoporometry

Thermoporometry and cryoporometry are methods for measuring porosity and pore-size distributions.

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Thermoset polymer matrix

A thermoset polymer matrix is a synthetic polymer reinforcement first developed for structural applications, such as glass-reinforced plastic radar domes on aircraft and graphite-epoxy payload bay doors on the space shuttle.

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Thermotoga neapolitana

Thermotoga neapolitana is a hyperthermophilic organism that is a member of the order Thermotogales.

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Thescelosaurus

Thescelosaurus (ancient Greek θέσκελος-/theskelos- meaning "godlike", "marvelous", or "wondrous" and σαυρος/sauros "lizard") was a genus of small ornithopod dinosaur that appeared at the very end of the Late Cretaceous period in North America.

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Theta Muscae

Theta Muscae (θ Muscae) is a multiple star system in the southern constellation Musca ("the Fly") with an apparent magnitude of 5.5.

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Thiamine

Thiamine, also known as thiamin or vitamin B1, is a vitamin found in food, and manufactured as a dietary supplement and medication.

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Thiazepine

Thiazepines are substituted thiepins, with a nitrogen replacing a carbon in the seven-membered heterocyclic compound.

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Thiazine

Thiazine is an organic compound containing a ring of four carbon, one nitrogen and one sulfur atom.

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Thiepine

In organic chemistry, thiepine (or thiepin) is an unsaturated seven-membered heterocyclic compound, with six carbon atoms and one sulfur atom.

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Thioacetamide

Thioacetamide is an organosulfur compound with the formula C2H5NS.

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Thiocyanate

Thiocyanate (also known as rhodanide) is the anion −. It is the conjugate base of thiocyanic acid.

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Thiol

Thiol is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (R–SH) group (where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent).

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Thiomersal

Thiomersal (INN), or thimerosal (USAN, JAN), is an organomercury compound.

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Thiomorpholine

Thiomorpholine, C4H9NS, is a heterocyclic compound containing nitrogen and sulfur.

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Thiotimoline

Thiotimoline is a fictitious chemical compound conceived by American biochemist and science fiction author Isaac Asimov.

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Thiourea

Thiourea is an organosulfur compound with the formula SC(NH2)2.

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Third rail

A third rail is a method of providing electric power to a railway locomotive or train, through a semi-continuous rigid conductor placed alongside or between the rails of a railway track.

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Thomas Athol Rafter

Thomas Athol Rafter (5 March 1913 – 26 September 1996) was a New Zealand teacher and nuclear chemist.

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Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor.

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Thorium dioxide

Thorium dioxide (ThO2), also called thorium(IV) oxide, is a crystalline solid, often white or yellow in color.

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Thorium(IV) carbide

Thorium(IV) carbide (ThC) is an inorganic thorium compound and a carbide.

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Three roll mill

A three roll mill or triple roll mill is a machine that uses shear force created by three horizontally positioned rolls rotating in opposite directions and different speeds relative to each other, in order to mix, refine, disperse, or homogenize viscous materials fed into it.

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Three-center two-electron bond

A three-center two-electron bond is an electron-deficient chemical bond where three atoms share two electrons.

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Tikal Temple V

Tikal Temple V is the name given by archaeologists to one of the major pyramids at Tikal.

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Tilting Train Express

Tilting Train Express (TTX) or Hanvit 200 is a South Korean experimental high-speed tilting train, which is currently being tested by the Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI).

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Time pressure gauge

A time pressure gauge is an instrument that digitally displays pressure data divided into appropriate time intervals.

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Timeline of biology and organic chemistry

Significant events in biology and organic chemistry.

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Timeline of chemical element discoveries

The discovery of the 118 chemical elements known to exist today is presented here in chronological order.

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Timeline of chemistry

The timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.

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Timeline of cosmological theories

This timeline of cosmological theories and discoveries is a chronological record of the development of humanity's understanding of the cosmos over the last two-plus millennia.

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Timeline of egg fossil research

This timeline of egg fossils research is a chronologically ordered list of important discoveries, controversies of interpretation, taxonomic revisions, and cultural portrayals of egg fossils.

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Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory

Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory is a timeline of the Mars Science Laboratory mission and its rover, ''Curiosity''.

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Timeline of physical chemistry

The timeline of physical chemistry lists the sequence of physical chemistry theories and discoveries in chronological order.

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Timeline of stellar astronomy

Timeline of stellar astronomy.

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Timeline of the discovery and classification of minerals

Georgius Agricola is considered the 'father of mineralogy'.

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Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

This timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth.

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Timeline of the formation of the Universe

This is a timeline of the formation and subsequent evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang (13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago) to the present day.

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Timeline of the gunpowder age

This is a timeline of the history of gunpowder and related topics such as weapons, warfare, and industrial applications.

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Timeline of the Tang dynasty

This is a timeline of the Tang dynasty, which covers a period of roughly 289 years, from 618, when the dynasty was founded, to 907, when the last Tang emperor was deposed by the warlord Zhu Wen, who established the Later Liang dynasty, inaugurating the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

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Tin

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

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Tinfos

Tinfos is a private Norwegian holding company.

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Tissint meteorite

The Tissint meteorite is a Martian meteorite that fell in Tata Province in the Guelmim-Es Semara region of Morocco on July 18, 2011.

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Titania (moon)

No description.

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Titanium

Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.

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Titanium alloy

Titanium alloys are metals that contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements.

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Titanium aluminium nitride

Titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN) or aluminium titanium nitride (AlTiN; for aluminium contents higher than 50%) stands for a group of metastable hard coatings consisting of the metallic elements aluminium and titanium, and nitrogen.

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Titanium Beta C

Titanium Beta C refers to Ti Beta-C, a trademark for an alloy of titanium originally filed by RTI International.

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Titanium carbide

Titanium carbide, TiC, is an extremely hard (Mohs 9–9.5) refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide.

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Titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula.

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Titanium tetrachloride

Titanium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula TiCl4.

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TNT

Trinitrotoluene (TNT), or more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3.

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TNT equivalent

TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion.

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Tokai Carbon

is a Japanese company.

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Tommaso bikes

Tommaso Bikes is a bicycle manufacturing company, headquartered in Denver, Colorado, United States.

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Toner

Toner is a powder mixture used in laser printers and photocopiers to form the printed text and images on the paper, in general through a toner cartridge.

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Tonstein

Tonstein (from the German "Ton", meaning clay, plus "Stein", meaning rock) is a hard, compact sedimentary rock that is composed mainly of kaolinite or, less commonly, other clay minerals such as montmorillonite and illite.

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Tool steel

Tool steel refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are particularly well-suited to be made into tools.

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Top-lit updraft gasifier

A top-lit updraft gasifier (also known as a TLUD) is a micro-kiln used to produce charcoal, especially biochar, and heat for cooking.

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Torbanite

Torbanite, also known as boghead coal, is a variety of fine-grained black oil shale.

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Total inorganic carbon

The total inorganic carbon (CT, or TIC) or dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is the sum of inorganic carbon species in a solution.

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Total organic carbon

Total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon found in an organic compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water quality or cleanliness of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment.

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Tovex

Tovex (also known as Trenchrite, Seismogel, and Seismopac) is a water-gel explosive composed of ammonium nitrate and methylammonium nitrate that has several advantages over traditional dynamite, including lower toxicity and safer manufacture, transport, and storage.

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Toyota TS050 Hybrid

The Toyota TS050 Hybrid is a racing car developed for the 2016 Le Mans Prototype rules in the FIA World Endurance Championship.

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Trans-Neptunian object

A trans-Neptunian object (TNO, also written transneptunian object) is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater average distance (semi-major axis) than Neptune, 30 astronomical units (AU).

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Transferase

A transferase is any one of a class of enzymes that enact the transfer of specific functional groups (e.g. a methyl or glycosyl group) from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor).

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Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing

Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing technology that uses transmission electron microscopy techniques.

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Transuranium element

The transuranium elements (also known as transuranic elements) are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (the atomic number of uranium).

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TraPPE force field

Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria (TraPPE) is a family of molecular mechanics force fields developed mainly by the research group of J. Ilja Siepmann at the University of Minnesota.

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Tree

In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species.

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Trekking pole

Trekking poles (also known as hiking poles, hiking sticks or walking poles) are a common hiking accessory used to assist walkers with their rhythm and provide stability on rough terrain.

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Tremp Formation

The Tremp Formation (Formación Tremp, Formació de Tremp), also described as Tremp Group (Grupo Tremp), is a geological formation in the comarca Pallars Jussà, Lleida, Spain.

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Trenbolone acetate

Trenbolone acetate, sold under brand names such as Finajet and Finaplix among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in veterinary medicine, specifically to increase the profitability of livestock by promoting muscle growth in cattle.

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Triakis truncated tetrahedral honeycomb

The triakis truncated tetrahedral honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of triakis truncated tetrahedra.

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Triakis truncated tetrahedron

In geometry, the triakis truncated tetrahedron is a convex polyhedron made from 4 hexagons and 12 isosceles triangles.

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Tricarbon

Tricarbon (systematically named 1λ2,3λ2-propadiene and catena-tricarbon) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written or). It is a colourless gas that only persists in dilution or solution as an adduct.

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Tricarbon monosulfide

Tricarbon monosulfide (C3S) or tricarbon sulfur is a reactive molecular substance found in space.

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Trichloroethylene

The chemical compound trichloroethylene is a halocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent.

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Tricosylic acid

Tricosylic acid, or tricosanoic acid, is a 23-carbon long-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)21COOH.

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Tridecylic acid

Tridecylic acid, or tridecanoic acid, is a 13-carbon saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)11COOH.

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Triethyl borate

Triethyl borate, also called boron triethoxide or boric acid, triethyl ester, is a colorless, flammable liquid with the formula B(C2H5O)3.

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Trifluoroacetyl chloride

Trifluoroacetyl chloride (also known as TFAC) is a gaseous chemical compound with the chemical formula C2ClF3O.

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Trifluoroiodomethane

Trifluoroiodomethane, also referred to as trifluoromethyl iodide is a halomethane with the formula CF3I.

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Triglyceride

A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri- and glyceride).

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Triiron dodecacarbonyl

Triiron dodecarbonyl is the organoiron compound with the formula Fe3(CO)12.

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Triisopropylamine

Triisopropylamine is an organic chemical compound consisting of three isopropyl groups bound to a central nitrogen atom.

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Trimetasphere

Trimetasphere carbon nanomaterials (TMS), also known as trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerenes, are a family of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMF).

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Triose

A triose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, containing three carbon atoms.

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Trioxane

Trioxane refers to any of three isomeric organic compounds composed of a six-membered ring with three carbon atoms and three oxygen atoms, having the molecular formula C3H6O3.

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TRIP steel

TRIP steel are a class of high-strength steel alloys typically used in naval and marine applications and in the automotive industry.

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Triphenylene

In chemistry, the organic compound triphenylene is a flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of four fused benzene rings.

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Triple bond

A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond.

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Triple-alpha process

The triple-alpha process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed into carbon.

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Tripping the Rift

Tripping the Rift is an American/Canadian adult CGI science fiction comedy television series.

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Triptane

Triptane, or 2,2,3-trimethylbutane, is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C7H16 or (H3C-)3C-C(-CH3)2H.

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Trivial name

In chemistry, a trivial name is a nonsystematic name for a chemical substance.

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Troll (Discworld)

Trolls in Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels, unlike the monstrous trolls of folklore and J. R. R. Tolkien, have been subverted into a moderately civilised race.

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Trophic mutualism

Trophic mutualism is a key type of ecological mutualism.

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Tropical Africa

Although tropical Africa is most familiar in the West as depicted by its rain forests, this ecozone of Africa is far more diverse.

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Tropical peat

Areas of tropical peat are found mostly in South East Asia (about 70% by area) although are also found in Africa, Central and South America and elsewhere around the Pacific Ocean.

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TT Cygni

TT Cygni is a carbon star.

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Tungsten

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.

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Tungsten carbide

Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms.

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Tungsten trioxide

Tungsten(VI) oxide, also known as tungsten trioxide or tungstic anhydride, WO3, is a chemical compound containing oxygen and the transition metal tungsten.

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Turkana Basin

The greater Turkana Basin in East Africa (mainly northwestern Kenya and southern Ethiopia, smaller parts of eastern Uganda and southeastern South Sudan) determines a large endorheic basin, a drainage basin with no outflow centered around the north-southwards directed Gregory Rift system in Kenya and southern Ethiopia.

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Turnoff point

The turnoff point for a star refers to the point on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram where it leaves the main sequence after the exhaustion of its main fuel.

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Twistane

Twistane (IUPAC name: tricyclodecane) is an organic compound with the formula C10H16.

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Two-dimensional materials

2D Materials, sometimes referred to as single layer materials, are crystalline materials consisting of a single layer of atoms.

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TX Piscium

TX Piscium (19 Piscium) is a variable carbon star in the constellation Pisces.

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Type Ia supernova

A type Ia supernova (read "type one-a") is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf.

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Type II supernova

A Type II supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas) results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star.

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Tyrolite

Tyrolite is a hydrated calcium copper arsenate carbonate mineral with formula: CaCu5(AsO4)2CO3(OH)4·6H2O.

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U Camelopardalis

U Camelopardalis is a semiregular variable star in the constellation Camelopardalis.

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Udagawa Yōan

was a 19th-century Japanese scholar of Western studies, or "Rangaku".

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UltraBattery

UltraBattery is a hybrid energy storage device invented by Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).

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Ultrasonic nozzle

Ultrasonic nozzles are a type of spray nozzle that uses high frequency vibration produced by piezoelectric transducers acting upon the nozzle tip that will create capillary waves in a liquid film.

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Umbriel (moon)

Umbriel is a moon of Uranus discovered on October 24, 1851, by William Lassell.

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Undecanal

Undecanal, also known as undecyl aldehyde, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C10H21CHO.

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Undecylic acid

Undecylic acid (systematically named undecanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3(CH2)9COOH.

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Unified atomic mass unit

The unified atomic mass unit or dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).

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Universal stress protein

The universal stress protein (USP) domain is a superfamily of conserved genes which can be found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and plants.

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Universe

The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.

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Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have double or triple covalent bonds between adjacent carbon atoms.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.

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Uranium dioxide

Uranium dioxide or uranium(IV) oxide (2), also known as urania or uranous oxide, is an oxide of uranium, and is a black, radioactive, crystalline powder that naturally occurs in the mineral uraninite.

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Uranium ore

Uranium ore deposits are economically recoverable concentrations of uranium within the Earth's crust.

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Urea cycle

The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea ((NH2)2CO) from ammonia (NH3).

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Urea phosphate

Urea phosphate is an organic compound of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus.

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Uric acid

Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.

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USS Ponaganset (AO-86)

USS Ponaganset AO-86/AOG-86) was an ''Suamico''-class fleet oiler, of the T2-SE-A2 tanker hull type, serving in the United States Navy during World War II. Laid down on 27 April 1942, she was named for the Ponaganset River located in Foster and Glocester, Rhode Island. Ponaganset was launched on 10 July 1943 after being built at Marinship, Sausalito, California, under Maritime Commission contract MC 1265. Sponsored by Mrs. J.W. Fowler, the ship was commissioned by the US Navy on 15 May 1944, and reported to the Pacific Fleet on 25 June 1944.

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UZ Pyxidis

UZ Pyxidis (HD 75021) is a semiregular variable star in the constellation Pyxis.

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Vacuum arc remelting

Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary melting process for production of metal ingots with elevated chemical and mechanical homogeneity for highly demanding applications.

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Vacuum distillation

Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation performed under reduced pressure.

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Valence electron

In chemistry, a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair.

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Van der Waals radius

The van der Waals radius, r, of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom.

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Van der Waals surface

The van der Waals surface of a molecule is an abstract representation or model of that molecule, illustrating where, in very rough terms, a surface might reside for the molecule based on the hard cutoffs of van der Waals radii for individual atoms, and it represents a surface through which the molecule might be conceived as interacting with other molecules.

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Vanadis 4 Extra

Vanadis 4 Extra is a powder metallurgical cold work tool steel produced by Uddeholms AB.

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Vanadium oxytrichloride

Vanadium oxytrichloride is the inorganic compound with the formula VOCl3.

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Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Variable star

A variable star is a star whose brightness as seen from Earth (its apparent magnitude) fluctuates.

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Vaterite

Vaterite is a mineral, a polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

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Vegetable oil fuel

Vegetable oil can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines and in heating oil burners.

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Vendotaenid

Vendotaenids are ribbon-shaped, carbonaceous, Precambrian macrofossils.

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Vermejo Formation

The Vermejo Formation is a geologic formation of Upper Cretaceous age which outcrops in the Raton Basin of northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado.

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VG-1 (steel)

VG-1 (also known as V Gold 1 steel) is a high Carbon (C) Molybdenum (Mo) stainless steel manufactured by Takefu Special Steel Co.,Ltd.

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Vibration theory of olfaction

The Vibration theory of smell proposes that a molecule's smell character is due to its vibrational frequency in the infrared range.

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Vicalloy

Vicalloy is a family of cobalt-iron-vanadium wrought permanently magnetic alloys.

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Vicinal (chemistry)

In chemistry the descriptor vicinal (from Latin vicinus.

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Vinyl group

In chemistry, vinyl or ethenyl is the functional group with the formula −CH.

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Virgin Earth Challenge

The Virgin Earth Challenge is a competition offering a $25 million prize for whoever can demonstrate a commercially viable design which results in the permanent removal of greenhouse gases out of the Earth's atmosphere to contribute materially in global warming avoidance.

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Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.

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Vishnevite

Vishnevite, or sulfatic cancrinite, is a mineral of the cancrinite group with the chemical formula (Na, Ca, K)6(Si, Al)12O242-4·nH2O.

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Visnagin

Visnagin is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C13H10O4 It is a furanochromone, a compound derivative of chromone (1,4-benzopyrone) and furan.

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Vladimir Markovnikov

Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov (Влади́мир Васи́льевич Марко́вников), also spelled as Markownikoff, (December 22, 1838 – February 11, 1904), was a Russian chemist.

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Vladimir Prelog

Vladimir Prelog ForMemRS (23 July 1906 – 7 January 1998) was a Croatian-Swiss organic chemist who received the 1975 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.

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Volatile organic compound

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room temperature.

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Volcano

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

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Von Richter reaction

The Von-Richter reaction, also named Von-Richter rearrangement, is a name reaction in the organic chemistry.

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Vote Climate U.S. PAC

Vote Climate U.S. PAC is an American super PAC founded in 2013 and directed by American political activist Karyn Strickler.

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Wallace Smith Broecker

Wallace Smith Broecker (born November 29, 1931 in Chicago) is the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.

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Walter Zinn

Walter Henry Zinn (December 10, 1906 – February 14, 2000) was a nuclear physicist who was the first director of the Argonne National Laboratory from 1946 to 1956.

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Wanda Kirkbride Farr

Wanda K. Farr (January 9, 1895 – April 16, 1983) was an American botanist known for her discovery of the mechanism by which cellulose is formed in the walls of plant cells.

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Water splitting

Water splitting is the general term for a chemical reaction in which water is separated into oxygen and hydrogen.

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Water-fuelled car

A water-fuelled car is an automobile that hypothetically derives its energy directly from water.

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Wax thermostatic element

The wax thermostatic element was invented in 1936 by Sergius Vernet (1899–1968).

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Wüsthof

Wüsthof (also known as Wüsthof Dreizackwerk (German) and Wüsthof Trident (English)) is a knife-maker based in Solingen, Germany.

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Weathering steel

Weathering steel, often referred to by the genericized trademark COR-TEN steel and sometimes written without the hyphen as corten steel, is a group of steel alloys which were developed to eliminate the need for painting, and form a stable rust-like appearance after several years exposure to weather.

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Weddellite

Weddellite (CaC2O4·2H2O) is a mineral form of calcium oxalate named for occurrences of millimeter-sized crystals found in bottom sediments of the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica.

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Weldability

The weldability, also known as joinability,.

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Weloganite

Weloganite is a rare carbonate mineral with formula: It was discovered by Canadian government mineralogist Ann P. Sabina in 1967 and named for Canadian geologist Sir William Edmond Logan (1798–1875).

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Westinghouse Time Capsules

The Westinghouse Time Capsules are two time capsules prepared by the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company: "Time Capsule I" was created for the 1939 New York World's Fair and "Time Capsule II" was created for the 1964 New York World's Fair.

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Wetland

A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem.

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Whale fall

A whale fall is the carcass of a cetacean that has fallen into the bathyal or abyssal zone (i.e. deeper than) on the ocean floor.

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Whewellite

Whewellite is a mineral, hydrated calcium oxalate, formula CaC2O4·H2O.

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White dwarf

A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a stellar core remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter.

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Whodunnit? (2013 U.S. TV series)

Whodunnit? is a murder mystery-based reality television show broadcast on ABC.

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Wildland fire emission

Wildland fire and wildland fire atmospheric emissions have been a part of the global biosphere for millennia.

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William Jencks

William Platt Jencks (August 15, 1927 – January 3, 2007) was an American biochemist.

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William Kelly (inventor)

William Kelly (August 21, 1811 – February 11, 1888), born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was an American inventor.

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William P. Bidelman

William Pendry Bidelman (September 25, 1918 – May 3, 2011).

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Williams FW18

The Williams-Renault FW18 is a Formula One car designed by Patrick Head and Adrian Newey for the Williams F1 team for the 1996 Formula One season.

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Williams FW25

The Williams FW25 is a Formula One car designed by Williams and powered by a BMW V10 engine.

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Williams FW26

The Williams FW26 is a Formula One racing car designed and built by Williams F1 for the 2004 Formula One season.

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Wind River Experimental Forest

The Wind River Experimental Forest is an ecological and silvicultural research in Stabler, Washington, in the United States.

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Wind turbine design

Wind turbine design is the process of defining the form and specifications of a wind turbine to extract energy from the wind.

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Windrow composting

In agriculture, windrow composting is the production of compost by piling organic matter or biodegradable waste, such as animal manure and crop residues, in long rows (windrows).

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Witherite

Witherite is a barium carbonate mineral, BaCO3, in the aragonite group.

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Wolf Ammunition

WOLF Performance Ammunition is a trademark associated with Sporting Supplies International (SSI), a corporation in the United States.

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Wolf–Rayet star

Wolf–Rayet stars, often abbreviated as WR stars, are a rare heterogeneous set of stars with unusual spectra showing prominent broad emission lines of highly ionised helium and nitrogen or carbon.

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Wolffia arrhiza

Wolffia arrhiza is a species of flowering plant known by the common names spotless watermeal and rootless duckweed, belonging to the Araceae, a family rich in water-loving species, such as Arum and Pistia.

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Wolfson Centre for Magnetics

Wolfson Centre for Magnetics (WCM) is a research and knowledge centre operating within School of Engineering at Cardiff University.

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Wood economy

The existence of a wood economy, or more broadly, a forest economy (since in many countries a bamboo economy predominates), is a prominent matter in many developing countries as well as in many other nations with temperate climate and especially in those with low temperatures.

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Woodstock Iron Works

The Woodstock Iron Works ran from 1848 to 1884 and was located in what is now Upper Woodstock, New Brunswick, Canada.

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Wootz steel

Wootz steel is a crucible steel characterized by a pattern of bands, which are formed by sheets of micro carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix in higher carbon steel, or by ferrite and pearlite banding in lower carbon steels.

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Work function

In solid-state physics, the work setting (sometimes spelled workfunction) is the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e. energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface.

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Wrought iron

puddled iron, a form of wrought iron Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (less than 0.08%) content in contrast to cast iron (2.1% to 4%).

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Wujing Zongyao

The Wujing Zongyao, sometimes rendered in English as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics, is a Chinese military compendium written from around 1040 to 1044.

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Xanthydrol

Xanthydrol is an organic chemical compound.

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Xeno nucleic acid

Xeno nucleic acid (XNA) is a synthetic alternative to the natural nucleic acids DNA and RNA as information-storing biopolymers that differs in the sugar backbone.

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Xenon

Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54.

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Xylene

Xylene (from Greek ξύλο, xylo, "wood"), xylol or dimethylbenzene is any one of three isomers of dimethylbenzene, or a combination thereof.

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Xylose

Xylose (cf. ξύλον, xylon, "wood") is a sugar first isolated from wood, and named for it.

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Xylulose

Xylulose is a ketopentose, a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group.

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Xylyl bromide

Xylyl bromide, also known as methylbenzyl bromide or T-stoff ("T stuff"), is any member or a mixture of organic chemical compounds with the molecular formula C6H4(CH3)(CH2Br).

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Yablochkov candle

A Yablochkov candle (sometimes electric candle) is a type of electric carbon arc lamp, invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov.

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Yamato 000593

Yamato 000593 (or Y000593) is the second largest meteorite from Mars found on Earth.

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Yedoma

Yedoma is an organic-rich (about 2% carbon by mass) Pleistocene-age permafrost with ice content of 50–90% by volume.

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Yellow hypergiant

A yellow hypergiant is a massive star with an extended atmosphere, a spectral class from A to K, and an initial mass of about 20–60 solar masses but having lost as much as half that mass.

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Ynol

In chemistry, an ynol (or alkynol) is an alkyne with a hydroxyl group affixed to one of the two carbons composing the triple bond.

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Yttrium

Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39.

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Yuri Leonidovich Belousov

Yuri Leonidovich Belousov (Russian: Ю́рий Леони́дович Бело́усов; November 14, 1945 Chelyabinsk Oblast, USSR — May 4, 2000, Yekaterinburg), Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, was a researcher and engineer in the field of Materials Science: glass and Glass-ceramic technologies.

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Zabuyelite

Zabuyelite is the natural mineral form of lithium carbonate, with a formula Li2CO3.

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Zaccagnaite

Zaccagnaite is a mineral, with a formula Zn4Al2CO3(OH)12·3H2O.

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Zazhoginskoye

The Zazhoginskoe field is one of the richest Russian field of shungite on the territory of the Republic of Karelia.

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Zebrafish AB9 cell line

Zebrafish AB9 cells are a primary fibroblast cell line developed from fin tissue of the AB strain.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zinc–air battery

Zinc–air batteries (non-rechargeable; IEC codes: A, P), and zinc–air fuel cells (mechanically rechargeable) are metal-air batteries powered by oxidizing zinc with oxygen from the air.

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Zinc–carbon battery

A zinc–carbon battery is a dry cell primary battery that delivers about 1.5 volts of direct current from the electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide.

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Zirconium

Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40.

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Zirconium alloy

Zirconium alloys are solid solutions of zirconium or other metals, a common subgroup having the trade mark Zircaloy.

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Zirconium carbide

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools.

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Zirconium diboride

Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) is a highly covalent refractory ceramic material with a hexagonal crystal structure.

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Zita Martins

Zita Martins (born 1979), OSE, is a Portuguese astrobiologist, and an Associate Professor at Instituto Superior Técnico.

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Zusailing Formation

The Zusailing Formation is located in Baoting County, Hainan Province, China.

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(2Z,4Z,6Z,8Z)-Thionine

(2Z,4Z,6Z,8Z)-Thionine or Thionine is an unsaturated heterocycle of nine atoms, with a sulfur replacing a carbon at one position.

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1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptachloropropane

1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptachloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon.

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1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon.

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1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane is an organic chemical, an organofluoride.

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1,1,1-Tribromoethane

1,1,1-Tribromoethane is a haloalkane with the chemical formula C2H3Br3.

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1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexachloropropane

1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexachloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon.

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1,1,3-Trichloropropene

1,1,3-Trichloropropene is a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine.

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1,2,4-Trioxane

1,2,4-Trioxane is one of the isomers of trioxane.

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1,2-Dibromoethylene

1,2-Dibromoethylene, also known as 1,2-dibromoethene and acetylene dibromide, is a dihalogenated unsaturated compound with one bromine on each of the two carbon atoms.

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1,2-Dioxetanedione

The chemical compound 1,2-dioxetanedione, or 1,2-dioxacyclobutane-3,4-dione, often called peroxyacid ester, is an unstable oxide of carbon (an oxocarbon) with formula C2O4.

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1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides

1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides are a class of four-membered ring compounds which contain a P2S2 ring, many of these compounds are able to act as sources of the dithiophosphine ylides.

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1,3,5-Trioxane

1,3,5-Trioxane, sometimes also called trioxane or trioxin, is a chemical compound with molecular formula C3H6O3.

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1,3-Butadiene (data page)

Butadiene.

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1,3-Dichloropropane

1,3-Dichloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon.

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1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene

1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene is an aromatic isocyanate with the chemical formula C8H4N2O2.

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1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b, also known by trade names including Freon-142b) is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) with the chemical formula CH3CClF2.

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1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, C2HClF4, is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon used as a component in refrigerants offered as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons. HCFC-124 is also used in gaseous fire suppression systems as a replacement for bromochlorocarbons.

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1-Decanol

1-Decanol is a straight chain fatty alcohol with ten carbon atoms and the molecular formula C10H21OH.

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1-Heptanol

1-Heptanol is an alcohol with a seven carbon chain and the structural formula of CH3(CH2)6OH.

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1-Hexanol

1-Hexanol is an organic alcohol with a six-carbon chain and a condensed structural formula of CH3(CH2)5OH.

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1-Methylnaphthalene

1-Methylnaphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH).

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1-Nonanol

1-Nonanol is a straight chain fatty alcohol with nine carbon atoms and the molecular formula CH3(CH2)8OH.

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1-Pentanol

1-Pentanol, (or n-pentanol, pentan-1-ol), is an alcohol with five carbon atoms and the molecular formula C5H11OH.

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1.1.1-Propellane

Propellane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the propellane family.

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10 Hygiea

10 Hygiea is the fourth-largest asteroid in the Solar System by volume and mass, and it is located in the asteroid belt.

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105 Artemis

105 Artemis is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by J. C. Watson on September 16, 1868, at Ann Arbor, Michigan.

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111 Ate

111 Ate is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on August 14, 1870, and named after Ate, the goddess of mischief and destruction in Greek mythology.

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120 Lachesis

120 Lachesis is a large main-belt asteroid.

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128 Nemesis

128 Nemesis is a large 188 km main-belt asteroid, of carbonaceous composition.

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144 Vibilia

144 Vibilia is carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 140 kilometers in diameter.

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145 Adeona

145 Adeona is a rather large main-belt asteroid.

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147 Protogeneia

147 Protogeneia is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by the Hungarian astronomer Lipót Schulhof on July 10, 1875, from the Vienna Observatory; it was his only asteroid discovery.

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152 Atala

152 Atala is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on November 2, 1875, but the discovery was credited to Paul.

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154CM

154CM is a type of stainless steel developed and manufactured in the United States by Crucible Materials Corporation (now - Crucible Industries).

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17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer

The 17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer (17 cm mMW) was a mortar used by Germany in World War I.

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1797 in science

The year 1797 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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185 Eunike

185 Eunike is a dark and very large main-belt asteroid, with an approximate diameter of 157 kilometres.

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1855 in science

The year 1855 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1857 in science

The year 1857 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1879

No description.

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1879 in science

The year 1879 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1879 in the United States

Events from the year 1879 in the United States.

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194 Prokne

194 Prokne is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on March 21, 1879, in Clinton, New York, and named after Procne, the sister of Philomela in Greek mythology.

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1967

No description.

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1967 in the United States

Events from the year 1967 in the United States.

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2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol is the organic compound with the formula CF3CH2OH.

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2,2,3,3-Tetramethylsuccinic acid

In chemistry, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylsuccinic acid or 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane-1,4-dioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula, or HOOC-C(CH3)2-C(CH3)2-COOH.

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2,2,5,5-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran

In chemistry, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran or 2,2,5,5-tetramethyloxolane is a heterocyclic compound with the formula, or (CH3)2(C(CH2)2OC)(CH3)2.

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2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene

2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, or HFO-1234yf, is a hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) with the formula CH2.

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2-Butanol

2-Butanol, or sec-butanol, is an organic compound with formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3.

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2-Butene

2-Butene is an acyclic alkene with four carbon atoms.

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2-Chlorobutane

2-Chlorobutane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon.

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2-Methoxyethanol

2-Methoxyethanol, or methyl cellosolve, is an organic compound with formula that is used mainly as a solvent.

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2-Methylhexane

2-Methylhexane (C7H16, also known as isoheptane, ethylisobutylmethane) is an isomer of heptane.

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2-Methylnaphthalene

2-Methylnaphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH).

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2-Octyne

2-Octyne, also known as methylpentylethin and oct-2-yne, is a type of alkyne with a triple bond at its second carbon (the '2-' indicates the location of the triple bond in the chain).

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2.2.2-Propellane

Propellane, formally tricyclooctane is an organic compound, a member of the propellane family.

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2002 AA29

(also written 2002 AA29) is a small near-Earth asteroid that was discovered on January 9, 2002 by the LINEAR (Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research) automatic sky survey.

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2004 in science

The year 2004 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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2011 in science

The year 2011 involved many significant scientific events, including the first artificial organ transplant, the launch of China's first space station and the growth of the world population to seven billion.

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2013 Eastern China smog

The 2013 Eastern China smog was a severe air pollution episode that affected East China, including all or parts of the municipalities of Shanghai and Tianjin, and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, and Zhejiang, during December 2013.

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2013 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2013, including the discovery of numerous Earthlike exoplanets, the development of viable lab-grown ears, teeth, livers and blood vessels, and the atmospheric entry of the most destructive meteor since 1908.

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2014 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2014, including the first robotic landing on a comet and the first complete stem-cell-assisted recovery from paraplegia.

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2016 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2016.

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2017 in paleontology

No description.

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206 Hersilia

206 Hersilia is a fairly large Main belt asteroid.

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211 Isolda

211 Isolda is a very large, dark main-belt asteroid.

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213 Lilaea

213 Lilaea is a large main belt asteroid.

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223 Rosa

223 Rosa is a large Themistian asteroid.

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225 Henrietta

225 Henrietta is a very large outer main-belt asteroid.

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229 (number)

229 (two hundred twenty-nine) is the natural number following 228 and preceding 230.

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229 Adelinda

229 Adelinda is a large, dark outer main-belt asteroid.

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231 Vindobona

231 Vindobona is a large Main belt asteroid.

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232 Russia

232 Russia is a large Main belt asteroid.

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238 Hypatia

238 Hypatia is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Russian astronomer Viktor Knorre on July 1, 1884, in Berlin.

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24-Ethyl coprostanol

24-Ethyl coprostanol (24-ethyl 5β-cholestan-3β-ol) is a 29 carbon stanol formed from the biohydrogenation of β-sitosterol (24-ethyl cholest-5en-3β-ol, 24-ethyl cholesterol) in the gastrointestinal tract of most higher animals, especially herbivores.

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240 Vanadis

240 Vanadis is a fairly large main-belt asteroid.

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241 Germania

241 Germania is a very large main-belt asteroid.

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25 cm schwerer Minenwerfer

The 25 cm schwerer Minenwerfer (German for "heavy mine launcher"), often abbreviated as 25 cm sMW, was a heavy trench mortar developed for the Imperial German Army in the first decade of the 20th century.

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253 Mathilde

253 Mathilde is an asteroid in the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers in diameter, that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory on 12 November 1885.

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260 Huberta

260 Huberta is a large asteroid orbiting near the outer edge of the Main belt.

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279 Thule

279 Thule is a large asteroid from the outer asteroid belt.

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28978 Ixion

28978 Ixion, provisional designation, is a plutino (an object that has a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune).

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2C (psychedelics)

2C (2C-x) is a general name for the family of psychedelic phenethylamines containing methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of a benzene ring.

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2C-G

2C-G is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family.

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3,3,4,4-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran

In chemistry, 3,3,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran or 3,3,4,4-tetramethyloxolane is a heterocyclic compound with the formula, or (CH3)2((CH2)C2(CH2)O)(CH3)2.

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3,3,4,4-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran-2,5-dione

In chemistry, 3,3,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran-2,5-dione is a heterocyclic compound with the formula, or (CH3)2(COC2COO)(CH3)2.

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3-Methylpentane

3-Methylpentane is a branched-chain alkane with the molecular formula C6H14.

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302 Clarissa

302 Clarissa is a typical Main belt asteroid.

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326 Tamara

326 Tamara is a large Main belt asteroid.

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334 Chicago

334 Chicago is a very large main-belt asteroid.

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336 Lacadiera

336 Lacadiera is a large Main belt asteroid.

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345 Tercidina

345 Tercidina is a large main-belt asteroid.

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350 Ornamenta

350 Ornamenta is a relatively large main-belt asteroid, measuring 118 km in diameter.

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36 Serpentis

36 Serpentis, also known as b Serpentis, is a star in the constellation Serpens.

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360 Carlova

360 Carlova is a very large main-belt asteroid.

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361 Bononia

361 Bononia is a very large main-belt asteroid.

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365 Corduba

365 Corduba is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 21 March 1893 from Nice.

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37 Comae Berenices

37 Comae Berenices (37 Com) is a star in the constellation Coma Berenices.

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373 Melusina

373 Melusina is a large Main belt asteroid.

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379 Huenna

379 Huenna is a large asteroid orbiting in the asteroid belt.

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380 Fiducia

380 Fiducia is a large Main belt asteroid.

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381 Myrrha

381 Myrrha is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on January 10, 1894, in Nice.

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386 Siegena

386 Siegena is a very large main-belt asteroid.

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4

4 (four) is a number, numeral, and glyph.

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4 Vesta

Vesta, minor-planet designation 4 Vesta, is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of.

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4,4'-Oxydianiline

4,4’-Oxydianiline is an organic compound with the formula O(C6H4NH2)2.

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4-Ipomeanol

4-Ipomeanol (4-IPO) is a pulmonary pre-toxin isolated from sweet potatoes infected with the fungus Fusarium solani.

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4-Methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide

4-Methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide is an organic compound with the formula of C2H7N3S.

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4-Octyne

4-Octyne, also known as dipropylethyne, is a type of alkyne with a triple bond at its fourth carbon (the '4-' indicates the location of the triple bond in the chain).

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4-Piperidinone

4-Piperidinone is a derivative of piperidine with the molecular formula C5H9NO.

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404 Arsinoë

404 Arsinoë is a large main-belt asteroid.

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405 Thia

405 Thia is a very large main-belt asteroid.

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407 Arachne

407 Arachne is a large Main belt asteroid.

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410 Chloris

410 Chloris is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Auguste Charlois on January 7, 1896, in Nice.

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414 Liriope

414 Liriope is a large Main belt asteroid.

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41xx steel

41xx steel is a family of SAE steel grades, as specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).

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423 Diotima

423 Diotima is one of the larger main-belt asteroids.

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431 Nephele

431 Nephele is a large Themistian asteroid.

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47 Aglaja

47 Aglaja is a large, dark main belt asteroid.

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5-Decyne

5-Decyne, also known as dibutylethyne, is a type of alkyne with a triple bond at its fifth carbon (the '5-' indicates the location of the triple bond in the chain).

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5-HT3 antagonist

The 5-HT3 antagonists, informally known as "setrons", are a class of drugs that act as receptor antagonists at the 5-HT3 receptor, a subtype of serotonin receptor found in terminals of the vagus nerve and in certain areas of the brain.

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56 Melete

56 Melete is a large and dark main belt asteroid.

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5N-Bicalutamide

5N-Bicalutamide, or 5-azabicalutamide, is a highly potent nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which was discovered in 2016.

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6

6 (six) is the natural number following 5 and preceding 7.

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6 (disambiguation)

6 is a number, numeral, and glyph.

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6-Deoxyerythronolide B synthase

6-Deoxyerythronolide B Synthase or DEBS has been identified as a Type 1 polyketide synthase.

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7604 Kridsadaporn

7604 Kridsadaporn is a Mars-crossing asteroid discovered by R. H. McNaught on 31 August 1995 at Siding Spring Observatory near the town of Coonabarabran, Australia.

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9,10-Diphenylanthracene

9,10-Diphenylanthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.

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90482 Orcus

90482 Orcus, provisional designation, is a trans-Neptunian object from the Kuiper belt with a large moon, Vanth.

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96P/Machholz

Comet 96P/Machholz or 96P/Machholz 1 is a short-period sungrazing comet discovered on May 12, 1986, by amateur astronomer Donald Machholz on Loma Prieta peak, in central California using binoculars.

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Redirects here:

Atomic number 6, C (element), Carbon (element), Carbon Atom, Carbon atom, Carbon atoms, Carbonaceous, Carbonic, Carbonous, Carbons, Element 6, History of carbon, Kohlenstoff.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon