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2073 relations: A Polish Nobleman, A Royal Scandal (film), A Wooded Marsh, A.F. 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A Polish Nobleman

A Polish Nobleman is a 1637 painting by Rembrandt depicting a man in a costume of Polish szlachta (nobility).

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A Royal Scandal (film)

A Royal Scandal, also known as Czarina, is a 1945 film about the love life of Russian Empress (Czarina) Catherine the Great.

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A Wooded Marsh

A Wooded Marsh (c. 1660s) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch landscape painter Jacob van Ruisdael.

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A.F. Mozhaysky Military-Space Academy

A.F. Mozhaysky's Military-Space Academy (Федеральное государственное казённое военное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Военно-космическая академия имени А. Ф. Можайского») is a Military Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

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Abbot

Abbot, meaning father, is an ecclesiastical title given to the male head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity.

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Ablai Khan

Wali-ullah Abul-Mansur Khan better known as Ablai Khan (Абылай (Әбілмансұр) хан, Abylaı (Ábilmansur) han) (1711 — May 23, 1781) was a Kazakh khan of the Middle jüz of Kazakhstan.

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Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

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Adam Jerzy Czartoryski

Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (Аdomas Jurgis Čartoriskis, also known as Adam George Czartoryski in English; 14 January 177015 July 1861) was a Polish nobleman, statesman and author.

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Adam Menelaws

Adam Menelaws, also spelled Menelas (born between 1748 and 1756, presumably in Edinburgh – died 31 August 1831 in Saint Petersburg, Адам Адамович Менелас) was an architect and landscape designer of Scottish origin, active in the Russian Empire from 1784 to 1831.

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Adamo Chiusole

Count Adamo Chiusole (Volume 3, by Gioacchino Maria Olivier-Poli, page 36.

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Adelheid Amalie Gallitzin

Princess Adelheid Amalie Gallitzin (also known as Amaliia Samuilovna Golitsyna or in Russian as Амалия Самуиловна Голицына; 28 August 1748 – 17 April 1806) was the daughter of the Prussian Field Marshal Count Samuel von Schmettau and the mother of Prince Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin.

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Administrative divisions of Pskov Oblast

Administratively, Pskov Oblast is divided into two cities and towns of oblast significance and twenty-four districts.

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Adolf Charlemagne

Adolf Iosifovich Charlemagne, or Sharleman (Russian: Адольф Иосифович Шарлемань; 8 December 1826, Saint Petersburg - 31 January 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian painter of historical, genre and battle scenes.

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Adskaya Pochta

Adskaya Pochta (which may be translated as Infernal Post) was a Russian monthly magazine, established by Fyodor Emin in Saint Petersburg in 1769.

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AES+F

AES+F is a collective of four Russian artists: Tatiana Arzamasova (born 1955), Lev Evzovich (born 1958), Evgeny Svyatsky (born 1957), and Vladimir Fridkes (born 1956).

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Affair of Fielding and Bylandt

The affair of Fielding and Bylandt was a brief naval engagement off the Isle of Wight on 31 December 1779 between a Royal Navy squadron, commanded by Commodore Charles Fielding, and a naval squadron of the Dutch Republic, commanded by rear-admiral Lodewijk van Bylandt, escorting a Dutch convoy.

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Afrikan Spir

Afrikan Aleksandrovich Spir (Russian: Африка́н Алекса́ндрович Спир; German: Afrikan (von) Spir, French: African (de) Spir, Italian: Africano Spir) (15 November 1837 – 26 March 1890) was a Russian Neo-Kantian philosopher of Greek-German descent who wrote primarily in German.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".

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Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (translit; 14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797), also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah (آقا محمد شاه), was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as king (shah).

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Agia Lavra

Agia Lavra ("Holy Lavra") is a monastery near Kalavryta, Achaea, Greece.

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Agvan Dorzhiev

Agvan Lobsan Dorzhiev, also Agvan Dorjiev or Dorjieff and Agvaandorj (1854–1938), was a Russian-born monk of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, sometimes referred by his scholarly title as Tsenyi Khempo.

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Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther

The painting Ahasveros and Haman at the Feast of Esther is one of the few works of Rembrandt van Rijn whose complete provenance is known.

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Ahmed Resmî Efendi

Achmet Resmî Efendi (English, "Ahmed Efendi of Resmo"), also called by some Arabic sources as Ahmed bin İbrahim Giridî ("Ahmed the son of İbrahim the Cretan"), was a Greek-Ottoman statesman, diplomat and author of the late 18th century.

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Aide-de-camp

An aide-de-camp (French expression meaning literally helper in the military camp) is a personal assistant or secretary to a person of high rank, usually a senior military, police or government officer, a member of a royal family, or a head of state.

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Alaska Natives

Alaska Natives are indigenous peoples of Alaska, United States and include: Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.

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Albin Schram

Albin Schram (1926–2005) was one of the greatest collectors of autograph letters by shapers of world history.

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Aleksander Michał Sapieha

Aleksander Michał Paweł Sapieha (Aleksandras Mykolas Sapiega.) of Lis coat of arms (1730 in Wysokie – 1793 in Warsaw) was a noble of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Aleksandr Kornilov (historian)

Alexander Alexandrovich Kornilov (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Корни́лов; 1862–1925) was a Russian historian and liberal politician.

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Aleksey Antropov

Alexei Petrovich Antropov (Алексей Петрович Антропов; –) was a Russian painter active primarily in St. Petersburg, where he was born and died.

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Alessandro Cagliostro

Count Alessandro di Cagliostro (2 June 1743 – 26 August 1795) was the alias of the occultist Giuseppe Balsamo (in French usually referred to as Joseph Balsamo). Cagliostro was an Italian adventurer and self-styled magician.

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Aleut language

Aleut (Unangam Tunuu) is the language spoken by the Aleut people (Unangax̂) living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, and the Alaskan Peninsula (in Aleut Alaxsxa, the origin of the state name Alaska).

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Alexander Alexandrovich Menshikov

Prince Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Menshikov (1 March 1714 – 27 November 1764) was a son of Prince Menshikov who, at one stage, was betrothed to Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna, a granddaughter of Peter the Great.

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Alexander Bezborodko

Prince Alexander Andreyevich Bezborodko (Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Безборо́дко; Олександр Андрійович Безбородько; – 6 April 1799) was the Grand Chancellor of Russia and chief architect of Catherine the Great's foreign policy after the death of Nikita Panin.

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Alexander Brückner

Alexander Brückner (5 August 1834, Saint Petersburg – 15 November 1896, Jena) was a Baltic German historian who specialized in Russian studies.

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Alexander Chavchavadze

Prince Alexander Chavchavadze (ალექსანდრე ჭავჭავაძე; Александр Чавчавадзе) (1786 – November 6, 1846) was a notable Georgian poet, public benefactor and military figure.

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Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov

Count Alexander Matveyevich Dmitriev-Mamonov (Russian: Александр Матвеевич Дмитриев-Мамонов, 30 September 1758 – 11 October 1803, buried in Donskoy Monastery) was a lover of Catherine II of Russia from 1786 to 1789.

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Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I (Александр Павлович, Aleksandr Pavlovich; –) reigned as Emperor of Russia between 1801 and 1825.

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Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II (p; 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia from the 2nd March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.

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Alexander III of Russia

Alexander III (r; 1845 1894) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from until his death on.

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Alexander Kokorinov

Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (Александр Филиппович Кокоринов) (July 10, 1726 – March 21, 1772) was a Russian architect and educator of Siberian origin, one of the founders, the first builder, director (1761) and rector (1769) of the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Peterburg.

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Alexander Kucharsky

Alexander Kucharsky (18 March 1741 – 5 November 1819) also Alexandre Kucharsky, was a Polish portrait painter who spent his adult life in France.

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Alexander Kurakin

Prince Alexander Borisovich Kurakin, sometimes spelled Kourakine (18 January 1752 – Weimar, 6 / 24 June 1818) was a Russian statesman and diplomat, a member of the State Council (from 1810), who was ranked Actual Privy Counsellor 1st Class (see Table of Ranks).

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Alexander Lanskoy

Aleksander Dmitrijevitj Lanskoj, also called Sasjenka (1758-1784) was a Russian favourite and the lover of Catherine the Great between 1780 and 1784.

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Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn

Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn (17 November 1718 – 8 October 1783) was a Russian prince of the House of Golitsyn and field marshal.

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Alexander Palace

The Alexander Palace (Russian: Александровский дворец) is a former imperial residence at Tsarskoye Selo, on a plateau around 30 minutes by train from St Petersburg.

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Alexander Prokhanov

Alexander Andreyevich Prokhanov (Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Проха́нов; born on 26 February 1938) is a Russian writer, a member of the secretariat of the Writers Union of the Russian Federation and the author of more than 30 novels and short story collections.

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Alexander Radishchev

Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Ради́щев; –) was a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great.

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Alexander Roslin

Alexander Roslin (often spelled Alexandre in French; 15 July 1718 – 5 July 1793) was a Swedish portrait painter who worked in Scania, Bayreuth, Paris, Italy, Warsaw and St. Petersburg, primarily for members of aristocratic families.

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Alexander Samoylov

Count Aleksander Nikolayevich Samoylov (Александр Николаевич Самойлов) (1744 – 1 November 1814) was a Russian general and statesman.

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Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov

Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov (1733–1811) was a Russian baron and a member of the Stroganov family.

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Alexander Shuvalov

Count Aleksander Ivanovich Shuvalov (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Шува́лов; 1710 – 1771) was a Russian statesman from the Shuvalov family.

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Alexander Suvorov

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Суво́ров, r Aleksandr Vasil‘evich Suvorov; or 1730 –) was a Russian military leader, considered a national hero.

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Alexander Vasilchikov

Alexander Semyonovich Vasilchikov (Александр Семёнович Васильчиков; 1744–1813) was a Russian aristocrat who became the lover of Catherine the Great from 1772 to 1774.

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Alexander Vladimirovich Bykov

Alexander Vladimirovich Bykov (Алекса́ндр Влади́мирович Бы́ков; born on 10 August 1962, Vologda, USSR) is a Russian historian and ethnographer, one of the leading Russian specialists in numismatics.

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Alexander Vorontsov

Count Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov (Алекса́ндр Рома́нович Воронцо́в) (4 February 17412 December 1805) was the Chancellor of the Russian Empire during the early years of Alexander I's reign.

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Alexander Yermolov

Alexander Petrovich Yermolov (1754–1834) was a Russian favourite and the lover of Catherine the Great from 1785 to 1786.

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Alexander Ypsilantis (1725–1805)

Alexander Ypsilantis (Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης Alexandros Ypsilantis, Alexandru Ipsilanti; 1725–1805) was a Greek Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from 1775 to 1782, and again from 1796 to 1797, and also Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia from 1786 to 1788.

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Alexander, Prince of Orange

Alexander, Prince of Orange (Willem Alexander Karel Hendrik Frederik; 25 August 1851 – 21 June 1884), was heir apparent to his father King William III of the Netherlands from 11 June 1879 until his death.

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Alexander-Svirsky Monastery

Alexander-Svirsky Monastery (Александро-Свирский монастырь) is a Russian Orthodox monastery situated deep in the woods of the Leningrad Oblast, just south from its border with the Republic of Karelia.

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Alexandra Branitskaya

Countess Alexandra Branitskaya née von Engelhardt (Александра Васильевна Браницкая, 1754 – 15 September 1838), also known as Saneckka and Countess Branicka, was a Russian courtier.

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Alexandra Petrovna Golitsyna

Princess Alexandra Petrovna Golitsyna (Александра Петровна Голицына, née Протасова; 1774—1842) 1774-1842) was a maid of honour and historian of the Russian noble Protasov family. Sister to Moscow aristocrat and writer Catherine Rostopchin and maid of honour and dame of the Order of Saint Catherine Vera Vasilchikova, she was the mother of five, including Peter Gallitzin, and the grandmother of the Roman Catholic missionary, Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin who published her writing posthumously.

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Alexandrovo-Zavodsky District

Alexandrovo-Zavodsky District (Алекса́ндрово-Заво́дский райо́н) is an administrativeRegistry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities and municipalLaw #316-ZZK district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia.

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Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov

Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov (Алексей Григорьевич Орлов; –) was a Russian soldier and statesman, who rose to prominence during the reign of Catherine the Great.

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Alexei Ivanovich Belsky

Alexei Ivanovich Belsky (Russian: Алексе́й Ива́нович Бе́льский; 1726, Saint Petersburg - 21 May 1796, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian painter.

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Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia

Alexei Nikolaevich (Алексе́й Никола́евич) (12 August 1904 – 17 July 1918) of the House of Romanov, was the Tsarevich and heir apparent to the throne of the Russian Empire.

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Alexei Razumovsky

Count Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky (Алексе́й Григо́рьевич Разумо́вский, Олексій Григорович Розумовський, Oleksii Hryhorovych Rozumovskyi; 1709– 1771), was a Ukrainian-born Russian Registered Cossack who rose to become the lover and, it was even suggested, the morganatic spouse of the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.

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Alexei Senyavin

Alexei Naumovich Senyavin (also spelled Sinyavin) (Алексей Наумович Сенявин) (5 October 1716 – 10 August 1797) was an admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy, son of Naum Senyavin.

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Alexei Turchaninov

Alexei Fedorovich Turchaninov, née Vasilyev (Алексей Фёдорович Турчанинов; 1704/1705–March 21, 1787) was a business magnate in the Russian Empire, grandfather of Pavel and Dmitry Solomirsky, the member of the wealthy Turchaninov family.

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Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin

Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (Алексе́й Петро́вич Бесту́жев-Рю́мин) (1 June 1693 – 21 April 1768), Chancellor of the Russian Empire, was one of the most influential and successful European diplomats of the 18th century.

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Alexey Gamen

Alexey Gamen (18 May 1773, Gzhatsk, Smolensk province - 1829) was a Russian commander of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Alfred Savoir

Alfred 'Savoir' Poznański (23 January 1883 – 26 June 1934) was a French Jewish comedy playwright of Polish Jewish origin.

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All-Russian nation

The All-Russian nation (obshcherusskiy narod), also known as the pan-Russian nation or the triune Russian nation (triyedinyy russkiy narod) is a Russophile and Russian irredentist ideology which sees the Russian nation as comprising the three historical and geographic regions of Kievan Rus' (Great Russia, Little Russia and White Russia) and branches of Rus' people, which include modern East Slavs (namely, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), rather than only modern Russia and ethnic Russians.

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Alleyne FitzHerbert, 1st Baron St Helens

Alleyne FitzHerbert, 1st Baron St Helens PC (1 March 1753 – 19 February 1839)Fitzherbert, Alleyne, Baron St Helens (1753–1839), diplomatist by Stephen M. Lee in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was a British diplomat.

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Alt Danzig

Alt Danzig was a German settlement in the southern Russian Empire, present day Ukraine.

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Amazons

In Greek mythology, the Amazons (Ἀμαζόνες,, singular Ἀμαζών) were a tribe of women warriors related to Scythians and Sarmatians.

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Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794)

Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland–Lithuania in the years 1763–1794 were among the most important characters in the politics of Poland.

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Amur-Nyzhnodniprovskyi District

Amur-Nyzhnodniprovskyi District (Амур-Нижньодніпровський район; sometimes abbreviated as "AND") is an urban district of the city of Dnipro, in southern Ukraine.

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Anadyrsky District

Anadyrsky District (Ана́дырский райо́н; Chukchi: Кагыргын район) is an administrativeLaw #33-OZ and municipalLaw #148-OZ district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.

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Anders Johan Lexell

Anders Johan Lexell (24 December 1740 &ndash) was a Finnish-Swedish astronomer, mathematician, and physicist who spent most of his life in Imperial Russia, where he was known as Andrei Ivanovich Leksel (Андрей Иванович Лексель).

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Anders Rudolf du Rietz

Anders Rudolf du Rietz (pronounced; 5 February 1722 – 21 October 1792 in Hedensberg, Västmanland) was a Swedish count, lieutenant-general, commander grand cross of the Order of the Sword, County Governor and politician.

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André Laguerre

Marc André Laguerre (February 21, 1915 – January 18, 1979) was a journalist and magazine editor, best known as the managing editor of Sports Illustrated from 1960 to 1974, during which time he oversaw the growth in the magazine from a niche publication to become the industry leader in weekly sports magazines.

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Andrea Wulf

Andrea Wulf (born 1972 in New Delhi, India) is a historian and writer, lives in Britain, and has written books, newspaper articles and book reviews.

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Andreas Karaczay

Andreas Karaczay de Vályeszáka or Andreas Karaiczay de Wallje Szaka or András Karacsaj de Válje-Szaka (30 November 1744 – 22 March 1808) served in the Austrian army beginning in the Seven Years' War.

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Andrei Budberg

Count Andrei Yakovlevich Budberg (Андрей Яковлевич Будберг; Andreas Eberhard von Budberg) (10 August 1750 – 1 September 1812) was a Russian Empire diplomat who served as Foreign Minister in 1806–07.

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Andrey Bolotov

Andrey Timofeyevich Bolotov (18 October 1738 – 16 October 1833) was the most prolific memoirist and the most distinguished agriculturist of the 18th-century Russian Empire.

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Andrey Osterman

Count Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (Андрей Иванович Остерман) (9 June 1686 31 May 1747) was a German-born Russian statesman who came to prominence under Tsar Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) and served until the accession of the Tsesarevna Elizabeth.

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Andrzej Grzegorczyk

Andrzej Grzegorczyk (22 August 1922 – 20 March 2014) was a Polish logician, mathematician, philosopher, and ethicist noted for his work in computability, mathematical logic, and the foundations of mathematics.

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Angoulême

Angoulême (Poitevin-Saintongeais: Engoulaeme; Engoleime) is a commune, the capital of the Charente department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.

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Anhalt-Zerbst

Anhalt-Zerbst was a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Anichkov Palace

Anichkov Palace is a former imperial palace in Saint Petersburg, at the intersection of Nevsky Avenue and the Fontanka.

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Anjala conspiracy

The Anjala conspiracy (Anjalaförbundet) of 1788 was a scheme by disgruntled Swedish officers to end Gustav III's Russian War of 1788–90.

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Anna Davia

Anna Davia (16 October 1743–1810), was an Italian opera singer.

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Anna Dorothea Therbusch

Anna Dorothea Therbusch (born Anna Dorothea Lisiewski, Anna Dorota Lisiewska, 23 July 1721 – 9 November 1782) was a prominent Rococo painter born in the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Anna German

Anna Wiktoria German (February 14, 1936 – August 25, 1982) was a Soviet-born Polish singer, immensely popular in Poland and in the Soviet Union in the 1960s-1970s.

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Anna Leopoldovna

Anna Leopoldovna (А́нна Леопо́льдовна; 18 December 1718 – 19 March 1746), born as Elisabeth Katharina Christine von Mecklenburg-Schwerin and also known as Anna Carlovna (А́нна Ка́рловна), was regent of Russia for a few months in 1740 and 1741 during the minority of her infant son Emperor Ivan VI.

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Anna Matyushkina

Anna Matyushkina (1722-1804), was a Russian courtier.

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Anna Morandi Manzolini

Anna Morandi Manzolini (21 January 1714 – 9 July 1774) was an internationally known anatomist and anatomical wax modeler, as lecturer of anatomical design at the University of Bologna.

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Anna Pavlovna of Russia

Anna Pavlovna of Russia (Анна Павловна; Dutch: Anna Paulowna; 18 January 1795 — 1 March 1865) was a queen consort of the Netherlands.

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Anna Protasova

Countess Anna Stepanovna Protasova (Анна Степановна Протасова; 1745–1826) was a Russian lady-in-waiting and noble, confidant of empress Catherine the Great.

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Anna S. Dolgorukaya

Anna Sergeyevna Dolgorukaya (1719–1778) was a Russian pedagogue, noble and courtier.

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Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire

The territory of Crimea, previously controlled by the Crimean Khanate, was annexed by the Russian Empire on.

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Anno Dracula

Anno Dracula is a 1992 novel by British writer Kim Newman, the first in the ''Anno Dracula'' series.

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António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches

António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches (7 March 1699, Penamacor – 24 October 1783, Paris) was an 18th-century Portuguese physician, philosopher and encyclopédiste.

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Anthony Devis

Anthony Devis (18 March 1729 – 26 April 1816) was an English landscape painter, working especially in watercolor and oils and active in London.

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Anti-Ukrainian sentiment

Anti-Ukrainian sentiment or Ukrainophobia is animosity towards Ukrainians, Ukrainian culture, language or Ukraine as a nation.

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Antin Holovaty

Antin Holovaty (Антiн Андрійович Головатий) or Anton Golovaty (Антон Андреевич Головатый); between 1732 and 1744 – January 28, 1797 was a prominent Zaporozhian Cossack leader who after the Zaporozhian Sich's destruction was a key figure in the formation of the Black Sea Cossack Host and their later resettlement to the Kuban Region of Russia.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.

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Antisemitism in Europe

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism) – prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage – has experienced a long history of expression since the days of ancient civilizations, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian civilizations of Europe.

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Antisemitism in the Russian Empire

Antisemitism in the Russian Empire included numerous pogroms and the designation of the Pale of Settlement, from which Jews were forbidden to migrate into the interior of Russia, unless they converted to the Russian Orthodox state religion.

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Antoine Crozat

Antoine Crozat, marquis du Châtel (c. 1655 – 7 June 1738), French founder of an immense fortune, was the first proprietary owner of French Louisiana, from 1712 to 1717.

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Antoine de Sartine

Antoine Raymond Jean Gualbert Gabriel de Sartine, comte d'Alby (12 July 1729 – 7 September 1801) was a French statesman who served as Lieutenant General of Police of Paris (1759–1774) during the reign of Louis XV and as Secretary of State for the Navy (1774–1780) under King Louis XVI.

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Antoine-Éléonor-Léon Leclerc de Juigné

Antoine-Éléonor-Léon Leclerc de Juigné (2 November 1728, Paris – 19 March 1811, Paris) was a French prelate and politician of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

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Antoinette Saint-Huberty

Anne-Antoinette-Cécile Clavel, better known by her stage name Madame Saint-Huberty or Saint-Huberti (Strasbourg, 15 December 1756 - 22 July 1812, Barnes, London) was a celebrated French operatic soprano whose career extended from c.1774 until 1790.

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Anton Ferdinand Titz

Anton Ferdinand Titz (or Tietz, or Dietz) (1742 – 1811) was a German composer, violin and viola d'amore player, principally now known for his string quartets.

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Anton Graff

Anton Graff (18 November 1736 – 22 June 1813) was an eminent Swiss portrait artist.

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Anton I of Georgia

Anton I of Georgia (ანტონ I); –), born as Teimuraz Bagrationi, was the Catholicos–Patriarch of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the period 1744–1755 and again in 1764–1788.

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Anton II of Georgia

Anton II the Great Martyr (ანტონ II), born Prince Royal Teimuraz (თეიმურაზ ბატონიშვილი), (8 January 1762 or 1763 – 21 December 1827) was a member of the Georgian royal family and churchman.

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Antoni Paweł Sułkowski

Prince Antoni Paweł Sułkowski (born 31 December 1785 in Leszno,Samuel Orgelbrand,, 1903, pg. 163 died 13 April 1836 in Rydzyna), of the Sułkowski family, was a Polish division general (who also spent time in French service) and later overall commander of the armed forces of the Duchy of Warsaw.

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Antoni Protazy Potocki

Antoni Protazy Potocki (11 September 1761 – 1801), aka Prot, was a Polish nobleman and an early entrepreneur.

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Antonio Lolli

Antonio Lolli (c. 1725 – 10 August 1802) was an Italian violinist and composer.

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Antonio Rinaldi (architect)

Antonio Rinaldi (c. 1710 – April 10, 1794) was an Italian architect, trained by Luigi Vanvitelli, who worked mainly in Russia.

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Antonio Salieri

Antonio Salieri (18 August 17507 May 1825) was an Italian classical composer, conductor, and teacher.

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Antoniotto Botta Adorno

Antoniotto Botta Adorno. Antoniotto Botta Adorno, also Anton Otto Marchese Botta d'Adorno (Castelletto di Branduzzo, 1688 - Torre d'Isola, December 29, 1774) was a high officer of the Habsburg Monarchy and a plenipotentiary of the Austrian Netherlands.

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Antony Polonsky

Antony Barry Polonsky (born 23 September 1940, Johannesburg, South Africa) is Albert Abramson Professor of Holocaust Studies at Brandeis University.

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Anyuta

Anyuta (Аню́та) is a one-act comic opera to a libretto by Mikhail Popov.

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Arabian horse

The Arabian or Arab horse (الحصان العربي, DMG ḥiṣān ʿarabī) is a breed of horse that originated on the Arabian Peninsula.

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Arak, Iran

Arak (اراک, Arāk), also known as Soltan Abad (سلطان آباد, Soltān Ābād), is the capital of Markazi Province, Iran.

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Arboretum Oleksandriya

The Arboretum Oleksandriya (Державний дендрологічний парк «Олександрія») is an arboretum located in the city of Bila Tserkva of the Kiev Oblast of Ukraine.

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Archdiocese of Râmnic

The Archdiocese of Râmnic (Arhiepiscopia Râmnicului) is a Romanian Orthodox archdiocese based in Râmnicu Vâlcea (or Râmnic), Romania, in the historic region of Oltenia, and covering Vâlcea County.

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Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)

Maria Elisabeth of Austria (Maria Elisabeth Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1743 – 22 September 1808) was the sixth child and the second surviving daughter of Maria Theresa I, Holy Roman Empress and Francis of Lorraine.

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Arkhangelskoye Palace

Arkhangelskoye (Арха́нгельское) is a historical estate in Krasnogorsky District, Moscow Oblast, Russia, located around 20 km to the west of Moscow and 2 km southwest of Krasnogorsk.

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Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu

Armand-Emmanuel Sophie Septimanie de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac (25 September 176617 May 1822), was a prominent French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration.

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Armenians in Moldova

Armenians in Moldova are the ethnic Armenians that live in Moldova.

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Armenians in Russia

Armenians in Russia or Russian Armenians are one of the country's largest ethnic minorities and the largest Armenian diaspora community outside Armenia.

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Arsenius (Matseyevich)

Metropolitan Arsenius (secular name Alexander Ivanovich Matseyevich, Александр Иванович Мацеевич; 1697, Volodymyr-Volynskyi – February 28, 1772) was bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church, metropolitan of Rostov and Yaroslavl who protested against the confiscation of the church's land by Empress Catherine II in 1764.

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Arseny Vvedensky

Arseny Ivanovich Vvedensky (Арсений Иванович Введенский, 7 November 1844, Tver Governorate, Imperial Russia – 30 October 1909, Bologoye, Novgorod Governorate, Imperial Russia) was a Russian literary critic and historian, essayist and author of feuilletons, which he published in Golos, using the pseudonym Aristarkhov.

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Art Gallery of Ontario

The Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO) (Musée des beaux-arts de l'Ontario) is an art museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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Art museum

An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art.

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Arzamas

Arzamas (Арзама́с) is a city in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Tyosha River (a tributary of the Oka), east of Moscow.

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Ascension Cathedral (Sophia, Pushkin)

Санкт-Петербург, Царское Село, Софийская пл., 1 |country.

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Ashton Lever

Sir Ashton Lever FRS (5 March 1729 – 28 January 1788) was an English collector of natural objects.

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Assignation ruble

Assignation ruble (ассигнационный рубль; assignatsionny rubl) was the first paper currency of Russia.

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Astafy Dolgopolov

Astafy Trifonovich Dolgopolov (Астафий Трифонович Долгополов), b. 1725, d. after 1797, was a Russian confidence trickster and impostor deceiving both Yemelyan Pugachev and Catherine II of Russia during the Pugachev Rebellion.

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Astraea

Astraea, Astrea or Astria (Ἀστραῖα; "star-maiden" or "starry night"), in ancient Greek religion, was a daughter of Astraeus and Eos.

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Astrakhan

Astrakhan (p) is a city in southern Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast.

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Atake Tynay Biy Uulu

Atake Tynay Biy uulu (Атаке Тынай бий уулу), or Atake Biy, or Atake Baatyr was one of the leaders of the Sarybagysh tribe known for establishing first diplomatic ties between northern Kyrgyzs and Russian Empire in 1785 - 1787.

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August Albrecht Meckel

August Albrecht Meckel (1790–1829) was a German physician.

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August David Krohn

August David Krohn (1803–1891) was a Saint Petersburg born zoologist of German origin.

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August Ferdinand von Veltheim

August Ferdinand von Veltheim (18 September 1741 Harbke – 2 October 1801. Braunschweig) was a German mineralogist and geologist, and came from the aristocratic family of Veltheim.

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August Ludwig von Schlözer

August Ludwig von Schlözer (5 July 1735, Gaggstatt9 September 1809, Göttingen) was a German historian who laid foundations for the critical study of Russian history.

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Augusta Löwenhielm

Christina Augusta Löwenhielm née von Fersen (10 March 1754 – 8 April 1846), was a Swedish countess and courtier.

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Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp

Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp (1649–1728) was a German noblewoman.

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Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Augusta Marie Luise Katharina; 30 September 1811 – 7 January 1890) was the Queen of Prussia and the first German Empress as the consort of William I, German Emperor.

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Augustus III of Poland

Augustus III (August III Sas, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1734 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire from 1733 until 1763 where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II).

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Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)

Austro-Turkish War, was fought in 1788–91 between the Habsburg Monarchy (Austria) and the Ottoman Empire, concurrently with the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792).

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Awa'uq Massacre

The Awa'uq MassacreSven Haakanson, Jr.

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Çenebaz Osman Efendi

Çenebaz Osman Efendi (Osman Efendi the Chatterer or the Loudmouthed), formally named as Yenişehirli Osman Efendi (either from Yenişehir near Bursa, or from Giannitsa, now in Greece, which was also called "Yenişehr-i Fener" in Ottoman times) in Ottoman sources, was an Ottoman diplomat who was the first plenipotentiary in the first peace conference, held in Focşani, today in Romania, starting August 19, 1772, among the several that were organised during the ten-month truce (May 10, 1772 – March 21, 1773) in the course of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774).

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Élisabeth Terroux

Élisabeth Terroux (1759–1822) was a Swiss painter active in Russia.

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Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun

Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun (16 April 1755 – 30 March 1842), also known as Madame Lebrun or Madame Le Brun, was a prominent French portrait painter of the late eighteenth century.

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Étienne François, duc de Choiseul

Étienne-François, Marquis de Stainville, 1er Duc de Choiseul (28 June 1719 – 8 May 1785) was a French military officer, diplomat and statesman.

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Étienne Maurice Falconet

Étienne Maurice Falconet (1 December 1716 – 24 January 1791) was a French baroque, rococo and neoclassical sculptor, best-known for his equestrian statue of Peter the Great, the Bronze Horseman (1782), in St.

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Être Dieu

Être Dieu: opéra-poème, audiovisuel et cathare en six parties (French for "Being God: a Cathar Audiovisual Opera-Poem in Six Parts") is a self-proclaimed "opera-poem" written by Spanish surrealist painter Salvador Dalí, based on a libretto by Manuel Vázquez Montalbán with music by French avant-garde musician Igor Wakhévitch.

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Čurug

Čurug is a village in the municipality of Žabalj, in the South Bačka District of Serbia.

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Şahin Giray

Şahin Giray, Shahin Khan Girai was the last Khan of Crimea.

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Šćepan Mali

"Tsar" Šćepan Mali (Stephen the Little) (? - 22 September 1773) was the de facto ruler tsar of Montenegro from 1767 until his death in 1773.

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Šiauliai County

Šiauliai County (Šiaulių apskritis) is one of ten counties in Lithuania.

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Babolovo Palace

Babolovo or Babolovka was a dacha (myza) of Prince Potemkin in Tsarskoe Selo.

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Bait and bleed

Bait and bleed is a military strategy described by international relations theorist John J. Mearsheimer in his book on offensive realism, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics.

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Bakhchisaray Palace

The Khan's Palace or Hansaray is located in the town of Bakhchysarai, Crimea.

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Baku

Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region, with a population of 2,374,000.

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Baku Khanate

Baku Khanate (خانات باکو — Khānāt-e Baku), was an autonomous Muslim principality under Iranian suzerainty, which existed between 1747 and 1806.

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Balaklava

Balaklava (Балаклáва, Балаклáва, Balıqlava, Σύμβολον) is a former city on the Crimean Peninsula and part of the city of Sevastopol.

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Balakovo

Balakovo (p) is a city in Saratov Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Volga River about northeast of Saratov, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Baldassare Galuppi

Baldassare Galuppi (18 October 17063 January 1785) was an Italian composer, born on the island of Burano in the Venetian Republic.

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Bald–hairy

Bald–hairy (лысый–волосатый) is a common joke in Russian political discourse, referring to the empirical rule of the state leaders' succession defined as a change of a bald leader to a hairy one and vice versa.

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Balvi

Balvi is a town in the Latgalia region of eastern Latvia.

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Bar Confederation

The Bar Confederation (Konfederacja barska; 1768–1772) was an association of Polish nobles (szlachta) formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian influence and against King Stanisław II Augustus with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power of the Commonwealth's wealthy magnates.

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Barbara von Krüdener

Baroness Barbara Juliane von Krüdener (November 22, 1764December 25, 1824) was a Baltic German religious mystic, author, and Pietist Lutheran theologian that exerted influence on wider European Protestantism, including the Swiss Reformed Church and the Moravian Church, and whose ideas influenced Tsar Alexander I of Russia.

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Baron Dimsdale

Baron Dimsdale is a title which was conferred on the physician Thomas Dimsdale of Hertfordshire by the Russian Royal Family.

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Bashkirs

The Bashkirs (Башҡорттар, Başqorttar,; Башкиры, Baškiry) are a Turkic ethnic group, indigenous to Bashkortostan and to the historical region of Badzhgard, extending on both sides of the Ural Mountains, in the area where Eastern Europe meets North Asia.

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Battle of Andros (1790)

The Battle of Andros was fought on 17–18 May 1790, during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792, between Cape Kafireas and the island of Andros, between the ships of the Greek privateer in Russian service Lambros Katsonis and an Ottoman–Algerian fleet of 30–32 vessels.

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Battle of Brest (1794)

The Battle of Brest (referred to by Polish historians as "Bitwa pod Terespolem" (Battle near Terespol)) was a battle between Russian imperial forces and Polish rebels south-west of Brest (near the village of Terespol), present-day Belarus, on 19 September 1794.

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Battle of Burkersdorf

The Battle of Burkersdorf was a battle fought on 21 July 1762 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War).

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Battle of Chesma

The naval Battle of Chesme took place on 5–7 July 1770 during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) near and in Çeşme (Chesme or Chesma) Bay, in the area between the western tip of Anatolia and the island of Chios, which was the site of a number of past naval battles between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.

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Battle of Kagul

The Battle of Kagul (Сражение при Кагуле, Turkish language:Kartal Ovasi Muharebesi) was the most important land battle of the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774 and one of the largest battles of the 18th century.

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Battle of Kazan (1774)

The Battle of Kazan (1774) was a major battle during the Pugachev Rebellion.

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Battle of Kinburn (1787)

The Battle of Kinburn was fought on 12 October (N.S.)/1 October (O.S.) 1787 as part of the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792).

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Battle of Krtsanisi

The Battle of Krtsanisi (კრწანისის ბრძოლა, k'rts'anisis brdzola) was fought between the Qajars of Iran and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Qajar Emperor Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heraclius II of Georgia’s alliance with the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Praga

The Battle of Praga or the Second Battle of Warsaw of 1794 was a Russian assault of Praga, the easternmost suburb of Warsaw, during the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794.

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Battle of Rymnik

The Battle of Râmnic (Boze Savaşı) on September 22, 1789 took place in Wallachia, near Râmnicu Sărat (now in Romania), during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792.

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Battle of Svensksund

The Battle of Svensksund (Finnish: Ruotsinsalmi, Russian: Rochensalm) was a naval battle fought in the Gulf of Finland outside the present day city of Kotka on 9 and 10 July 1790.

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Battle of the Palaces

The "Battle of the Palaces" occurred in the Russian Empire in the last decade of the reign of Catherine II (1784–1796) and the reign of Paul I (1796–1801), with ripple effects extending into the beginning of the reign of Alexander I. A bitter standoff between Catherine and Paul, her only legitimate son and heir, manifested itself in transient political and ideological conflicts, but also had a lasting, tangible impact on Russian architecture.

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Battle of Vromopigada

The Battle of Vromopigada was fought between the Ottoman Turks and the Maniots of Mani in 1770.

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Baturyn

Batúryn (Бату́рин), is a historic town in Chernihiv Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine.

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Bauman Moscow State Technical University

The Bauman Moscow State Technical University, BMSTU (Московский государственный технический университет им.), sometimes colloquially referred to as the Bauman School or Baumanka (Ба́уманка) is a public technical university (Polytechnic) located in Moscow, Russia.

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Báthory family

The Báthory family (Batory) was a Hungarian noble family of the Gutkeled clan.

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Beata Poźniak

Beata Poźniak Daniels (born 30 April 1960) is an actress, film director, painter, writer and activist.

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Beatrix von Storch

Beatrix Amelie Ehrengard Eilika von Storch (born Beatrix Amelie Ehrengard Eilika Herzogin von Oldenburg; 27 May 1971) is a German politician who has served as Deputy Leader of the Alternative for Germany since July 2015 and Member of the Bundestag since September 2017.

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Belarus

Belarus (Беларусь, Biełaruś,; Беларусь, Belarus'), officially the Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь; Республика Беларусь), formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia (Белоруссия, Byelorussiya), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest.

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Bely Gorod

Bely Gorod (p, "White City") is the central core area of Moscow, Russia beyond the Kremlin and Kitay-gorod.

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Belyovsky District

Belyovsky District (Белёвский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-three in Tula Oblast, Russia.

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Benjamin Aga

Benjamin Aga (Karaim: Беньямин Агъа), who died in 1824, was the leader of the Crimean Karaites.

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Benoît de Boigne

Benoît Leborgne (24 March 175121 June 1830), better known as Count Benoît de Boigne or General Count de Boigne, was a military adventurer from the Duchy of Savoy, who made his fortune and name in India with the Marathas.

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Berenene dor Ocmore

Berenene dor Ocmore, Empress of Namorn, is the title character in the young adult fantasy novel The Will of the Empress by Tamora Pierce.

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Bernardo Bellotto

Bernardo Bellotto, (c. 1721/2 or 30 January 1721 – 17 November 1780), was an Italian urban landscape painter or vedutista, and printmaker in etching famous for his vedute of European cities (Dresden, Vienna, Turin and Warsaw).

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Bette Davis filmography

This is a complete filmography of Bette Davis.

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Billings, Russia

Billings (Би́ллингс) is a rural locality (a selo) in Iultinsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.

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Black Sea Cossack Host

Black Sea Cossack Host (Чорномо́рське коза́цьке ві́йсько), also known as Chernomoriya (Черномо́рия), was a Cossack host of the Russian Empire created in 1787 in the southern Ukraine from former Zaporozhian Cossacks.

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Black Sea Germans

The Black Sea Germans (Schwarzmeerdeutsche; Черноморские немцы; Чорноморські німці) were ethnic Germans who left their homelands in the 18th and 19th centuries, and settled in territories off the north coast of the Black Sea, mostly in the territories of the southern Russian Empire (including modern-day Ukraine).

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Blue

Blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments in painting and traditional colour theory, as well as in the RGB colour model.

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Bobrinsky

The Counts Bobrinsky or Bobrinskoy (Бобринские) are a Russian noble family descending from Count Aleksey Grigorievich Bobrinsky (1762–1813), who was Catherine the Great's natural son by Count Grigory Orlov.

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Bolognese dog

The Bolognese is a small breed of dog of the bichon type, originating in Italy.

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Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street

Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street (lit. Short-name - Pokrovka) is the main street in the historical centre of Nizhny Novgorod.

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Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation

The Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (Пограничная служба Федеральной службы безопасности Российской Федерации) is a branch of Federal Security Service of Russia tasked with patrol of the Russian border.

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Boris Akunin

Boris Akunin (Борис Акунин) is the pen name of Grigori Chkhartishvili (Григорий Шалвович Чхартишвили; გრიგორი ჩხარტიშვილი) (born May 20, 1956), a Russian writer of Georgian and Jewish origin.

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Boris Pilnyak

Boris Pilnyak (Бори́с Пильня́к) (– April 21, 1938) was a Russian writer.

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Borovichi

Borovichi (Боровичи́) is the second largest town in Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Msta River in the northern spurs of the Valdai Hills, east of Veliky Novgorod, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Botik of Peter the Great

The Botik of Peter the Great (also called St. Nicholas) is a miniaturized scaled-down warship discovered by Peter the Great at the Royal Izmaylovo Estate in 1688.

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Brattsevo

Brattsevo (Бра́тцево) is an area in Yuzhnoye Tushino District of North-Western Administrative Okrug of Moscow, Russia; formerly a country estate and a village.

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Brühl family

Brühl (de Brüel, von Brühl) is the name of an old German noble family from Saxony-Thuringia, with their ancestral seat in Gangloffsömmern in Thuringia.

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Bridget Bevan

Bridget Bevan (née Vaughan) (baptised 30 October 1698 – 11 December 1779), also known as Madam Bevan, was a Welsh educationalist and public benefactor.

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Bronnitsy

Bronnitsy (Бро́нницы) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located southeast of central Moscow and west of the Bronnitsy station on the Moscow–Ryazan railroad.

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Bronze Horseman

The Bronze Horseman (Медный всадник, literally "copper horseman") is an equestrian statue of Peter the Great in the Senate Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Bryan Higgins

Bryan Higgins (1741 – 1818) was an Irish natural philosopher in chemistry.

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Bryansk

Bryansk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, located southwest of Moscow.

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Bryansk Oblast

Bryansk Oblast (Бря́нская о́бласть, Bryanskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Budapest Convention of 1877

The Budapest Convention (Budapester Vertrag) was a secret agreement between Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1877 to agree on policies and the division of powers in Southeast Europe in the eventuality of war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

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Bulavin Rebellion

The Bulavin Rebellion (Astrakhan Revolt) is the name given to a war of Don Cossacks against Imperial Russia between the years 1707 and 1708.

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Burial sites of European monarchs and consorts

This list contains all European emperors, kings and regent princes and their consorts as well as well-known crown princes since the Middle Ages, whereas the lists are starting with either the beginning of the monarchy or with a change of the dynasty (e.g. England with the Norman king William the Conqueror, Spain with the unification of Castile and Aragon, Sweden with the Vasa dynasty, etc.). In addition, it contains the still-existing principalities of Monaco and Liechtenstein and the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.

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Burkhard Christoph von Münnich

Count Burkhard Christoph von Münnich (9 May 1683 – 16 October 1767) (Христофо́р Анто́нович Миних) was a German soldier-engineer who became a field marshal and political figure in the Russian Empire.

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Butyrka prison

Butyrka prison (Бутырка, a colloquial term for the official Бутырская тюрьма, Butyrskaya tyurma) is a prison in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow, Russia.

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Buy, Kostroma Oblast

Buy (Буй) is a town in Kostroma Oblast, Russia, which stands on the Kostroma River.

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Cabbage soup

Cabbage soup may refer to any of the variety of soups based on various cabbages, or on sauerkraut and known under different names in national cuisines.

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Cabin of Peter the Great

The cabin of Peter the Great (Russian: Domik Petra I or Domik Petra Pervogo or Domik Petra Velikogo) is a small wooden house which was the first St Petersburg "palace" of Tsar Peter the Great.

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Cadet Corps (Russia)

A Cadet corps (translit), historically an admissions-based all-boys military cadets school, prepared boys to become commissioned officers in Imperial Russia.

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Canaletto

Giovanni Antonio Canal (18 October 1697 – 19 April 1768), better known as Canaletto, was an Italian painter of city views or vedute, of Venice, Rome, and London.

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Cape Billings

Cape Billings (Мыс Биллингса - Mys Billingsa), is a headland on the northern coast of Chukotka, Russian Federation to the west of Cape Schmidt.

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Capital punishment in Russia

Capital punishment in Russia currently is not allowed.

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Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia

With the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 the Swedish dominions Estonia and Livonia were integrated into the Russian EmpireLuts (2006), p. 159 following their conquest during the Great Northern War.

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Cardinal Laws

The Cardinal Laws (Prawa kardynalne) were a quasi-constitution enacted in Warsaw, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, by the Repnin Sejm of 1767–68.

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Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.

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Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli

Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1675 in Florence, Italy – 18 November 1744 in Saint Petersburg, Russia) was an Italian sculptor and architect.

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Caroline Watson

Caroline Watson (1761?–1814) was an English stipple engraver.

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Carron Company

The Carron Company was an ironworks established in 1759 on the banks of the River Carron near Falkirk, in Stirlingshire, Scotland.

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Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Lymanske)

Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary – is a ruinate church of the former German Catholic village of Selz, now Lymanske in Rozdilna Raion, Odessa Oblast, Ukraine.

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Cathedral Square, Vilnius

The Cathedral Square in Vilnius (Katedros aikštė) is the main square of the Vilnius Old Town, right in front of the neo-classical Vilnius Cathedral.

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Catherine Bagration

Princess Catherine Bagration (Екатерина Павловна Багратион) née Skavronskaya (7 December 1783 - 21 May 1857 or 2 June 1857) was a Russian princess, married to general Pyotr Bagration.

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Catherine I of Russia

Catherine I (Yekaterina I Alekseyevna, born, later known as Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya; –) was the second wife of Peter the Great and Empress of Russia from 1725 until her death.

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Catherine II (disambiguation)

Catherine II may refer to.

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Catherine II and opera

Catherine II the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia was not only an opera fan, a patroness of the arts, music and theatre, but also an opera librettist.

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Catherine of Alexandria

Saint Catherine of Alexandria, or Saint Catharine of Alexandria, also known as Saint Catherine of the Wheel and The Great Martyr Saint Catherine (Ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ Ⲕⲁⲧⲧⲣⲓⲛ, ἡ Ἁγία Αἰκατερίνη ἡ Μεγαλομάρτυς – translation: Holy Catherine the Great Martyr) is, according to tradition, a Christian saint and virgin, who was martyred in the early 4th century at the hands of the pagan emperor Maxentius.

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Catherine of Russia

Catherine of Russia can refer to.

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Catherine of Russia (film)

Catherine of Russia (Caterina di Russia is a 1963 biographical drama film directed by Umberto Lenzi, and starring Hildegard Knef.

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Catherine Palace

The Catherine Palace (Екатерининский дворец) is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 30 km south of St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Catherine Palace (Moscow)

The Catherine Palace is a Neoclassical residence of Catherine II of Russia on the bank of the Yauza River in Lefortovo, Moscow.

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Catherine Pavlovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia (Екатерина Павловна; 21 May 1788 – 9 January 1819) later Queen Catharina of Württemberg, was the fourth daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and Princess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Catherine Shuvalova

Countess Catherine Shuvalova, (born Catherine Saltykova on 23 June 1743 - died on 13 October 1816, Rome) - was the daughter of Field Marshal Earl Pyotr Saltykov, Empress Catherine II's Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia, confidant of Platon Zubov and Ober-Hofmeisterin of the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden).

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Catherine the Great (1920 film)

Catherine the Great (Katharina die Große) is a 1920 German silent historical film directed by Reinhold Schünzel and starring Lucie Höflich, Fritz Kortner and Fritz Delius.

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Catherine the Great (1995 film)

Catherine the Great is a 1995 television movie based on the life of Catherine II of Russia.

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Catherine the Great (disambiguation)

Catherine the Great was the Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.

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Catherine the Great (TV series)

Catherine The Great is a 2015 Russian television series starring Yuliya Snigir as Catherine the Great.

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Catherine Vorontsov

Countess Ekaterina Semyonovna Vorontsov (October 24, 1784 in Saint Petersburg – March 27, 1856 in London), sometimes spelled Woronzow, was the daughter of Semyon Vorontsov, the Russian ambassador in Britain from 1785, and the only sister of Prince Mikhail Vorontsov, Viceroy of New Russia and Caucasus (1782–1856).

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Catherine Zeta-Jones

Catherine Zeta-Jones, CBE (born 25 September 1969) is a Welsh actress.

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Catterino Cavos

Catterino Albertovich Cavos (Italiano: Catarino Camillo Cavos; Катери́но Альбе́ртович Ка́вос) (October 30, 1775 – May 10 (OS April 28), 1840), born Catarino Camillo Cavos, was an Italian composer, organist and conductor settled in Russia.

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Caucasus Germans

Caucasus Germans (Kaukasiendeutsche) are part of the German minority in Russia and the Soviet Union.

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Caucasus Viceroyalty (1785–96)

The Caucasus Viceroyalty (Кавказское наместничество) was established in 1785 by Catherine the Great by transforming Astrakhan Governorate and adding some lands from Taurida Oblast.

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Causes of World War II

Among the causes of World War II were Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism and invasion of China in the 1930s, and especially the political takeover in 1933 of Germany by Hitler and his Nazi Party and its aggressive foreign policy.

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Censorship in the Russian Empire

In the Russian Empire, government agencies exerted varying levels of control over the content and dissemination of books, periodicals, music, theatrical productions, works of art, and motion pictures.

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Central Bank of Russia

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Центральный банк Российской Федерации Tsentral'nyy bank Rossiyskoy Federatsii) also known as the Bank of Russia (Банк России Bank Rossii) is the central bank of the Russian Federation, founded in 1860 as The State Bank of the Russian Empire, headquartered on Neglinnaya Street in Moscow.

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Central Naval Museum

Central Naval Museum (Центральный военно-морской музей) is a naval museum in St Petersburg, Russia.

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Cesare Beccaria

Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria, Marquis of Gualdrasco and Villareggio (15 March 173828 November 1794) was an Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher, and politician, who is widely considered as the most talented jurist and one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment.

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Chachersk

Chachersk (Чачэрск,, Чечерск, Czeczersk) is a city in the Gomel Region of Belarus, an administrative center of the Chachersk district.

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Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Charles Alexander (Karl Alexander August Johann; 24 June 1818 – 5 January 1901) was the ruler of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as its grand duke from 1853 until his death.

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Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1844–1894)

Karl August, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (31 July 1844 – 20 November 1894) was a German prince and Hereditary Grand Duke (Erbgroßherzog) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

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Charles Cameron (architect)

Charles Cameron (1745 – 19 March 1812) was a Scottish architect who made an illustrious career at the court of Catherine II of Russia.

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Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart

Lieutenant-General Charles Schaw Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart, KT (21 March 1721 – 14 August 1776) was a British soldier and diplomat.

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Charles de Lambert (soldier)

Count Charles de Lambert (15 June 1773 – 30 May 1843), was a French Royalist general who fought for Russia during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Charles de Wailly

Charles de Wailly (9 November 1730 – 2 November 1798) was a French architect and urbanist, and furniture designer, one of the principals in the Neoclassical revival of the Antique.

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Charles François Philibert Masson

Charles François Philibert Masson (1762 in Blamont — 1807 in Coblenz) was a Frenchman who is notable for the books that he published.

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Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Duke Charles Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (30 April 1700 – 18 June 1739) was a Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and an important member of European royalty.

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Charles Gascoigne

Charles Gascoigne (1738–1806) was a British industrialist at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

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Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes

Charles Gravier, Count of Vergennes (29 December 1719 – 13 February 1787) was a French statesman and diplomat.

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Charles Hanbury Williams

Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, KB (8 December 1708 – 2 November 1759) was a Welsh diplomat, writer and satirist.

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Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Spanish: Carlos; Italian: Carlo; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain and the Spanish Indies (1759–1788), after ruling Naples as Charles VII and Sicily as Charles V (1734–1759), kingdoms he abdicated to his son Ferdinand.

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Charles James Fox

Charles James Fox (24 January 1749 – 13 September 1806), styled The Honourable from 1762, was a prominent British Whig statesman whose parliamentary career spanned 38 years of the late 18th and early 19th centuries and who was the arch-rival of William Pitt the Younger.

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Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg

Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg (Carl Michael Herzog zu Mecklenburg; (Михаил Георгиевич; – 6 December 1934) was an officer in the Imperial Russian Army, heir presumptive to the throne of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and from 1918 head of the Grand Ducal House.

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Charles Neale

Charles Neale (1751–1823) was a leader of the Jesuit mission in America.

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Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland

Prince Karl Christian Joseph of Saxony (13 July 1733 – 16 June 1796) was a German prince of the House of Wettin and a Duke of Courland and Semigallia.

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Charles Olivier de Saint-Georges de Vérac

Charles Olivier de Saint-Georges, 4th Marquis of Vérac (Chateau of Couhé-Vérac, 10 October 1743 – 28 October 1828) was a French military officer and diplomat of the French Ancien Régime.

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Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth

Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth GCB, PC (29 May 1752 – 13 May 1825), known as The Lord Whitworth between 1800 and 1813 and as The Viscount Whitworth between 1813 and 1815, was a British diplomat and politician.

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Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne

Charles-Joseph Lamoral, 7th Prince de Ligne in French; in German Karl-Joseph Lamoral 7.

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Charter to the Gentry

Charter for the Rights, Freedoms, and Privileges of the Noble Russian Gentry also called Charter to the Gentry or Charter to the Nobility was a charter issued by the Russian empress Catherine II.

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Chaunsky District

Chaunsky District (Ча́унский райо́н; Chukchi: Чаан район) is an administrativeLaw #33-OZ and municipalLaw #46-OZ district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.

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Chavusy

Chaussy, Chavusy or Chausy (Чавусы; Czausy; Чаусы; Łacinka: Čavusy) is a town in the eastern Belarusian voblast of Mogilev.

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Château de La Ferté-Imbault

The Château de La Ferté-Imbault (Loir-et-Cher) is a stately home in the Loire Valley, France.

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Chechen–Russian conflict

The Chechen–Russian conflict (Чеченский конфликт, Chechenskiy konflikt) is the centuries-long conflict, often armed, between the Russian (formerly Soviet) government and various Chechen nationalist and Islamist forces.

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Cherepovets

Cherepovets (p) is a city in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located in the west of the oblast on the banks of the Sheksna River (a tributary of the Volga River) and on the shores of the Rybinsk Reservoir.

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Cherepovets Resurrection Monastery

Cherepovets Resurrection Monastery (Russian: Череповецкий Воскресенский Монастырь) was founded in the 13th century by two Christian Orthodox monks Feodosy and Afanasy, followers of Sergius of Radonezh.

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Chesme Church

The Chesme Church (Чесменская церковь; full name Church of Saint John the Baptist at Chesme Palace, also called the Church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist, це́рковь Рождества́ Иоа́нна Предте́чи при Че́сменском Дворце́), is a small Russian Orthodox church at 12 Lensoveta Street, in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Chesme Column

The Chesme Column in Tsarskoye Selo commemorates three Russian naval victories in the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774, specifically the Battle of Chesma.

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Chevalier Guard Regiment

The Chevalier Guard Regiment (Кавалергардский полк) was a Russian heavy cavalry guard regiment, created in 1800 by the reformation of the Chevalier Guard corps, itself created in 1764 by Catherine the Great.

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Chicherin House

Chichrerin House (Дом Чичерина) was a historical landmark building located at Nevsky Prospekt 15 (between Bolshaya Morskaya Street and Moika River embankment) in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Chief Court Mistress

Court Mistress (hofmesterinde; Dutch: hofmeesteres ('Court mistress'); German: Hofmeisterin; hoffmesterinne; hovmästarinna) or Chief Court Mistress (Overhofmesterinde; Dutch: Grootmeesteres ('Grand Mistress') German: Obersthofmeisterin; overhoffmesterinne; överhovmästarinna; Russia: Ober-Hofmeisterin) is or was the title of the senior lady-in-waiting in the courts of Austria, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Imperial Russia, and the German princely and royal courts.

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Children's literature

Children's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children.

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China painting

China painting, or porcelain painting, is the decoration of glazed porcelain objects such as plates, bowls, vases or statues.

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Chinese garden

The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand years.

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Chinese Village (Tsarskoe Selo)

The Chinese Village in the Alexander Park of Tsarskoye Selo, Russia was Catherine the Great's attempt to follow the 18th-century fashion for the Chinoiserie.

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Chistopol

Chistopol (Чи́стополь; Çistay; Чистай) is a town in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the left bank of the Kuybyshev Reservoir, on the Kama River.

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Chortitza Colony

Chortitza Colony was a volost Yekaterinoslav Governorate granted to German-speaking Mennonites for colonization northwest of Khortytsia Island and is now part of Zaporizhia, Ukraine.

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Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin

Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp-Eutin (11 January 1673 – 24 April 1726) was a cadet of the reigning ducal House of Holstein-Gottorp who became prince of Eutin, prince-bishop of Lübeck and regent of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp.

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Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst

Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (29 November 1690, in Dornburg – 16 March 1747, in Zerbst) was a German prince of the House of Ascania.

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Christian Frederick Hassé

Christian Frederick Hassé (1771–1831) was a composer of church music and an organist.

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Christianity and antisemitism

Christianity and antisemitism deals with the hostility of Christian Churches, Christian groups, and by Christians in general to Judaism and the Jewish people.

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Christina Oxenberg

Christina Oxenberg (Кристина Оксенберг, born December 27, 1962) is a Serbian-American writer, humorist, and fashion designer.

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Christina, Queen of Sweden

Christina (– 19 April 1689) reigned as Queen of Sweden from 1632 until her abdication in 1654.

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Christmas Eve (Gogol)

"Christmas Eve" (Ночь пе́ред Рождество́м, Noch pered Rozhdestvom, which literally translates as "The Night Before Christmas") is the first story in the second volume of the collection Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka by Nikolai Gogol.

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Christopher Lieven

Prince Christopher Henry von Lieven, Lord of Mesothen (Kristofers Heinrihs fon Līvens; Христофор Андреевич Ливен; Christoph Heinrich von Liewen; Christoffer Henrik von Liewen af Eksjö; Christophe de Lieven; 6 May 1774 – 10 January 1839) was a Livonian nobleman, Russian general, ambassador to London in 1812–1834, and educator of tsesarevich Alexander Nikolaievitch.

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Chronology of Ukrainian language suppression

The chronology of Ukrainian language suppression.

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Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (p; Chukchi: Чукоткакэн автономныкэн округ, Chukotkaken avtonomnyken okrug) or Chukotka (Чуко́тка) is a federal subject (an autonomous okrug) of Russia.

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Church of John the Baptist (Nesvetay)

The Church of John the Baptist (Церковь Святого Иоанна Предтечи, Սուրբ Կարապետ եկեղեցի) is an Armenian Apostolic church in Nesvetay village, Myasnikovsky District, Rostov Oblast, Russia.

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Church of St. Catherine (Saint Petersburg)

The Catholic Church of St Catherine (Католическая церковь Святой Екатерины) in St. Petersburg is the oldest Catholic church in the Russian Federation, and the only church with the title of basilica (status granted on 23 July 2013).

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Church of the Ascension (Chaltyr)

The Church of the Ascension (Церковь Святого Вознесения, Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի) is an Armenian Apostolic church in Chaltyr village, Myasnikovsky District, Rostov Oblast, Russia.

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Church reform of Peter the Great

The Church reform of Peter I introduced what some believe was a period of Caesaropapism in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, when the church apparatus effectively became a department of state.

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Cigar band

A cigar band is a loop made of paper or foil fitted around the body of a cigar to denote its brand or variety.

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City Duma

City Duma (Городская дума) is the parliament/legislative branch of power of in the Russian Empire and contemporary Russian cities, and before the entry into force of the new administrative-territorial division in 2009, in all the cities of Latvia.

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Civilization Revolution

Sid Meier's Civilization Revolution is a 4X turn-based strategy video game, developed in 2008 by Firaxis Games with Sid Meier as designer.

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Clan Cathcart

Clan Cathcart is a Lowland Scottish clan.

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Clan Ostoja

Clan Ostoja (ancient Polish: Ostoya) was a powerful group of knights and lords in late-medieval Europe.

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Claude Michel

Claude Michel (December 20, 1738 – March 29, 1814), known as Clodion, was a French sculptor in the Rococo style, especially noted for his works in terracotta.

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Claude-Carloman de Rulhière

Claude-Carloman de Rulhière (or Rulhières) (12 June 173530 January 1791) was a French poet and historian.

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Clement Mary Hofbauer

Clement Mary Hofbauer, C.Ss.R., (Klemens Maria Hofbauer) (26 December 1751 – 15 March 1820) was a Moravian hermit and later a priest of the Redemptorist congregation.

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Clisson et Eugénie

Clisson et Eugénie is a romantic novella, written by Napoleon.

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Clone High

Clone High (occasionally referred to in the U.S. as Clone High U.S.A.) is a Canadian–American adult animated television series created by Phil Lord, Christopher Miller and Bill Lawrence.

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Co-Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin and St. Stanislaus, Mogilev

The Co-Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin and St.

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Coat of arms of Kiev

The coat of arms of Kiev features the Archangel Michael, wielding a flaming sword and a shield on an azure field.

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Coat of arms of Kola

The coat of arms was granted to the town of Kola, as well as to other towns of Vologda Viceroyalty, by the, 1780 decree (ukase) of Catherine II "On the coat of arms of Vologda Viceroyalty".

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Coat of arms of Moscow

The coat of arms of Moscow depicts a horseman with a spear in his hand slaying a basilisk and is identified with Saint George and the Dragon.

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Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod

The coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod is the official symbol of the city from December 20, 2006.

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College of War

The College of War (sometimes War Collegium, or similar, but not to be confused with other institutions of the same name) was a Russian executive body (or collegium), created in the government reform of 1717.

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Collegium of Accounting

The Collegium of Accounting (Revizion-kollegia, or of Revision or of Auditing; also College) was a Russian executive body (collegium), created in the government reform of 1717.

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Collegium of Commerce

The Collegium of Commerce (also College, Коммерц-коллегия) was a Russian executive body (collegium), created in the government reform of 1717.

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Collegium of Justice

The Collegium of Justice (also College) was a Russian executive body (collegium), created in the government reform of 1717.

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Collegium of Mining

The Collegium of Mining (Berg-kollegia; also College) was an executive body in the Russian Empire from 1722, when the Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing split into two.

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Collegium of State Expenses

The Collegium of State Expenses (Schtats-kontor, or of the Treasury; also College) was a Russian executive body (collegium), created in the government reform of 1717.

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Collegium of State Income

The Collegium of State Income (Kamer-kollegiia; or Revenue, also College) was a Russian executive body (collegium), created in the government reform of 1717.

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Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.

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Constance of Greater Poland

Constance of Greater Poland (also known as of Poznań) (Konstancja wielkopolska (poznańska)) (1245/46 – 8 October 1281) was a princess of Greater Poland, a member of the House of Piast, and by marriage a Margravine of Brandenburg–Stendal.

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Constance Wilhelmine de Saint-Priest

Constance Wilhelmine de Saint-Priest (1752-1807), was a French countess.

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Constantine Mavrocordatos

Constantine Mavrocordatos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Constantin Mavrocordat; February 27, 1711November 23, 1769) was a Greek noble who served as Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia at several intervals.

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Constitution of 3 May 1791

The Constitution of 3 May 1791 (Konstytucja 3 Maja, Gegužės trečiosios konstitucija) was adopted by the Great Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a dual monarchy comprising the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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Constitution of May 3, 1791 (painting)

The Constitution of May 3, 1791 (Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791 roku) is an 1891 Romantic oil painting on canvas by the Polish artist Jan Matejko.

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Constitution of Poland

The current Constitution of Poland was adopted on 2 April 1997.

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Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova

A controversy exists over the national identity and name of the native language of the main ethnic group in the Republic of Moldova.

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Conversation with the Marèchale de ***

Conversation with the Marèchale de *** (or Conversation with a Christian Lady, Entretien d'un philosophe avec la marèchale de ***) is an essay by Denis Diderot containing a friendly dialogue, of a disputatious nature, between a religious lady and a freethinker, on theological issues.

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Copyright law of Russia

Copyright in Russia developed originally along the same lines as in Western European countries.

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Coronation crown

A coronation crown is a crown used by a monarch when being crowned.

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Coronation of the Russian monarch

Coronations in Russia involved a highly developed religious ceremony in which the Emperor of Russia (generally referred to as the Tsar) was crowned and invested with regalia, then anointed with chrism and formally blessed by the church to commence his reign.

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Cosmas of Aetolia

Cosmas of Aetolia, sometimes Kosmas of Aetolia or Cosmas/Kosmas the Aetolian or Patrokosmas "Father Cosmas" (Κοσμάς Αιτωλός, Kosmas Etolos; born between 1700 and 1714 – died 1779), was a monk in the Greek Orthodox Church.

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Cossack Hetmanate

The Cossack Hetmanate (Гетьманщина), officially known as Zaporizhian Host (Військо Запорозьке), was a Cossack state in Central Ukraine between 1649 and 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).

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Cossacks

Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.

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Cougar (slang)

Cougar is slang for a woman who seeks sexual activity with significantly younger men.

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Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff

Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff (Johann Hartwig Ernst Graf von Bernstorff; 13 May 1712 – 18 February 1772) was a German-Danish statesman and a member of the Bernstorff noble family of Mecklenburg.

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Count Xavier Branicki

Count Xavier Branicki (in Polish: Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, in French: Xavier Branicki), born 26 October 1816 in Warsaw, Poland, died 20 November 1879 in Assiut, Khedivate of Egypt, was a Polish nobleman, political exile and landowner who took French nationality.

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Creamware

Creamware is a cream-coloured, refined earthenware with a lead glaze over a pale body.

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Crimea

Crimea (Крым, Крим, Krym; Krym; translit;; translit) is a peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast.

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Crimea Germans

The Crimea Germans (Krimdeutsche) were ethnic German settlers who were invited to settle in the Crimea as part of the East Colonization.

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Crimean journey of Catherine the Great

The Crimean journey of Catherine the Great (Путешествие Екатерины II в Крым, also known as Таврический вояж (Taurida Voyage) at the time) was a six-month (January 2, 1787 — July 11, 1787) inspection trip of Catherine II of Russia to the newly acquired lands of New Russia and Crimea, gained as a result of the victorious wars against the Ottoman Empire (1735–39 and 1768–74) and peace treaties with the Cossack Hetmanate followed by the forced liquidation of free Zaporizhian Sich.

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Crimean Khanate

The Crimean Khanate (Mongolian: Крымын ханлиг; Crimean Tatar / Ottoman Turkish: Къырым Ханлыгъы, Qırım Hanlığı, rtl or Къырым Юрту, Qırım Yurtu, rtl; Крымское ханство, Krymskoje hanstvo; Кримське ханство, Krymśke chanstvo; Chanat Krymski) was a Turkic vassal state of the Ottoman Empire from 1478 to 1774, the longest-lived of the Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde.

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Cristopher Unterberger

Christopher Unterberger (27 May 1732 – 25 January 1798) was an Italian painter of the early-Neoclassical period.

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Crown jewels

Crown Jewels are the objects of metalwork and jewellery in the regalia of a current or former monarchy.

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Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Korona Królestwa Polskiego, Latin: Corona Regni Poloniae), commonly known as the Polish Crown or simply the Crown, is the common name for the historic (but unconsolidated) Late Middle Ages territorial possessions of the King of Poland, including Poland proper.

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Cynthia Whittaker

Cynthia Hyla Whittaker (born 1942) is an American academic and author.

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Cyril Toumanoff

Cyril Leo Heraclius, Prince Toumanoff (Кирилл Львович Туманов; 13 October 1913 – 4 February 1997) was a Russian-born American historian and genealogist who mostly specialized in the history and genealogies of medieval Georgia, Armenia, Iran and the Byzantine Empire.

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Czetwertyński

Czetwertyński or Chetvertynsky (also Sviatopolk-Chetvertynsky or Czetwertyński-Światopełk) is a Ukrainian (or Polish) princely family that originated from Volhynia in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.

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D'Alembert’s Dream

D'Alembert’s Dream (or The Dream of D'Alembert, Le Rêve de d'Alembert) is an ensemble of three philosophical dialogues authored by Denis Diderot in 1769, which first appeared in Grimm's Correspondance Littéraire in 1782, but was not published in its own right until 1830.

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Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser

Dagobert Sigismund, Count von Wurmser (7 May 1724 – 22 August 1797) was an Austrian field marshal during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Daikokuya Kōdayū

(1751 - May 28, 1828) was a Japanese castaway who spent eleven years in Russia.

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Daniel Dumaresq

Daniel Dumaresq FRS (1712–1805) was an educational consultant to Russian and Polish monarchs.

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Dankov

Dankov (Данков) is a town and the administrative center of Dankovsky District in Lipetsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Don River northwest of Lipetsk, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Danubian Sich

The Danubian Sich (Задунайська Сiч) was an organization of the part of former Zaporozhian Cossacks who settled in the territory of the Ottoman Empire (the Danube Delta, hence the name) after their previous host was disbanded and the Zaporizhian Sich was destroyed.

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Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova

Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova (Дарья Николаевна Салтыкова;; 1730 – December 27, 1801), commonly known as Saltychikha (p), was a Russian noblewoman, sadist, and serial killer from Moscow, who became notorious for torturing and killing more than one hundred of her serfs, mostly women and girls.

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Darya Petrovna Saltykova

Countess Darya Petrovna Saltykova, née Countess Chernysheva (20 September 1739 – December 23, 1802), was a Russian lady in waiting, socialite and noble and Dame of the Order of St. Catherine's first degree.

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Das Bohnenspiel

Bohnenspiel ("the bean game") is a German mancala game described in the 1937 Deutsche Spielhandbuch.

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Daskalogiannis

Ioannis Vlachos, better known as Daskalogiannis (1722/30 – June 17, 1771) was a wealthy shipbuilder and shipowner who led a Cretan revolt against Ottoman rule in the 18th century.

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David Roentgen

David Roentgen (1743 in HerrnhaagFebruary 12, 1807), was a famous German cabinetmaker of the eighteenth century, famed throughout Europe for his marquetry and his secret drawers and mechanical fittings.

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David Tukhmanov

David Fyodorovich Tukhmanov PAR (Дави́д Фёдорович Тухма́нов, was born on July 20, 1940, in Moscow, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian composer.

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Delmenhorst

Delmenhorst is an urban district (Kreisfreie Stadt) in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin

Prince Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin (December 22, 1770 – May 6, 1840) was an emigre Russian aristocrat and Roman Catholic priest known as The Apostle of the Alleghenies.

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Demographics of Crimea

, the total population of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol was at 2,248,400 people (Republic of Crimea: 1,889,485, Sevastopol: 395,000).

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Denga

A denga (деньга, earlier денга) was a Russian monetary unit with a value latterly equal to ½ kopek (100 kopeks.

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Denis Diderot

Denis Diderot (5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

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Denis Fonvizin

Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin (Дени́с Ива́нович Фонви́зин, from von Wiesen) was a playwright of the Russian Enlightenment, whose plays are still staged today.

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Denmark–Russia relations

Denmark–Russia relations is the relationship between the two countries, Denmark and Russia.

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Der Philosophische Arzt

Der Philosophische Arzt is a medical publication published in the late 18th century by, a prominent German physician and physician to the Russian Empress, Catherine II.

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Devonshire House Ball of 1897

The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate Queen Victoria’s diamond jubilee.

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Diamond Fund

The Diamond Fund (Алмазный фонд) is a unique collection of gems, jewelry and natural nuggets, which are stored and exhibited in the Moscow Kremlin in Russia.

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Dictionnaire philosophique

The Dictionnaire philosophique (Philosophical Dictionary) is an encyclopedic dictionary published by Voltaire in 1764.

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Didone abbandonata (Galuppi)

Didone abbandonata is a 1766 setting by Baldassare Galuppi of the libretto of the same name by Metastasio for Catherine the Great in Saint Petersburg.

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Die Entführung aus dem Serail

(K. 384; The Abduction from the Seraglio; also known as) is an opera Singspiel in three acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

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Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War

Diplomacy in the Revolutionary War had an important impact on the Revolution, as the United States evolved an independent foreign policy.

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Disinformation

Disinformation is false information spread deliberately to deceive.

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Disinformation (book)

Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism is a non-fiction book about disinformation tactics and history rooted in information warfare.

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Dispatch (1795 ship)

Dispatch was an 18-gun, Albatross-class brig-sloop, launched in 1795 and intended for the British Royal Navy, but sold to the Imperial Russian Navy before commissioning.

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Dmitri Alekseyevich Gallitzin

Prince Dmitri Alexeievich Gallitzin FRS (21 December 1728 – 16 March 1803) was a Russian diplomat, art agent, author, volcanologist and mineralogist.

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Dmitry Buturlin

Dmitry Petrovich Buturlin (Дмитрий Петрович Бутурлин) (11 May 1790 – 21 October 1849) was a Russian Empire general and military historian from an old noble family of Ratshid stock.

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Dmitry Levitzky

Dmytro Levytsky (Dmitry Grigoryevich Levitsky) (Дмитро Григорович Левицький; Дмитрий Григорьевич Левицкий; May 1735 – 17 April 1822) was a Russian-Ukrainian portrait painter.

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Dnieper

The Dnieper River, known in Russian as: Dnepr, and in Ukrainian as Dnipro is one of the major rivers of Europe, rising near Smolensk, Russia and flowing through Russia, Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea.

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Dnipro

Dnipro (Дніпро), until May 2016 Dnipropetrovsk (Дніпропетро́вськ) also known as Dnepropetrovsk (Днепропетро́вск), is Ukraine's fourth largest city, with about one million inhabitants.

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Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Дніпропетро́вська о́бласть, Dnipropetrovs'ka oblast or Дніпропетровщина, Dnipropetrovshchyna, Днепропетро́вская о́бласть) is an oblast (province) of central Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country.

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Dobruja

Dobruja or Dobrudja (Добруджа, transliterated: Dobrudzha or Dobrudža; Dobrogea or; Dobruca) is a historical region in Eastern Europe that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania.

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Domenico Cimarosa

Domenico Cimarosa (17 December 1749, Aversa, Kingdom of Naples, now Province of Caserta – 11 January 1801, Venice) was an Italian opera composer of the Neapolitan school.

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Domenico Lalli

Sebastiano Biancardi (27 March 1679 – 9 October 1741), known by the pseudonym Domenico Lalli, was an Italian poet and librettist.

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Domenico Vandelli

Domenico Agostino Vandelli (Padua, 8 July 1735 – Lisbon, 27 June 1816) was an Italian naturalist, who did most of his scientific work in Portugal.

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Domodedovo (town)

Domodedovo (p) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located south of Moscow.

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Don Juan (poem)

Don Juan (see below) is a satiric poem, Gregg A. Hecimovich by Lord Byron, based on the legend of Don Juan, which Byron reverses, portraying Juan not as a womaniser but as someone easily seduced by women.

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Dondukov

Dondukov is a Russian princely family descending from Donduk-Ombo, the sixth khan of the Kalmucks (reigned 1737–41).

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Donetsk

Donetsk (Донецьк; Доне́цк; former names: Aleksandrovka, Hughesovka, Yuzovka, Stalino (see also: cities' alternative names)) is an industrial city in Ukraine on the Kalmius River.

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Doris Keane

Doris Keane (December 12, 1881 - November 25, 1945) was an American actress.

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Drabiv

Drabiv (Драбів) is an urban-type settlement located in Cherkasy Oblast (province) in the central Ukraine.

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Dreams of Russia

Dreams of Russian (Oroshiyakoku Suimutan; Sni o Rossii) is a 1992 Japanese-Soviet historical-adventure feature film adaptation of the same name historical novel by Japanese writer Yasushi Inoue.

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Ducal Castle, Szczecin

The Ducal Castle in Szczecin, Poland, was the seat of the dukes of Pomerania-Stettin of the House of Pomerania (Griffins), who ruled the Duchy of Pomerania from 1121 to 1637.

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Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg

Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Russia (Russian: Александра Петровна; 2 June 1838 – 25 April 1900) was a great-granddaughter of Emperor Paul I of Russia and the wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, the elder.

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Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Augusta Caroline Friederika Luise; 3 December 1764 – 27 September 1788) was the first wife of Frederick of Württemberg and the mother of William I of Württemberg.

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Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (16 January 1857 – 28 August 1936) was a daughter of Duke Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and his wife Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia.

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Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (19 November 1779 – 4 January 1801) was the maternal grandmother of Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

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Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony

Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony (22 November 1610 – 24 October 1684) was duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp as the spouse of Duke Friedrich III of Holstein-Gottorp.

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Duchess Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Duchess Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Herzogin Marie Luise Friederike Alexandrine Elisabeth Charlotte Catherine Mecklenburg-Schwerin; 31 March 180326 October 1862) was daughter of Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and consort of Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg.

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Duchess Therese Petrovna of Oldenburg

Duchess Therese Petrovna of Oldenburg (30 March 1852 – 19 April 1883) was the youngest daughter of Duke Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg and his wife Princess Therese of Nassau-Weilburg.

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Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ, Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii, Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen, Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste) was a duchy in the Baltic region that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569 to 1726 to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Sejm in 1726, On 28 March 1795, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.

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Duchy of La Vallière

The Duchy of La Vallière (duché de La Vallière) was a noble French title created on 13 May 1667 by Louis XIV for his one time mistress Louise Françoise de La Baume Le Blanc.

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Duchy of Livonia

The Duchy of Livonia (Księstwo Inflanckie; Livonijos kunigaikštystė; Ducatus Ultradunensis; Üleväina-Liivimaa hertsogkond; Pārdaugavas hercogiste; also referred to as Polish Livonia or Inflanty) was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania—and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth—that existed from 1561 to 1621.

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Duchy of Oldenburg

The Duchy of Oldenburg (Herzogtum Oldenburg) — named after its capital, the town of Oldenburg — was a state in the north-west of present-day Germany.

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Duke Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg

Duke Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg (2 June 1844 – 6 September 1932) was the second son of Duke Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg and his wife Princess Therese of Nassau-Weilburg.

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Duke Constantine Petrovich of Oldenburg

Konstantin Friedrich Peter von Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of Oldenburg(9 May 1850 - 18 March 1906) was a son of Duke Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg and his wife Princess Therese of Nassau-Weilburg Known in the court of Tsar Nicholas II as Duke Constantine Petrovich of Oldenburg, he was the father of the Russian Counts and Countesses von Zarnekau.

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Duke Georg Alexander of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Duke Georg Alexander of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Георгий Георгиевич Мекленбург-Стрелицкий; 6 June 1859 – 5 December 1909) was the eldest of the two surviving sons of Duke Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and of Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia.

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Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, also known as Ducal Holstein, that were ruled by the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp.

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Duke of Schleswig

The following list is a list of jarls and dukes, who ruled over Schleswig respectively Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland).

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Duke Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg

Duke Konstantin Friedrich Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg (26 August 1812 in Yaroslavl, Russian Empire – 14 May 1881 in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Duke of the House of Oldenburg.

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Duke William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Willem of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Ludwigsburg, 5 March 1827 - Heidelberg, 28 July 1879), was the second son of Hereditary Grand Duke Paul Friedrich of Mecklenburg and his wife Princess Alexandrine of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William III.

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Ecclesiastical award

An Ecclesiastial award is an official award, honor or privilege presented by ecclesiastical authority.

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Edict of toleration

An edict of toleration is a declaration, made by a government or ruler and states, that members of a given religion will not be persecuted for engaging in their religious practices and traditions.

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Edinoverie

Edinoverie (p, literally coreligionism) is an arrangement between certain Russian Old Believer communities and the official Russian Orthodox Church, whereby the communities are treated as a part of the normative Orthodox Church system, while maintaining their own traditional rites.

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Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry

Edith Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry, DBE (née Chaplin; 3 December 1878 – 23 April 1959) was a noted and influential society hostess in the United Kingdom between World War I and World War II, a friend of the first Labour prime minister, Ramsay MacDonald.

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Edmond-Charles Genêt

Edmond-Charles Genêt (January 8, 1763July 14, 1834), also known as Citizen Genêt, was the French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution.

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Edna W. Underwood

Edna Worthley Underwood (January 1873 – June 14, 1961) was an American author, poet, and translator.

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Eduards Kalniņš

Eduards Kalniņš (December 31, 1876 – June 28, 1964) was a Latvian general.

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Education in the Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment, dominated advanced thought in Europe from about the 1650s to the 1780s.

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Edward Leigh

Sir Edward Julian Egerton Leigh (born 20 July 1950) is a British Conservative Party politician who has served as a Member of Parliament since 1983.

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Ekatarina Velika

Ekatarina Velika (Екатарина Велика, Catherine the Great), sometimes referred to as EKV for short, was a Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band from Belgrade, being one of the most successful and influential music acts coming out of former Yugoslavia.

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Ekaterina (TV series)

Released in 2014, Ekaterina is a Russia-1 historical television biographical film starring Marina Aleksandrova as the eventual Russian empress Catherine the Great.

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Ekaterina II-class battleship

The Ekaterina II class were a class of four battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1880s.

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Ekaterina Kozitskaya

Ekaterina Ivanovna Kozitskaya, née Myasnikova (1746-1833) was a Russian industrialist.

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Ekaterina Orlova (courtier)

Ekaterina Orlova (1758-1781), was a Russian courtier.

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Ekaterina Vladimirovna Apraksina

Ekaterina Vladimirovna Apraksina (nee Golitysna; Russian - Екатерина Владимировна Апраксина; 30 May 1770, Moscow - 14 March 1854) was a Russian noblewoman.

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Ekaterine Dadiani, Princess of Mingrelia

Princess Ekateriné Dadiani (ეკატერინე დადიანი; née Chavchavadze; March 19, 1816August 13, 1882) was a prominent 19th-century Georgian aristocrat and the last ruling princess of the Western Georgian Principality of Mingrelia.

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Elena Chudinova

Elena Petrovna Chudinova (Елена Петровна Чудинова; born 3 September 1959) is a Russian writer, poet, publicist, and playwright.

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Elena Palmer

Elena Palmer is a German journalist and author with Russian origins.

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Elisa von der Recke

Elisa von der Recke (20 May 1754 – 13 April 1833) was a Baltic German writer and poet.

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Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)

Princess Louise of Baden (13/24 January 1779 – 4 May/16 May 1826) was, later known as Elizabeth Alexeievna (Елизавета Алексеевна.), Empress of Russia during her marriage with Emperor Alexander I. Born Princess Louise of Baden, she was a daughter of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden, and his wife, Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt.

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Elizabeth Divov

Elizabeth Divov (Russian: Елизавета Петровна Дивова; 1762-1813), was a Russian courtier.

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Elizabeth of Russia

Elizabeth Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́та) Петро́вна) (–), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death.

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Elizabeth Sandunova

Elizabeth S. Sandunova née Uranova (1772/76 – 3 December 1826), was a Russian Empire stage actress and operatic mezzo-soprano.

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Elizaveta Vorontsova

Elizaveta Romanovna Vorontsova (Елизавета Романовна Воронцова) (13 August 1739 – 2 February 1792) was a mistress of Emperor Peter III of Russia.

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Emily Bruni

Emily Bruni (born 1975 in Exeter, Devon), is an English actress.

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Emperor of All Russia

The Emperor or Empress of All Russia ((pre 1918 orthography) Императоръ Всероссійскій, Императрица Всероссійская, (modern orthography) Император Всероссийский, Императрица всероссийская, Imperator Vserossiyskiy, Imperatritsa Vserossiyskaya) was the absolute and later the constitutional monarch of the Russian Empire.

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Empress Eugénie (diamond)

The Empress Eugénie Diamond is an oval-shaped brilliant diamond, perfectly cut, and weighing 51 carats.

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Empress of Russia

Empress of Russia was a title in the Russian Empire between 1721 and 1917.

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Engelhardt family

Engelhardt (Энгельгардт) was a Baltic-German noble and baronial family.

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Engels, Saratov Oblast

Engels (p), formerly known as Pokrovsk and Kosakenstadt, is a city in Saratov Oblast, Russia.

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English landscape garden

The English landscape garden, also called English landscape park or simply the English garden (Jardin à l'anglaise, Giardino all'inglese, Englischer Landschaftsgarten, Jardim inglês, Jardín inglés), is a style of "landscape" garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical jardin à la française of the 17th century as the principal gardening style of Europe.

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Engraved gem

An engraved gem, frequently referred to as an intaglio, is a small and usually semi-precious gemstone that has been carved, in the Western tradition normally with images or inscriptions only on one face.

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Enlightened absolutism

Enlightened absolutism refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment.

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Enlightened despotism

Enlightened despotism (also called benevolent despotism) referred to a leader's espousal of "Enlightenment ideas and principles" to enhance the leader's power.

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Epic Rap Battles of History

Epic Rap Battles of History, or ERB for short, is a YouTube webseries created by Peter Shukoff (a.k.a. Nice Peter) and Lloyd Ahlquist (a.k.a. EpicLLOYD).

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Erik Gustaf Göthe

Erik Gustaf Göthe (26 July 1779 – 29 November 1838) was a Swedish sculptor.

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Erik Laxmann

Erik Gustavovich Laxmann (Эрик (Кирилл) Густавович Лаксман) (July 27, 1737 – January 6, 1796) was a Finnish-Swedish clergyman, explorer and natural scientist born in Nyslott in Finland, then part of Sweden.

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Ernest Beaux

Ernest Beaux (8 December 1881 – 9 June 1961) was a Russian-born French perfumer who is best known for creating Chanel No. 5, which is perhaps the world's most famous perfume.

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Ernst Johann von Biron

Ernst Johann von Biron (Ernst Johann von Biron; Эрнст Иоганн Бирон; (Bühren); –) was a Duke of Courland and Semigallia (1737) and regent of the Russian Empire (1740).

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Erotic art

Erotic art covers any artistic work that is intended to evoke erotic arousal or that depicts scenes of love-making.

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Essay on the Life of Seneca

Essay on the Life of Seneca (Essai sur Sénèque) was one of the final works of Denis Diderot.

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Essendon, Hertfordshire

Essendon is a village and civil parish in Hertfordshire, south-west of Hertford.

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Estonian Swedes

The Estonian Swedes, Estonia-Swedes, or Coastal Swedes (estlandssvenskar, "Estonia Swedes", colloquially aibofolke, "Island People", rannarootslased, i.e. "Coastal Swedes" or eestirootslased) are a Swedish-speaking minority traditionally residing in the coastal areas and islands of what is now western and northern Estonia.

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Estrambótica Anastasia

Estrambótica Anastasia is a Venezuelan telenovela developed by Martín Hahn and produced by Radio Caracas Television in 2004.

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Eugen Maximilianovich, 5th Duke of Leuchtenberg

Eugen Maximilianovich Romanowsky, 5th Duke of Leuchtenberg, Prince Romanowsky (8 February 1847 - 31 August 1901) was a son of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia Duke of Leuchtenberg.

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Eugene Schuyler

Eugene Schuyler (Ithaca, New York, February 26, 1840 – Venice, Italy, July 16, 1890) was a nineteenth-century American scholar, writer, explorer and diplomat.

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Eugenios Voulgaris

Eugenios Voulgaris or Boulgaris (Εὐγένιος Βούλγαρης, Евгений Булгарский, Евгений Булгар, 1716–1806) was a Greek scholar, prominent Greek Orthodox educator, and bishop of Kherson (in Ukraine).

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Euphrosinia Kolyupanovskaya

Euphrosinia Kolyupanovskaya (1758–1855), was a Russian courtier, Fool of Christ, hermit and Orthodox saint.

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Eureka Classis

The Eureka Classis was part of the Reformed Church in the United States (RCUS).

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Eva Stachniak

Eva Stachniak (born 1952 in Wrocław, Poland) is a Polish-Canadian novelist.

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Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia (Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь в России, Украине, в Казахстане и Средней Азии), also known as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia and the Other States (ELCROS), is a Lutheran denomination that itself comprises seven regional Lutheran denominations in Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan as well as individual congregations in Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.

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Eve Frank

Eve Frank or Eva Frank (1754 article by Rachel Elior in the Encyclopedia Judaica. – 1816 or 1817), born in Nikopol, Ottoman Empire (now Bulgaria) under the name Rebecca or Rachel, was a Mystic cult leader, and the only woman to have been declared a Jewish messiah.

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Ewelina Hańska

Eveline Hańska (Ewelina, née Rzewuska, 6 January c. 1805 – 11 April 1882) was a Polish noblewoman best known for her marriage to French novelist Honoré de Balzac.

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Familia (political party)

The Familia ("The Family", from Latin familia) was the name of an 18th-century Polish political party (or political faction more precisely) led by the House of Czartoryski and allied families.

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Fatali Khan

Fatali Khan of Quba or Fath Ali-Khan of Quba (فتحعلی‌خان قبه‌ای; Fətəli xan Qubalı or Fətx Əli-xan Qubalı; 1736 - March 29, 1789) – was a khan of the Quba Khanate (1758–1789).

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Fath-Ali Khan Qajar

Fath-Ali Khan Qajar (1686–1726), was the Qajar chieftain of the Ashaqa-bash branch.

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Favourite

A favourite or favorite (American English) was the intimate companion of a ruler or other important person.

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February 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Feb. 2 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Feb. 4 All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 16 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

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Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov

Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov (Фёдор Иванович Соймо́нов; 1692 – 22 July 1780), Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, was a nautical surveyor of the Imperial Russian Navy, hydrographer and pioneering explorer of the Caspian Sea who charted the until then little known body of water.

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Felis chaus chaus

Felis chaus chaus is the nominate subspecies of the jungle cat.

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Female education

Female education is a catch-all term of a complex set of issues and debates surrounding education (primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, and health education in particular) for girls and women.

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Feminism in Russia

Feminism in Russia originated in the 18th century, influenced by the Western European Enlightenment and mostly confined to the aristocracy.

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Fences in Saint Petersburg

The fences in Saint Petersburg, Russia are highly varied, with many notable examples remaining in use today from different periods in Russian architectural history.

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Fevey

Fevey is an opera by Vasily Pashkevich to a Russian libretto by Catherine II of Russia.

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Fichtner

Fichtner, Fiechtner, or any variant thereof is a surname originating from areas where German is spoken.

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Filippo Maria Renazzi

Filippo Maria Renazzi (1745-1808) was an Italian Jurist and historian active in the Papal States of the eighteen century.

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First League of Armed Neutrality

The first League of Armed Neutrality was an alliance of European naval powers between 1780 and 1783 which was intended to protect neutral shipping against the Royal Navy's wartime policy of unlimited search of neutral shipping for French contraband.

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First Partition of Poland

The First Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795.

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Flora (Rembrandt, Hermitage)

Flora or Saskia as Flora is a 1634 painting by Rembrandt, showing his wife Saskia van Uylenburgh as the goddess Flora.

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Flora Danica

A product of The Age of Enlightenment, Flora Danica is a comprehensive atlas of botany, containing folio-sized pictures of all the wild plants native to Denmark, in the period from 1761-1883.

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Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau

Florimond Claude, comte de Mercy-Argenteau (20 April 1727 – 25 August 1794) was an Austrian diplomat.

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Fonds Coislin

Fonds Coislin (Le fonds Coislin) is a collection (or fonds) of Greek manuscripts acquired by Pierre Séguier, but named after Henri-Charles de Coislin, its second owner.

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Forbidden Paradise

Forbidden Paradise is a 1924 American silent drama film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures.

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Foreign policy of the Russian Empire

The Foreign policy of the Russian Empire covers Russian foreign relations down to 1917.

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Foreign relations of Russia

The foreign relations of the Russian Federation is the policy of the government of Russia by which it guides the interactions with other nations, their citizens and foreign organizations.

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Foundling hospital

A foundling hospital was originally an institution for the reception of foundlings, i.e., children who had been abandoned or exposed, and left for the public to find and save.

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Fourth Anglo-Dutch War

The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (Vierde Engels-Nederlandse Oorlog; 1780–1784) was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic.

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François Rémond

François Rémond (c. 1747 – 1812) was a French master metalworker and bronze gilder who achieved renown in his day, and whose work is still greatly valued.

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François-Anne David

François Anne David (1741-1824), was a French line-engraver.

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François-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest

François-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest (12 March 1735 – 26 February 1821), was a French politician and diplomat during the Ancien Régime and French Revolution.

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France–Asia relations

France–Asia relations span a period of more than two millennia, starting in the 6th century BCE with the establishment of Marseille by Greeks from Asia Minor, and continuing in the 3rd century BCE with Gaulish invasions of Asia Minor to form the kingdom of Galatia and Frankish Crusaders forming the Crusader States.

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Francesco Araja

Francesco Domenico Araja (or Araia, Russian: Арайя) (June 25, 1709 in Naples, Kingdom of Sicily – between 1762 and 1770 in Bologna, States of the Church) was an Italian composer who spent 25 years in Russia and wrote at least 14 operas for the Russian Imperial Court including Tsefal i Prokris, the first opera in Russian.

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Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli

Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (Russian: Франче́ско Бартоломе́о (Варфоломе́й Варфоломеевич) Растрелли) (1700 in Paris, Kingdom of France — 29 April 1771 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russian architect of Italian origin.

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Francesco Giuseppe Casanova

Francesco Giuseppe Casanova (1 June 1727, London – 8 July 1803, near Mödling) was an Italian painter who specialised in battle scenes.

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Francesco Leonardi (chef)

Francesco Leonardi was an Italian chef and food author, born in Rome, and active in the 18th century in several European countries.

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Francis Dana

Francis Dana (June 13, 1743 – April 25, 1811) was an American lawyer, jurist, and statesman from Massachusetts.

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Francis Gwyn

Francis Gwyn PC (1648 – 14 June 1734), was a Welsh politician and official.

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Francis Neale

Francis Ignatius Neale (died 1837) was an American Roman Catholic priest of the Jesuit Order who became President of Georgetown College on two occasions and who was a leader of the Jesuit Mission in America.

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Francisco de Miranda

Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (March 28, 1750 – July 14, 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda, was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary.

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Francophile

A Francophile (Gallophile) is a person who has a strong affinity towards any or all of the French language, French history, French culture or French people.

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Franz Aepinus

Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus (December 13, 1724August 10, 1802) was a German and Russian Empire natural philosopher.

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Franz Ludwig von Cancrin

Franz Ludwig von Cancrin (February 21, 1738 – 1812) was a German mineralogist, metallurgist, architect and writer.

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Frederica of Baden

Friederike "Frederica" Dorothea Wilhelmina of Baden (12 March 1781 – 25 September 1826) was Queen consort of Sweden from 1797 to 1809 by marriage to King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden.

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Frederick August I, Duke of Oldenburg

Friedrich August, Duke of Holstein-Oldenburg (20 September 1711 in Gottorp, Schleswig – 6 July 1785 in Oldenburg) was the son of Christian August, regent of Holstein-Gottorp and his wife Margravine Albertine Friederike of Baden-Durlach.

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Frederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst

Frederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (8 August 1734 in Alt Stettin – 3 March 1793 in Luxembourg), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and the last ruler of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst.

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Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore

Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (6 February 1731 – 4 September 1771), styled as The Hon.

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Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Frederick Francis II (28 February 1823 – 15 April 1883) was a Prussian officer and Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 7 March 1842 until 15 April 1883.

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Frederick I of Württemberg

Frederick I (Friedrich Wilhelm Karl; 6 November 1754 – 30 October 1816) was the last Duke of Würtemberg, then briefly Elector of Württemberg, and was later elevated to the status of King of Württemberg, by Napoleon I. He was known for his size: at and about.

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Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp (22 December 1597 – 10 August 1659) was a Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.

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Frederick III, German Emperor

Frederick III (Friedrich; 18 October 1831 – 15 June 1888) was German Emperor and King of Prussia for ninety-nine days in 1888, the Year of the Three Emperors.

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Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp

Frederick IV (18 October 1671 – 19 July 1702) was the reigning Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.

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Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.

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Free Economic Society

Free Economic Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture and Husbandry (Вольное экономическое общество) was Russia's first learned society which formally did not depend on the government and as such came to be regarded as a bulwark of Russian liberalism.

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Free Russian Press

The Free Russian Press (Вольная русская типография, also: Вольная русская книгопечатня) was a printing company and a publishing house launched in 1853 in London by Alexander Hertzen with a view to becoming the 'uncensored voice of free Russia'.

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Freedom of navigation

Freedom of navigation (FON) is a principle of customary international law that ships flying the flag of any sovereign state shall not suffer interference from other states, apart from the exceptions provided for in international law.

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French rule in the Ionian Islands

The French rule in the Ionian Islands (Γαλλοκρατία των Επτανήσων) lasted from June 1797 to March 1799.

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Friederike Auguste Sophie of Anhalt-Bernburg

Friederike Auguste Sophie of Anhalt-Bernburg (28 August 1744, Bernburg – 12 April 1827, Coswig), was a princess consort of Anhalt-Zerbst.

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Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein

Baron Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein (30 July 1768 in Stuttgart – 28 June 1826 in Merefa) was an early explorer of the flora and archaeology of the southern portion of Imperial Russia, including the Caucasus and Novorossiya.

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Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze

Friedrich Freiherr (Baron) von Hotze (20 April 1739 – 25 September 1799), was a Swiss-born general in the Austrian army during the French Revolutionary Wars, campaigned in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition and in Switzerland in the War of the Second Coalition, notably at Battle of Winterthur in late May 1799, and the First Battle of Zurich in early June 1799.

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Friedrich Maximilian Klinger

Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger (17 February 1752 – 25 February 1831) was a German dramatist and novelist.

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Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm

Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm (26 December 172319 December 1807) was a German-born French-language journalist, art critic, diplomat and contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Eugen Döll

Friedrich Wilhelm Eugen Döll (8 October 1750, Veilsdorf bei Hildburghausen - 30 March 1816, Gotha) was a German sculptor.

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Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden

Friedrich Wilhelm Count von Buxhoevden (Фёдор Фёдорович Буксгевден, Fyodor Fyodorovich Buksgevden; other spellings: Feodor Buxhoeveden, Buxhœwden, Buxhöwden) (September 14, 1750 Võlla, Governorate of Livonia – August 23, 1811 near Kullamaa) was a Russian infantry general and government official.

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Fugitive peasants

The phenomenon of fugitive peasants (also runaway peasants, or flight of peasants) refers to peasants who left their land without permission, violating serfdom laws.

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Fyodor Alekseyev

Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseyev (Russian: Фёдор Яковлевич Алексеев; c.1753—1755, Saint Petersburg - 23 November 1824, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian painter.

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Fyodor Rokotov

Fyodor Stepanovich Rokotov (Fedor Rokotov) (Фёдор Степа́нович Ро́котов) (1736–December 24, 1808) was a distinguished Russian painter who specialized in portraits.

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Fyodor Ushakov

Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov (p; &ndash) was the most illustrious Russian naval commander and admiral of the 18th century.

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Gabriel François Doyen

Gabriel François Doyen (1726 – 5 June 1806) was a French painter, who was born at Paris.

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Gabriel Gruber

Gabriel Gruber, S.J. (May 6, 1740 – April 7, 1805) was the second Superior General of the Society of Jesus in Russia.

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Gabriel Lenkiewicz

Gabriel Lenkiewicz (15 March 1722, Polatsk – 21 November 1798, Polatsk) was a Belarusian Jesuit priest, and Temporary Vicar General of the Society of Jesus from 1785 until 1798, at a time when, being suppressed in all Catholic countries, the Society of Jesus was still surviving in Russia.

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Gabriel Sénac de Meilhan

Gabriel Sénac de Meilhan (May 7, 1736 – August 16, 1803) was a French writer.

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Gagarin family

Gagarin (Гагарин) is the name of a Rurikid princely family descending from sovereign rulers of Starodub-on-the-Klyazma.

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Gagarin, Smolensk Oblast

Gagarin (Гага́рин), known until 1968 as Gzhatsk (Гжатск), is a town and the administrative center of Gagarinsky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Gzhat River, northeast of Smolensk, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Gammalsvenskby

Verbivka (Standard Swedish: Gammalsvenskby, local Swedish dialect: Gammölsvänskbi; literally: "Old Swedish Village"; Ukrainian Старошведське, Staroshvedske; German Alt-Schwedendorf&thinsp) is a former village that is now a neighbourhood in the village of Zmiivka (Ukrainian: Зміївка) in Beryslav Raion of Kherson Oblast, Ukraine.

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Gardes-Marines III

Gardes-Marines-III or (Gardemariny III) is a 1992 Soviet two-series television movie (mini-series), the third of a series of films about Russian Gardes-Marines of the 18th century, directed by Svetlana Druzhinina.

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Garsevan Chavchavadze

Prince Garsevan Chavchavadze (გარსევან ჭავჭავაძე) (July 20, 1757 - April 7, 1811) was a Georgian nobleman (tavadi), politician and diplomat primarily known as the Georgian ambassador to Imperial Russia.

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Gatchina

Gatchina (Га́тчина) is a town and the administrative center of Gatchinsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Gatchina Palace

The Great Gatchina Palace (Большой Гатчинский дворец) is a palace in Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Gavriil Pribylov

Gavriil Loginovich Pribylov (Прибыло́в, Гаврии́л Ло́гинович; first name also spelled Gavriel, Gerasim or Gerassim, last name also spelled Pribilof) (died 1796) was a Russian navigator who discovered the Bering Sea islands of St. George Island and St. Paul Island in 1786 and 1787.

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Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni

Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni (1746 – 30 March 1821) was a Romanian clergyman who served as Metropolitan of Moldavia (1792), Metropolitan of Kherson and Crimea (1793–1799), Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych (1799–1803), Exarch of Moldo-Wallachia (1806–1812), and Archbishop of Chişinău (1812–1821), being the first head of the church in Bessarabia after the Russian annexation.

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Gavril Sarychev

Gavril (also Gavriil) Andreyevich Sarychev (Гаврии́л Андре́евич Са́рычев) (1763 — August 11 (O.S. July 30), 1831), spelt "Sarichef" in the United States, was a Russian navigator, hydrographer, admiral (1829) and Honorable Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1809) in Saint Petersburg.

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Gavrila Derzhavin

Gavriil (Gavrila) Romanovich Derzhavin (a; 14 July 1743 – 20 July 1816) was one of the most highly esteemed Russian poets before Alexander Pushkin, as well as a statesman.

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Gazikumukh Khanate

Gazikumukh Khanate was a Lak entity that was established in present-day Dagestan after the disintegration of Gazikumukh Shamkhalate in 1642.

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Gdov Kremlin

The Gdov Kremlin (Гдовский Кремль) is located on a bank of the Gdovka River, overlooking the Russian town of Gdov.

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Generalissimus of the Soviet Union

Generalissimus of the Soviet Union (Генералиссимус Советского Союза; Generalissimus Sovyétskogo Soyuza) was a proposed military rank created on 27 June 1945, following the tradition of the Imperial Russian Army (the rank in question only ever having been held by Count Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Suvorov who served during the reign of Catherine II the Great.). It was granted to Joseph Stalin following World War II; however, Stalin refused to officially approve the rank and died with the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

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Genevieve Foster

Genevieve Stump Foster (April 13, 1893 – August 30, 1979) was an American children's writer who illustrated most of her own books.

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Georg Forster

Johann Georg Adam Forster (November 27, 1754Many sources, including the biography by Thomas Saine, give Forster's birth date as November 26; according to Enzensberger, Ulrich (1996) Ein Leben in Scherben, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag,, the baptism registry of St Peter in Danzig lists November 27 as the date of birth and December 5 as the date of baptism. – January 10, 1794) was a German naturalist, ethnologist, travel writer, journalist, and revolutionary.

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Georg Magnus Sprengtporten

Count Georg Magnus Sprengtporten (Георг Магнус Спренгтпортен), or Göran Magnus Sprengtporten, as he preferred to call himself (16 December 1740 – 13 October 1819), was a Swedish, Finnish and Russian politician, younger brother of Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten.

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George Browne (soldier)

George Browne (Юрий Юрьевич Броун., Seoirse de Brún, Georg Reichsgraf von Browne, George de Browne), Count von Browne in the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire (15 June 1698 – 18 February 1792), was an Irish soldier of fortune who became full general in the Russian service.

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George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney

George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, KB (14 May 1737 – 31 May 1806) was a British statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat.

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George Maximilianovich, 6th Duke of Leuchtenberg

George Maximilianovich, 6th Duke of Leuchtenberg, Prince Romanowsky (29 February 1852 – 16 May 1912), also known as Prince Georgii Romanovsky or Georges de Beauharnais, was the youngest son of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and his wife, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia.

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George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven

George Ivar Louis Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven (born 6 June 1961), styled Earl of Medina before 1970, is a British businessman, peer, and current Head of the House of Mountbatten.

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George V. Bobrinskoy

George Vladimir Bobrinskoy was a Russian-born American sanskritist.

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Georgia within the Russian Empire

The country of Georgia became part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century.

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Georgia–Persia relations

Persia and Georgia have had relations for thousands of years.

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Georgia–Russia relations

The relations between Georgia and Russia date back hundreds of years and remain complicated despite certain religious and historical ties that exist between the two countries and their people.

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Georgian Crown Jewels

The Georgian Crown Jewels were the regalia and vestments worn by the monarchs of Georgia during the coronation ceremony and at other state functions.

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Georgiy Bobrinsky

Georgiy Aleksandrovich Bobrinsky (1863 – 1928) was a Russian military and government figure, Adjutant general, governor general of the General Government of Galicia and Bukovina.

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Georgy Lvov

Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (Гео́ргий Евге́ньевич Львов; 2 November 18617/8 March 1925) was a Russian statesman and the first post-imperial prime minister of Russia, from 15 March to 21 July 1917.

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Gerasim Zelić

Gerasim Zelić (Герасим Зелић; 1752–1828) was a renowned Serbian Orthodox Church archimandrite, traveller and writer (a contemporary and compatriot of Dositej Obradović).

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Gerhard Benkowitz

Gerhard Benkowitz (2 June 1923 – 29 June 1955) was a school teacher and a resistance activist against the one party dictatorship of the German Democratic Republic.

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German Americans

German Americans (Deutschamerikaner) are Americans who have full or partial German ancestry.

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German Prince

The terms German Prince or German Princess are often used to refer to members of royalty that were from a German state.

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Germans in Paraguay

The German minority in Paraguay came into existence with immigration during the industrial age.

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Gettier problem

The Gettier problem, in the field of epistemology, is a landmark philosophical problem concerning our understanding of knowledge.

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Giacomo Casanova

Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (or; 2 April 1725 – 4 June 1798) was an Italian adventurer and author from the Republic of Venice.

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Giacomo Quarenghi

Giacomo Quarenghi (ˈdʐakəmə kvɐˈrʲenʲɡʲɪ; 20 or 21 September 1744) was the foremost and most prolific practitioner of neoclassical architecture in Imperial Russia, particularly in Saint Petersburg.

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Giovan Battista Dell'Era

Giovan Battista Dell'Era (1766 in Treviglio – 1798 in Florence) was an Italian painter.

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Giovanni Battista Locatelli

Giovanni Battista Locatelli (7 January 1713 – 14 March 1785) was an Italian opera director, impresario and owner of a private opera company.

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Giovanni Marco Rutini

Giovanni Marco Rutini (25 April 1723 – 22 December 1797) was an Italian composer.

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Giovanni Paisiello

Giovanni Paisiello (or Paesiello; 9 May 1740 – 5 June 1816) was an Italian composer of the Classical era, and was the most popular opera composer of the late 1700s.

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Giuseppe Sarti

Giuseppe Sarti (also Sardi; baptised 1 December 1729 – 28 July 1802) was an Italian opera composer.

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Giuseppina Quaglia Borghese

Giuseppina Quaglia Borghese (c. 1760 – after 1820) was an Italian painter and pastellist.

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Glafira Alymova

Glafira Ivanovna Alymova (1758–1826) was a Russian lady in waiting and harpist.

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God Loves Caviar

God Loves Caviar (Ο Θεός αγαπάει το χαβιάρι, translit. O Theós agapáei to chaviári; in Russia known as Pirates of the Aegean Sea) is a 2012 Russo-Greek drama film directed by Yannis Smaragdis.

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Golden Gate, Vladimir

The Golden Gate of Vladimir (Zolotye Vorota, Золотые ворота), constructed between 1158 and 1164, is the only (albeit partially) preserved ancient Russian city gate.

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Golden Horde

The Golden Horde (Алтан Орд, Altan Ord; Золотая Орда, Zolotaya Orda; Алтын Урда, Altın Urda) was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.

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Gomel

Gomel (also Homieĺ, Homiel, Homel or Homyel’; Belarusian: Го́мель, Łacinka: Homiel,, Russian: Го́мель) is the administrative centre of Gomel Region and with 526,872 inhabitants (2015 census) the second-most populous city of Belarus.

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Gomes Freire de Andrade

Gomes Freire de Andrade, ComC (27 January 1757, in Vienna – 18 October 1817) was a field marshal and distinguished officer of the Portuguese army who served France at the end of his military career.

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Gommern

Gommern is a town in the Jerichower Land district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Gorchakov

Gorchakov, or Gortchakoff (Горчако́в), is a Russian princely family of Rurikid stock, descended from the Rurikid sovereigns of Peremyshl, Russia.

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Gorny Institute

Gorny Institute (Горный Институт), also spelled Gornyi Institut, is a stratovolcano located in the Sredinny Range on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula.

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Gostiny dvor

Gostinyi dvor (p) is a historic Russian term for an indoor market or shopping centre.

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Gostomysl

Karamzin'' (1836), depicting the history of Russia. Gostomysl is a fictitious 9th-century posadnik of Novgorod who was introduced into the historiography by Vasily Tatishchev, an 18th-century historian.

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Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben

Gottlob Curt Heinrich Graf von Tottleben, Herr auf Tottleben, Zeippau und Hausdorf im Saganschen (also Totleben, Todtleben Todleben; Готлиб-Генрих Тотлебен) (December 21, 1715 – March 20, 1773) was a Saxon-born Russian Empire general known for his adventurism and contradictory military career during the Seven Years' War and, then, the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) as a commander of the first Russian expeditionary force in Georgia.

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Governorate of Livonia

The Governorate of Livonia (Лифляндская губерния, Liflyandskaya guberniya; Gouvernement Livland, Livländisches Gouvernement; Vidzemes guberņa, after the Latvian inhabited Vidzeme region) was one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, now divided between the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Estonia.

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Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (30 August 1842 – 10 July 1849) was the eldest child and first daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Marie of Hesse and by Rhine.

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Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia (Russian: Алекса́ндра михайловна) (28 January 1831 – 27 March 1832) was one of the daughters of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich, the youngest son of Emperor Paul I of Russia, and Princess Charlotte of Württemberg, the eldest daughter of Prince Paul of Württemberg, who took the name Elena Pavlovna upon converting to Russian Orthodoxy.

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Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia

Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia (24 June 1825 – 10 August 1844) was the youngest daughter and fourth child of Tsar Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, and his wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia.

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Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia, (Александра Павловна: 9 August 1783 at Saint Petersburg – 16 March 1801 in Buda) was a daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and sister of Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I. She married Archduke Joseph of Austria, Governor of Hungary.) Her marriage was the only Romanov-Habsburg marital alliance that ever occurred.

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Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia (Анастасия Михайловна; 28 July 1860 – 11 March 1922) was a daughter of Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia and a granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.

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Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, Tsesarevna of Russia (Anna Petrovna Romanova) Анна Петровна; 27 January 1708, in Moscow – 4 March 1728, in Kiel) was the elder daughter of Emperor Peter I of Russia and Empress Catherine I of Russia. Her sister, Elizabeth of Russia, ruled as Empress between 1741 and 1762. While a potential heir in the reign of her father and her mother, she never acceded to the throne due to political reasons. However, her son Peter would rule as Emperor in 1762, succeeding Elizabeth. She was the Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp by marriage.

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Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia (Ekaterina Mikhailovna Romanova), (Екатерина Михайловна) (28 August 1827 – 12 May 1894), was the third of five daughters of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia, youngest son of Tsar Paul I, and Princess Charlotte of Württemberg.

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Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Elena of Russia, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg (24 December 1784 – 24 September 1803) was a daughter of Grand Duke, later Tsar Paul I of Russia and his second wife Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (Moscow, 26 May 1826 – Wiesbaden, 28 January 1845) was the second child and daughter of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia and Princess Charlotte of Württemberg who took the name Elena Pavlovna upon her conversion to the Orthodox faith.

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Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (later Duchess of Edinburgh and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; Мария Александровна; – 24 October 1920) was the fifth child and only surviving daughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine.

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Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna of Russia (Russian: мария михайловна) (9 March 1825–19 November 1846) was the firstborn child and first daughter of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich, the youngest son of Emperor Paul I of Russia, and Princess Charlotte of Württemberg, the eldest daughter of Prince Paul of Württemberg, who took the name Elena Pavlovna upon converting to Russian Orthodoxy.

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Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1819–1876)

Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaievna of Russia (Мария Николаевна) (18 August 1819 – 21 February 1876) was a daughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, and sister of Alexander II.

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Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1786–1859)

Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (Мария Павловна; 16 February 1786 – 23 June 1859) was the third daughter of Paul I of Russia and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia (Ольга Павловна) was a Grand Duchess of Russia as the second youngest daughter and seventh child of Emperor Paul I of Russia and his empress consort, Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Grand Duchess Vera Constantinovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Vera Constantinovna of Russia (16 February 1854 – 11 April 1912, великая княгиня Вера Константиновна) was a daughter of Grand Duke Konstantine Nicholaievich of Russia.

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Grand duchy

A grand duchy is a country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess.

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Grand Duchy of Oldenburg

The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (also known as Holstein-Oldenburg) was a grand duchy within the German Confederation, North German Confederation and German Empire which consisted of three widely separated territories: Oldenburg, Eutin and Birkenfeld.

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Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia (Александр Михайлович Aleksandr Mikhailovich; 13 April 1866 – 26 February 1933) was a dynast of the Russian Empire, a naval officer, an author, explorer, the brother-in-law of Emperor Nicholas II and advisor to him.

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Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia

Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia,(Russian: Алексей Александрович; 14 January 1850 (2 January O.S.) in St. Petersburg – 14 November 1908 in Paris) was the fifth child and the fourth son of Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse).

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Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia (Russian: Алексей Михайлович) (28 December 1875 – 2 March 1895) was the sixth son and youngest child of Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia and a first cousin of Alexander III of Russia.

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Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia

Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia (Дми́трий Константи́нович; 13 June 1860 – 28 January 1919) was a son of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich and a first cousin of Alexander III of Russia.

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Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)

Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (Георгий Михайлович) (23 August 1863 – 28 January 1919) was a son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia and a first cousin of Emperor Alexander III.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia

Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia (a; 22 August 1858 in Strelna – 15 June 1915 in Pavlovsk) was a grandson of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, and a poet and playwright of some renown.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia

Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia (Константи́н Никола́евич Рома́нов; 21 September 1827 – 25 January 1892) was the second son of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and younger brother of Tsar Alexander II.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia

Konstantin Pavlovich (Константи́н Па́влович; 8 May 1779 27 June 1831 was a grand duke of Russia and the second son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. He was the Tsesarevich of Russia throughout the reign of his elder brother Alexander I, but had secretly renounced his claim to the throne in 1823. For 25 days after the death of Alexander I, from 19 November (O.S.)/1 December 1825 to 14 December (O.S.)/26 December 1825 he was known as His Imperial Majesty Konstantin I Emperor and Sovereign of Russia, although he never reigned and never acceded to the throne. His younger brother Nicholas became Tsar in 1825. The succession controversy became the pretext of the Decembrist revolt. Konstantin was known to eschew court etiquette and to take frequent stands against the wishes of his brother Alexander I, for which he is remembered fondly in Russia, but in his capacity as the governor of Poland he is remembered as a strong ruler.

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Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia (Russian: Михаил Михайлович; 16 October 1861 – 26 April 1929) was a son of Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia and a grandson of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.

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Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia

Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia (25 October 1832 – 18 December 1909) was the fourth son and seventh child of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia.

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Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia

Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia (Михаи́л Па́влович; Mikhail Pavlovich) (8 February 1798 – 9 September 1849) was a Russian prince, the tenth child and fourth son of Paul I of Russia and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.

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Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia

Grand Duke Nicholas Constantinovich of Russia (14 February 1850 – 26 January 1918) was the first-born son of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia and Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna of Russia and a grandson of Nicholas I of Russia.

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Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia (Великий князь Никола́й Миха́йлович, 26 April 1859 – 28 January 1919) was the eldest son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia and a first cousin of Alexander III.

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Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (Великий князь Николай Николаевич; 8 August 1831 – 25 April 1891) was the third son and sixth child of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and Alexandra Feodorovna.

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Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (Russian: Николай Николаевич Романов (младший – the younger); 18 November 1856 – 5 January 1929) was a Russian general in World War I. A grandson of Nicholas I of Russia, he was commander in chief of the Russian armies on the main front in the first year of the war, and was later a successful commander-in-chief in the Caucasus.

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Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia

Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia (Павел Александрович.; 3 October 1860 – 30 January 1919) was the sixth son and youngest child of Emperor Alexander II of Russia by his first wife, Empress Maria Alexandrovna.

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Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (Сергей Александрович; May 11, 1857 – February 17, 1905) was the fifth son and seventh child of Emperor Alexander II of Russia.

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Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia (Серге́й Миха́йлович; 7 October 1869 – 18 July 1918) was the fifth son and sixth child of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaievich of Russia and a first cousin of Alexander III of Russia.

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Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia

Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia (Влади́мир Александрович; 22 April 1847 – 17 February 1909) was a son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, a brother of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and the senior Grand Duke of the House of Romanov during the reign of his nephew, Emperor Nicholas II.

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Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich of Russia

Grand Duke Vyacheslav Constantinovich of Russia, (13 July 1862 – 27 February 1879), was a Romanov grand duke and the youngest son of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia and his wife Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg.

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Grandchildren of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

This is a list of the 42 grandchildren of the British Queen Victoria (1819–1901, queen from 1837, married 1840) and her husband Prince Albert (the Prince Consort, 1819–1861), each of whom was therefore either a sibling or a first cousin to each of the others.

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Great Catherine

Great Catherine may refer to.

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Great Catherine (film)

Great Catherine is a 1968 British comedy film directed by Gordon Flemyng, based on a one act play by George Bernard Shaw, and starring Peter O'Toole, Zero Mostel, Jeanne Moreau and Jack Hawkins.

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Great Catherine: Whom Glory Still Adores

Great Catherine: Whom Glory Still Adores is a 1913 one-act play by Irish dramatist George Bernard Shaw.

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Great Cemetery

The Great Cemetery ('Lielie kapi'; 'Grosser Friedhof') was formerly the principal cemetery of Riga in Latvia, established in 1773.

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Great fire of Tartu

The Great fire of Tartu took place on and destroyed most of the city of Tartu in what is now Estonia.

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Great Lives

Great Lives is a BBC Radio 4 biography series, produced in Bristol.

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Great Sejm

The Great Sejm, also known as the Four-Year Sejm (Polish: respectively, Sejm Wielki or Sejm Czteroletni; Lithuanian: Didysis seimas or Ketverių metų seimas) was a Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that was held in Warsaw between 1788 and 1792.

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Greater Church of the Ascension

The Greater Church of Christ's Ascension (Большое Вознесение) is one of the largest parish churches in downtown Moscow.

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Greatness

Greatness is a concept of a state of superiority affecting a person or object in a particular place or area.

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Grebnevo, Moscow Oblast

Grebnevo (Гребнево) is a rural locality (a village) in Shchyolkovsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located about east of Moscow, on the outskirt of the town of Fryazino, on the bank of the Lyuboseyevka River.

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Greek Muslims

Greek Muslims, also known as Greek-speaking Muslims, are Muslims of Greek ethnic origin whose adoption of Islam (and often the Turkish language and identity) dates to the period of Ottoman rule in the southern Balkans.

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Greek Orthodox Church and Museum, Miskolc

The Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church and its Liturgical Museum can be found in the Downtown of Miskolc (7 Deák square.) The church was built between 1785 and 1806 in Zopf style.

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Greek Plan

The Greek Plan or Greek Project is an early solution to the Eastern Question which was advanced by Catherine the Great in the early 1780s.

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Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union

Greeks have been present in southern Russia from the 6th century BC; those settlers assimilated into the indigenous populations.

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Greeks in Ukraine

Greeks in Ukraine or Crimean Greeks are a Hellenic minority that reside in or used to live on the territory of modern Ukraine.

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Gregorei Alexandrovich

Gregorei Alexandrovich was a Russian politician who lived from 1739 to 1791.

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Griboyedov Canal

The Griboyedov Canal or Kanal Griboyedova is a canal in Saint Petersburg, constructed in 1739 along the existing Krivusha river.

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Grigori Rasputin in popular culture

The life of Grigori Rasputin has been the subject of a variety of media since his death in 1916.

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Grigory Alexandrovich Demidov

Grigory Alexandrovich Demidov (Григорий Александрович Демидов; 21 February 1765 – 31 January 1827) was a Russian nobleman from the Demidov family.

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Grigory Orlov

Count Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (1734–1783) was the favorite of Empress Catherine the Great of Russia who presumably fathered her son.

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Grigory Potemkin

Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavricheski (Григо́рий Алекса́ндрович Потёмкин-Таври́ческий; r Grigoriy Aleksandrovich Potyomkin-Tavricheskiy; A number of dates as late as 1742 have been found on record; the veracity of any one is unlikely to be proved. This is his "official" birth-date as given on his tombstone. –) was a Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman and favourite of Catherine the Great.

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Grigory Teplov

Grigory Nikolayevich Teplov (Григорий Николаевич Теплов; 20 November 1717 – 30 March 1779 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian academic administrator of lowly birth who managed the Petersburg Academy of Sciences and wielded influence over Little Russia in his capacity as secretary and advisor to Kirill Razumovsky (whose cousin he married).

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Grodno Sejm

Grodno Sejm (Sejm grodzieński; Гарадзенскі сойм; Gardino seimas) was the last Sejm (session of parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Guillaume Thomas François Raynal

Guillaume Thomas Raynal (12 April 1713 – 6 March 1796) was a French writer and man of letters during the Age of Enlightenment.

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GUM (department store)

GUM (ГУМ, pronounced, an abbreviation of r, literally "Main Universal Store") is the main department store in many cities of the former Soviet Union, known as State Department Store (r) during the Soviet era.

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Gunpowder Cellar of Tartu

The Gunpowder Cellar (Püssirohukelder) is a historic building in Tartu, Estonia which now functions as a beer restaurant.

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Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm

Baron Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm (7 July 1756 in Sjundeå, Nyland, Sweden (now Finland) – 27 December 1813 in Schleswig), was a Swedish statesman.

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Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt

Count Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt (Гу́став Мо́риц А́рмфельт; 31 March 1757 – 19 August 1814) was a Finnish, Swedish and Russian courtier and diplomat.

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Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg

Graf Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg (Густав Оттонович Стакельберг) (5 June 1766, Reval, Governorate of Estonia – 18 April 1850, Paris, France) was a Russian diplomat of Baltic-German descent, and was the son of Otto Magnus von Stackelberg.

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Gustav III of Sweden

Gustav III (– 29 March 1792) was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792.

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Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden

Gustav IV Adolf or Gustav IV Adolph (1 November 1778 – 7 February 1837) was King of Sweden from 1792 until his abdication in 1809.

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Gustav Orreus

Gustav Orreus (1738–1811) was a doctor of Finnish-Swedish origin in the Imperial Russian service.

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Gustavian era

This is a History of Sweden from 1772 through 1809, more known as the Gustavian era of Kings Gustav III and Gustav IV, as well as the reign of King Charles XIII of Sweden.

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H. Jon Benjamin

Harry Jon Benjamin (born May 23, 1966) is an American actor, voice actor and comedian best known for voicing characters, such as Sterling Archer in the animated sitcom Archer; Bob Belcher in the animated sitcom Bob's Burgers; Ben, the son of Dr.

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Hamina

Hamina (Fredrikshamn) is a town and a municipality of Finland.

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Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp

Hedwig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp (Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta; 22 March 1759 – 20 June 1818) was Queen of Sweden and Norway as the wife of King Charles XIII and II.

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Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie

Hedvig Ulrika De la Gardie (29 November 1761 in Stockholm, Sweden – 7 February 1832 in Stockholm), was a Swedish lady in waiting.

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Heim ins Reich

The Heim ins Reich (meaning "back home to the Reich") was a foreign policy pursued by Adolf Hitler during World War II, beginning in 1938.

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Heinrich von Brühl

Heinrich, count von Brühl (Henryk Brühl, 13 August 170028 October 1763), was a Polish-Saxon statesman at the court of Saxony and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and a member of the powerful German von Brühl family.

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Helena Blavatsky

Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (Еле́на Петро́вна Блава́тская, Yelena Petrovna Blavatskaya; 8 May 1891) was a Russian occultist, philosopher, and author who co-founded the Theosophical Society in 1875.

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Henri Troyat

Henri Troyat (1 November 1911 – 2 March 2007) was a Russian-born French author, biographer, historian and novelist.

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Henry Hope

Henry Hope (1735–1811) was an Amsterdam merchant banker born in Boston, in Britain's Massachusetts Bay Colony in North America.

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Henry Taube

Henry Taube, Ph.D, M.Sc, B.Sc., FRSC (November 30, 1915 – November 16, 2005) was a Canadian-born American chemist noted for having been awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his work in the mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes." He was the second Canadian-born chemist to win the Nobel Prize, and remains the only Saskatchewanian-born Nobel laureate.

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Heraclius II of Georgia

Heraclius II (ერეკლე II), also known as Erekle II and The Little Kakhetian (პატარა კახი) (7 November 1720 or 7 October 1721 – 11 January 1798), was a Georgian monarch of the Bagrationi dynasty, reigning as the king of Kakheti from 1744 to 1762, and of Kartli and Kakheti from 1762 until 1798.

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Herman of Alaska

Saint Herman of Alaska (r; 1750s – November 15, 1836) was a Russian Orthodox monk and missionary to Alaska, which was then part of Russian America.

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Hermitage Museum

The State Hermitage Museum (p) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Hermitage Revealed

Hermitage Revealed is a documentary film directed by Margy Kinmonth and produced by Foxtrot Films Ltd which tells the story of the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg - formerly a royal palace and now one of the largest and most visited museums in the world.

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Hermitage Theatre

The Hermitage Theatre (ɪrʲmʲɪˈtaʐnɨj tʲɪˈatər) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of five Hermitage buildings lining the Palace Embankment of the Neva River.

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Hetman

reason (translit; hejtman; hatman) is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders.

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Hetman of Zaporizhian Host

Hetman of Zaporizhian Host (Гетьман Війська Запорозького, Гетман Войска Запорожского, Hetman wojsk kozackich) is a former historic government office and political institution of Cossack Hetmanate (Zaporizhian Host) in Ukraine that was equivalent to a head of state.

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Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks

Hetman of Zaporizhian Cossacks is a historical term that has multiple meanings.

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Hetmans' Party

The Hetmans' Party (Stronnictwo hetmańskie), also known as the Magnates' Party (Stronnictwo magnackie), the Muscovite Party (Stronnictwo moskiewskie), the Conservative Party (Stronnictwo konswerwatywne) and the Old-Nobility Party (Stronnictwo staroszlacheckie), was a political party that opposed reforms advocated in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Patriotic Party.

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Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens

Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens is a decorative arts museum in Washington, D.C., United States.

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Historical background of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

A variety of social, cultural, ethnic, and linguistic factors contributed to the sparking of unrest in eastern and southern Ukraine in the aftermath of the early 2014 revolution in Ukraine.

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Historical figure

A historical figure is a famous person in history, such as Catherine the Great, Abraham Lincoln, Washington, or Napoleon.

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History of antisemitism

The history of antisemitism – defined as hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group – goes back many centuries; antisemitism has been called "the longest hatred".

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History of Artsakh

Artsakh is located in the southern part of the Lesser Caucasus range, at the eastern edge of the Armenian Highlands, encompassing the highland part of the wider geographical region known as Karabakh.

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History of Austria

The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states, from the early Stone Age to the present state.

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History of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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History of Baku

Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan Republic, which was also the capital of Shirvan (during the reigns of Akhsitan I and Khalilullah I), Baku khanate, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan SSR and the administrative center of Russian Baku governorate.

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History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance

This article gives a historical overview of Christian positions on Persecution of Christians, persecutions by Christians, religious persecution and toleration.

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History of Christianity in Ukraine

The history of Christianity in Ukraine dates back to the earliest centuries of the apostolic church and according to Radziwiłł Chronicle Saint Andrew has ascended on hills of the future city of Kiev.

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History of Crimea

The recorded history of the Crimean Peninsula, historically known as Tauris (Ταυρική), Taurica, and the Tauric Chersonese (Χερσόνησος Ταυρική, "Tauric Peninsula"), begins around the 5th century BC when several Greek colonies were established along its coast.

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History of Denmark

The history of Denmark as a unified kingdom began in the 8th century, but historic documents describe the geographic area and the people living there—the Danes—as early as 500 AD.

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History of education

The systematic provision of learning techniques to most children, such as literacy, has been a development of the last 150 or 200 years, or even last 50 years in some countries.

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History of Freemasonry in Russia

Freemasonry in Russia started in the 18th century and has continued to the present day.

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History of French

French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance spoken in northern France.

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History of Georgia (country)

The nation of Georgia (საქართველო sakartvelo) was first unified as a kingdom under the Bagrationi dynasty by the King Bagrat III of Georgia in the 8th to 9th century, arising from a number of predecessor states of the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia.

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History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union

The German minority in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union was created from several sources and in several waves.

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History of immigration to Canada

The history of immigration to Canada extends back thousands of years.

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History of Iran

The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.

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History of Kazan

The origin of the name Kazan is uncertain.

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History of Kiev

The history of Kiev, the largest city and the capital of Ukraine, is documented as going back at least 1,400 years.

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History of Kyrgyzstan

The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land of Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 2,000 years.

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History of Latvia

The history of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in northern Europe.

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History of libraries

The history of libraries began with the first efforts to organize collections of documents.

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History of Lithuania

The history of Lithuania dates back to settlements founded many thousands of years ago, but the first written record of the name for the country dates back to 1009 AD.

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History of Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod was founded by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in 4 February 1221.

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History of Norfolk Island

The history of Norfolk Island dates back to the fourteenth or fifteenth century when it was settled by Polynesian seafarers.

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History of Poland

The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages.

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History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)

The early modern era of Polish history follows the late Middle Ages.

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History of Russia

The History of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs.

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History of Russia (1721–96)

Peter changed the rules of succession to the throne after the death of his son Aleksey, who had opposed his father's reforms and served as a rallying figure for anti-reform groups.

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History of Saint Petersburg

Founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May 1703.

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History of Schleswig-Holstein

The history of Schleswig-Holstein consists of the corpus of facts since the pre-history times until the modern establishing of the Schleswig-Holstein state.

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History of smallpox

The history of smallpox extends into pre-history; the disease likely emerged in human populations about 10,000 BC.

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History of Taganrog

The southern Russian city of Taganrog began as one of Russia's first planned cities under Peter the Great.

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History of the administrative division of Russia

The modern administrative-territorial structure of Russia is a system of territorial organization which is a product of a centuries-long evolution and reforms.

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History of the Caucasus

The history of the Caucasus region may be divided into the history of the Northern Caucasus (Ciscaucasia), historically in the sphere of influence of Scythia and of Southern Russia (Eastern Europe), and that of the Southern Caucasus (Transcaucasia; Caucasian Albania, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) in the sphere of influence of Persia, Anatolia and for a very brief time Assyria.

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History of the Cossacks

The history of the Cossacks spans several centuries.

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History of the Cyclades

The Cyclades (Greek: Κυκλάδες Kykládes) are Greek islands located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea.

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History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

The history of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom covers British foreign policy from about 1500 to 2000.

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History of the Jews in 18th-century Poland

The 18th-Century for the Jews of Poland was a tumultuous period as political unrest in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth led to changes in the treatment and behavior of Jews living within its territory.

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History of the Jews in 19th-century Poland

Jewish Polish history during the 19th century.

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History of the Jews in Moscow

The history of the Jews in Moscow goes back from the 17th century, although Moscow did not become an important Jewish center until the late 19th century when more Jews were legally allowed to settle.

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History of the Jews in Poland

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years.

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History of the Jews in Russia

Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora; the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world.

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History of the Jews in Saint Petersburg

The history of the Jews in Saint Petersburg (formerly known as Petrograd and then Leningrad) dates back to the 18th century and there is still a Jewish community in the city today.

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History of the Jews in Ukraine

Jewish communities have existed in the territory of Ukraine from the time of Kievan Rus' (one of Kiev city gates was called Judaic) and developed many of the most distinctive modern Jewish theological and cultural traditions such as Hasidism.

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History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–1795)

The History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–1795) is concerned with the final decades of existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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History of the roller coaster

Roller coaster amusement rides have origins back to ice slides constructed in 18th-century Russia.

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History of the Romani people

The Romani people, also referred to depending on the sub-group as Roma, Sinti or Sindhi, or Kale are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, who live primarily in Europe.

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History of the Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church (Русская Православная Церковь) is traditionally said to have been founded by Andrew the Apostle, who is thought to have visited Scythia and Greek colonies along the northern coast of the Black Sea.

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History of the Russian State from Gostomysl to Timashev

History of the Russian State from Gostomysl to Timashev (translit) is a poem in 83 verses by the Russian poet and dramatist Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, written in 1868.

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History of the Russo-Turkish wars

The Russo–Turkish wars (or Ottoman–Russian wars) were a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries.

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History of Ukraine

Prehistoric Ukraine, as part of the Pontic steppe, has played an important role in Eurasian cultural contacts, including the spread of the Chalcolithic, the Bronze Age, Indo-European expansion and the domestication of the horse.

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Holstein

Holstein (Northern Low Saxon: Holsteen, Holsten, Latin and historical Holsatia) is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider.

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Hope Diamond

The Hope Diamond is one of the most famous jewels in the world, with ownership records dating back almost four centuries.

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Houghton Hall

Houghton Hall is a country house in the parish of Houghton in Norfolk, England.

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House of Ascania

The House of Ascania (Askanier) is a dynasty of German rulers.

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House of Golitsyn

The Golitsyn (ɡɐˈlʲitsɨn) family, one of the largest and most princely of the noble houses of Russia, originated in the Duchy of Lithuania.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

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House of Romanov

The House of Romanov (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. also Romanoff; Рома́новы, Románovy) was the second dynasty to rule Russia, after the House of Rurik, reigning from 1613 until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, as a result of the February Revolution.

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House of Siberia

Sibirsky (Russian:Сибирский, pl. Сибирские) was the foremost of many Genghisid (Shaybanid) families formerly living in Russia.

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House of Yusupov

The Yusupovs (r) were a Russian noble family descended from the monarchs of the Nogai Horde, renowned for their immense wealth, philanthropy and art collections in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Hunting in Russia

Hunting in Russia has an old tradition in terms of indigenous people, while the original features of state and princely economy were farming and cattle-breeding.

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Ibrahim Khalil Khan

Ibrahim Khalil khan Javanshir (1732–1806) was the Azeri Turkic khan of Karabakh from the Javanshir family, who succeeded his father Panah-Ali khan Javanshir as the ruler of Karabakh khanate.

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Ihor Markov

Ihor Markov (Ігор Олегович Марков; Игорь Олегович Марков; born on 18 January 1973 in Odessa) is an Ukrainian entrepreneur, founder and chairman of the Rodina Party and is a former deputy of Ukrainian parliament as a member of the Party of Regions faction.

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Il burbero di buon cuore

Il burbero di buon cuore (The Good-Hearted Curmudgeon) is an opera dramma giocoso in two acts by Vicente Martín y Soler.

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Il cavaliere misterioso

Il cavaliere misterioso (also known as The Mysterious Cavalier and The Mysterious Rider) is a 1948 Italian historical-adventure film directed by Riccardo Freda.

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Imatrankoski

Imatrankoski ("The Imatra Rapid") is a rapid on the Vuoksi River in Imatra, Finland.

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Immanuel's Veins

Immanuel's Veins is a Christian novel by the New York Times Bestselling Author Ted Dekker that was released in America on September 7, 2010.

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Imperial Academy of Arts

The Russian Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg, informally known as the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts, was founded in 1757 by Ivan Shuvalov under the name Academy of the Three Noblest Arts.

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Imperial Commercial College

Imperial Commercial College is an educational institution founded in 1772 as part of the Moscow Foundling Home for teaching merchants' children.

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Imperial Coronation (Fabergé egg)

The Imperial Coronation egg is a jewelled Fabergé egg made under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1897 by Fabergé ateliers, Mikhail Perkhin and Henrik Wigstrom.

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Imperial Crown of Russia

The Imperial Crown of Russia, also known as the Great Imperial Crown, was used by the monarchs of Russia from 1762 until the monarchy's abolition in 1917.

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Imperial Porcelain Factory

The Imperial Porcelain Factory (Imperatorskii Farforovyi Zavod), also known as the Imperial Porcelain Manufactory (abbreviated as IPM), is a producer of hand-painted ceramics in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Imperial Russian Army

The Imperial Russian Army (Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия) was the land armed force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

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Imperial Theatres

Imperial Theatres of Russian Empire (Императорские театры Российской империи) was a theatrical organization financed by the Imperial exchequer and managed by a single directorate headed with a director; was pertain to the Ministry of the Imperial Court from 1742.

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India–Russia relations

Indo-Russian relations (Российско-индийские отношения भारत-रूस सम्बन्ध) refer to the bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Russian Federation.

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Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Including the Russian Far East, the population of Siberia numbers just above 40 million people.

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Ingrid Dee Magidson

Ingrid Dee Magidson is an American artist known for her use of combining industrial materials, collage, paint and Renaissance and Baroque images into transparent layers or shadow boxes.

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Inhaber

A Proprietor, or Inhaber, was a term used in the Habsburg military to denote special honors extended to a noble or aristocrat.

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Institute for Noble Maidens

An Institute for Noble Maidens was a type of educational institution and finishing school in late Imperial Russia.

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Intermarium

Międzymorze, known in English as Intermarium, was a plan pursued after World War I by Polish leader Józef Piłsudski for a federation of Central and Eastern European countries.

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International relations, 1648–1814

International relations from 1648–1814 covers the major interactions of the nations of Europe, as well as the other continents, with emphasis on diplomacy, warfare, migration, and cultural interactions, from the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna.

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Invasion of Quebec (1775)

The Invasion of Quebec in 1775 was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

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Ioannis Varvakis

Ioannis Varvakis (Ιωάννης Βαρβάκης; 1745–1825), also known as Ivan Andreevich Varvatsi (Иван Андреевич Варваци), was a Greek distinguished member of the Russian and Greek communities, national hero, member of the Filiki Eteria and benefactor of the places where he lived.

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Ippolit Bogdanovich

Ippolit Fyodorovich Bogdanovich (a;, Perevolochna –, Kursk) was a Russian classicist author of light poetry, best known for his long poem Dushenka (1778).

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Irbit

Irbit (Ирби́тStress is given per the Dictionary of modern geographical names, entry on (Словарь современных географических названий / Под общ.).) is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located from Yekaterinburg by train or by car, on the right bank of the Nitsa River.

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Irina Belotelkin

Irina Roudakoff Belotelkin (January 1, 1913 – January 21, 2009) was an American artist and fashion designer.

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Iris Noble

Iris Noble (22 February 1922 in Calgary, Alberta – 30 June 1986 in Pátzcuaro, Mexico) was a Canadian-American journalist and a prolific writer of books, best known for writing biographies for teens.

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Irreligion in Russia

Irreligion was official state policy during the Soviet Union and was rigorously enforced.

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Ishim, Tyumen Oblast

Ishim (Иши́м) is a town in the south of Tyumen Oblast, Russia.

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Islam in Kazakhstan

Islam is the largest religion practiced in Kazakhstan, as 70.2% of the country's population is Muslim Ethnic Kazakhs are predominantly Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi school.

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Islam in Russia

Islam is the second most widely professed religion in Russia, encompassing somewhere between 7% and 15% of all Russians.

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Islam in Tatarstan

Established in 922, the first Muslim state within the current Russian borders was Volga Bulgaria from whom the Tatars inherited Islam.

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Italian and Swiss expedition

The Italian and Swiss expeditions of 1799 and 1800 were undertaken by a combined Austro-Russian army under overall command of the Russian General Alexander Suvorov against French forces in Piedmont, Lombardy and Switzerland as part of the Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars in general and the War of the Second Coalition in particular.

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Italian Greyhound

The Italian Greyhound (in Italian: piccolo levriero italiano) is a small breed of dog of the sighthound type, sometimes called the Italian for short, and nicknamed the "IG" or "Iggy".

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Ivan Argunov

Ivan Petrovich Argunov (Иван Петрович Аргунов) (1729–1802) was a Russian painter, one of the founders of the Russian school of portrait painting.

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Ivan Betskoy

Ivan Ivanovich Betskoi or Betskoy (Ива́н Ива́нович Бе́цкой) was a Russian school reformer who served as Catherine II's advisor on education and President of the Imperial Academy of Arts for thirty years (1764–94).

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Ivan Chernyshyov

Count Ivan Grigoryevich Chernyshyov (1726 – 1797) (Also spelled: Tchernyshov and Chernyshev; Иван Григорьевич Чернышёв) was a Russian Field Marshal and General Admiral, prominent during the reign of Empress Catherine the Great.

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Ivan Dmitrevsky

Ivan Afanasyevich Dmitrevsky (Ива́н Афана́сьевич Дмитре́вский) (February 28, 1734 in Yaroslavl – October 27, 1821 in Saint Petersburg) is generally regarded as the most influential actor of Russian Neoclassicism and "Russia's first great tragedian".

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Ivan Fomin

Ivan Aleksandrovich Fomin (3 February 1872, Oryol – 12 June 1936, Moscow) was a Russian architect and educator.

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Ivan Gannibal

Ivan Abramovich Gannibal (Иван Абрамович Ганнибал; June 5, 1735 – October 12, 1801) was an eminent Russian military leader.

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Ivan Gonta

Ivan Gonta (died 1768) was one of the leaders of the Koliyivschyna, an armed rebellion of Cossacks against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Ivan Gudovich

Count Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich (Russian: Иван Васильевич Гудович; 1741–1820) was a Russian noble and military leader of Ukrainian descent.

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Ivan Ivanovich Michelson

Ivan Ivanovich Michelson (sometimes transliterated as Mikhelson; Ива́н Ива́нович Михельсо́н; Johann von Michelsohnen; 3 May 1740 – 17 August 1807) was a Baltic-German military commander who served in the Russian Imperial Army.

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Ivan Kotliarevsky

Ivan Petrovych Kotliarevsky (Іван Петрович Котляревський) (in Poltava – in Poltava, Russian Empire, now Ukraine), was a Ukrainian writer, poet and playwright, social activist, regarded as the pioneer of modern Ukrainian literature.

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Ivan Kropotov

Ivan Ivanovich Kropotov (Russian: Ива́н Ива́нович Кропотов) (1724—1769) was a Russian diplomat, translator and courtier.

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Ivan Kulibin

Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (April 21, 1735 – August 11, 1818) was a Russian mechanic and inventor.

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Ivan Lazarevich Lazarev

Ivan Lazarevich Lazarev (Иван Лазаревич Лазарев, also Hovhannes Lazarian; 1735 – 20 October 1801), was a Russian-Armenian jeweler, one of the richest patrons in Russia under Catherine the Great.

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Ivan Mane Jarnović

Ivan Mane Jarnović (Giovanni Mane Giornovichi) (26 October 1747 – 23 November 1804) was a virtuoso violinist-composer of the 18th century whose family was of possibly Ragusan (today in Croatia) origin.

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Ivan Martos

Ivan Petrovich Martos (Иван Петрович Мартос; Іван Петрович Мартос; 1754 — 5 April 1835) was a Russian sculptor and art teacher of Ukrainian origin who helped awaken Russian interest in Neoclassical sculpture.

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Ivan Muravyov-Apostol

Ivan Matveyevich Muravyov-Apostol (Иван Матвеевич Муравьёв-Апостол; –) was a Russian statesman and writer.

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Ivan Neplyuyev

Ivan Ivanovich Neplyuyev (Ива́н Ива́нович Неплю́ев; 15 November 1693 – 22 November 1773) was a Russian diplomat and administrator prominent in the service of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great.

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Ivan Polzunov

Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov (Иван Иванович Ползунов 1728 – May 27, 1766 n.s.) was a Russian inventor.

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Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov

Ivan Nikolajevich Rimsky-Korsakov, né Korsav (29 June 1754 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – 31 July 1831 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russian courtier and lover of Catherine the Great from 1778 to 1779.

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Ivan Saltykov

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov (Иван Петрович Салтыков; (28 June 1730 – 14 November 1805) was a Russian Field Marshal, the Governor-General of Moscow from 1797 to 1804, and owner of the grand estate of Marfino.

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Ivan Shuvalov

Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (Ива́н Ива́нович Шува́лов; 1 November 172714 November 1797) was called the Maecenas of the Russian Enlightenment and the first Russian Minister of Education.

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Ivan Starov

Ivan Yegorovich Starov (Ива́н Его́рович Старо́в) (February 23, 1745, in Saint Petersburg – April 17, 1808, in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian architect from St. Petersburg who devised the master plans for Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Pskov, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, and many other towns in Russia and Ukraine.

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Ivan VI of Russia

Ivan VI Antonovich of Russia (Ioann Antonovich; Иоанн VI; Иоанн Антонович; –) was Emperor of Russia in 1740–41.

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Ivan Yelagin

Ivan Perfilievich Yelagin (Иван Перфильевич Елагин; 1725–94) was a Russian historian, an amateur poet and translator who acted as unofficial secretary to Catherine the Great in the early years of her reign.

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Izabela Czartoryska

Princess Izabela Dorota Czartoryska (née Fleming; 3 March 1746 – 15 July 1835) was a Polish noblewoman, writer, and art collector who is widely regarded as a very prominent figure of the Enlightenment in Poland.

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Izhevsk

Izhevsk (p; Иж, Iž, or Ижкар, Ižkar) is the capital city of the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located along the Izh River in the Western Ural Mountains.

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Izmail

Izmail (translit. Izmayil; Измаил, translit. Izmail; Ismail; also referred to as Ismail; Izmaił, Исмаил) is a historic city on the Danube river in Odessa Oblast in south-western Ukraine.

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Izmaylovsky Regiment

The Izmaylovsky Regiment (Izmáylovskiy leyb-gvárdii polk) was one of the oldest regiments of the Russian army, a subdivision of the 1st Guards Infantry Division of the Imperial Russian Guard.

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Jack of All Trades (TV series)

Jack of All Trades is a half-hour-long syndicated action-comedy television series which ran for two seasons in 2000.

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Jacob Hoeppner

Jacob Hoeppner (1748–1826) was one of two delegates selected by the Mennonite community in Danzig, Prussia, to travel to South Russia and evaluate land along the Dnieper River near Chortitza as a possible settlement.

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Jacob Philadelphia

Jacob Philadelphia was a Jewish magician, physicist, mechanic, juggler, astrologer, alchemist, and Kabbalist.

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Jacob Philipp Hackert

Jacob Philipp Hackert (15 September 1737 – 28 April 1807) was a landscape painter from Brandenburg, who did most of his work in Italy.

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Jacob Sievers

Count Jacob Sievers (30 August 1731 in Wesenberg (now Rakvere), Estonia – 23 July 1808 in Bauenhof, Governorate of Livonia (near what is now Valmiera, Latvia)) was a Russian statesman from the Sievers family.

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Jacobus Poel

Jacobus "Jan" Poel (1712-1775) was a Dutch-born merchant in Saint Petersburg and Arkhangelsk.

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Jacques Anne Joseph Le Prestre de Vauban

Jacques Anne Joseph Le Prestre de Vauban (10 March 1754, in Dijon – 20 April 1816) was a French general of the Ancien Régime and the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Jacques-Joachim Trotti, marquis de La Chétardie

Jacques-Joachim Trotti, marquis de La Chétardie (3 October 1705 – 1 January 1759) was a French diplomat who engineered the coup d'etat that brought Elizaveta Petrovna to the Russian throne in 1741.

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Jacques-Nicolas Roettiers

Jacques-Nicolas Roettiers (1736–1788) was a Flemish goldsmith and silversmith active in Paris and, in concert with his father, said to be the most fashionable Parisian silversmith of his day.

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James Bruce

James Bruce of Kinnaird (14 December 1730 – 27 April 1794) was a Scottish traveller and travel writer who spent more than a dozen years in North Africa and Ethiopia, where he traced the origins of the Blue Nile.

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James Bruce (1732–1791)

Count James Bruce or Yakov Alexandrovich Bruce (1732–30 November 1791) was a Russian general.

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James George Semple Lisle

James George Semple Lisle (1759–1815) was a Scottish adventurer and confidence trickster.

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James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury

James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury, GCB (21 April 1746 – 21 November 1820) was an English diplomat.

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James Tassie

James Tassie (1735–1799) was a Scottish gem engraver and modeller.

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James Trevenen

James Trevenen (1 January 1760 – 9 August 1790) was an officer in the Royal Navy and the Imperial Russian Navy.

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James Walker (engraver)

James Walker (c.1760–c.1823) was a British mezzotint engraver.

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James Wyatt

James Wyatt (3 August 1746 – 4 September 1813) was an English architect, a rival of Robert Adam in the neoclassical style and neo-Gothic style.

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Jan Davidsz. de Heem

Jan Davidsz.

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Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen

Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen (1 May 1735 – 24 May 1819), or Count of Doggersbank, was a Dutch naval officer.

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Jan Ladislav Dussek

Jan Ladislav Dussek (baptized Jan Václav Dusík,Černušák, p. 271 with surname also written as Duschek or Düssek; 12 February 176020 March 1812) was a Czech composer and pianist.

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Javanshir clan

The Javanshirs--> (Cavanşirlər; جوانشیران – Javānširān) were a Turkic clan in Karabakh, who belonged to the Afshar tribe and were in turn a branch of the Oghuz Turks.

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Jérémie Pauzié

Jérémie Pauzié (1716 – 1779 in Geneva) was a Swiss-French diamond jeweler, artist and memoirist, known for his work for the Russian Imperial court and the Imperial Crown of Russia, which he created with the court's jeweler Georg Friedrich Ekart.

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Józef Andrzej Załuski

Józef Andrzej Załuski (12 January 17029 January 1774) was a Polish Catholic priest, Bishop of Kiev, a sponsor of learning and culture, and a renowned bibliophile.

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Józef Łobodowski

Józef Stanisław Łobodowski was a Polish poet and political thinker.

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Józef Kossakowski (bishop)

Józef Kazimierz Korwin Kossakowski (16 March 1738 – 9 May 1794), of Ślepowron coat of arms, was a Polish noble (szlachcic), bishop of Livonia from 1781, political activist, writer, and supporter of Russian Empire.

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Józef Poniatowski

Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski (7 May 1763 – 19 October 1813) was a Polish leader, general, minister of war and army chief, who became a Marshal of the French Empire.

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Jean Armand de Lestocq

Count Jean Armand de L'Estocq (German: Johann Hermann Lestocq, Russian: Иван Иванович Лесток, 29 April 1692 in Lüneburg – 12 June 1767 in Saint Petersburg) was a French adventurer who wielded immense influence on the foreign policy of Russia during the early reign of Empress Elizabeth.

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Jean Baptiste, marquis de Traversay

Jean Baptiste Prevost de Sansac, marquis de Traversay (July 24, 1754 – May 19, 1831) was a naval officer of French creole origins who distinguished himself in the ranks of Royal French Navy during the American Revolutionary War.

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Jean Huber

Jean Huber (13 February 1721 in Geneva – 1786 in Lausanne) was a Genevan painter and silhouettiste.

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Jean-Antoine Houdon

Jean-Antoine Houdon (25 March 1741 – 15 July 1828) was a French neoclassical sculptor.

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Jean-Baptiste Capefigue

Jean-Baptiste Honoré Raymond Capefigue (1801 – December 1872) was a French historian and biographer.

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Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche

Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche (23 March 1722 – 1 August 1769) was a French astronomer, best known for his observations of the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769.

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Jean-Baptiste Landé

Jean-Baptiste Landé (died 26 February 1748) was a French ballet dancer, active in Sweden, Denmark and Russia.

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Jean-Baptiste Le Prince

Jean-Baptiste Le Prince (September 17, 1734 – September 30, 1781) was an important French etcher and painter.

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Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe

Small Hermitage, Saint-Petersburg Jean-Baptiste Michel Vallin de la Mothe (1729 – May 7, 1800) was a French architect whose major career was spent in St. Petersburg, where he became court architect to Catherine II.

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Jean-Louis Wagnière

Jean-Louis Wagnière (15 October 1739, Rueyres, Vaud, Switzerland7 April 1802, Ferney-Voltaire) was Voltaire's secretary from 1756 to 1778, when Voltaire died.

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Jean-Marie Chopin

Jean-Marie Chopin (Иван Шопен; born in 1796 in Saint Petersburg, died February 15, 1871 in Paris) was a French-Russian explorer of the Caucasus.

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Jessica Boone

Jessica Boone (born May 14, 1984 in Houston, Texas) is an American actress with extensive experience in Shakespeare and musical theatre whom primarily works for ADV Films, Seraphim Digital and Sentai Filmworks.

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Jesuit College in Polotsk

The Jesuit College in Polotsk was a college (equivalent to a secondary school) in Polotsk, Belarus, then part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later Russian Empire.

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Jever

Jever (the pronunciation is often heard from non-locals) is the capital of the district of Friesland in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Jewish Cossacks

Of the different branches of Cossacks, the only one that documents allowing Jews into their society were the Cossacks of Ukraine.

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Jewish Motifs International Film Festival

"Jewish Motifs" International Film Festival (Międzynarodowy Festiwal Filmowy "Żydowskie Motywy") is a major Jewish-themed film festival held every April in Warsaw, Poland.

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Joan Haslip

Joan Haslip (1912–1994) was an author of historical books, often focusing on European royalty.

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Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp (24 October 1712 – 30 May 1760) was a German regent, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst by marriage to Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and regent of Anhalt-Zerbst from 1747 to 1752 for her minor son, Frederick Augustus.

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Joel Roberts Poinsett

Joel Roberts Poinsett (March 2, 1779 – December 12, 1851) was an American physician and diplomat.

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Johann Amadeus von Thugut

Johann Amadeus Franz de Paula Freiherr von Thugut (24 May 173628 May 1818) was an Austrian diplomat.

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Johann Anton Güldenstädt

Johann Anton Güldenstädt (26 April 1745 in Riga, Latvia – 23 March 1781 in St. Petersburg, Russia) was a Baltic German naturalist and explorer in Russian service.

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Johann Baptist von Lampi the Elder

Johann Baptist Lampi the Elder (Johann Baptist von Lampi der Ältere, Jan Chrzciciel Lampi; 31 December 1751 – 11 February 1830) was an Austrian-Italian historical and portrait painter.

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Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky

Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky (21 November 1710 – 9 August 1775) was a Prussian merchant with a successful trade in trinkets, silk, taft, porcelain, grain and bills of exchange.

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Johann Friedrich Fasch

Johann Friedrich Fasch (15 April 1688 – 5 December 1758) was a German violinist and composer.

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Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann

Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann / Johann Georg Zimmermann (8 December 1728, in Brugg, Aargau7 October 1795, in Hanover) was a Swiss philosophical writer, naturalist, and physician.

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Johann Georg Schwarz

Johann Georg Schwarz (Иван Григорьевич Шварц; 1751–1784) was a philosophy professor at Moscow University who headed the Russian branch of the Rosicrucian Society.

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Johann Karl Philipp von Cobenzl

Johann Karl Philipp, Graf von Cobenzl (21 July 1712 in Laibach (now Ljubljana) – 27 January 1770 in Brussels) was an 18th-century politician in the Habsburg Monarchy.

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Johann Martin von Elmpt

Field Marshal Ivan Karpovich Elmpt (Ива́н Ка́рпович Эльмпт, Johann-Martin von Elmpt; 1725) was a military officer of the Russian Empire.

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Johann Rall

Johann Gottlieb Rall (also spelled Rahl) (ca. 1726 – December 27, 1776) was a German colonel best known for his command of Hessian troops at the Battle of Trenton during the American Revolutionary War.

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Johann Steinhauer

Johann Steinhauer (Jānis Šteinhauers, born Jānis Akmeņkalis; 19 January 1705 – 21 February 1779) was a Latvian entrepreneur, social reformer and landowner, who made significant contributions to the Latvian civil rights throughout the 18th century.

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Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.

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John Augustus Atkinson

John Augustus Atkinson (c.1775–1830) was an English artist, engraver and watercolourist.

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John Brown (essayist)

John Brown (5 November 1715 – 23 September 1766) was an English Anglican priest, playwright and essayist.

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John Campbell (author)

John Campbell (8 March 1708 – 28 December 1775) was a Scottish author.

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John Carroll (bishop)

John Carroll (January 8, 1735 – December 3, 1815) was a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the first bishop and archbishop in the United States.

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John Elphinstone

John Elphinstone, also known as John Elphinston (1722 – 28 February 1785), was a senior British naval officer who worked closely with the Russian Navy after 1770, with approval from the Admiralty, during the period of naval reform under Russian Empress Catherine II.

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John Fraser (botanist)

John Fraser, FLS, F.R.H.S.,Johnson, George William, Johnson's Gardeners' dictionary and cultural instructor, London, A. T. De La Mare printing and publishing co., Ltd., 1916, title page and p. 361.

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John Glen King

John Glen King D.D. (1732–1787) was an English cleric and antiquarian, known as an author on the Russian Orthodox Church.

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John Henry Cox

John Henry Cox (c. 17505 October 1791) was an English explorer who charted Great Oyster Bay, Maria Island, and Marion Bay on the east coast of Tasmania in 1789, aboard his armed brig HMS Mercury.

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John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent

Admiral of the Fleet John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent (9 January 1735 – 14 March 1823) was an admiral in the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom.

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John Julius Angerstein

John Julius Angerstein (1732 – 22 January 1823) was a London businessman and Lloyd's underwriter, a patron of the fine arts and a collector.

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John Ledyard

John Ledyard (November 1751 – 10 January 1789) was an English explorer and adventurer.

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John Paul Jones

John Paul Jones (born John Paul; July 6, 1747 July 18, 1792) was the United States' first well-known naval commander in the American Revolutionary War.

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John Paul Jones (film)

John Paul Jones is a Technicolor 1959 biographical epic film in Technirama about John Paul Jones.

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John Rogerson (physician)

Dr John Rogerson FRS FRSE (1741–1823) was a Scottish physician remembered as the personal physician to Catherine the Great of Russia.

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José Celestino Mutis

José Celestino Mutis (6 April 1732 – 11 September 1808) was a Spanish priest, botanist and mathematician.

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José de Gálvez

José de Gálvez y Gallardo, marqués de Sonora (2 January 1720, Macharavialla, Spain – 17 June 1787, Aranjuez, Spain) was a Spanish lawyer and Visitador generál (inspector general) in New Spain (1764–1772); later appointed to the Council of the Indies (1775–1787).

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José de Urrutia y de las Casas

José Ramón de Urrutia y de las Casas (19 November 1739 - 1 March 1803) was a Spanish captain general and military engineer.

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Josef Fiala

Josef Fiala (Joseph Fiala) (3 February 1748 – 31 July 1816), was a composer, oboist, viola da gamba virtuoso, cellist, and pedagogue.

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Joseph Billings

Joseph Billings (17581806) was an English navigator and explorer who spent the most significant part of his life in Russian service.

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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to his death.

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Joseph Pignatelli

Saint Joseph Mary Pignatelli, S.J. (José María Pignatelli), was a Spanish priest who was the unofficial leader of the Jesuits in exile in Sardinia, after the suppression of the Society of Jesus.

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Joshua Zeitlin

Joshua Zeitlin (1742 in Shklov, Belarus – August 18, 1822, in Kherson, Novorossiya) was a Russian rabbinical scholar and philanthropist.

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Josiah Boydell

Josiah Boydell (18 January 1752 – 27 March 1817) was a British publisher and painter, whose main achievement was the establishment of the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery with his uncle, John Boydell.

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Josiah Wedgwood

Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 – 3 January 1795) was an English potter and entrepreneur.

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Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow

Journey From Petersburg to Moscow (in Russian: Путешествие из Петербурга в Москву), published in 1790, was the most famous work by the Russian writer Aleksander Nikolayevich Radishchev.

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Judicial reform of Alexander II

The judicial reform of Alexander II is generally considered one of the most successful and consistent of all his reforms (along with the military reform).

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Jules, 1st Duke of Polignac

Jules de Polignac, 1st Duke of Polignac (Armand Jules François; 7 June 1746 – 21 September 1817) was a French nobleman and the husband of Yolande de Polastron, a confidante of Queen Marie Antoinette.

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Julia Ormond

Julia Karin Ormond (born 4 January 1965) is an English actress.

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Julia von Mengden

Julia von Mengden (Augusta Juliane) (1719–1786), was a Livonian noblewoman, lady in waiting, favourite and the intimate friend and confidante of the Russian regent Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna.

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Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz (6 February 1758, Skoki, near Brest – 21 May 1841, Paris) was a Polish poet, playwright and statesman.

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Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern (Danish: Juliane Marie; 4 September 1729 – 10 October 1796) was queen of Denmark and Norway between 1752 and 1766, second consort of king Frederick V of Denmark and Norway, mother of the prince-regent Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway and herself de facto regent 1772–1784.

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Juliette (novel)

Juliette is a novel written by the Marquis de Sade and published 1797–1801, accompanying Sade's Nouvelle Justine.

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Julius Rappoport

Julius Alexandrovitch Rappoport, Russian silversmith, Fabergé workmaster.

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July 17

No description.

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June 23

No description.

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Jungle cat

The jungle cat (Felis chaus), also called reed cat and swamp cat, is a medium-sized cat native to the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia and southern China.

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Kachanivka

Kachanivka Palace (Качанівка; Kachanivka; Качановка; Kachanovka) is one of the many country estates built by Pyotr Rumyantsev, Catherine II's viceroy of Little Russia.

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Kadriorg Palace

Kadriorg Palace (Kadrioru loss, Schloss Katharinental) is a Petrine Baroque palace built for Catherine I of Russia by Peter the Great in Tallinn, Estonia.

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Kagul Obelisk

The Kagul Obelisk in Tsarskoye Selo is one of several such structures erected on behest of Catherine II of Russia in 1772 to commemorate Pyotr Rumyantsev's victory in the Battle of Kagul.

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Kalmyk Khanate

The Kalmyk Khanate (Kalmyk: Хальмг хана улс) was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian steppe.

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Kalmyks

The Kalmyks (Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, Xaľmgud, Mongolian: Халимаг, Halimag) are the Oirats in Russia, whose ancestors migrated from Dzungaria in 1607.

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Kamenny Island Palace

Kamenny Island Palace (Каменноостровский дворец) is a former imperial palace on the south-western promontory of Kamenny Island in St. Petersburg.

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Kaniv

Kaniv (Канів,; Ка́нев, translit. Kanev; Kaniów) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast (province) in central Ukraine.

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Karl Blank

Karl Blank (Карл Иванович Бланк) (1728–1793) was a Russian architect, notable as one of the last practitioners of Baroque architecture and the first Moscow architect to build early neoclassical buildings.

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Karl Heinrich von Nassau-Siegen

Karl Heinrich von Nassau-Siegen (5 January 1743 – 10 April 1808), was a French-born fortune-seeker best known as Catherine II's least successful naval commander.

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Karl Lagerfeld

Karl Otto Lagerfeld (Hamburg, 10 September 1933) is a German creative director, artist, and photographer based in Paris.

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Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790)

Prince Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (Караль Станіслаў Радзівіл II, Karolis Stanislovas Radvila II, Exonym: Charles Stanislaus: 27 February 1734 – 21 November 1790) was a Polish nobleman, politician, diplomat, prince of the Crown Kingdom of Poland and the Commonwealth, statesman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Voivode of Vilnius, governor of Lwów and Sejm Marshal between 1767 and 1768.

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Kastanitsa

Kastanitsa (Καστάνιτσα) is a village in Arcadia in Greece, on the southern slope of Mount Parnon.

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Katarzyna Branicka

Countess Katarzyna Potocka from Branicka (1825–1907) was a Polish noblewoman of the Korczak coat of arms, and art collector.

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Katerynopil

Katerynopil (Катеринопіль) is an urban-type settlement located in Cherkasy Oblast (province) in central Ukraine.

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Katharine Scherman

Katharine Scherman Rosin (October 7, 1915 – December 11, 2009) was an American author of non-fiction.

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Katherine (disambiguation)

Katherine is a feminine given name.

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Katherine Wilmot

Katherine (or Catherine) Wilmot (c.1773 – 28 March 1824) was an Irish traveller and diarist.

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Katorga

Katorga (p; from medieval and modern Greek: katergon, κάτεργον, "galley") was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union (see Katorga labor in the Soviet Union).

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Katsia II Dadiani

Katsia II Dadiani (კაცია II დადიანი; died 1788), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1758 to 1788.

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Kaynardzha

Kaynardzha (Кайнарджа, pronounced, Cainargeaua Mică, Kaynarca; also transliterated Kajnardža) is a village in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Silistra Province.

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Kazakhs

The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Қазақ, Qazaq, قازاق, Qazaqtar, Қазақтар, قازاقتار; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the southern part of Eastern Europe and the Ural mountains and northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia and Mongolia), the region also known as the Eurasian sub-continent.

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Kazan

Kazan (p; Казан) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia.

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Kazan Governorate

The Kazan Governorate (Каза́нская губе́рния; قازان عوبئرناسئ; Хусан кӗперниӗ, Husan kĕperniĕ), or the Government of Kazan, was a governorate (a guberniya) of the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Russian SFSR from 1708–1920, with its seat in the city of Kazan.

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Kaziuko mugė

Kaziuko mugė or Saint Casimir's Fair is a large annual folk arts and crafts fair in Vilnius, Lithuania, dating to the beginning of the 17th century.

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Kärnäkoski Fortress

Kärnäkoski Fortress is a bastion fortress in Finland located in Kärnäkoski, Savitaipale built by Russia between 1791 and 1793 to protect Saint Petersburg.

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Ketteler

Ketteler (also Kettler) is the name of a German noble family that originated in Westphalia.

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Keumalahayati

Keumalahayati, or Malahayati (fl. 16th century), was an admiral in the navy of the Aceh Sultanate, which ruled the area of modern Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.

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Khariton Chebotaryov

Khariton Andreyevich Chebotaryov (Харитон Андреевич Чеботарёв) (1746, Vologda - July 26, 1815, Moscow) was a rector of the Moscow University (1803-1805), state counsellor, and ordinary professor of history, morality, and eloquence.

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Kherson

Kherson is a city in southern Ukraine.

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Khodynka Field

Khodynka Field (Ходынское поле, Khodynskoye pole) is a large open space in the north-west of Moscow, at the beginning of the present day Leningradsky Prospect.

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Khortytsia

Khortytsia (Хо́ртиця, Khortytsia,, Хо́ртица, Khortitsa, Chortyca) is the largest island in the River Dnieper, and is long and up to wide.

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Khotiv hillfort

Khotiv hillfort is a hillfort of early Iron Age (Scythian times, 6 century BC) in the village of Khotiv, Ukraine.

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Khutyn Monastery

Khutyn Monastery of Saviour's Transfiguration and of St.

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Kiev City Council

Kiev City Council (Київська міська рада – Kyivs'ka mis'ka rada), also known as Kyivrada (Київрада), is the city council of Kiev municipality, the highest representative body of the city community.

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Kiev Viceroyalty

Kiev Viceroyalty was created in the process of the Catherine's reform initiated by hers November 7, 1775 edict when the new administrative unit namestnichestvo (viceroyalty) was introduced.

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King Gustav III of Sweden and his Brothers

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Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti

The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (ქართლ-კახეთის სამეფო) (1762–1801) was created in 1762 by the unification of two eastern Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti.

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Kingisepp

Kingisepp (Ки́нгисепп or Кингисе́пп; Jaamahttp://www.hs.fi/english/article/Last+of+the+Ingrian+grannies+hold+on/1329104265831), formerly Yamburg (Я́мбург), Yam (Ям), and Yama (Я́ма), is an ancient town and the administrative center of Kingiseppsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located along the Luga River southwest of St. Petersburg, east of Narva, and south of the Gulf of Finland.

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Kings of Poland family tree

This is a family tree of the Kings of Poland.

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Kiril Bagration

Kiril Bagration (კირილე ბაგრატიონი, Kirile Bagrationi; Кирилл Александрович Багратион, Kirill Aleksandrovich Bagration) (1749 – 19 April 1828) was an Imperial Russian general and official of Georgian origin, descended from the royal line of the Bagrationi-Mukhraneli of Kartli.

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Kirill Razumovski

Count Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky (Кирилл Григорьевич Разумовский, Кирило Григорович Розумовський, Kyrylo Hryhorovych Rozumovsky, Polish: Kiriłł Grigorjewicz Razumowski) (March 18, 1728 – January 1, 1803) was a Ukrainian Cossack-born Russian state figure from the Kozelets county of Kiev Regiment in Russian Empire, who served as the last Hetman of Little Russia on both sides of Dnieper until 1764 and then as Field marshal of Russian Imperial Army.

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Kirov, Kirov Oblast

Kirov (p), formerly known as Vyatka (Вя́тка) and Khlynov (Хлы́нов), is a city and the administrative center of Kirov Oblast, Russia, located on the Vyatka River.

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Klov Palace

The Klov Palace (Кловський палац) is the seat of the Supreme Court of Ukraine in Kiev.

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Knyaz

Knyaz or knez is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times of history and different ancient Slavic lands.

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Kościuszko Uprising

The Kościuszko Uprising was an uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Commonwealth of Poland and the Prussian partition in 1794.

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Kodiak Island

Kodiak Island (Alutiiq: Qikertaq, Кадьякъ) is a large island on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait.

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Koh-i-Noor

The Koh-i-Noor (کوهِ نور), also spelt Kohinoor and Koh-i-Nur, is one of the largest cut diamonds in the world, weighing, and part of the British Crown Jewels.

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Kolomenskoye

Kolomenskoye (Коло́менское) is a former royal estate situated several kilometers to the southeast of the city center of Moscow, Russia, on the ancient road leading to the town of Kolomna (hence the name).

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Kolomna

Kolomna (p) is an ancient city of Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated at the confluence of the Moskva and Oka Rivers, (by rail) southeast of Moscow.

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Kolsky Uyezd

Kolsky Uyezd (Ко́льский уе́зд) was an administrative division (an uyezd) of the Tsardom of Russia and later of the Russian Empire.

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Koluvere Castle

Koluvere Castle (Koluvere linnus; Schloss Lohde), also Koluvere Episcopal Castle, (Koluvere piiskopilinnus), is a castle in Koluvere, Lääne County, in western Estonia.

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Komi Republic

The Komi Republic (r; Komi Respublika) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic).

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Kompania Handlowa Polska

Kompania Handlowa Polska (English: Trade Company Poland), also known as Black Sea Trade Company (Kompania Handlu Czarnomorskiego), Black Sea Company (Kompania Czarnomorska), and Kherson Company (Kompania Chersonska) was a Joint-stock company which existed in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1783–1793.

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Konstantin Balmont

Konstantin Dmitriyevich Balmont (a; – 23 December 1942) was a Russian symbolist poet and translator.

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Konstantinos Tzechanis

Konstantinos Tzechanis (Κωνσταντίνος Τζεχάνης, Constantinus Tzechani,Kostë Xhehani, 1740–1800) was a philosopher, mathematician and poet from the 18th century Aromanian center of Moscopole.

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Kopli cemetery

The Kopli cemetery (Friedhof von Ziegelskoppel or Kirchhof von Ziegelskoppel; Kopli kalmistu) was Estonia's largest Lutheran Baltic German cemetery, located in the suburb of Kopli in Tallinn.

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Korcheva

Korcheva was a town in central Russia, on the territory of the modern Konakovsky District, Tver Oblast, on the Volga River, with a population of a few thousand people.

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Korochansky Uyezd

Korochansky Uyezd (Russian: Корочанский уезд) was one of the ''uyezds'' (administrative units) of Kursk Governorate of the Russian Empire and then of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic with its center in Korocha until its formal abolition in 1924 by Soviet authorities.

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Kostroma

Kostroma (p) is a historic city and the administrative center of Kostroma Oblast, Russia.

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Kotelnich

Kotelnich (Коте́льнич; Кäкшäр) is a river port town in Kirov Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Vyatka River near its confluence with the Moloma, along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway, southwest of Kirov.

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Krasnodar

Krasnodar (p) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Kuban River, approximately northeast of the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk.

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Krasnodar Krai

Krasnodar Krai (p) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia and administratively a part of the Southern Federal District.

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Kremlin Senate

The Kremlin Senate (Сенатский дворец.) is a building within the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin in Russia.

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Kuban Cossacks

Kuban Cossacks (Кубанские кaзаки, Kubanskiye Kаzaki; Кубанські козаки, Kubans'ki Kozaky) or Kubanians (кубанцы, кубанці) are Cossacks who live in the Kuban region of Russia.

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Kuntsevo District

Kuntsevo (Ку́нцево) is a district in Western Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia.

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Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast

Kurgan (p) is the city and the administrative center of Kurgan Oblast, Russia.

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Kuskovo

Kuskovo (Куско́во) was the summer country house and estate of the Sheremetev family.

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Kutaisi

Kutaisi (ქუთაისი; ancient names: Aea/Aia, Kotais, Kutatisi, Kutaïsi) is the legislative capital of Georgia, and its 3rd most populous city.

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Kuznetsk

Kuznetsk (Кузне́цк) is a town in Penza Oblast, Russia, located in the foothills of the Volga Upland, mainly on the left bank of the Truyov River.

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La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein

La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein (The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein) is an opéra bouffe (a form of operetta), in three acts and four tableaux by Jacques Offenbach to an original French libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy.

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Ladoga Canal

The Ladoga Canal (Лaдожский канал, Ladozhsky Canal) is a historical water transport route, now situated in Leningrad Oblast, linking the Neva and the Svir River so as to bypass the stormy waters of Lake Ladoga which lies immediately to the northwest.

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Lady Dorothy Nevill

Lady Dorothy Fanny Nevill (1 April 1826 in London – 24 March 1913 in London), was an English writer, hostess, horticulturist and plant collector.

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Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia

A lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Russian Court (придворные дамы) was a woman of high aristocracy at the service of a woman of the Imperial family.

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Lakhta, Saint Petersburg

Lakhta (Ла́хта) is a historical area in Lakhta-Olgino Municipal Okrug of St. Petersburg, Russia, situated west of Lake Lakhta (hence the name).

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Lambros Katsonis

Lambros Katsonis (Λάμπρος Κατσώνης; Ламброс Кацонис; 1752–1804) was a Greek revolutionary hero of the 18th century; he was also a knight of the Russian Empire and an officer with the rank of colonel in the Imperial Russian Army (or Navy), decorated with an Order of St. George, IV class medal.

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Landgravine Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (1757–1830)

Landgravine Louise Auguste of Hesse-Darmstadt (30 January 1757 – 14 February 1830) was a German princess.

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Landmarks of Saint Petersburg

The appearance of St. Petersburg includes long, straight boulevards, vast spaces, gardens and parks, decorative wrought-iron fences, monuments and decorative sculptures.

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Laptev Sea

The Laptev Sea (r; Лаптевтар байҕаллара) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.

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Large Chinese Bridge

The Large Chinese Bridge is a small bridge over the Krestovy Channel located in the Chinese Village in the Alexander Park of Tsarskoye Selo 25 km south of the centre of St. Petersburg.

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Löb Nevakhovich

Löb Nevakhovich, or Lev Nikolayevich (Leib ben Noach) Nevakhovich (Лев Николаевич (Лейб Бен Ноах) Невахович, born between 1776 and 1778, Letychiv, Podolia –, Saint Petersburg), was Jewish Russian writer and one of the first maskilim in Russia.

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Le congrès des rois

Le congrès des rois (The Congress of the Kings) was a 3-act French Revolutionary opera of the genre comédie mêlée d'ariettes with a libretto by De Maillot, a stage name used by Antoine-François Ève early in his career, and music by a collaborative of twelve composers (see below).

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Legacy of the Roman Empire

The legacy of the Roman Empire includes the set of cultural values, religious beliefs, technological advancements, engineering and language.

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Legends of Catherine the Great

During and after the reign of the flamboyant and powerful Empress Catherine II of Russia, whose long rule led to the modernization of the Russian Empire, many urban legends arose, some false and others based on true events, concerning her sexual behavior.

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Legends of the Hidden Temple

Legends of the Hidden Temple is an American action-adventure game show that aired from 1993 to 1995 on Nickelodeon.

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Lenino, Mahilyow Voblast

Lenino (Belarusian Ле́ніна) is a large village in Belarus.

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Leonhard Euler

Leonhard Euler (Swiss Standard German:; German Standard German:; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer, who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory.

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Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold II (Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 1 March 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia from 1790 to 1792, Archduke of Austria and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790.

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LeRoy and Pictet

LeRoy and Pictet was a co-operative company which recruited Germans to settle in Russia in the 18th century, under commission by Tsarina Catherine the Great.

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Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! (anthem)

"Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!" (Grom pobedy, razdavaysya!) was an unofficial Russian national anthem in the late 18th and early 19th century.

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Letter case

Letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also uppercase, capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule) and smaller lower case (also lowercase, small letters, or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages.

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Letters to a German Princess

Letters to a German Princess, On Different Subjects in Physics and Philosophy (French: Lettres à une princesse d'Allemagne sur divers sujets de physique et de philosophie) were a series of 234 letters written by the mathematician Leonhard Euler between 1760 and 1762 addressed to Friederike Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt and her younger sister Louise.

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Leverian collection

The Leverian collection was a natural history and ethnographic collection assembled by Ashton Lever.

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Liège Revolution

The Liège Revolution, sometimes known as the Happy Revolution (Heureuse Révolution, Binamêye revolucion), started on 18 August 1789 and lasted until the destruction of the Republic of Liège and re-establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège by Austrian forces in 1791.

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Liberty Generation

The Liberty Generation is an identified cohort within the Strauss–Howe generational theory that describes the generation of people who were born from approximately 1724–1741.

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Lieven

The Lievens (Latvian Līveni; German Liewen) are one of the oldest aristocratic families of Baltic Germans.

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Ligovo

Ligovo (Лигово) is a historical area of the federal city of Saint Petersburg (Russia).

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Ligovsky Pond

Ligovsky pond (Лиговский пруд) is artificial lake existing in Ligovo, suburb of Saint Petersburg (Russia) in 1716–1941.

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List of ambassadors of Georgia (country) to Russia

The Georgian ambassador in Moscow was the official representative of the Government in Tbilisi to the Government of Russia.

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List of American films of 1995

A list of American films released in 1995.

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List of assassinations in Europe

This is a list of assassinations which took place on the continent of Europe.

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List of Baroque residences

This is a list of Baroque palaces built in the late 17th and 18th centuries.

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List of biographers

Biographers are authors who write an account of another person's life, while autobiographers are authors who write their own biography.

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List of biographical films

This is a list of biographical films.

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List of Clone High characters

This is a list of all the characters that have appeared in the animated American-Canadian science-fiction/situation comedy series Clone High (2002–2003).

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List of commemorative coins of Russia (1992)

This is a list of commemorative coins issued by the Central Bank of Russia in 1992.

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List of consorts of Holstein-Gottorp

The Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp were the consorts of the rulers of Holstein-Gottorp.

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List of coupled cousins

This is a list of prominent individuals who have been romantically or maritally coupled with a cousin.

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List of coups d'état and coup attempts

This is a chronological list of coups d'état and coup attempts, from ancient times to the present.

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List of cultural icons of Russia

This is a list of cultural icons of Russia.

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List of enlightened despots

An Enlightened despot (also called benevolent despot) is an authoritarian or non-democratic leader who exercises his political power for the benefit of the people, rather than exclusively for themselves or for an elite or small portion of the people.

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List of Epic Rap Battles of History episodes

Epic Rap Battles of History is a YouTube series created by Peter "Nice Peter" Shukoff and Lloyd "EpicLLOYD" Ahlquist.

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List of Extra Credits episodes

The first videos before the debut of webseries Extra Credits were released on YouTube by the series' co-creator Daniel Floyd.

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List of fictional United States presidencies of historical figures (H–J)

The following is a list of real or historical people who have been portrayed as President of the United States in fiction, although they did not hold the office in real life.

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List of foods named after people

This is a list of foods and dishes named after people.

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List of German exonyms

Below is a list of German language exonyms for formerly German places and places in non-German-speaking areas of the world.

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List of Germans

This is a list of notable Germans or German-speaking or -writing persons.

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List of Grand Duchesses of Russia

This is a list of those members of the Russian Imperial House who bore the title Velikaia Kniaginia (Великая Княгиня) or Velikaia Knazhna (Великая Княжна) (usually translated into French and English as Grand Duchess, but more accurately Grand Princess).

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List of heads of government of Russia

Approximately 98 people have been head of the Russian government since its establishment in 1726.

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List of heads of state and government who died in office

This is a list of heads of state and government who died in office.

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List of heirs to the Russian throne

This is a list of the individuals who were, at any given time, considered the next in line to inherit the throne of Russia or Grand Prince of Moscow.

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List of historical opera characters

This is a list of historical figures who have been characters in opera or operetta.

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List of historical period drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization

The historical period drama is a film genre in which stories are based upon historical events and famous people.

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List of History Bites episodes

The following is an episode list of the Rick Green show, History Bites, which ran from 1998–2004.

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List of In Our Time programmes

In Our Time is a discussion programme on the history of ideas; it has been hosted since 1998 by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom.

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List of Italians

This is a list of Italians, who are identified with the Italian nation through residential, legal, historical, or cultural means, grouped by their area of notability.

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List of kingdoms and royal dynasties

Monarchism is a movement that supports the monarchy as a form of government.

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List of Knights of the Royal Order of the Seraphim

These are the Knights (men) and Members (women) of the Royal Order of the Seraphim.

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List of last words

This is a list of last words, statements spoken by people shortly before their death.

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List of Le Chevalier D'Eon characters

This is a list of characters from Production I.G's Le Chevalier D'Eon anime series.

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List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Kiev

This list contains the names of all the Eastern Orthodox hierarchs whose title contains a reference to the city of Kiev, arranged chronologically and grouped as per the jurisdictions, some of them unrecognised.

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List of Moscow Kremlin towers

The following is a list of towers of Moscow Kremlin.

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List of names in A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists

Joseph McCabe published A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists in 1920 (London: Watts & Co.). Most (though not all) of the individuals therein were later also included in A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval and Modern Freethinkers (1945).

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List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: C

No description.

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List of Occitans

This is a non-exhaustive list of people who were born in the Occitania historical territory (although it is difficult to know the exact boundaries), or notable people from other regions of France or Europe with Occitan roots, or notable people from other regions of France or Europe who have other significant links with the historical region.

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List of operas by Sarti

This is a list of the complete operas of the Italian composer Giuseppe Sarti (1729–1802).

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List of orphans and foundlings

Notable orphans and foundlings include world leaders, celebrated writers, entertainment greats, figures in science and business, as well as innumerable fictional characters in literature and comics.

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List of people from Szczecin

No description.

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List of people from the former eastern territories of Germany

Numerous figures in German culture and history (some still living) were either born or resident in the former eastern territories of Germany.

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List of people from the London Borough of Merton

Among those who were born in the London Borough of Merton, or have dwelt within the borders of the modern borough are (alphabetical order).

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List of people known as "the Great"

This is a list of people known as "the Great".

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List of people on banknotes

This is a list of people on the banknotes of different countries.

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List of people on the postage stamps of Russia

Stamp issues are described in the following general format: Year of issue: Catalogue number 1, Catalogue number 2.

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List of people who died on the toilet

List of people who died on the toilet where individuals have died while using a toilet facility or in the process of defecation or urination.

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List of people who were beheaded

The following is a list of people who were beheaded, arranged alphabetically by country or region and with date of decapitation.

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List of places named after people

There are a number of places named after famous people.

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List of queens regnant

This is a list of Queens who have ruled as Queen in many countries (Separate queens for separate countries).

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List of Rees's Cyclopædia articles

The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature is an important 19th century British encyclopædia edited by Rev.

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List of roles and awards of Catherine Zeta-Jones

Catherine Zeta-Jones is a Welsh actress who, as of 2017, has appeared in 27 films, 9 television productions and 9 theatre productions, and is the recipient of 19 awards from 32 nominations.

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List of rulers of Estonia

The following list of rulers of Estonia indicates the rules throughout that nation's history.

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List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein

The following is a list of rulers, usually dukes, who ruled both Schleswig and Holstein, starting from the first Holstein count who received Schleswig, until both provinces were annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia; and afterwards, titular dukes.

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List of Russian architects

This is a list of architects of the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.

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List of Russian consorts

The Russian consorts were the spouses of the Russian rulers.

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List of Russian explorers

The history of exploration by citizens or subjects of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the history of Russia as well as the history of the world.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian royal mistresses and lovers

List of Russian royal mistresses and lovers includes mistresses, minions, favourites and simply lovers of the Russian emperors and reigning empresses before and after coronation.

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List of Russian rulers

This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia.

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List of Russian sail frigates

This is a list of Russian sail frigates of the period 1694–1852: The format is: Name, number of guns (rank/real amount), launch year (A.

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List of Russian saints

This list of Russian saints includes the saints canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian saints canonized by other Orthodox Churches.

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List of Serbs

This is a list of historical and living Serbs (of Serbia or the Serb diaspora).

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List of ships of the line of Russia

This is a list of Russian ships of the line from the period 1668–1860: The format is: Name, number of guns (rank/real amount), launch year (A.

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List of shortest-reigning monarchs

A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy, normally ruling for life, or until abdication or deposition.

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List of state leaders in 1762

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List of state leaders in 1763

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List of state leaders in 1764

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List of state leaders in 1765

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List of state leaders in 1766

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List of state leaders in 1767

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List of state leaders in 1768

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List of state leaders in 1769

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List of state leaders in 1770

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List of state leaders in 1771

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List of state leaders in 1772

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List of state leaders in 1773

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List of state leaders in 1774

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List of state leaders in 1775

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List of state leaders in 1776

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List of state leaders in 1777

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List of state leaders in 1778

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List of state leaders in 1779

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List of state leaders in 1780

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List of state leaders in 1781

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List of state leaders in 1782

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List of state leaders in 1783

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List of state leaders in 1784

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List of state leaders in 1785

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List of state leaders in 1786

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List of state leaders in 1787

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List of state leaders in 1788

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List of state leaders in 1789

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List of state leaders in 1790

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List of state leaders in 1791

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List of state leaders in 1792

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List of state leaders in 1793

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List of state leaders in 1794

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List of state leaders in 1795

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List of state leaders in 1796

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List of state leaders in the 18th century

;State leaders in the 17th century – State leaders in the 19th century – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 18th century (1701–1800) AD, such as the heads of state and heads of government.

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List of statues in Yerevan

List of the statues and memorials in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia.

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List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.

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List of The 39 Clues characters

This is the list of fictional and non-fictional characters who appeared in The 39 Clues franchise.

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List of The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show episodes

This is a list of episodes of The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show, the American animated web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation and Jay Ward Productions.

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List of The Venture Bros. characters

This is a list of main and recurring fictional characters and organizations from The Venture Bros., the comic science fiction television series broadcast on Adult Swim.

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List of Transformers film series characters

The following is a list of characters featured in the Transformers film series, distributed by Paramount Pictures, and it's related media appearances.

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List of War and Peace characters

This is a list of characters in Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace.

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List of wars between Russia and Sweden

Wars between Russia and Sweden have been recorded since as early as the 12th century.

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List of watchmakers

This chronological list of famous watchmakers is a list of those who influenced the development of horology or gained iconic status by their creations.

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List of wealthiest historical figures

The list of the wealthiest historical figures gathers published estimates as to the (inflation-adjusted) net-worth and fortunes of the wealthiest historical figures in comparison.

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List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868

This list contains notable Europeans and Americans who visited Japan before the Meiji Restoration.

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List of women in Female Biography

Female biography was identified and named by Mary Hays (1759–1843) as a discrete empirical category of knowledge production and analysis while researching figures for the first Enlightenment prosopography of women, Female Biography; Or, memoirs of Illustrious and Celebrated Women, of all Ages and Countries (R. Phillips, 1803) in six volumes.

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List of women in the Heritage Floor

This list documents all 999 mythical, historical and notable women who are displayed on the handmade white tiles of the Heritage Floor as part of Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party art installation (1979).

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List of women who died in childbirth

This is a list of notable women, either famous themselves or closely associated with someone well known, who suffered maternal death as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO): Note that this wording includes abortion, miscarriage, stillbirth, and ectopic pregnancy.

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Lithuania Governorate

The Litva Governorate (1796–1801) was a short-lived governorate (guberniya) of the Russian Empire.

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Livadiya, Crimea

Livadiya (Лівадія, Ливадия, Livadiia) is an urban-type settlement in Yalta Municipality of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea; a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine but incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea.

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Loddiges

The Loddiges family (not uncommonly mis-spelt Loddige) managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in and introduced exotic plants, trees, shrubs, ferns, palms and orchids into European gardens.

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Looted art

Looted art has been a consequence of looting during war, natural disaster and riot for centuries.

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Lord Ivar Mountbatten

Lord Ivar Alexander Michael Mountbatten, DL (born 9 March 1963) is a British aristocrat, farmer, and geologist.

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Lorenzo Litta

Lorenzo Litta (25 February 1756 – 1 May 1820) was an Italian littérateur and churchman, who became a Cardinal.

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Lost artworks

Lost artworks are original pieces of art that credible sources indicate once existed but that cannot be accounted for in museums or private collections or are known to have been destroyed deliberately or accidentally, or neglected through ignorance and lack of connoisseurship.

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Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil

Louis Charles Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de Breteuil, Baron de Preuilly (7 March 1730 – 2 November 1807) was a French aristocrat, diplomat and statesman.

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Louis Caravaque

Louis Caravaque (Marseilles, 1684-1754, St. Petersburg) was a French portrait painter who worked in Russia.

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Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (14 June 1753 in Prenzlau – 6 April 1830 in Darmstadt) was Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (as Louis X) and later the first Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.

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Louis Littlepage

Louis Littlepage or Lewis Littlepage (1762–1802) was an American diplomat, who most notably served in the royal court of the last Polish King, Stanisław August Poniatowski.

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Louis Philippe, comte de Ségur

Louis Philippe, comte de Ségur (10 December 175327 August 1830) was a French diplomat and historian.

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Louis XVI furniture

Louis XVI furniture is characterized by elegance and neoclassicism, a return to ancient Greek and Roman models.

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Louis XVI style

Louis XVI style, also called Louis Seize, is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of Louis XVI (1774–1793), just before the French Revolution.

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Louisa Ulrika of Prussia

Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (Lovisa Ulrika; Luise Ulrike) (24 July 1720 – 16 July 1782) was Queen of Sweden between 1751 and 1771 by her marriage to King Adolf Frederick, and queen mother during the reign of King Gustav III.

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Luísa Todi

Luísa Rosa de Aguiar Todi (1753–1833) was a popular and successful Portuguese mezzo-soprano opera singer.

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Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz

Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz (Liudvikas Tiškevičius) (born 1748 in Vilnius – 26 June 1808) was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic) and Field Lithuanian Hetman from 1780 to 1791, Great Lithuanian Treasurer from 1791, Great Lithuanian Marshal from 1793.

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Ludza

Ludza (Lucyn, Люцин, Lyucin) is a town in the Latgalia region of eastern Latvia.

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Luga, Leningrad Oblast

Luga (Лу́га; Laukaa; Laugaz; Luuga) is a town and the administrative center of Luzhsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Luga River south of St. Petersburg.

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Lumières

The Lumières (literally in English: Enlighteners) was a cultural, philosophical, literary and intellectual movement of the second half of the 18th century, originating in France and spreading throughout Europe.

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Lyde Browne (antiquary)

Lyde Browne (? - 10 September 1787, Foster Lane, Cheapside, London) was an 18th-century English antiquary and banker, who owned one of the largest antiquities collections of the time.

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Lymanske (urban-type settlement)

Lymanske (Лиманське, Лиманское) is an urban-type settlement in Rozdilna Raion of Odessa Oblast in Ukraine.

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Lysa Hora, Mykolaiv Oblast

Lysa Hora is a village in Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine, located at.

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Lyubetska Sotnia

The Lyubetska Sotnia (Company) (translit) was one of the sixteen territorial-administrative and military unit of the Chernihiv Regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate.

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Mała Wieś Palace

Mała Wieś Palace is a new classical architecture palace in Mała Wieś, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Madona

Madona (Modohn) is a town with town rights in the Vidzeme region of Latvia and is the center of the Madona municipality.

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Mae West

Mary Jane "Mae" West (August 17, 1893 – November 22, 1980) was an American actress, singer, playwright, screenwriter, comedian, and sex symbol whose entertainment career spanned seven decades, well-known for her lighthearted bawdy double entendres and breezy sexual independence.

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Magdalena Rudenschöld

Magdalena "Malla" or "Malin" Charlotta Rudenschöld (1 January 1766 – 5 March 1823 in Stockholm, Sweden), was a Swedish countess, lady-in-waiting and conspirator.

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Magdalene Bärens

Magdalene Margrethe Bärens (née Schäffer) (30 September 1737 – 6 June 1808) was a Danish artist.

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Maille (company)

is a brand of mustards, cornichons, stoneware, salad dressings, kitchen gifts and oils which originated in Marseille, France in 1723.

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Makarov (surname)

Makarov/Makarova (masculine/feminine) (Макаров/Макарова) is a Russian surname that originated from the given name Makar, which comes from Greek name Macarius.

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Malaya Sadovaya Street

Malaya Sadovaya Street (Малая Садовая Улица, meaning "Little Garden Street") is a pedestrian street of cafes, terraces, and fountains in the heart of St. Petersburg.

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Maly Theatre (Moscow)

Maly Theatre (Малый театр, literally Small Theatre as opposed to nearby Bolshoi, or Grand, opera theatre) is a theatre in Moscow, Russia, principally associated with the production of plays.

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Maniots

The Maniots or Maniates (Μανιάτες) are the inhabitants of the Mani Peninsula, Laconia, in the southern Peloponnese, Greece.

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Marble Palace

Marble Palace (Мраморный дворец) is one of the first Neoclassical palaces in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Margravine Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach

Margravine Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach (3 July 1682 – 22 December 1755) was a German princess.

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Maria Choglokova

Maria Semenovna Choglokova née Hendrikova (1723 - 19 March 1756), was a Russian lady-in-waiting and noble.

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Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

Maria Feodorovna (26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928), known before her marriage as Princess Dagmar of Denmark, was a Danish princess and Empress of Russia as spouse of Emperor Alexander III (reigned 1881–1894).

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Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)

Maria Feodorovna (Мария Фёдоровна; née Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg; 25 October 1759 – 5 November 1828) was Empress consort of Russia as the second wife of Tsar Paul I. Born Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, she was a daughter of Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg and his wife, Friederike Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

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Maria Perekusikhina

Maria Savvishna Perekusikhina (Марья Саввишна Перекусихина) (1739–1824), was a Russian memoirist, a lady's maid of Empress Catherine the Great of Russia.

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Maria Rumyantseva

Countess Maria Andreyevna Rumyantseva née Matveyeva (1699–1788) was a Russian lady in waiting and alleged royal mistress of Tsar Peter the Great.

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Maria Sergeyeva

Maria Sergeyeva is a Russian political activist.

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

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Marie Marguerite Bihéron

Marie Marguerite Bihéron (17 November 1719 – 1795) (also known as Marie Catherine Bihéron) was a French anatomist, known for her medical illustrations and wax figure models.

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Marie-Anne Collot

Marie-Anne Collot (1748 – 24 February 1821) was a French sculptor.

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Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier

Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier (27 September 1752, Paris – 20 June 1817, Aix-la-Chapelle), called Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier, was a member of the Académie française and the Choiseul-Gouffier family, French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1784 until the fall of the French monarchy and a scholar of ancient Greece.

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Marie-Thérèse Reboul

Marie-Thérèse Reboul (26 February 1738—4 January 1806), commonly called Madame Vien, was a French painter and engraver of natural history subjects, still lifes, and flowers.

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Mariinsky Theatre

The Mariinsky Theatre (Мариинский театр, Mariinskiy Teatr, also spelled Maryinsky or Mariyinsky) is a historic theatre of opera and ballet in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra

The Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra or just the Mariinsky Orchestra (formerly known as the Kirov Orchestra) is located in the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Marina Aleksandrova

Marina Andreevna Pupenina, known under her pseudonym Marina Aleksandrova (Мари́на Андре́евна Пупе́нина; born 29 August 1982) is a Russian actress.

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Maritime fur trade

The maritime fur trade was a ship-based fur trade system that focused on acquiring furs of sea otters and other animals from the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and natives of Alaska.

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Mariupol Greek

Mariupolitan Greek, also known as Rumeíka (Rumaiica, from Ρωμαίικα, "Romaic"; Румейский язык; Румейська мова), is the Greek dialect spoken by the ethnic Greeks living along the northern coast of the Sea of Azov, in southeastern Ukraine.

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Mariya Zubova

Mariya Voinovna Zubova (Russian: Мария Воиновна Зубова), (1749–1799) was a Russian composer and concert singer, known for her folksongs.

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Mariyam Kaba'afa'anu Rani Kilege

Mariyam Kaba'afa'anu Rani Kilege (died 1691) was a Sultana consort of the Maldives by marriage to sultan Ibrahim Iskandar I of the Maldives.

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Mariyinsky Palace

Mariyinsky Palace (Маріїнський палац, Mariyins'kyi palats) is the official ceremonial residence of the President of Ukraine in Kiev and adjoins the neo-classical building of the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) of Ukraine.

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Marks, Russia

Marks (Маркс), also spelled Marx, named after Karl Marx, is a town in Saratov Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Saratov, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Martin Sauer (explorer)

Martin Sauer (fl. 1785-1806) was an English civil servant, stockbroker and explorer.

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Mary Hamilton (lady in waiting)

Mary Hamilton, or Maria Danilovna Gamentova (died 14 March 1719), was the lady-in-waiting of Empress Catherine I of Russia and a royal mistress of Tsar Peter the Great of Russia.

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Matsumae clan

The was a Japanese clan which was granted the area around Matsumae, Hokkaidō as a march fief in 1590 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and charged with defending it, and by extension the whole of Japan, from the Ainu 'barbarians' to the north.

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Matthew Boulton

Matthew Boulton (3 September 1728 – 17 August 1809) was an English manufacturer and business partner of Scottish engineer James Watt.

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Matthew Chizhov

Matthew Afanasyevich Chizhov (Матвей Афанасьевич Чижов) (1838–1916) was a Russian sculptor.

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Matvey Dmitriev-Mamonov

Count Matvey Alexandrovich Dmitriev-Mamonov (Матвей Александрович Дмитриев-Мамонов; in Moscow – at Vassilyevskoye manor, today within the city borders of Moscow) - was a Russian figure of public life and writer, organiser and chief of the Mamonov regiment during the Napoleonic wars, major general (1813), founder of the pre-decembrist Russian Order of Chivalry.

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Matvey Kazakov

Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov (Матве́й Фёдорович Казако́в, 1738 – 7 November 1812) was a Russian Neoclassical architect.

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Maximilian of Hesse-Kassel

Maximilian of Hesse-Kassel (28 May 1689, Marburg – 8 May 1753, Kassel) was a prince of Hesse-Kassel and a Generalfeldzeugmeister, Generalfeldmarschall and finally Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall in the army of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Maximilian von Alopaeus

Baron Maximilian von Alopaeus (also Magnus Martin Alopäus; 21 January 1748—16 May 1822) (Алопеус Максим Максимович, Alopeus Maksim Maksimovich) was a Russian diplomat, born at Vyborg and educated at Åbo, afterwards at Göttingen, was intended for the ecclesiastical profession, but his employment as secretary by Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian ambassador at the Swedish court, was the first step in a gradual rise through the political ranks.

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May 1916

The following events occurred in May 1916.

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May 2

No description.

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May Night

May Night (Майская ночь, Mayskaya noch) is a comic opera in three acts, four scenes, by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov from a libretto by the composer and is based on Nikolai Gogol's story "May Night, or the Drowned Maiden", from his collection Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka.

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Málaga and Sierras de Málaga

Málaga and Sierras de Málaga are two different Spanish Denominaciones de Origen (DO) for wines in the province of Málaga (Andalusia, Spain).

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Märcani Mosque

The Märcani Mosque (pronounced; Cyrillic: (әл-)Мәрҗани мәчете; formerly Äfände, i.e. Seigniorial, The First Cathedral Mosque, The Yunısovs' Mosque), also spelled al-Marjani, Mardjani and Mardzhani (Мечеть (аль-)Марджани́) is a mosque in Kazan, Russia, built in 1766-1770 by Catherine the Great's authority and on the city's population's donations.

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Måns von Rosenstein

Magnus (Måns) Rosén von Rosenstein né Aurivillius (9 March 1755 – 14 November 1801) was a Swedish Navy rear admiral.

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Mõigu cemetery

The Mõigu cemetery (Friedhof von Moik or Kirchhof von Moik), Mõigu kalmistu) was a large Baltic German cemetery, located in the Tallinn suburb of Mõigu in Estonia. It served as the primary burial ground for the usually wealthy and noble citizens of the Toompea parish of Tallinn. Containing numerous graves, it stood for over 170 years from 1774 to shortly after World War II when it was completely flattened and destroyed by the Soviet occupation authorities governing the country at that time.Rein Taagepera, Estonia: Return to Independence, Westview Press 1993,, page 189 Its origins and destruction are very similar to that of the Kopli cemetery (also in Tallinn).

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Münchhausen (film)

Münchhausen is a 1943 fantasy comedy film directed by Josef von Báky.

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Meanings of minor planet names: 6001–7000

019 | 6019 Telford || || Thomas Telford (1757–1834), a Scottish civil engineer and famed builder of roads, canals, bridges, tunnels and harbors.

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Mežotne Palace

Mežotne Palace (Mežotnes pils, Schloss Mesothen) is a manor house located in Mežotne municipality in Bauska district, in the Semigallia region of Latvia.

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Meeting of Minds

Meeting of Minds is a television series, created by Steve Allen, which aired on PBS from 1977 to 1981.

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Megali Idea

The Megali Idea (Μεγάλη Ιδέα, Megáli Idéa, "Great Idea") was an irredentist concept of Greek nationalism that expressed the goal of establishing a Greek state that would encompass all historically ethnic Greek-inhabited areas, including the large Greek populations that were still under Ottoman rule after the Greek War of Independence (1830) and all the regions that traditionally belonged to Greeks in ancient times (the Southern Balkans, Anatolia and Cyprus).

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Melbourne Winter Masterpieces series

The Melbourne Winter Masterpieces is an annual series of major exhibitions held over 100 days in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

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Melitopol

Melitopol (Меліто́поль, translit. Melitópol’, Мелитополь) is a city in Zaporizhia Oblast (region) of southeastern Ukraine.

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Melkhisedek (Znachko-Yavorsky)

Melkhisedek (Znachko-Yavorsky) (Мельхіседек (Значко-Яворський)) is famous religious figure and Archimandrite of the Kyivan Rus-Ukraine.

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Mennonites

The Mennonites are members of certain Christian groups belonging to the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496–1561) of Friesland (which today is a province of the Netherlands).

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Meshchovsk

Meshchovsk (Мещо́вск) is a town and the administrative center of Meshchovsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Tureya River southwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Metropolitanate of Gothia

The Metropolitanate of Gothia (also of Gothia and Caffa; also known as the Eparchy of Gothia, in Russian Готская епархия, or as Metropolitanate of Doros, Доросская митрополия), was a diocese of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Middle Ages.

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Mezen horse

The Mezen horse or Mezenok is a Russian breed of draft horse similar to the Pechora.

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Mezhyhirya Monastery

The Mezhyhirya Savior-Transfiguration Monastery (Межигірський Спасо-Преображенський монастир, Mezhyhirskyi Spaso-Preobrazhenskyi Monastyr) was an Eastern Orthodox female monastery that was located in the neighborhood of Mezhyhiria.

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Mezhyhirya Residence

The Mezhyhirya Residence (Межигір'я, Mežihìr’â) is an estate in Ukraine where Viktor Yanukovych lived when he was Prime Minister and then President of Ukraine and is now a museum displaying Yanukovych's luxurious lifestyle.

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Michael Maddox

Michael Maddox (1747–1822; Russian: Михаил Егорович Маддокс, Mikhail Yegorovich Maddox, also spelled Medoks, Maddocks, Mattocks) was an English entrepreneur and theatre manager active in Imperial Russia.

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Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov

Count Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov (Михаи́л Илларио́нович Воронцо́в) (12 July 1714 – 15 February 1767) was a Russian statesman and diplomat, who laid foundations for the fortunes of the Vorontsov family.

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Mikhail Ivanovich Popov

Mikhail Ivanovich Popov (Михаи́л Ива́нович Попов) (1742, Yaroslavl – circa 1790) was a Russian writer, poet, dramatist and opera librettist of the 18th century.

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Mikhail Kakhovsky

Count Mikhail Vasilyevich Kakhovski (Михаил Васильевич Каховский; 1734–1800) was a senior Russian general who led the imperial army to a rapid and brilliant victory in the Polish–Russian War of 1792.

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Mikhail Kamensky

Count Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky (Михаи́л Федо́тович Каме́нский; 19 May 1738 – 12 August 1809) was a Russian Field Marshal prominent in the Catherinian wars and the Napoleonic campaigns.

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Mikhail Kheraskov

Mikhail Matveyevich Kheraskov (Михаи́л Матве́евич Хера́сков; –) was Russian poet and playwright.

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Mikhail Krechetnikov

belor Michael N. Kretchetnikov (1729– 9 May 1793) was a Russian military commander and General of Infantry.

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Mikhail Kutuzov

Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (князь Михаи́л Илларио́нович Голени́щев-Куту́зов) was a Field Marshal of the Russian Empire.

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Mikhail Levashev

Mikhail D. Levashev (Михаи́л Дми́триевич Левашо́в; spelt "Levashef" in the United States) (c. 1738–1774-76) was a Russian explorer and Lieutenant of the Imperial Russian Navy.

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Mikhail Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (ləmɐˈnosəf|a.

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Mikhail Mikeshin

Mikhail Osipovich Mikeshin (1835 — 1896) was a Russian artist who regularly worked for the Romanov family and designed a number of outdoor statues in the major cities of the Russian Empire.

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Mikhail Shcherbatov

Prince Mikhailo Mikhailovich Shcherbatov (Михаи́л Миха́йлович Щерба́тов, July 22, 1733 – December 12, 1790) was a leading ideologue and exponent of the Russian Enlightenment, on the par with Mikhail Lomonosov and Nikolay Novikov.

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Mikhail Sushkov

Mikhail Vasilyevich Sushkov (Russian: Михаил Васильевич Сушков) (1775–1792) was a young Russian nobleman and writer of a small body of prose and poetry, notable for his autobiographical suicide novel.

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Miles Edmund Cotman

Miles Edmund Cotman (5 February 1810 –23 January 1858) was an English artist of the Norwich School of painters, the eldest son of John Sell Cotman.

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Military history of Georgia

The country of Georgia has known a rich military history, both as a battlefield of empires and as an independent political and military power.

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Military history of Iran

With thousands of years of recorded history, and due to an unchanging geographic (and subsequently geopolitical) condition, Iran (previously known as Persia in the West until 1935) has had a long, varied, and checkered military culture and history, ranging from triumphant and unchallenged ancient military supremacy affording effective superpower status in its day, to a series of near catastrophic defeats (beginning with the destruction of Elam) at the hand of previously subdued and conquered peripheral nations (including Greece, Macedon and the Asiatic nomadic tribes at the Eastern boundary of the lands traditionally home to the Iranian people).

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Military history of the Russian Empire

The military history of the Russian Empire encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the Russian Empire participated.

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Millennium of Russia

The Millennium of Russia (Russian Тысячелетие России) is a bronze monument in the Novgorod Kremlin.

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Millerovo, Millerovsky District, Rostov Oblast

Millerovo (Ми́ллерово) is a town and the administrative center of Millerovsky District in Rostov Oblast, Russia.

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Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)

This is a list of foreign ministers of Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation.

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Ministry of Finance (Russia)

Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (Министерство финансов Российской Федерации, Минфин России, MinFin) is a federal ministry, responsible for general financial policy and for general management in the field of finance of the Russian Federation.

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Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)

The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (MOI, Министерство внутренних дел, МВД, Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del, MVD) is the interior ministry of Russia.

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Ministry of State Property

The Ministry of State Property, sometimes translated as the Ministry of State Domains,http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/563897/Ministry-of-State-Domains (Министерство государственных имуществ (МГИ), Ministerstvo gosudarstvennykh imushestv (MGI) was the ministry in the government of the Russian Empire which controlled government-owned lands and any other government property, especially farms and agricultural land, and prior to the abolition of serfdom, the government peasants that worked the lands.

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Miracle of the Moose

Venerable Macarius' Miracle of the Moose (Чу́до преподо́бного Мака́рия У́нженского о лосе́) is a miracle associated with the name of Venerable Macarius of the Yellow Water Lake and the Unzha (1349-1444), a Saint of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Mirza

Mirza (or; میرزا) is a name of Persian origin.

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Mistress (lover)

A mistress is a relatively long-term female lover and companion who is not married to her partner, especially when her partner is married to someone else.

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Moïse de Camondo

Count Moïse de Camondo (15 March 1860 – 14 November 1935) was an Ottoman Empire-born French banker and art collector.

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Modern Greek

Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα "Neo-Hellenic", historically and colloquially also known as Ρωμαίικα "Romaic" or "Roman", and Γραικικά "Greek") refers to the dialects and varieties of the Greek language spoken in the modern era.

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Modern history

Modern history, the modern period or the modern era, is the linear, global, historiographical approach to the time frame after post-classical history.

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Modern history of Ukraine

Ukraine emerges as the concept of a nation, and the Ukrainians as a nationality, with the Ukrainian National Revival which is believed started sometime at the end of 18th and the beginning of 19th century.

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Molla Panah Vagif

Molla Panah Vagif (Molla Pənah Vaqif., 1717-1797) was an 18th-century Azerbaijani poet, the founder of the realism genre in the Azerbaijani poetry and also a prominent statesman and diplomat, vizier – the minister of foreign affairs in the Karabakh khanate.

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Molochansk

Molochansk (Молочанск) is a city in Tokmak Raion of Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine.

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Monarchism

Monarchism is the advocacy of a monarch or monarchical rule.

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Mongols

The Mongols (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

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Montesquieu

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher.

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Monument to Alexander Pushkin (Rostov-on-Don)

Monument to Alexander Pushkin in Rostov-on-Don ― a statue in the center of Rostov-on-Don.

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Monument to Alexander Suvorov (Azov)

Monument to Alexander Suvorov (Памятник Александру Суворову) — is a monument to a Russian Generalissimo Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov in the city of Azov, Rostov Oblast, Russia.

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Monument to Peter I (St. Michael's Castle)

The Monument to Peter I (памятник Петру I) is a bronze equestrian monument of Peter the Great in front of the St. Michael's Castle in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Monument to the founders of Odessa

Monument to the founders of Odessa, also known as monument to Catherine the Great and her companions: José de Ribas, François Sainte de Wollant, Platon Zubov and Grigory Potemkin.

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Morganatic marriage

Morganatic marriage, sometimes called a left-handed marriage, is a marriage between people of unequal social rank, which in the context of royalty prevents the passage of the husband's titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage.

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Morocco–Russia relations

Morocco–Russia relations (علاقات مغربية روسية., Российско-марокканские отношения) is the bilateral relationship between Russia and Morocco.

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Morshansk

Morshansk (Морша́нск) is a town in Tambov Oblast, Russia, located on the Tsna River (Oka's basin) north of Tambov.

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Morteza Qoli Khan Qajar

Morteza Qoli Khan Qajar (مرتضی قلی خان قاجار, b. 1750/1755 - died either 1798 in St. Petersburg or 1800 at Astrakhan) - was a prince of Persia's Qajar dynasty, and the brother of Agha Mohammad Khan.

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Moscow

Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.

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Moscow Gostiny Dvor

The Old Merchant Court (Russian: Старый гостиный двор) in Moscow occupies a substantial portion of Kitai-gorod, as the old merchant district is known.

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Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin (p), usually referred to as the Kremlin, is a fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west.

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Moscow Orphanage

The Moscow Orphanage or Foundling Home (Воспитательный дом в Москве) was an ambitious project conceived by Catherine the Great and Ivan Betskoy, in the early 1760s.

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Moscow plague riot of 1771

Plague Riot (Чумной бунт in Russian) was a riot in Moscow in 1771 between September 15 and September 17, caused by an outbreak of bubonic plague.

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Moscow State Academy of Choreography

The Moscow State Academy of Choreography (Московская государственная академия хореографии, commonly known as The Bolshoi Ballet Academy, is one of the oldest and most prestigious schools of ballet in the world, located in Moscow, Russia. It is the affiliate school of the Bolshoi Ballet. The Bolshoi Ballet receives the majority of its dancers from the Academy, as do most other Moscow ballet companies. Numerous choreographers, instructors and graduates of the academy have become renowned in Russian ballet and internationally, including Olga Lepeshinskaya, Raisa Struchkova, Natalia Bessmertnova, Ekaterina Maximova, Maya Plisetskaya, Nikolai Fadeyechev, Vladimir Vasiliev, Mikhail Lavronsky, Nikolay Tsiskaridze, to be bestowed a People's Artist of the USSR, "prima ballerina assoluta" and "premier dancer", the ultimate title for a ballet performer of the Soviet Union.

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Moscow State University

Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ) is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia.

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Moskvoretskaya Embankment

Moskvoretskaya Embankment (Москворецкая Набережная) is a major street, located in the Kitay-Gorod administrative district in central Moscow, running along the Moskva River.

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Mulovsky expedition

The Mulovsky expedition was a Russian naval expedition planned by Catherine II of Russia, to be led by Captain Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky.

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Munjor, Kansas

Munjor is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Wheatland Township, Ellis County, Kansas, United States.

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Musée Nissim de Camondo

The Musée Nissim de Camondo is an elegant house museum of French decorative arts located in the Hôtel Camondo, 63, rue de Monceau, at the edge of the Parc Monceau, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France.

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Museum

A museum (plural musea or museums) is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance.

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Museum of Banking History in Sumy Oblast and the History of Money

The Museum of Banking history in the Sumy oblast and the History of Ukrainian Money (Музей розвитку банківської справи на Сумщині та історії грошей) located at the State higher educational institution "Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine" in Sumy.

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Museum of Military History, Vienna

The Museum of Military History – Military History Institute (Heeresgeschichtliches Museum – Militärhistorisches Institut) in Vienna is the leading museum of the Austrian Armed Forces.

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Music of Russia

Music of Russia denotes music produced from Russia and/or by Russians.

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Mytishchi

Mytishchi (p) is a city and the administrative center of Mytishchinsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, which lies to the northeast of Russia's capital Moscow, on the Yauza River and the Moscow–Yaroslavl railway.

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Nakaz

Nakaz, or Instruction, of Catherine the Great (Наказ Екатерины II Комиссии о составлении проекта нового Уложения) was a statement of legal principles written by Catherine II of Russia, and permeated with the ideas of the French Enlightenment.

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Nakhichevan-on-Don

Nakhichevan-on-Don (Нахичевань-на-Дону, Naxičevan’-na-Donu), also known as New Nakhichevan (Նոր Նախիջևան, Nor Naxiĵevan; as opposed to the "old" Nakhichevan), was a city near Rostov-on-Don, in southern Russia founded in 1779 by Armenians from Crimea.

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Name of Russia (Russia TV)

Name of Russia (Имя Россия, "The Name Russia") was a project of the Russia TV channel aimed to elect the most notable personality in Russian history through Internet, radio and television voting.

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NASU Institute of History of Ukraine

Institute of History of Ukraine is a research institute in Ukraine that is part of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine department of history, philosophy and law and studies a wide spectrum of problems in history of Ukraine.

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Natalia Alexeievna (Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt)

Tsesarevna Natalia Alexeievna of Russia (25 June 1755 – 15 April 1776) was the first wife of the future Tsar Paul I of Russia, son of the Empress Catherine II.

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Natalia Zagryazhskaya

Natalia Kirillovna Zagryazhskaya (née Razumovskaya; 5 September 1747 – 19 May 1837) was a Russian philanthropist, salonist and lady-in-waiting.

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Nathaniel Dimsdale

Nathaniel Dimsdale, FRS (11 April 1748 – 3 July 1811) was a British physician and MP who received a Barony of the Russian Empire for his work in Russia on smallpox vaccination.

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National Gallery

The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London.

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National library

A national library is a library specifically established by the government of a country to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country.

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National Library of Poland

The National Library of Poland (Biblioteka Narodowa) is the central Polish library, subject directly to the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland.

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National Library of Russia

The National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg (known as the Imperial Public Library from 1795 to 1917; Russian Public Library from 1917 to 1925; State Public Library from 1925 to 1992 (since 1932 named after M.Saltykov-Shchedrin); NLR), is not only the oldest public library in the nation, but also the first national library in the country.

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Naval stores

Naval stores are all products derived from pine sap, which are used to manufacture soap, paint, varnish, shoe polish, lubricants, linoleum, and roofing materials.

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Neoclassical architecture

Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century.

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Neoclassical architecture in Russia

The neoclassical architecture in Russia grew in the second half of 18th century especially after the accession to the throne of Catherine the Great that on June 28, 1762 became Empress of Russia.

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Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism (from Greek νέος nèos, "new" and Latin classicus, "of the highest rank") is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of classical antiquity.

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Nesvizh Castle

Niasviž Castle or Nesvizh Castle (Нясьвіскі замак, Niasvižski zamak, zamek w Nieświeżu, Nesvyžius) is a residential castle of the Radziwiłł family in Niasviž, Belarus.

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Neubergthal

Neubergthal is a National Historic Site of Canada and an unincorporated rural community in Division No. 3, Manitoba, Canada.

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Neutral country

A neutral country is a state, which is either neutral towards belligerents in a specific war, or holds itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts (including avoiding entering into military alliances such as NATO).

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Neva Enfilade of the Winter Palace

The Neva Enfilade of the Winter Palace, St Petersburg, is a series of three large halls arranged in an enfilade along the palace's massive facade facing the River Neva.

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Nevsky Prospect

Nevsky Prospect (p) is the main street in the city of St. Petersburg, Russia, named after the 13th-century Russian prince Alexander Nevsky.

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Nichita Smochină

Nichita P. Smochină (Russian and Moldovan Cyrillic: Никита Смокинэ, Nikita Smokine; also known as M. Florin; March 14, 1894 – December 14, 1980) was a Transnistrian-born activist, scholar and political figure, especially noted for campaigning on behalf of ethnic Romanians in the Soviet Union.

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Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia

Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich and Grand Duke of Russia (Цесаревич Николай Александрович, Наследник-Цесаревич и Великий Князь) (–) was Tsesarevich—the heir apparent—of Imperial Russia from 2 March 1855 until his death in 1865.

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Nicholas Fandorin

Nicholas Fandorin is the protagonist of four novels by Boris Akunin, subtitled Приключения магистра "adventures of the magister ". The uniting concept of the series is that each novel combines two storylines, one set in present-day Russia (in 1995 to 2005), and a related one set in the Tsarist Russia (in the 1670s, 1790s, and 1860s).

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Nicholas I of Russia

Nicholas I (r; –) was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855.

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Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay

Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay (Николай Николаевич Миклухо-Маклай; 1846–1888) was a Russian explorer, ethnologist, anthropologist and biologist who became famous as one of the earliest scientists to settle among and study a people in New Guinea who had never seen a European.

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Nicholas Repnin

Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin (Никола́й Васи́льевич Репни́н; –) was an Imperial Russian statesman and general from the Repnin princely family who played a key role in the dissolution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Nicolas Benjamin Delapierre

Nicolas Benjamin Delapierre (c. 1739 – 24 January 1802) was a well-known and highly regarded French artist during the second half of the 18th century.

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Nicolas Henri Joseph de Fassin

Nicolas Henri Joseph de Fassin (20 April 1728 – 21 January 1811) was a landscape painter from Liège in the Southern Netherlands.

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Nidda, Hesse

Nidda is a town in the district Wetterau, in Hesse, Germany.

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Niels Ditlev Riegels

Niels Ditlev Riegels (also Riegelsen) (1755 – 24 August 1802) was a Danish historian, journalist and pamphleteer.

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Nikephoros Theotokis

Nikephoros Theotokis or Nikiforos Theotokis (Никифор Феотоки or Никифор Феотокис; 1731–1800) was a Greek scholar and theologian, who became an archbishop in the southern provinces of the Russian Empire.

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Nikita Ivanovich Panin

Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin (Ники́та Ива́нович Па́нин) was an influential Russian statesman and political mentor to Catherine the Great for the first 18 years of her reign (1762-1780). In that role, he advocated the Northern Alliance, closer ties with Frederick the Great of Prussia and the establishment of an advisory privy council.

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Nikolai Arkharov

Nikolai Petrovich Arkharov (Николай Петрович Архаров) (7 May 1740 – January 1814) was a Russian police chief best known for having given his name to the Russian term "arkharovtsy", an ironic appellation of policemen.

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Nikolai Gagarin

Prince (Knyaz) Nikolai Sergeevich Gagarin (князь Николай Сергеевич Гагарин; July 12, 1784—July 25, 1842) Born in London to the Rurikid Gagarin family, Prince Gagarin was appointed to the Highest command of the 1st infantry during a drawing up of the Moscow military force (July 1812).

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Nikolai Rezanov

Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov (Николай Петрович Резанов) (&ndash) was a Russian nobleman and statesman who promoted the project of Russian colonization of Alaska and California to three successive Tsars—Catherine the Great, Paul, and Aleksander I. Aleksander I commissioned him as Russian ambassador to Japan (1804) to conclude a commercial treaty.

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Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (a; Russia was using old style dates in the 19th century, and information sources used in the article sometimes report dates as old style rather than new style. Dates in the article are taken verbatim from the source and are in the same style as the source from which they come.) was a Russian composer, and a member of the group of composers known as The Five.

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Nikolai Saltykov

Count, then Prince Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (Russian: Николай Иванович Салтыков, 31 October 1736 – 28 May 1816), a member of the Saltykov noble family, was a Russian Field Marshal and imperial courtier.

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Nikolai Sheremetev

Nikolai Petrovich Sheremetev (Никола́й Петро́вич Шереметев) (28 June 1751 - 2 January 1809 O.S., 9 July 1751 - 14 January 1809 N.S.) was a Russian count, the son of Petr Borisovich Sheremetev, notable grandee of the epoch of empresses Anna Ivanovna, Elizabeth Petrovna, and Catherine II.

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Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov

Count Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov (Николай Александрович Зубов; 24 April 1763 – 9 August 1805) was the eldest of the Zubov brothers who, together with Count Pahlen, masterminded the conspiracy to assassinate Tsar Paul of Russia.

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Nikolay Arsenyev

Nikolay Dmitrievich Arsenyev (Никола́й Дми́триевич Арсе́ньев, b. circa. 1739 – d. 1796) was a major-general of the Russian Empire, who served during the reign of Catherine the Great (r. 1762–1796).

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Nikolay Lvov

Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov (May 4, 1753 – December 21, 1803) was a Russian artist of the Age of Enlightenment.

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Nikolay Novikov

Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov (Никола́й Ива́нович Новико́в) (Moscow Governorate –. Moscow Governorate) was a Russian writer and philanthropist most representative of his country's Enlightenment.

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Nikolay Raevsky

Nikolay Nikolayevich Raevsky (Николай Николаевич Раевский; —) was a Russian general and statesman who achieved fame for his feats of arms during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Nikolay Yusupov

Prince Nikolai Borisovich Yusupov (Князь Никола́й Бори́сович Юсу́пов; – 15 July 1831) was a Russian nobleman and art collector of the House of Yusupov.

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Nina Arkina

Nina Arkina (1891–1980) was a Russian-born Norwegian writer.

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Ninasi

Ninasi is a village in Mustvee Parish, Jõgeva County in northeastern Estonia.

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Nizhyn Regiment

The Nizhyn Regiment (Ніжинський полк) was one of ten territorial-administrative subdivisions of the Cossack Hetmanate.

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Nogais

The Nogais are a Turkic ethnic group who live in southern European Russia, mainly in the North Caucasus region.

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Noginsk

Noginsk (Ноги́нск) is a city and the administrative center of Noginsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located east of the Moscow Ring Road on the Klyazma River.

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Norfolk Island

Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia, directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about from Lord Howe Island.

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Northern Catherine Canal

Northern Ekaterininsky Canal (Cеверо-Екатерининский канал, Severo-Yekaterininsky Kanal), or Catherine's Canal is an abandoned canal in the Komi Republic and Perm Krai in northern Russia, connecting the basin of the Northern Dvina with that of the Kama, a tributary of the Volga.

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November 17

No description.

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Novgorod Governorate

Novgorod Governorate (Новгоро́дская губе́рния, Novgorodskaya guberniya, Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a guberniya) of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1727 to 1776 and from 1796 to 1927.

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Novgorod Viceroyalty

Novgorod Viceroyalty (Новгоро́дское наме́стничество) was an administrative division (a namestnichestvo) of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1776–1796.

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Novodevichii Institute

The Novodevichii Institute was a famous Russian school for girls.

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Novorossiya

Novorossiya (a; Noua Rusie), literally New Russia but sometimes called South Russia, is a historical term of the Russian Empire denoting a region north of the Black Sea (Now part of Ukraine).

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Novorossiya Governorate

New Russia Governorate, or Novorossiya Governorate (Новоросси́йская губе́рния; translit.: Novorossiyskaya guberniya), was a governorate of the Russian Empire in the previously Ottoman and Cossack territories, that existed from 1764 until the 1783 administrative reform.

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Novorzhev

Novorzhev (Новорже́в) is a town and the administrative center of Novorzhevsky District in Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the Sorot River southeast of Pskov, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Obolenskoye, Zhukovsky District, Kaluga Oblast

Obolensk (Оболенск) was a city in Russia, and in the medieval period one of the Upper Oka Principalities, situated at the Protva River (some 80 km south-to-southwest of Moscow, or some 20 km downstream (east) of Obninsk).

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Odessa

Odessa (Оде́са; Оде́сса; אַדעס) is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major tourism center, seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.

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Odessa Museum of Regional History

The Odessa Museum of Regional History is a historical museum in Odessa, Ukraine.

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Ogre, Latvia

Ogre (Oger; Uogrė) (population 26,573 in 2000 census) is the principal town of Ogre Municipality (and previously Ogre District) in Central Latvia, east of the capital Riga, situated at the confluence of the Daugava and Ogre rivers.

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Oirats

Oirats (Oirad or Ойрд, Oird; Өөрд; in the past, also Eleuths) are the westernmost group of the Mongols whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of western Mongolia.

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Old Believers

In Eastern Orthodox church history, the Old Believers, or Old Ritualists (старове́ры or старообря́дцы, starovéry or staroobryádtsy) are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church as they existed prior to the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666.

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Old Sarepta

Old Sarepta (Russian Старая Сарепта) now Krasnoarmeysky Rayon, is a district of Volgograd, in Russia.

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Olga Constantinovna of Russia

| name.

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Olga Nikolaevna of Russia

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (11 September 1822 – 30 October 1892) was a member of the Russian imperial family who became Queen consort of Württemberg.

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Olga Zherebtsova

Olga Alexandrovna Zherebtsova, née Zubova, also known as Madame Gerebtzoff (Ольга Александровна Жеребцова, 1766–1849), was the sister of the celebrated Zubov brothers, Prince Platon and Counts Nikolay and Valerian.

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Olga Zhiznyeva

Olga Andryevna Zhiznyeva (Russian: Ольга Андреевна Жизнева; April 17, 1899November 10, 1972) was a famous Soviet actress.

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Olhopil, Vinnytsia Oblast

Olhopil (Ольго́піль, Ольгополь) is a village in Chechelnyk Raion of Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine.

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Omsk Oblast

Omsk Oblast (О́мская о́бласть, Omskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southwestern Siberia.

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On Crimes and Punishments

On Crimes and Punishments (Dei delitti e delle pene), is a treatise written by Cesare Beccaria in 1764.

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Oral, Kazakhstan

Oral (Орал), Ural'sk (Уральск) in Russian, formerly known as Yaitsk (Russian: Яицк, until 1775), is a city in northwestern Kazakhstan, at the confluence of the Ural and Chogan rivers close to the Russian border.

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Order of chivalry

A chivalric order, order of chivalry, order of knighthood or equestrian order is an order, confraternity or society of knights typically founded during or in inspiration of the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (circa 1099-1291), paired with medieval concepts of ideals of chivalry.

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Order of Saint Vladimir

The Order of Saint Vladimir (Орден Святого Владимира) was an Imperial Russian Order established in 1782 by Empress Catherine II (r. 1762–1796) in memory of the deeds of Saint Vladimir, the Grand Prince and the Baptizer of the Kievan Rus'.

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Order of St. George

The Order of Saint George (Орден «Святого Георгия») is today the highest purely military decoration of the Russian Federation.

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Order of St. George (disambiguation)

The Order of Saint George or Order of St.

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Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly

The Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly (Оренбургское магометанское духовное собрание) was a state-controlled religious administration in the Russian Empire that had jurisdiction over certain aspects of Islamic activity in Siberia, the Volga-Ural region, and parts of Central Asia, including the Kazakh steppe.

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Orleans Collection

The Orleans Collection was a very important collection of over 500 paintings formed by Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, mostly acquired between about 1700 and his death in 1723.

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Orlov (diamond)

The Orlov (sometimes spelled Orloff) is a large diamond of Indian origin, currently displayed as a part of the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin.

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Orlov (family)

Orlov (Орлóв) is the name of a Russian noble family which produced several distinguished statesmen, diplomats and soldiers.

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Orlov revolt

The Orlov revolt (Ορλωφικά, Ορλοφικά, Ορλώφεια) was a Greek uprising in the Peloponnese and later also in Crete that broke out in February 1770, following the arrival of Russian Admiral Alexey Orlov, commander of the Imperial Russian Navy during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), to the Mani Peninsula.

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Orlov Trotter

The Orlov Trotter (also known as Orlov; Russian: орловский рысак) is a horse breed with a hereditary fast trot, noted for its outstanding speed and stamina.

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Osip Kozlovsky

Osip Antonovich Kozlovsky (also Joseph, Iosif Kozlowsky О́сип Анто́нович Козло́вский, also Иосиф or Юзеф Polish: Józef Kozłowski; (1757 in Propoysk –) in St Petersburg) was a Russian-Polish composer of Belarusian origin.

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Ostankino Palace

Ostankino Palace is a former summer residence and private opera theatre of Sheremetev family, originally situated several kilometres to the north from Moscow but now a part of the North-Eastern Administrative Okrug of Moscow.

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Ostromir Gospels

The Ostromir Gospels (Russian: Остромирово Евангелие) is the oldest dated East Slavic book.

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Ostrov, Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast

Ostrov (О́стров, lit. island) is a town and the administrative center of Ostrovsky District in Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the Velikaya River, south of Pskov, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Otradnoye, Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast

Otradnoye (Отра́дное) is a town in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located east of St. Petersburg on the left bank of the Neva River, at its confluence with the Tosna River.

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Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (ambassador)

Reichsgraf Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (1736–1800) was a diplomat of the Russian Empire.

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Otto Preminger

Otto Ludwig Preminger (5 December 1905 – 23 April 1986) was an American theatre and film director, originally from Austria-Hungary.

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Ottoman Greece

Most of the areas which today are within modern Greece's borders were at some point in the past a part of the Ottoman Empire.

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Pahonia

The Pahonia (Паго́ня, transliteration: Pahonia,; Pogoń, Vytis, literally: "Pursuer") is the historical coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, variation of which is being used as a current coat of arms of Lithuania.

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Painshill

Painshill (also referred to as "Pains Hill" in some 19th-century texts), near Cobham, Surrey, England, is one of the finest remaining examples of an 18th-century English landscape park.

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Palais Ficquelmont

The Saltykov Mansion is a neoclassical palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Pale of Settlement

The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости,, דער תּחום-המושבֿ,, תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב) was a western region of Imperial Russia with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917, in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish permanent or temporary residency was mostly forbidden.

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Pallas's leaf warbler

The Pallas's leaf warbler or Pallas's warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus) is a bird that breeds in mountain forests from southern Siberia east to northern Mongolia and northeast China.

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Panagiotis Benakis

Panagiotis Benakis (Παναγιώτης Μπενάκης; ca. 17001771) was a Greek notable of Kalamata in the 18th century, during the Ottoman rule over Greece.

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Paquita

Paquita is a ballet in two acts and three scenes originally choreographed by Joseph Mazilier to music by Édouard Deldevez and Ludwig Minkus.

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Paramythia

Paramythia (Παραμυθιά, Paramythiá) is a town and a former municipality in Thesprotia, Epirus, Greece.

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Paramythia Hoard

The Paramythia Hoard or Paramythia Treasure is the name of a Greco-Roman hoard of bronze figurines and other objects found in Paramythia, north-west Greece in the late 18th century.

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Partition Sejm

The Partition Sejm (Sejm Rozbiorowy) was a Sejm lasting from 1773 to 1775 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, convened by its three neighbours (the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria) in order to legalize their First Partition of Poland.

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Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.

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Pashkov House

The Pashkov House (Пашко́в дом) is a neoclassical mansion that stands on a hill overlooking the western wall of the Moscow Kremlin, near the crossing of the Mokhovaya and Vozdvizhenka streets.

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Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow

Patriarch Alexy II (or Alexius II, Патриарх Алексий II; secular name Alexey Mikhailovich von Ridiger Алексе́й Миха́йлович Ри́дигер; 23 February 1929 – 5 December 2008) was the 15th Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Patricia Highsmith

Patricia Highsmith (January 19, 1921 – February 4, 1995) was an American novelist and short story writer best known for her psychological thrillers, including her series of five novels based on the character of Tom Ripley.

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Patriotic Party

The Patriotic Party (Stronnictwo Patriotyczne), also known as the Patriot Party or, in English, as the Reform Party, was a political movement in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the period of the Four-Year Sejm (Great Sejm) of 1788–92, whose chief achievement was the Constitution of 3 May 1791.

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Paul de Lamerie

Paul de Lamerie (9 April 1688 – 1 August 1751) was a London-based silversmith.

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Paul Dukes (historian)

Paul Dukes (born 1934) is a retired historian at the University of Aberdeen who is known for his work relating to Russia and Europe.

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Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Paul Friedrich (15 September 1800 – 7 March 1842) ruled as Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1837 to 1842.

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Paul I of Russia

Paul I (Па́вел I Петро́вич; Pavel Petrovich) (–) reigned as Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801.

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Paul Philidor

Phylidor (17??– 7 March 1829), also spelled "Phylidoor" or "Philidor", also known as "Paul Filidort" and probably the same as Paul de Philipsthal, was a magician and a pioneer of phantasmagoria shows.

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Paul Roudakoff

Paul P. Roudakoff (17 December 1907 – 4 December 1993) was a Lt.

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Pavel Kridener

Paul Ludwig von Krüdener (Павел Алексеевич Криденер (Pavel Alexeevich Kridener); January 31, 1784 – January 29 1858, Kosse) was a Russian diplomat.

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Pavel Potemkin

Count Pavel Sergeevich Potemkin, also Potyomkin (Павел Серге́евич Потёмкин), (1743-1796) was an Imperial Russian statesman, soldier and writer.

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Pavel Tsitsianov

Prince Pavel Dmitriyevich Tsitsianov Павел Дмитриевич Цицианов, also known as Pavle Dimitris dze Tsitsishvili (პავლე ციციშვილი, —) was a Georgian nobleman and a prominent General of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Pavle Julinac

Pavle Julinac (1730-1785) was a Serbian writer, historian, traveller, soldier and diplomat in the Imperial Russian service.

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Pavlovsk Palace

Pavlovsk Palace (Павловский дворец) is an 18th-century Russian Imperial residence built by the order of Catherine the Great for her son, Grand Duke Paul, in Pavlovsk, within Saint Petersburg.

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Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg

Pavlovsk (Па́вловск) is a municipal town in Pushkinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located south from St. Petersburg proper and about southeast from Pushkin.

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Pârvu Cantacuzino

Pârvu III Cantacuzino, also known as Pârvul or Pîrvu Cantacuzino (? – late November 1769), was a high-ranking Wallachian statesman who served intermittently as Spatharios and Ban of Oltenia, primarily known as the leader of an anti-Ottoman rebellion.

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Peace of Zsitvatorok

The Peace of Zsitvatorok (or Treaty of Sitvatorok) was a peace treaty which ended the Fifteen Years' War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy on 11 November 1606.

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Peacock (Fabergé egg)

The Peacock egg is a jewel and rock crystal Easter egg made by Dorofeiev under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1908.

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Peacock Clock

The Peacock Clock is large automaton featuring three life-sized mechanical birds.

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Pella Palace

Pella Palace (Пеллинский дворец) was a summer residence built during the reign of Catherine II of Russia for her grandson, future emperor Alexander.

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Permanent Council

The Permanent Council was the highest administrative authority in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1775 and 1789 and the first modern executive government in Europe.

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Persecution of Muslims

Persecution of Muslims is the religious persecution inflicted upon followers of Islamic faith.

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Persian Expedition of 1796

The Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great, alongside the Persian Expedition of Peter the Great, was one of the Russo-Persian Wars of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for either belligerent.

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Peter Cunningham (priest)

Reverend Peter Cunningham was probably born in 1747 and died in Chertsey on 24 June 1805.

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Peter Edward Stroehling

Peter Edward Stroehling, also spelled Peter Eduard Ströhling, and sometimes Stroely or Straely (1768 – ca. 1826) was a portrait artist from either Germany or the Russian Empire who spent his later years based in London.

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Peter III of Russia

Peter III (21 February 1728 –) (Пётр III Фëдорович, Pyotr III Fyodorovich) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762.

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Peter Simon Pallas

Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia (1767–1810).

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Peter Tekeli

Peter Tekeli (Петр Авраамович Текели, Serbian: Петар Поповић Текелија or Petar Popović Tekelija, Tököly-Popovics Péter) (1720–1792) was a Russian general-in-chief of Serb origin.

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Peter von Biron

Peter von Biron (15 February 1724 – 13 January 1800) was the last Duke of Courland and Semigallia, from 1769 to 1795.

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Peterhof Grand Palace

The Peterhof Grand Palace (Большой Петергофский дворец) is actually a part of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great.

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Peterhof Palace

The Peterhof Palace (p, Dutch for Peter's Court) is a series of palaces and gardens located in Petergof, Saint Petersburg, Russia, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great.

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Petra Berger

Petra Berger, born Petra Pierrette Burger (Amstelveen, 23 October 1965), is a Dutch singer, composer, photographer, and musical actress.

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Petrovskoye-Alabino

Petrovskoye-Alabino (Петровское-Алабино) is a ruined country house near the village of Alabino, in the Naro-Fominsky District of the Moscow Oblast.

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Petrozavodsk

Petrozavodsk (p; Karelian, Vepsian & Petroskoi; Finland Swedish: Petroskoj) is the capital city of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, which stretches along the western shore of Lake Onega for some.

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Philip Trajetta

Philip Trajetta (Filippo Traetta) (January 8, 1777 – January 9, 1854) was an Italian-born American composer and music teacher.

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Philippe d'Auvergne

Philippe d'Auvergne (13 November 1754 – 18 September 1816) was a British naval officer and the adopted son of Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne the sovereign Duke of Bouillon.

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Pierre Crozat

Danae'' from Crozat's collection. Pierre Crozat (1665–1740) was a French art collector at the center of a broad circle of cognoscenti; he was the brother of Antoine Crozat.

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Pierre-André Le Suire

Pierre-André Le Suire (30 November 1742 - ?) was a French enameller.

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Pierre-Antoine Demachy

Pierre-Antoine Demachy (17 September 1723, Paris - 10 September 1807, Paris) was a French artist who specialized in painting ruins, Trompe-l'œil architectural decorations and imaginative scenes of Paris.

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Pieter van Woensel (doctor)

Pieter van Woensel (Haarlem, 1747 – The Hague, 1808) was a physician, adventurer, travel writer, navy medical officer, political cartoonist and a colourful, atheist author under the Turkish pseudonym Amurath-Effendi Hekim-Bachi (‘Chief Physician Mister Amurath’) in the satirical almanac de Lantaarn (the Lamp).

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Pietro Antonio Novelli

Pietro Antonio Novelli (1729–1804) was an Italian painter and engraver.

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Pietro Gonzaga

Pietro di Gottardo Gonzaga (Pierre Gothard Gonzague in contemporary French sources, Пьетро Гонзага in Russian sources, 25 March 1751 –) was an Italian theatre set designer who worked in Italy and, since 1792, in the Russian Empire.

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Pineapple

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples, and the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.

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Piter Poel

Piter Poel (17 June 1760 – 3 October 1837) was a diplomat who in his later years became the publisher if the "Altonaischer Mercurius" (newspaper).

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Platon Levshin

Plato II or Platon II (29 June 1737 – 11 November 1812) was the Metropolitan of Moscow from 1775 to 1812.

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Platon Zubov

Prince (Reichsfürst) Platon Alexandrovich Zubov (Платон Александрович Зубов) was the last of Catherine the Great's favourites and the most powerful man in the Russian Empire during the last years of her reign.

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Playhouse Presents

Playhouse Presents is a series of self-contained TV plays, made by British broadcaster Sky Arts.

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Pleasures and Palaces

Pleasures and Palaces is a musical with a book by Frank Loesser and Sam Spewack and music and lyrics by Loesser.

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Plungė District Municipal Public Library

Plungė District Municipal Public Library is a public library located in the town of Plungė, county of Telšiai, Samogitian region, Lithuania.

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Pogar (urban-type settlement)

Pogar (Погар) is an Urban-type settlement in Bryansk Oblast, Russia.

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Pogrom

The term pogrom has multiple meanings, ascribed most often to the deliberate persecution of an ethnic or religious group either approved or condoned by the local authorities.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Polish–Lithuanian royal election, 1764

The Seven Years' War, which ended in 1763, established a new pattern of political alliances in Europe.

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Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth was a proposed state that would have been based on a personal union between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia.

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Polish–Russian War of 1792

The Polish–Russian War of 1792 (also, War of the Second Partition, and in Polish sources, War in Defence of the Constitution (wojna w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja)) was fought between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other.

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Political history of the world

The political history of the world is the history of the various political entities created by the human race throughout their existence and the way these states define their borders.

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Political stagnation

Political stagnation, decline, or decadence is a condition in which a nation, empire, political party, or alliance experiences adverse conditions, ineffective leadership, hesitation, stalemate, or loss of identity.

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Polotsk

Polack (official transliteration), Polotsk or Polatsk (translit, translit, Połock, Polockas, Polotsk) is a historical city in Belarus, situated on the Dvina River.

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Poltava

Poltava (Полтава; Полтава) is a city located on the Vorskla River in central Ukraine.

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Polushka

A polushka (полушка, ~half) was a Russian coin with value equal to 1/4 kopek (100 kopeks.

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Pop out cake

A pop out cake, popout cake, jump out cake, or surprise cake is a large object made to serve as a surprise for a celebratory occasion.

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Port of Sevastopol

200px Sevastopol Marine Trade Port (SMTP) is a port in Sevastopol.

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Portrait of an Actor

Portrait of an Actor is a painting by Domenico Fetti in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Portugal–Russia relations

Portugal–Russia relations are foreign relations between Portugal and Russia.

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Potemkin village

In politics and economics, a Potemkin village (also Potyomkin village, derived from the потёмкинские деревни, potyomkinskiye derevni) is any construction (literal or figurative) built solely to deceive others into thinking that a situation is better than it really is.

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Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova

Praskovia Ivanovna Kovalyova-Zhemchugova also Kovaleva or Kovalyova, Kovaleva-Zhemchugova, Zhemchugova-Sheremeteva, and Sheremeteva or Sheremetyeva (Прасковья Ивановна Жемчугова, Ковалёва, Шереметева) (July 20, 1768 – February 23, 1803) was a Russian serf actress and soprano opera singer.

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Praskovya Bruce

Countess Praskovya Aleksandrovna Bruce (née Rumyantseva) (Прасковья Александровна Брюс; 1729–1785) was a Russian lady-in-waiting and noble, confidant of empress Catherine the Great.

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Pre-modern human migration

Paleolithic migration prior to end of the Last Glacial Maximum spread anatomically modern humans throughout Afro-Eurasia and to the Americas.

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Preobrazhensky Regiment

The Preobrazhensky Lifeguard Regiment was one of the oldest and most elite guard regiments of the Imperial Russian Army.

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President of Ukraine

The President of Ukraine (Президент України, Prezydent Ukrayiny) is the Ukrainian head of state.

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Presidio of Monterey, California

The Presidio of Monterey, located in Monterey, California, is an active US Army installation with historic ties to the Spanish colonial era.

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Prikaz

Prikaz (прика́з, prikaz) was an administrative (palace, civil, military, or church), judicial, territorial, and executive offices earlier in Muscovy and Russia of 15th-18th centuries.

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Prince

A prince is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family ranked below a king and above a duke.

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Prince Alexander of Kartli (1726–1791)

Alexander, son of Bakar (ალექსანდრე ბაქარის ძე) or Aleksandr Bakarovich Gruzinsky (Александр Бакарович Грузинский) (1726–1791) was a Georgian royal prince.

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Prince Alexander of the Netherlands

Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau (William Alexander Frederick Constantine Nicholas Michael, Willem Alexander Frederik Constantijn Nicolaas Michiel, Prins der Nederlanden, Prins van Oranje-Nassau; 2 August 1818 – 20 February 1848) was born at Soestdijk Palace, the second son to King William II of The Netherlands and Queen Anna Paulovna, daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia.

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Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–85)

Prince Friedrich Carl Nicolaus of Prussia (20 March 1828 – 15 June 1885) was the son of Prince Charles of Prussia (1801–1883) and his wife, Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1808–1877).

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Prince Georg Ludwig of Holstein-Gottorp

Prince Georg Ludwig of Holstein-Gottorp (16 March 1719 – 7 September 1763) was a Prussian lieutenant-general and an Imperial Russian field marshal.

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Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky

Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky (Гео́ргий Алекса́ндрович Ю́рьевский; 12 May 1872 – 13 September 1913) was the natural son of Alexander II of Russia by his mistress (and later wife), Catherine Dolgorukov.

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Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)

Frederick Henry Louis (Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig) (18 January 1726 – 3 August 1802), commonly known as Henry (Heinrich), was a Prince of Prussia and the younger brother of Frederick the Great.

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Prince Henry of the Netherlands (1820–1879)

Prince William Frederick Henry of the Netherlands (Dutch: Willem Frederik Hendrik; 13 June 1820 – 14 January 1879) was the third son of King William II of the Netherlands and his wife, Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia.

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Prince Maurice of the Netherlands

Prince Maurice of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau (Willem Frederik Maurits Alexander Hendrik Karel; 15 September 1843 – 4 June 1850), was the second son of King William III of the Netherlands and his first spouse, Sophie of Württemberg.

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Prince Mikhail Cantacuzène

Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Cantacuzène, Count Speransky (Михаи́л Миха́йлович Кантаку́зин, граф Сперанский; 29 April 1875 – 25 March 1955) was a Russian general.

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Prince Mirian of Georgia

Mirian (მირიანი; Мириан Ираклиевич Грузинский, Mirian Irakliyevich Gruzinsky) (19 August 1767 – 15 October 1834) was a Georgian prince (batonishvili) of the Bagrationi dynasty, born to King Heraclius II and Queen Darejan Dadiani.

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Prince Paul of Württemberg

Prince Paul of Württemberg (Paul Heinrich Karl Friedrich August; 19 January 1785 – 16 April 1852) was the fourth child and second son of King Frederick I and his wife, Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

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Prince William of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

Prince William of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (German: Wilhelm Carl Christian von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg; 12 March 1701, Gotha - 31 May 1771, Tonna) was a German prince of the Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg house, a junior line of the Ernestine Wettins.

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Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt

Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (20 June 1754 – 21 June 1832) was a Hereditary Princess of Baden by marriage to Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden.

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Princess Anna of Prussia

Princess Maria Anna Friederike (17 May 1836 in Berlin – 12 June 1918 in Frankfurt) was a Princess of Prussia.

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Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen

Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen (17 June 1787 Hildburghausen – 12 December 1847 Bamberg) was the child of Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg and his wife, Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

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Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Princess Elisabeth Sybille of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (28 February 1854, in Weimar, Großherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach – 10 July 1908, in Schloß Wiligrad near Lübstorf, (Großherzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin) was the first wife of Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg, Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and of the Duchy of Brunswick.

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Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg

Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg (Евгения Максимилиановна Лейхтенбергская) (1 April 1845 - 4 May 1925) was a daughter of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia.

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Princess Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Princess Juliane Henriette Ulrike of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Coburg, 23 September 1781 – Elfenau, near Bern, Switzerland, 15 August 1860), also known as Grand Duchess Anna Feodorovna of Russia (Анна Фёдоровна), was a German princess of the ducal house of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (after 1826, the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) who became the wife of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia.

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Princess Louise of Prussia

Princess Louise of Prussia (3 December 1838 – 23 April 1923) was the second child and only daughter of German Emperor Wilhelm I and Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

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Princess Louise of Prussia (1829–1901)

Marie Louise Anna of Prussia (1 March 1829, Berlin – 10 May 1901, Frankfurt am Main) was a Prussian princess of the House of Hohenzollern.

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Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg

Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg, also known as Princess Maria Romanovskya, Maria, Princess Romanovskaja, Maria Herzogin von Leuchtenberg or Marie Maximiliane (16 October 1841 – 16 February 1914) was the eldest daughter of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia.

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Princess Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Princess Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Marie Alexandrine Anne Sophie Auguste Helene; 20 January 1849 – 6 May 1922) was the eldest daughter and second child of Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and his wife Princess Sophie of the Netherlands.

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Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1808–1877)

Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (3 February 1808 in Weimar – 18 January 1877 in Berlin) was a princess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, by birth, and, by marriage, a princess of Prussia.

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Princess Sophie of the Netherlands

Princess Sophie of the Netherlands (Wilhelmine Marie Sophie Louise; 8 April 1824 – 23 March 1897) was the only daughter and last surviving child of King William II of the Netherlands and of his wife Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia.

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Princess Tarakanova

Princess Tarakanova (c. 1745 &ndash), was a pretender to the Russian throne.

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Princess Tarakanova (1938 film)

Princess Tarakanova (Italian: La principessa Tarakanova) is a 1938 French-Italian historical film directed by Fyodor Otsep and Mario Soldati and starring Annie Vernay, Pierre Richard-Willm and Roger Karl.

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Princesse Moustache

Princess Natalya Petrovna Galitzine (Russian: Наталья Петровна Голицына), née Chernysheva or Chernyshyova (Чернышёва; 17 January 1741 in St. Petersburg, Russia20 December 1837), was a Russian lady in waiting, socialite and noble and Dame of the Order of St. Catherine's first degree.

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Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst

Anhalt-Zerbst was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania, with its residence at Zerbst in present-day Saxony-Anhalt.

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Private Apartments of the Winter Palace

The Private Apartments of the Winter Palace are sited on the piano nobile of the western wing of the former imperial palace, the Winter Palace in St Petersburg.

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Private currency in pre-revolutionary Russia

In Russia, in the second half of the XIX to early XX century limited means of payment got rather widespread among private individuals - owners of commercial firms, shop owners, owners of profitable outlets at clubs.

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Propaganda in Nazi Germany

The propaganda used by the German Nazi Party in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's leadership of Germany (1933–1945) was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Nazi policies.

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Protestantism in Russia

Protestants in Russia constitute between 0.5 and 1.5%US State Department Religious Freedom Report on Russia, 2006 (i.e. 700,000 - 2 million adherents) of the overall population of the country.

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Providensky District

Providensky District (Провиде́нский райо́н; Chukchi: Урэлӄуйым район) is an administrativeLaw #33-OZ and municipalLaw #45-OZ district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.

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Prunus fruticosa

Prunus fruticosa, the European dwarf cherry, or dwarf cherry, Mongolian cherry or steppe cherry is a deciduous, xerophytic, winter-hardy, cherry-bearing shrub.

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Pryluky Regiment

The Pryluky Regiment was one of the seventeen territorial-administrative subdivisions of the Hetman State.

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Pskov Governorate

Pskov Governorate (Псковская губерния, Pskovskaya guberniya) was an administrative division (a guberniya) of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1772 until 1777 and from 1796 until 1927.

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Pskov Viceroyalty

Pskov Viceroyalty (Псковское наме́стничество) was an administrative division (a namestnichestvo) of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1777–1796.

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Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss

Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss (Amore e Psiche; Psyché ranimée par le baiser de l'Amour; Amúr i Psikhéja) is a sculpture by Antonio Canova first commissioned in 1787 by Colonel John Campbell.

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Psychobitches

Psychobitches is a Sky Arts British television show directed by Jeremy Dyson.

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Public holidays in Russia

The following is the list of official public holidays recognized by the Government of Russia.

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Pugachev (film)

Pugachev (Емельян Пугачёв) is a 1978 biopic film, directed by Aleksei Saltykov and starring Yevgeny Matveyev and Vija Artmane.

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Pugachev's Rebellion

Pugachev's Rebellion (Peasants' War 1773-75, Cossack Rebellion) of 1773-75 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II seized power in 1762.

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Purple

Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red.

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Push Not the River

Push Not the River is a historical romance novel by author James Conroyd Martin.

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Pushkin, Saint Petersburg

Pushkin (Пу́шкин) is a municipal town in Pushkinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located south from the center of St. Petersburg proper, and its railway station, Tsarskoye Selo, is directly connected by railway to the Vitebsky Rail Terminal of the city.

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Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy

Count Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy (Пётр Александрович Толстой) (1769 – 28 September 1844) was a Russian general and statesman.

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Pyotr Krenitsyn

Pyotr Kuzmich Krenitsyn (Пётр Кузьмич Креницын) (1728 - July 4, 1770), spelt "Krenitzin" in the United States, was a Russian explorer and Captain/Lieutenant of the Imperial Russian Navy.

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Pyotr Melissino

Pyotr Ivanovich Melissino (Πέτρος Μελισσηνός, Petros Melissinos), (Пётр Мелиссино), (Pierre De Mellisino); c. 1726 – c. 1797) was a General of the Artillery of the Russian Empire and was widely considered the best Russian artilleryman of the 18th century.

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Pyotr Rumyantsev

Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky (Пётр Алекса́ндрович Румя́нцев-Задунайский; –) was one of the foremost Russian generals of the 18th century.

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Pyotr Saltykov (1698–1772)

Count Pyotr Semyonovich Saltykov (Пётр Семёнович Салтыков) (11 December 1697/1698/1700 - 26 December 1772) was a Russian statesman and a military officer, promoted to the rank of Field marshal on 18 August 1759.

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Pyotr Zavadovsky

Pyotr Zavadovsky, (1739–1812) was a Russian favourite and the lover of Catherine the Great from 1776 to 1777.

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Pytalovo

Pytalovo (Пыта́лово; Pitalova) is a town and the administrative center of Pytalovsky District in Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the Utroya River (a tributary of the Velikaya), southwest of Pskov, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Qajar dynasty

The Qajar dynasty (سلسله قاجار; also Romanised as Ghajar, Kadjar, Qachar etc.; script Qacarlar) was an IranianAbbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3 royal dynasty of Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani.

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Qırım Giray

Khan Qirim Girai (?-1769), was one of the most influential rulers of the Crimean Khanate.

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Quakers in Europe

The Quaker movement began in England in the Seventeenth Century.

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Queen Catherine

Queen Catherine may refer to.

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Quran

The Quran (القرآن, literally meaning "the recitation"; also romanized Qur'an or Koran) is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah).

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Raadi cemetery

The Raadi cemetery, Raadi kalmistu) is the oldest and largest burial ground in Tartu, Estonia, dating back to 1773. Many prominent historical figures are buried there. It is also the largest Baltic German cemetery in Estonia after the destruction of Kopli cemetery in Tallinn. Until 1841, it was the only cemetery in the town. The cemetery currently includes several smaller graveyard sections, the oldest of which date back to 1773.

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Radom Confederation

Radom Confederation (Konfederacja radomska, Radomo konfederacija) was a konfederacja of nobility (szlachta) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in Radom on 23 June 1767 to prevent reforms and defend the Golden Liberties.

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Raid on Berlin

The Raid on Berlin took place in October 1760 during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War) when Austrian and Russian forces occupied the Prussian capital of Berlin for several days.

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Rakaw

Rakaw (in Belarusian; Rakov in Russian; Raków in Polish) is an urban settlement in Valozhyn Raion, Minsk Region, Belarus.

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Rallet

Rallet, founded 1843 in Moscow by Alphonse Rallet (1819–1894), had become, by 1900, Russia's preeminent manufacturer of fine perfume, soap, and cosmetics and was an official supplier to the royal courts of Russia, Persia, and Montenegro.

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Rameau's Nephew

Rameau's Nephew, or the Second Satire (or The Nephew of Rameau, Le Neveu de Rameau ou La Satire seconde) is an imaginary philosophical conversation by Denis Diderot, written predominantly in 1761-2 and revised in 1773-4.

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Ratibořice

Ratibořice Château is a chateau north of Česká Skalice and about west of Náchod, in the Hradec Králové region, Czech Republic.

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Râmnicu Sărat

Râmnicu Sărat (also spelled Rîmnicu Sărat,, Rümnick or Rebnick; Remnik) is a city in Buzău County, Romania, in the historical region of Muntenia.

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Reading Abbey Girls' School

Reading Abbey Girls' School, or iterations of this establishment under similar names, achieved notability in the nineteenth century.

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Red Gate

Red Gate (Russian: Красные ворота, Krasnye vorota) were triumphal arches built in an exuberantly baroque design in Moscow.

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Red Square

Red Square (ˈkrasnəjə ˈploɕːətʲ) is a city square (plaza) in Moscow, Russia.

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Rees's Cyclopædia

Rees's Cyclopædia, in full The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature was an important 19th-century British encyclopædia edited by Rev.

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Regalia of the Russian tsars

Like many other monarchies, the Russian Empire had a vast collection of regalia belonging to the Tsars.

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Regina-Louise von Freedricksz

Regina-Louise "Irina" von Freedricksz née Christineck (1735-1821), was a Russian baroness and industrialist.

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Regnal number

Regnal numbers are ordinal numbers used to distinguish among persons with the same name who held the same office.

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Rejtan (painting)

Rejtan, or the Fall of Poland (Rejtan.) is an oil painting by the Polish artist Jan Matejko, finished in 1866, depicting the protest of Tadeusz Rejtan (lower right) against the First Partition of Poland during the Partition Sejm of 1773.

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Repnin Sejm

The Repnin Sejm (Sejm Repninowski) was a Sejm (session of the parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place between 1767 and 1768 in Warsaw.

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Republic of Crimea

The Republic of Crimea (or; Республика Крым, Respublika Krym, Республіка Крим, Respublika Krym, Къырым Джумхуриети, Qirim Cumhuriyeti) is a federal subject of Russia that is located on the Crimean Peninsula.

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Richard Brompton

Richard Brompton, was an English portrait painter.

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Ridder, Kazakhstan

Ridder (Kazakh and Russian: Риддер), formerly known as Leninogorsk (italic, 1941–2002) is a city in the East Kazakhstan Region in north-eastern Kazakhstan.

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Riga Black Balsam

Riga Black Balsam (Rīgas Melnais balzams) is a traditional Latvian balsam made with many different natural ingredients.

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Risk: Global Domination

Risk: Global Domination is a game for the PlayStation 2 (an Xbox version was canceled), about the very popular board game, ''Risk''.

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Roßlau

Rosslau (in German orthography: Roßlau) was until 30 June 2007 a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, belonging to the district Anhalt-Zerbst.

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Robert Adam

Robert Adam (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer.

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Robert Dimsdale

Robert Dimsdale (1 July 1828 – 2 May 1898) was an English banker & Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1866 and 1892.

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Robert Walpole

Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745), known before 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.

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Roger de Damas

Roger de Damas (4 September 1765 – 18 September 1823) was a French Army officer and Royalist general who fought against the French Revolutionary forces in order to assist the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Naples.

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Rogozhskoye Cemetery

Rogozhskoe cemetery (p) in Moscow, Russia, is the spiritual and administrative center of the largest Old Believers denomination, called the Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church.

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Roller coaster

A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride that employs a form of elevated railroad track designed with tight turns, steep slopes, and sometimes inversions.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mohilev

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mohilev (or Mogilev or Mahilyow) was a territorial Latin rite division of the Roman Catholic Church, covering a significant western proportion of the territory of the Czarist Russian empire.

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Romani people

The Romani (also spelled Romany), or Roma, are a traditionally itinerant ethnic group, living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern Indian subcontinent, from the Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Sindh regions of modern-day India and Pakistan.

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Romania–Russia relations

Romania–Russia relations are the foreign relations between Romania and Russia.

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Romanov Tercentenary (Fabergé egg)

The Romanov Tercentenary Egg is a jewelled Easter egg made under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1913, for Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

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Romny

Romny (Ромни́; Ромны́) is a city in northern Ukrainian Sumy Oblast.

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Ropsha

Ropsha (Ропша) is a settlement in Lomonosovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, situated about south of Peterhof and south-west of central Saint Petersburg, at an elevation of to in elevation.

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Rose Terrace (Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan)

Rose Terrace was a private home located at 12 Lake Shore Drive in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan.

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Rosthern Junior College

Rosthern Junior College, an independent high school, has been a landmark institution in the town of Rosthern, Saskatchewan, Canada since 1905.

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Rostokino Aqueduct

Rostokino Aqueduct, also known as Millionny Bridge, is a stone aqueduct over Yauza river in Rostokino District of Moscow, Russia, built in 1780-1804.

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Rotenburg an der Fulda

Rotenburg an der Fulda (officially Rotenburg a.d. Fulda) is a town in Hersfeld-Rotenburg district in northeastern Hesse, Germany lying, as the name says, on the river Fulda.

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Royal warrant of appointment

Royal warrants of appointment have been issued for centuries to tradespeople who supply goods or services to a royal court or certain royal personages.

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Royiska Sotnia

The Royiska Sotnia (Company) (translit) was one of the sixteen territorial-administrative and military unit of the Chernihiv Regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate.

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Ruble

The ruble or rouble (p) is or was a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia.

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Rublyovka

Rublevka or Rublyovka (Рублёвка) is the unofficial name of a prestigious residential area in the western suburbs of Moscow, Russia, located along Rublyovo-Uspenskoye Highway, Podushkinskoe, 1st Uspenskoe and 2nd Uspenskoe highways.

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Ruin Tower

The Ruin Tower is an 18th-century monument in Ekaterininsky Park of Tsarskoye Selo in Pushkin, a town near St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Rulers of Russia family tree

No description.

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Rumyantsev

The Rumyantsev family were Russian counts prominent in Russian imperial politics in the 18th and early 19th centuries.

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Rundāle Palace

Rundāle Palace (Rundāles pils; Schloss Ruhental, formerly Ruhenthal or Ruhendahl) is one of the two major baroque palaces built for the Dukes of Courland in what is now Latvia, the other being Jelgava Palace.

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Rurik dynasty

The Rurik dynasty, or Rurikids (Рю́риковичи, Ryúrikovichi; Рю́риковичі, Ryúrykovychi; Ру́рыкавічы, Rúrykavichi, literally "sons of Rurik"), was a dynasty founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, who established himself in Novgorod around the year AD 862.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russia and the American Revolution

The Russian Empire's role in the American Revolutionary War was part of a global conflict of colonial supremacy between the Thirteen Colonies and the Kingdom of Great Britain.

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Russia–Sweden relations

Russia-Sweden relations date back to the 10th century; when Swedish Vikings called Varangians founded new states that were later to evolve into Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.

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Russia–Ukraine relations

Russia–Ukraine relations (Українсько-російські відносини, Российско-украинские отношения) are Bilateral relations or Foreign relations between the sovereign states of Russia and Ukraine.

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Russian Academy

The Russian Academy or Imperial Russian Academy (Академия Российская, Императорская Российская академия) was established in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1783 by Empress Catherine II of Russia and princess Dashkova as a research center for Russian language and Russian literature, following the example of the Académie française.

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Russian America

Russian America (Русская Америка, Russkaya Amerika) was the name of the Russian colonial possessions in North America from 1733 to 1867.

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Russian architecture

Russian architecture follows a tradition whose roots were in war Kievan Rus'.

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Russian Ark

Russian Ark (Русский ковчег, Russkij Kovcheg) is a 2002 experimental historical drama film directed by Alexander Sokurov.

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Russian Armenia

Russian Armenia is the period of Armenian history under Russian rule from 1828, when Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire following Qajar Iran's loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) and the subsequent ceding of its territories that included Eastern Armenia per the out coming Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828.

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Russian battleship Ekaterina II

Ekaterina II (Екатерина II Catherine II of Russia) was the lead ship of the pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1880s.

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Russian battleship Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya

The Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya (Императрица Екатерина Великая, or Empress Catherine the Great) was the second ship of the dreadnoughts of the Imperial Russian Navy.

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Russian boxing

Russian boxing (Russian - Кулачный бой Kulachniy Boy "fist fighting, pugilism") is the traditional bare-knuckle boxing of Russia.

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Russian Caucasus Forces (before 1865)

Before the creation of the Caucasus Military District in 1865, Russian forces in the Caucasus were organized, at different times, in a number of formations under various names.

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Russian classical music

Russian classical music is a genre of classical music related to Russia's culture, people, or character.

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Russian colonization of the Americas

The Russian colonization of the Americas covers the period from 1732 to 1867, when the Russian Empire laid claim to northern Pacific Coast territories in the Americas.

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Russian culture

Russian culture has a long history.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russian Empire–United States relations

The relations between the Russian Empire and the United States of America (1776–1922) predate the Soviet Union–United States relations (1922–1991) and the Russia–United States relations (1991–present).

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Russian Enlightenment

The Russian Age of Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century in which the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences, which had a profound impact on Russian culture.

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Russian Hussars

Hussars were first recorded in Russia as groups of irregulars in the mid-17th century.

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Russian literature

Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia and its émigrés and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Rus', the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union.

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Russian Mennonite

The Russian Mennonites (German: "Russlandmennoniten" occasionally Ukrainian Mennonites) are a group of Mennonites of German language, tradition and ethnicity, who are descendants of German-Dutch Anabaptists who settled for about 250 years in West Prussia and established colonies in the south west of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) beginning in 1789.

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Russian Mountains

Russian Mountains were a predecessor to the roller coaster.

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Russian nobility

The Russian nobility (дворянство. dvoryanstvo) arose in the 14th century.

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Russian occupations of Beirut

The Russian occupations of Beirut were two separate military expeditions by squadrons of the Imperial Russian Navy's Mediterranean Fleet, with the first one taking place in June 1772 and the second one from October 1773 to early 1774.

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Russian opera

Russian opera (Russian: Ру́сская о́пера Rússkaya ópera) is the art of opera in Russia.

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Russian ruble

The Russian ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural: рубли́ rubli; sign: ₽, руб; code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognized republics of Donetsk and Luhansk.

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Russian soul

The term Russian soul (Русская душа, Rússkaya dushá; also great Russian soul, mystifying Russian soul) has been used in literature to describe Russian identity.

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Russian tea culture

Tea is a part of Russian culture.

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Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller

The Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller is a collection of charitable organisations claiming to continuity with the Orthodox Russian grand priory of the Order of Saint John.

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Russification of Ukraine

The Russification of Ukraine was a body of laws, decrees, and other actions undertaken by the Imperial Russian and later Soviet authorities to strengthen Russian national, political and linguistic positions in Ukraine.

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Russka (novel)

Russka is a historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd, published in 1991 by Crown Publishers.

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Russo-Circassian War

The Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864) involved a series of battles and wars in Circassia, the northwestern part of the Caucasus, in the course of the Russian Empire's conquest of the Caucasus.

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Russo-Kazan Wars

The Russo-Kazan Wars was a series of wars fought between the Khanate of Kazan and Muscovite Russia from 1438, until Kazan was finally captured by Ivan the Terrible and absorbed into Russia in 1552.

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Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)

The Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, also called Thirteen Years' War, First Northern War, War for Ukraine or Russian Deluge (Potop rosyjski, Российский потоп), was a major conflict between Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)

The Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90, known as Gustav III's Russian War in Sweden, Gustav III's War in Finland and Catherine II's Swedish War in Russia, was fought between Sweden and Russia from June 1788 to August 1790.

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Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was an armed conflict that brought Kabardia, the part of the Yedisan between the rivers Bug and Dnieper, and Crimea into the Russian sphere of influence.

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Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)

The Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774).

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Ruthenian nobility

Ruthenian nobility (szlachta ruska) refers to the nobility of Kievan Rus and Galicia–Volhynia, which found itself in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and later Russian and Austrian Empires, and became increasingly polonized and later russified, while retaining a separate, cultural identity.

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Rybinsk

Rybinsk (p) is the second largest city of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, which lies at the confluence of the Volga and Sheksna Rivers.

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Saint Catherine's Armenian Church

St.

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Saint George and the Dragon (Raphael)

St.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).

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Saint Petersburg City Duma

Saint Petersburg City Duma was established in 1785 in the course of Catherine the Great's municipal reform.

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Saint Petersburg Lyceum 30

Saint Petersburg Lyceum 30 (Физико-математический лицей №30), is a public high school in Saint Petersburg, Russia that specializes in mathematics and physics.

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Saint Petersburg Mining University

The Saint Petersburg Mining University (Санкт-Петербургский горный университет), is Russia's oldest technical university, and one of the oldest technical colleges in Europe.

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Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance

Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance (Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет экономики и финансов) as it was known formally was established in 1930 as "Leningrad Institute of Finance and Economics" (Ленинградский финансово-экономический институт; hence the colloquial name Финэк (Finec)).

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Saint Sampson's Cathedral

St Sampson's Cathedral (Сампсониевский собор) is the oldest church in St. Petersburg.

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Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

The Peter and Paul Cathedral (Петропавловский собор) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Salawat Yulayev

Salawat Yulayev (Салауат Юлай-улы, Salawat Yulay-ulı; Салават Юлаев; 16 June 1754 – 26 September 1800) is a Bashkir national hero who participated in Pugachev's Rebellion.

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Saldern

Saldern (up to the 17th century, Salder) or von Saldern, is the name of an old German aristocratic family from the areas of Hildesheim and Brunswick Land.

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Saltykov Mansion

The Saltykov Mansion (особняк Салтыкова, Palais Soltikoff) is a Neoclassical palace at the crossing of the Palace Embankment and Millionnaya Street in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Samuel Barrington

Admiral Samuel Barrington (1729 – 16 August 1800) was a British admiral.

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Samuel Bentham

Sir Samuel Bentham (11 January 1757 – 31 May 1831) was a noted English mechanical engineer and naval architect credited with numerous innovations, particularly related to naval architecture, including weapons.

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Samuel Greig

Samuel Greig, or Samuil Karlovich Greig (Самуи́л Ка́рлович Грейг), as he was known in Russia (30 November 1735, Inverkeithing, Fife, Scotland – 15 October 1788, Tallinn, Estonia, Russian Empire) was a Scottish-born Russian admiral who distinguished himself in the Battle of Chesma (1770) and the Battle of Hogland (1788).

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Samuel Mosheim Schmucker

Samuel Mosheim Schmucker or Smucker (January 12, 1823 – May 12, 1863) was an American historical writer and popular biographer.

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Sanduny

Sandunóvskie Baths (Сандуно́вские бани) or Sanduný (Сандуны́) is a cultural and architectural landmark in downtown Moscow, located at 14 Neglinnaya street adjacent to the Central Bank of Russia.

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Saratov

Saratov (p) is a city and the administrative center of Saratov Oblast, Russia, and a major port on the Volga River located upstream (north) of Volgograd.

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Saratov Governorate

Saratov Governorate (Саратовская губе́рния, Saratovskaya guberniya, Government of Saratov), was an administrative division (a guberniya) of the Russian Empire and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, which existed from 1797 to 1928.

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Saratov Oblast

Saratov Oblast (Сара́товская о́бласть, Saratovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Volga Federal District.

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Sava Tekelija

Sava Tekelija (Сава Текелија; Száva Thököly, 1761–1842) was among the first Serbs to have defended a doctoral thesis in jurisprudence (doctor of law), and in particular in legal theory and philosophy in 1786 at the University of Pest; president of the Matica srpska; philanthropist; noble; and merchant.

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Schönkirchen

Schönkirchen is a municipality in the district of Plön, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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School uniforms by country

School uniform is a practice which dates to the 16th century in the United Kingdom.

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Science in the Age of Enlightenment

The history of science during the Age of Enlightenment traces developments in science and technology during the Age of Reason, when Enlightenment ideas and ideals were being disseminated across Europe and North America.

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Scottish people

The Scottish people (Scots: Scots Fowk, Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of two Celtic-speaking peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or Alba) in the 9th century. Later, the neighbouring Celtic-speaking Cumbrians, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons and Norse, were incorporated into the Scottish nation. In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from Scotland. The Latin word Scoti originally referred to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also been used for Scottish people, primarily outside Scotland. John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and affectionately referred to themselves as 'Scotch'. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century. People of Scottish descent live in many countries other than Scotland. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the Highland and Lowland Clearances, Scottish participation in the British Empire, and latterly industrial decline and unemployment, have resulted in Scottish people being found throughout the world. Scottish emigrants took with them their Scottish languages and culture. Large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world and the second-largest population of Scottish descendants, after the United States. Scotland has seen migration and settlement of many peoples at different periods in its history. The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons have their respective origin myths, like most medieval European peoples. Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th century, while the Norse settled parts of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was some emigration from France, England and the Low Countries to Scotland. Some famous Scottish family names, including those bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray and Stewart came to Scotland at this time. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, and the majority of people living there are British citizens.

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Scottish Russians

Scottish Russians are Russians with full (or partial) Scottish ancestry.

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Scythian art

Scythian art is art, primarily decorative objects, such as jewellery, produced by the nomadic tribes in the area known to the ancient Greeks as Scythia, which was centred on the Pontic-Caspian steppe and ranged from modern Kazakhstan to the Baltic coast of modern Poland and to Georgia.

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Sebastian Koch

Sebastian Koch (born 31 May 1962) is a German television and film actor.

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Sebastián de la Cuadra, 1st Marquess of Villarías

Sebastián de la Cuadra y Llarena, 1st Marquess of Villarías (19 January 1687 – 23 April 1766) was a Spanish statesman.

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Second Partition of Poland

The 1793 Second Partition of Poland was the second of three partitions (or partial annexations) that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795.

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Selim III

Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (24 December 1761 – 28 July 1808) was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807.

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Semeiskie

The Semeiskie are a community of orthodox Old Believers who have lived in the Transbaikal since the reign of Catherine the Great.

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Semiramis

Semiramis (Assyrian;ܫܲܡܝܼܪܵܡ Shamiram,; Σεμίραμις, Շամիրամ Shamiram) was the legendary Lydian-Babylonian wife of Onnes and Ninus, succeeding the latter to the throne of Assyria.

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Semiramis of the North

Semiramis of the North is a designation given to some particularly capable female monarchs, after the legendary princess Semiramis of Assyria.

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Semyon Desnitsky

Semyon Efimovich Desnitsky (Семён Ефимович Десницкий; c. 1740 in Nezhin, Russian Empire – June 26, 1789 in Moscow, Russian Empire) was a Russian legal scholar.

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Semyon Shchedrin

Semyon Fyodorovich Shchedrin (1745–1804) was a Russian landscape painter, the uncle and mentor of Sylvester Shchedrin.

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Semyon Vorontsov

Count Semyon Romanovich Vorontsov (Семён Романович Воронцо́в; 26 June 1744 – 9 July 1832) was a Russian diplomat from the aristocratic Russian Vorontsov family, whose siblings included Alexander Vorontsov, Elizaveta Vorontsova and Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova.

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Semyon Zorich

Semyon Zorich (1743–1799) was an Imperial Russian lieutenant-general and count of the Holy Roman Empire, born in Serbia, who served Imperial Russia against the Prussians and Turks.

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Semyonovsky Island

Semyonovsky Island ('о. Семёновский' in Russian) was an island in the Lyakhovsky Islands subgroup of the New Siberian Islands.

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September 1

No description.

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Seraphim Chichagov

Seraphim Chichagov (9 June 1856 or 9 January 1856 – 11 December 1937), born Leonid Mikhailovich Chichagov, was a Metropolitan bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church who was executed by firing squad and subsequently canonized as a New Martyr.

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Serfdom in Poland

Serfdom in Poland became the dominant form of relationship between peasants and nobility in the 17th century, and was a major feature of the economy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, although its origins can be traced back to the 12th century.

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Serfdom in Russia

The term serf, in the sense of an unfree peasant of the Russian Empire, is the usual translation of krepostnoi krestyanin (крепостной крестьянин).

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Serfdom Patent (1781)

The Serfdom Patent (Leibeigenschaft) of 1 November 1781 aimed to abolish aspects of the traditional serfdom system of the Habsburg lands through the establishment of basic civil liberties for the serfs.

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Sergei Saltykov (1726–1765)

Count Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov (p; c. 1726 – 1765) was a Russian officer (chamberlain) who became the first lover of Empress Catherine the Great after her arrival in Russia.

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Sergei Varshavsky

Sergei Petrovich Varshavsky (Russian: Сергéй Пeтрóвич Варшáвский, (27 September (O.S. 14 September) 1906, Odessa, the Russian Empire – 17 September 1980, Leningrad, USSR) was a Russian (Soviet) writer and art collector.

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Sergey Lazarevich Lashkarev

Sergey Lazarevich Lashkarev (23 February 1739 — 6 October 1814) (Сергей Лазаревич Лашкарёв, derived from ლაშკარაშვილი ბიბილური, Lashkarashvili-Bibiluri), was a Russian Imperial Major-General of Georgian origin.

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Sergey Merkurov

Sergey Dmitrievich Merkurov (Серге́й Дми́триевич Мерку́ров, – 8 June 1952) was a prominent Soviet sculptor-monumentalist of Greek-Armenian descent.

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Sergey Volkonsky

Prince Sergei Grigorievich Volkonsky (Серге́й Григорьевич Волко́нский; 19 December 1788 - 10 December 1865) was a Russian Major General and Decembrist from the aristocratic Volkonsky family.

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Sevastopol

Sevastopol (Севастополь; Севасто́поль; Акъяр, Aqyar), traditionally Sebastopol, is the largest city on the Crimean Peninsula and a major Black Sea port.

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Seven Faces

Seven Faces is a 1929 American pre-Code drama film with fantasy elements that was released by Fox Film Corporation in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system on December 1, 1929.

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Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.

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Seweryn Rzewuski

Seweryn Rzewuski (13 March 1743 in Podhorce – 11 December 1811 in Vienna) was a Polish nobleman, writer, poet, general of the Royal Army, Field Hetman of the Crown, Voivode of Podolian Voivodeship and one of the leaders of the Targowica Confederation.

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Sfakians

The Sfakians (or Sphakians or Sfakiots; Σφακιανοί) are the inhabitants of the region of Sfakia located in western Crete.

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Shadow of the Eagle (1950 film)

Shadow of the Eagle is a 1950 British-Italian historical drama film directed by Sidney Salkow and starring Richard Greene, Valentina Cortese and Greta Gynt.

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Shatsk, Russia

Shatsk (Шацк) is a town and the administrative center of Shatsky District in Ryazan Oblast, Russia, located on the Shacha River (Tsna's tributary) southeast of Ryazan, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Sheikh Mansur

Al-Imam al-Mansur al-Mutawakil 'ala Allah, also known as Sheikh al-Mansur ("The-Victorious"), born Ushurma (1760–1794) was a Chechen Islamic religious and military leader who led the resistance against Catherine the Great's imperialist expansion into the Caucasus during the late 18th century.

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Shelikhov-Golikov Company

The Shelikhov-Golikov Company (SGC) was a Russian fur trading venture, founded by Irkutsk entrepreneurs Grigory Shelikhov and Ivan Larionovich Golikov in 1783.

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Shenkursk

Shenkursk (Шенку́рск) is a town and the administrative center of Shenkursky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Vaga River.

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Shuvalov

Shuvalov (Шува́лов) is the name of a Russian noble family which, although documented since the 16th century, rose to distinction during the reign of Empress Elizabeth and was elevated to the rank of counts on 5 September 1746.

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Sidesaddle

Sidesaddle riding is a form of equestrianism that uses a type of saddle which allows a rider (usually female) to sit aside rather than astride an equine.

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Siege of Belgrade (1789)

In the Siege of Belgrade (15 September – 8 October 1789) a Habsburg Austrian army led by Feldmarschall Ernst Gideon von Laudon besieged an Ottoman Turkish force under Osman Pasha in the fortress of Belgrade.

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Sila Zandukeli-Sandunov

Sila Nikolaevich Sandunov (Сила Николаевич Сандунов), born Silovan Nikolozis dze Zandukeli (სილოვან ზანდუკელი), (born 1756— Died 1820) was a businessman and actor of Georgian origin active at the court of Catherine the Great.

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Simeon Piščević

Simeon Piščević (Šid, 4 September 1731-Imperial Russia, November 1798) was a Serbian memoirist and Russian general.

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Simferopol

Simferopol (p; Сімферополь,; Aqmescit, Акъмесджит) is a city on the Crimean peninsula which, de facto, is the capital city of the Republic of Crimea within the Russian Federation but, de jure, is the capital city of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within Ukraine.

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Simon Sebag Montefiore

Simon Jonathan Sebag Montefiore (born 27 June 1965) is a British historian, television presenter and award-winning author of popular history books and novels.

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Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet

Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet (c. 1704 – 9 December 1777) was an officer of the Royal Navy, who saw service during the War of Jenkins' Ear, the wider War of the Austrian Succession, and the Seven Years' War.

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Sir James Wylie, 1st Baronet

Sir James Wylie, 1st Baronet, in Russia Yakov Vasilyevich Wylie (Russian: Я́ков Васи́льевич Ви́ллие) (13 or 20 November 1768, Kincardine-on-Forth — 2 March 1854, Saint Petersburg), was a Scottish doctor, Russian Imperial Court surgeon in 1799–1854 and President of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy in 1808–1838.

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Slavophilia

Slavophilia was an intellectual movement originating from 19th century that wanted the Russian Empire to be developed upon values and institutions derived from its early history.

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Slavyansk-na-Kubani

Slavyansk-na-Kubani (Славянск-на-Куба́ни) is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located in the Kuban River delta.

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Sledge Island

Sledge Island, or Ayak Island, is a small island in the Bering Sea.

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Sloboda Ukraine

Sloboda Ukraine (r; Slobids'ka Ukrayina) or Slobozhanshchyna (Слобожанщина) is a historical region, now located in Northeastern Ukraine and Southwestern Russia.

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Slobodskoy, Kirov Oblast

Slobodskoy (Слободско́й) is a town in Kirov Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Vyatka River, northeast of Kirov.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.

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Smiltene

Smiltene is a town in the Vidzeme region in northern Latvia, 132 km northeast of the capital Riga, and the administrative centre of Smiltene Municipality.

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Smolny Convent

Smolny Convent or Smolny Convent of the Resurrection (Voskresensky), located on Ploschad Rastrelli, on the bank of the River Neva in Saint Petersburg, Russia, consists of a cathedral (sobor) and a complex of buildings surrounding it, originally intended for a convent.

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Smolny Institute

The Smolny Institute (Смольный институт, Smol'niy institut) is a Palladian edifice in St Petersburg that has played a major part in the history of Russia.

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Sobornoye Ulozheniye

The Sobornoye Ulozheniye (t) was a legal code promulgated in 1649 by the Zemsky Sobor under Alexis of Russia as a replacement for the Sudebnik of 1550 introduced by Ivan IV of Russia.

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Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.

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Sofka Skipwith

Sofka Skipwith (born Princess Sophia Dolgorouky, St. Petersburg, Russia, 23 October 1907 – 26 February 1994 in Bodmin Moor, Cornwall, EnglandFrida Knight,, The Independent 8 March 1974.) was a Russian princess, who after working for Laurence Olivier and being interned by the Nazis in France in World War II, worked to save Jews; she was honoured for her efforts by both Israel and the British government.

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Sophia Magdalena of Denmark

Sophia Magdalena of Denmark (Sofie Magdalene; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden as the spouse of King Gustav III.

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Sophia Razumovskaya

Sophia Razumovskaya (1746-1803), was a Russian courtier.

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Sophie (disambiguation)

Sophie is a feminine given name.

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Sophie de Lafont

Sophie de Lafont, née Dubuisson, also called Sofia Ivanovna Lafont (August 1717 – August 1797) was a Russian pedagogue of French descent.

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Sophie Moss

Sophie Moss (Countess Zofia Roza Maria Jadwiga Elzbieta Katarzyna Aniela Tarnowska, 16 March 1917 - 22 November 2009), founded the Cairo Branch of the Polish Red Cross at the request of General Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski.

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Sophie of Württemberg

Sophie of Württemberg (Sophia Frederika Mathilde; 17 June 1818 – 3 June 1877) was Queen of the Netherlands as the first wife of King William III.

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Sophie Renate Reuss of Köstritz

Princess Sofie Renate, Princess of Reuss (27 June 1884 – 1968) was the daughter of Prince Heinrich XXVII Reuss zu Köstritz and Princess Marie of the Netherlands.

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Sophie Swetchine

Anne Sophie Swetchine (née Sofia Petrovna Soymonova; November 22, 17821857), known as Madame Swetchine, was a Russian mystic, born in Moscow, and famous for her salon in Paris.

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Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary

Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary (Persian:ثریا اسفندیاری بختیاری, Sorayâ Esfandiyâri-Baxtiyâri; 22 June 1932 – 26 October 2001) was an actress, and the queen consort (Shahbanu) of Iran as the second wife of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

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Sosnovka, Marksovsky District, Saratov Oblast

Sosnovka (Сосно́вка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Marksovsky District of Saratov Oblast, Russia.

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Souliote War (1789–1793)

The Souliote War (1789–1793) was an armed conflict between Ali Pasha of Ioannina and a coalition of Souliotes and their Muslim allies.

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South Karelia

South Karelia (Etelä-Karjala; Södra Karelen) is a region of Finland.

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South-Eastern Finland fortification system

South-Eastern Finland fortification system is an extensive defensive system formed by three concentric fortress chains in South-East Finland built by Russia in the 1790s.

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Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings

The Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings in 1930 and 1931 resulted in the departure of some of the most valuable paintings from the collection of the State Hermitage Museum in Leningrad to Western museums.

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Spassk, Penza Oblast

Spassk (Спасск) is a town and the administrative center of Spassky District in Penza Oblast, Russia.

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Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)

The Special Organization (تشکیلات مخصوصه, Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa) was an Ottoman imperial government special forces unit under the War Department and was allegedly used to suppress Arab separatism and Western imperialism in the Ottoman Empire.

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St Vladimir's Church, Moscow

The Church of St.

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St. Catherine Church, Krasnodonetskaya

The Church of Saint Catherine (Церковь Святой Екатерины, Екатерининская церковь) is a Russian Orthodox church in Krasnodonetskaya stanitsa, Belokalitvinsky District, Rostov Oblast, Russia that belongs to the Diocese of Volgodnosk and was built in 1879.

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St. Catherine's Cathedral, Kherson

The Cathedral of St.

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St. Catherine's Church, Pärnu

St.

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St. George's Church (Sultan-Saly)

The Saint George's Church (Церковь Святого Георгия, Սուրբ Գևորգ եկեղեցի) is an Armenian Apostolic church in Sultan-Saly village, Myasnikovsky District, Rostov Oblast, Russia.

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St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral

St.

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St. Petersburg State University of Refrigeration and Food Processing Technologies

St.

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Stanisław August Poniatowski

Stanisław II Augustus (also Stanisław August Poniatowski; born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798), who reigned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, was the last monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz

Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz, or Stanisłaŭ Bohuš-Siestrancevič (Belarusian: Станіслаў Богуш-Сестранцэвіч, 1731–1826) was a Belarusian who became the first bishop of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev (Mogilev), an Archbishop from 1784 and a prominent member of the Russian Academy (1807), who had earlier converted from Calvinism.

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Stanisław Kosmowski

Stanisław Kosmowski of Trąby (late 18th century, some sources cite 1752–1821) was a Polish military officer and author.

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Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki

Count Stanisław Szczęsny Feliks Potocki (1751–1805), of the Piława coat of arms, known as Szczęsny Potocki was a member of the Polish szlachta and a military commander of the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and then Poland.

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Stanislaus Czerniewicz

Stanislaw Czerniewicz (15 August 1728 in Kaunas – 7 July 1785) was a Lithuanian-Polish Jesuit priest.

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Staraya Russa

Staraya Russa (p) is a town in Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Polist River, south of Veliky Novgorod, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Stary Krym

Staryi Krym (Старий Крим, Старый Крым, Eski Qırım) is a small historical town and former bishopric in Kirovske Raion of Crimea, an area currently disputed between Russia and Ukraine.

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State Council (Russian Empire)

The State Council (p) was the supreme state advisory body to the Tsar in Imperial Russia.

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State serf

State serfs or state peasants (Государственные крестьяне, gosudarstvennye krestiane) were a special social estate (class) of peasantry in 18th–19th century Russia, the number of which in some periods reached half of the agricultural population.

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Stavropol

Stavropol (p) is a city and the administrative center of Stavropol Krai, Russia.

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Stefan Tyszkiewicz

Stefan Eugeniusz Tyszkiewicz, in Polish, Stefan Eugeniusz Maria Tyszkiewicz-Łohojski z Landwarowa, Leliwa coat of arms, (born 24 November 1894 in Warsaw, died 6 February 1976 in London) was a member of the Polish nobility, landowner, engineer, inventor and an early pioneer of the Polish automotive industry.

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Stefano Zannowich

Stefano Zannowich (Стефан Зановић/Stefan Zanović, (Budva, Venetian Albania, 18 February 1751–Amsterdam, Dutch Republic, 25 May 1786), called Hanibal, was a Montenegrin Serb writer and adventurer. He wrote in Italian, French, Latin and German. He was a pen pal of Gluck, Pietro Metastasio, Voltaire, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Catherine the Great, and Frederick William II of Prussia, to whom he dedicated a book of French verses translated from Italian, "L'Alcoran des Princes Destinés au Trone". Giacomo Casanova mentions Stefano Zannovich, who "paid a visit to Vienna under the alias of Prince Castriotto d'Albanie. Under pressure of the authorities, he left at the end of July 1784" for Poland and later for the Netherlands (United Provinces).

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Stepan Davydov

Stepan Ivanovich Davydov (Степа́н Ива́нович Давы́дов, Степа́н Іва́нович Давидів born: January 12 1777 – died: May 21 1825 Moscow) was a Imperial Russian composer and singer.

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Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin

Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin (Степан Фёдорович Апраксин; -), a relative of Fyodor M. Apraksin, commanded the Russian armies during the Seven Years' War.

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Stepanavan

Stepanavan (Ստեփանավան), is a town and municipal community in the Lori Province of Armenia.

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Stephen McGann

Stephen McGann (born 2 February 1963) is an English actor, author, and science communicator.

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Stephen Sayre

Stephen Sayre (1736–1818) was a member of a thousand-strong American community living in London at the time of the outbreak of the War of Independence in 1775.

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Sterlitamak

Sterlitamak (p; Стәрлетамаҡ, Stärletamaq) is the second largest city in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located on the left bank of the Belaya River (Kama's tributary), from Ufa.

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Steven Fox

Steven Fox is an American conductor of classical music.

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Storming of Derbent

The Storming of Derbent (Штурм Дербента) took place on 10 May 1796 during the Persian Expedition of 1796.

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Stout

Stout is a dark beer that includes roasted malt or roasted barley, hops, water and yeast.

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Strefling (surname)

Persons with the ""Strefling"", Strifling, and Striffling surnames in North America are likely decedents of David Striebling and Maria Meckel residing in Berwald, Wolhynien, St.

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Stroganov family

The Stroganovs or Strogonovs (Стро́гановы, Стро́гоновы), referred to in French as Stroganoffs, were a family of highly successful Russian merchants, industrialists, landowners, and statesmen.

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Stroganov Palace

The Stroganov Palace (Russian: Строгановский дворец) is a Late Baroque palace at the intersection of the Moika River and Nevsky Prospect in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Subbotniks

The Subbotniks (p, "Sabbatarians") is a common name for Russian sects of Judaizers of Christian origin, who split from other Sabbatarians in the 19th century.

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Sue Anschutz-Rodgers

Sue Anschutz-Rodgers (born 1936) is an American rancher, conservationist, and philanthropist.

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Sukharev Tower

The Sukharev Tower (Сухарева башня) was a Moscow landmark until its destruction by the Soviet authorities in 1934.

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Summer Palace (Rastrelli)

The Summer Palace (Ле́тний дворе́ц) is either of the two wooden Baroque palaces built by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli on Tsaritsa's Meadow behind the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg.

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Summer Palace of Peter the Great

The Summer Palace of Peter the Great was built between 1710–1714 in the northeast corner of the Summer Garden that sat on an island formed by the Fontanka river, Moyka river, the Swan Canal (also known as Winter Canal) and has the railings of its northern perimeter running along the left bank of the Neva river across from the Cabin of Peter the Great and Peter and Paul Fortress and was the first palace built in Saint Petersburg, the second largest city in Russia.

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Suppression of the Society of Jesus

The suppression of the Jesuits in the Portuguese Empire (1759), France (1764), the Two Sicilies, Malta, Parma, the Spanish Empire (1767) and Austria and Hungary (1782) is a complex topic.

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Suvorov Square

Suvorov Square (Russian:Площадь Суворова) the main square in Tiraspol in the partially recognized country of Transnistria.

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Sverdlovsk, Luhansk Oblast

Sverdlovsk (Свердловськ, translit. Sverdlovs’k; Свердловск) is a city in Luhansk Oblast (region) of south-eastern Ukraine on the border with the Russian Federation.

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Sviatohirsk Lavra

The Holy Mountains Lavra (Свято-Успенська Святогірська Лавра, Sviatohirsk Lavra or the Sviatohirsk Cave Monastery; Свято-Успенская Святогорская лавра, Sviatogorskaya Lavra or the Sviatogorsky Cave Monastery) is a major Orthodox Christian monastery on the steep right bank of the Seversky Donets River near the city of Sviatohirsk in Donetsk Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine.

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Sviatoslav I of Kiev

Sviatoslav I Igorevich (Old East Slavic: С~тославъ / Свѧтославъ Игорєвичь, Sventoslavŭ / Svantoslavŭ Igorevičǐ; Old Norse: Sveinald Ingvarsson) (c. 942 – 26 March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav was a Grand prince of Kiev famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire.

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Sweden–Ukraine relations

Sweden–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Sweden and Ukraine.

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Swedish diaspora

The Swedish diaspora consists of emigrants and their descendants, especially those that maintain some of the customs of their Swedish culture.

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Sydir Bily

Sidor Bely or Sydir Bily (1716 — 20 July 1788) — Kosh ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Host.

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Syktyvkar

Syktyvkar (p; Сыктывкар) is the capital city of the Komi Republic, Russia.

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Szczecin

Szczecin (German and Swedish Stettin), known also by other alternative names) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major seaport and Poland's seventh-largest city. As of June 2011, the population was 407,811. Szczecin is located on the Oder, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin is adjacent to the town of Police and is the urban centre of the Szczecin agglomeration, an extended metropolitan area that includes communities in the German states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The city's recorded history began in the 8th century as a Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of the Ducal castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, the Duchy of Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the House of Griffins established themselves as local rulers and the population was Christianized. After the Treaty of Stettin in 1630, the town came under the control of the Swedish Empire and became in 1648 the Capital of Swedish Pomerania until 1720, when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia and then the German Empire. Following World War II Stettin became part of Poland, resulting in expulsion of the German population. Szczecin is the administrative and industrial centre of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the site of the University of Szczecin, Pomeranian Medical University, Maritime University, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Art Academy, and the see of the Szczecin-Kamień Catholic Archdiocese. From 1999 onwards, Szczecin has served as the site of the headquarters of NATO's Multinational Corps Northeast. Szczecin was a candidate for the European Capital of Culture in 2016.

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Table of Ranks

The Table of Ranks (Табель о рангах; tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia.

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Tadeusz Kościuszko

Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciuszko; February 4 or 12, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States.

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Taganrog

Taganrog (p) is a port city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the north shore of the Taganrog Bay in the Sea of Azov, several kilometers west of the mouth of the Don River.

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Taganrog Fortress

Taganrog Fortress (also The Saint Trinity fortress on Tagan-Rog Cape) was a star fort-style fortress built during the reign of Peter the Great and re-constructed by the order of Catherine the Great.

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Tambov

Tambov (p) is a city and the administrative center of Tambov Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tsna and Studenets Rivers, about south-southeast of Moscow. Population: 280,161 (2010 Census); 293,658 (2002 Census);.

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Tarakanova (film)

Tarakanova is a 1930 French historical drama film directed by Raymond Bernard and starring Édith Jéhanne, Paule Andral and Olaf Fjord.

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Targowica Confederation

The Targowica Confederation (konfederacja targowicka,, Targovicos konfederacija) was a confederation established by Polish and Lithuanian magnates on 27 April 1792, in Saint Petersburg, with the backing of the Russian Empress Catherine II.

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Tarki

Tarki (Тарки́), formerly also spelled Terki and Terkee and also known as Tarku (Таргъу, Targhu), is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of Sovetsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the Tarkitau Mountain.

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Tartu

Tartu (South Estonian: Tarto) is the second largest city of Estonia, after Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn.

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Tatar mosque

Tatar mosque — is the typical mosque architecture in Tatarstan and other Volga Tatar-populated areas of Russia.

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Tatarstan

The Republic of Tatarstan (p; Татарстан Республикасы), or simply Tatarstan, is a federal subject (a republic) of the Russian Federation, located in the Volga Federal District.

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Tatyana Shlykova

Tatyana Shlykova, also known on her stage name Granatova (Татьяна Васильевна Шлыкова-Гранатова; 1773-1863), was a Russian ballerina and opera singer.

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Taurida Governorate

The Taurida Governorate (Таврическая губернія, modern spelling Таврическая губерния, Tavricheskaya guberniya; Таврiйська губернія, Tavrijśka gubernija; Tavrida guberniyası, Таврида губерниясы) or the Government of Taurida was an historical governorate of the Russian Empire.

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Taurida Oblast

Taurida Oblast (Таврическая область, Tavricheskaya oblast′) was an oblast (province) of the Russian Empire.

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Tauride Palace

Tauride Palace (Russian: Tavrichesky dvorets, Таврический дворец) is one of the largest and most historic palaces in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Teodor Janković-Mirijevski

Teodor Janković Mirijevski (also written F. I. Mirievskii, Fedor Ivanovich Iankovich de Mirievo; Sremska Kamenica, 1740-Saint Petersburg, 22 May 1814) was a Serbian, Romanian and Russian educational reformer, academic, scholar and pedagogical writer.

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Terem (Russia)

The "terem" (Russian: Терем) refers to the separate living quarters occupied by elite women of Muscovite Russia.

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Territorial evolution of Russia

Territorial changes of Russia happened by means of military conquest and by ideological and political unions in the course of over five centuries (1533-today).

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Théah

Théah is the fictional world created in the 7th Sea Roleplaying Game and 7th Sea Collectible Card Game, created by John Wick and Jennifer Wick, released by Alderac Entertainment Group (AEG).

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The Amazing Race 21

The Amazing Race 21 is the twenty-first installment of the American reality television show The Amazing Race on CBS.

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The Banquet of Cleopatra

The Banquet of Cleopatra is a painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo completed in 1744.

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The Best Movie 2

The Best Movie 2 (Samiy luchshiy film 2) is a 2009 Russian comedy from Monumental Pictures (Sony Pictures Entertainment) and Comedy Club Production, continuation of 2008 The Best Movie film, spoofing such famous Russian films as Zhara, The Irony of Fate 2 and TV-programs: Malakhov+, King of Ring and Taxi.

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The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

The fifth season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory was originally aired on CBS from September 22, 2011, to May 10, 2012, over 24 episodes.

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The Blacksmith's Shop

The Blacksmith's Shop is a recurring theme of five paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby.

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The Captain's Daughter

The Captain's Daughter (Kapitanskaya dochka) is a historical novel by the Russian writer Alexander Pushkin.

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The Captain's Daughter (film)

The Captain's Daughter (La figlia del capitano) is a 1947 Italian adventure film directed by Mario Camerini.

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The Captain's Daughter (opera)

The Captain's Daughter (Капитанская дочка in Cyrillic; Kapitanskaja dočka in transliteration) is an opera in four acts (eight tableaux) by César Cui, composed during 1907-1909.

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The Chess Player

The Chess Player (Le Joueur d'échecs) is a 1927 French silent film directed by Raymond Bernard and based on a novel by Henry Dupuy-Mazuel.

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The Chess Player (1938 film)

The Chess Player (Le joueur d'échecs) is a 1938 French historical drama film directed by Jean Dréville, released by Compagnie Française Cinématographique in France and Columbia Pictures in the United States and starring Françoise Rosay, Conrad Veidt and Bernard Lancret.

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The Eagle (1925 film)

The Eagle is a 1925 American silent film directed by Clarence Brown and starring Rudolph Valentino, Vilma Bánky, and Louise Dresser.

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The Eight (novel)

The Eight, published December 27, 1988, is American author Katherine Neville's debut novel.

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The Favorite (novel)

The Favorite (Фаворит) is a historical novel by Soviet writer Valentin Pikul, written in 1979-82.

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The History of England (Hume)

The History of England (1754–61) is David Hume's great work on the history of England, which he wrote in installments while he was librarian to the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh.

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The Holy Family with Angels

The Holy Family with Angels (1645) is an oil painting on canvas by the Dutch landscape painter Rembrandt.

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The Loves of Casanova

The Loves of Casanova or Casanova is a 1927 French historical drama film directed by Alexandre Volkoff and starring Ivan Mozzhukhin, Suzanne Bianchetti and Diana Karenne.

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The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show

The Mr.

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The Musical Offering

The Musical Offering (German title: Musikalisches Opfer or Das Musikalische Opfer), BWV 1079, is a collection of keyboard canons and fugues and other pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach, all based on a single musical theme given to him by Frederick the Great (Frederick II of Prussia), to whom they are dedicated.

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The Old Fritz

The Old Fritz (German: Der alte Fritz) is a 1928 German silent historical film directed by Gerhard Lamprecht and starring Otto Gebühr, Julia Serda and Bertold Reissig.

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The Princely Pheasantry

The Princely Pheasantry is a late 18th-century neoclassical building in Poręba, Pszczyna County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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The QI Book of the Dead

The QI Book of the Dead (sold as The Book of the Dead in the United States) is the fourth title in a series of books based on the intellectual British panel game QI, written by series-creator John Lloyd and head-researcher John Mitchinson.

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The Queen of Spades (opera)

The Queen of Spades, Op.

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The Rise of Catherine the Great

The Rise of Catherine the Great (also titled Catherine the Great) is a 1934 British historical film based on the play The Czarina by Lajos Bíró and Melchior Lengyel, about the rise to power of Catherine the Great.

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The Rival of the Empress

The Rival of the Empress (Italian: La rivale dell'imperatrice) is a 1951 Italian historical adventure film directed by Jacopo Comin and Sidney Salkow and starring Richard Greene, Valentina Cortese and Isa Pola.

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The Royal Diaries

The Royal Diaries is a series of 20 books published by Scholastic Press from 1999 to 2005.

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The Scarlet Empress

The Scarlet Empress is a 1934 American historical drama film made by Paramount Pictures about the life of Catherine the Great.

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The Spirit of the Laws

The Spirit of the Laws (French: De l'esprit des lois, originally spelled De l'esprit des loix; also sometimes translated The Spirit of Laws) is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law, published in 1748 by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu.

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The Story of Civilization

The Story of Civilization, by husband and wife Will and Ariel Durant, is an eleven-volume set of books covering Western history for the general reader.

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The Tale of Igor's Campaign

The Tale of Igor's Campaign (Old East Slavic: Слово о плъку Игорєвѣ, Slovo o plŭku Igorevě) is an anonymous epic poem written in the Old East Slavic language.

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The Troelfth Cake

The Troelfth Cake (also The Twelfth Cake, The Royal Cake, The Cake of Kings, from the Le gâteau des rois, Kołacz królewski, Placek królewski) is a 1773 French allegory and satire on the First Partition of Poland.

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The Turk

The Turk, also known as the Mechanical Turk or Automaton Chess Player (Schachtürke, "chess Turk"; A Török), was a fake chess-playing machine constructed in the late 18th century.

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Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder

Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel (31 January 1741 – 23 April 1796) was a German satirical and humorous writer.

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Theodoros Kolokotronis

Theodoros Kolokotronis (Θεόδωρος Κολοκοτρώνης; 3 April 1770 – 4 February 1843) was a Greek general and the pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) against the Ottoman Empire.

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Third Partition of Poland

The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918.

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Third Rome

Third Rome is the hypothetical successor to the legacy of ancient Rome (the "first Rome").

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Third Silesian War

The Third Silesian War was a theatre of the Seven Years' War.

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Thomas Banks

Thomas Banks (29 December 1735 – 2 February 1805) was an important 18th-century English sculptor.

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Thomas Chippendale

Thomas Chippendale (1718 – 1779) was born in Otley in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England in June 1718.

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Thomas Dimsdale

Baron Thomas Dimsdale FRS (29 May 1712 – 30 December 1800) was an English doctor, banker and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1780 to 1790.

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Thomas MacKenzie (Russian admiral)

Rear Admiral Sir Thomas MacKenzie (spring 1740, Arkhangelsk –, Sevastopol), also known as Foma Fomich Mekenzi (Фома Фомич Мекензи - Son of Thomas), was a Scottish-Russian rear admiral who founded the city of Sevastopol in service of the Russian Empire in 1783.

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Thomas Pennant

Thomas Pennant (14 June OS 1726 – 16 December 1798) was a Welsh naturalist, traveller, writer and antiquarian.

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Throne

A throne is the seat of state of a potentate or dignitary, especially the seat occupied by a sovereign on state occasions; or the seat occupied by a pope or bishop on ceremonial occasions.

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Throne room

A throne room or throne hall is the room, often rather a hall, in the official residence of the crown, either a palace or a fortified castle, where the throne of a senior figure (usually a monarch) is set up with elaborate pomp—usually raised, often with steps, and under a canopy, both of which are part of the original notion of the Greek word thronos.

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Timeline of antisemitism

This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group.

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Timeline of Jerusalem

This is a timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem; a city that had been fought over sixteen times in its history.

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Timeline of Odessa

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Odessa, Ukraine.

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Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)

This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece.

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Timeline of Russian history

This is a timeline of Russian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Russia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Russian innovation

Timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, starting from the Early East Slavs and up to the Russian Federation.

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Tommaso Traetta

Tommaso Michele Francesco Saverio Traetta (30 March 1727 – 6 April 1779) was an Italian composer.

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Tomoyoshi Murayama

was a Japanese artist, play writer, novelist and drama producer active during the Shōwa period in Japan.

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Toompea

Toompea (from Domberg, "Cathedral Hill") is a limestone hill in the central part of the city of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia.

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Toropets

Toropets (Торо́пец) is a town and the administrative center of Toropetsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located where the Toropa River enters Lake Solomennoye.

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Toropetsky District

Toropetsky District (Торо́пецкий райо́н) is an administrative and municipalLaw #4-ZO district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia.

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Torzhok

Torzhok (Торжо́к) is a town in Tver Oblast, Russia, located on the Tvertsa River along the federal highway M10 and a branch of the Oktyabrskaya Railway division of the Russian Railways.

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Transfiguration Cathedral, Dnipro

The Saviour's Transfiguration Cathedral (Спасо-Преображенський кафедральний собор) is the main Orthodox church of Dnipro, Ukraine.

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Transit of Venus

A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet, becoming visible against (and hence obscuring a small portion of) the solar disk.

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Transnistrian ruble

The ruble is the currency of Transnistria and is divided into 100 kopecks.

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Treaty of Aynalıkavak

Treaty of Aynalıkavak was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire signed on March 10, 1779.

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Treaty of Georgievsk

The Treaty of Georgievsk (Георгиевский трактат, Georgievskiy traktat; გეორგიევსკის ტრაქტატი, georgievskis trakt'at'i) was a bilateral treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and the east Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti on July 24, 1783.

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Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması (also spelled Kuchuk Kainarji) was a peace treaty signed on 21 July 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca (today Kaynardzha, Bulgaria) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

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Treaty of Teschen

The Treaty of Teschen (Frieden von Teschen, i.e., "Peace of Teschen"; Traité de Teschen) was signed on 13 May 1779 in Teschen, Austrian Silesia, between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia, which officially ended the War of the Bavarian Succession.

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Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo

The Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo was a territorial and dynastic treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Denmark.

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Treaty of Värälä

The Treaty of Värälä (sometimes known as the Treaty of Wereloe) was a treaty signed in Värälä, Elimäki Municipality, Finland, between Russia (represented by Otto Heinrich Igelström) and Sweden (represented by Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt).

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Tretyakov Gallery

The State Tretyakov Gallery (Государственная Третьяковская Галерея, Gosudarstvennaya Tretyâkovskaya Galereya; abbreviated ГТГ, GTG) is an art gallery in Moscow, Russia, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world.

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Trevor Corry

Sir Trevor Corry, Baron of Poland (1724 – 1 September 1780) was an Irish-born merchant and diplomat who spent many years in Danzig (now known as Gdańsk), Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where he acquired a considerable fortune.

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Tricorne

The tricorne or tricorn is a style of hat that was popular during the 18th century, falling out of style by 1800, though actually not called a "tricorne" until the mid 1800s.

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Triple Alliance (1788)

The Triple Alliance of 1788 was a military alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the United Provinces.

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Truten

Truten (which may be translated as Drone) was a Russian weekly satirical magazine, published by Nikolay Novikov from May 1, 1769 to April 27, 1770 in Saint Petersburg.

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Tsar

Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.

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Tsarina

Tsaritsa, tsarina or Tsaritsa) is the title of a female autocratic ruler (monarch) of Bulgaria, Serbia or Russia, or the title of a tsar's wife. The English spelling is derived from the German czarin or zarin, in the same way as the French tsarine/czarine, and the Spanish and Italian czarina/zarina. For a Tsar's daughters see tsarevna. "Tsaritsa" was the title of the female supreme ruler in the following states.

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Tsarist autocracy

Tsarist autocracy (царское самодержавие, transcr. tsarskoye samoderzhaviye) is a form of autocracy (later absolute monarchy) specific to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, which later became Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire.

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Tsarist bureaucracy

The Tsarist bureaucracy, alongside the military, the judiciary and the Russian Orthodox Church, played a major role in solidifying and maintaining the rule of the Tsars in the Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721) and in the Russian Empire (1721–1917).

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Tsaritsyno (Moscow Metro)

Tsaritsyno (Царицыно) is a Moscow Metro station in Tsaritsyno District, Southern Administrative Okrug, Moscow.

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Tsaritsyno Palace

Tsaritsyno (p) is a palace museum and park reserve in the south of Moscow.

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Tsarskoye Selo

Tsarskoye Selo (a, "Tsar's Village") was the town containing a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting nobility, located south from the center of Saint Petersburg.

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Tsesarevich

Tsesarevich (Цесаре́вич) was the title of the heir apparent or presumptive in the Russian Empire.

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Tukums

Tukums (Tuckum; Tukāmō) is a town in Latvia.

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Turchaninov family

Turchaninov (Турчанинов, sometimes transliterated as Turchin) was a surname of several noble families in the Russian Empire.

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Tver

Tver (p; IPA: tvʲerʲi) is a city and the administrative center of Tver Oblast, Russia.

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Tverskaya Street

Tverskaya Street (p), known between 1935 and 1990 as Gorky Street (улица Горького), is the main radial street in Moscow.

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Ubashi Khan

Ubashi Khan (Chinese:; 1744~1774) was a Torghut-Kalmyk prince and the last Khan of the Kalmyk Khanate.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)

The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC; Ukrayinsʹka Pravoslavna Tserkva, Ukrainskaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov') is a self-governing church of the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine.

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Ukrainian wine

The wine industry of Ukraine is well-established with long traditions.

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Ukrainians in Kuban

The Ukrainians in Kuban in southern Russia constitute a national minority.

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Ulrica Arfvidsson

Anna Ulrica Arfvidsson (1734–1801) was a professional Swedish fortune-teller during the reign of Gustav III of Sweden.

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Ulrica Eleonora Rålamb

Ulrica Eleonora Rålamb, née von Düben (19 August 1769-Strängnäs, 9 February 1847), was a politically active Swedish countess and socialite.

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Under Jakob's Ladder

Under Jakob's Ladder is an independent drama film by CubeCity Entertainment.

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Ural River

The Ural (Урал) or Jayıq/Zhayyq (Яйыҡ, Yayıq,; Jai'yq, Жайық, جايىق), known as Yaik (Яик) before 1775, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in Eurasia.

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Urszula Zamoyska

Urszula Zamoyska (1750-1808), was a Polish noblewoman and socialite, niece of king Stanisław August Poniatowski.

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Urums

The Urums, singular Urum (Ουρούμ, Urúm; Turkish and Crimean Tatar: Urum) are several groups of Turkic-speaking Greeks in the Crimea and Georgia.

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Vadim the Bold

Vadim the Bold was a legendary chieftain of the Ilmen Slavs who led their struggle against Rurik and the Varangians in the 9th century.

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Valentin Platonovich Musin-Pushkin

Count Valentin Platonovich Musin-Pushkin (Russian: Граф Валенти́н Плато́нович Му́син-Пу́шкин) was a Russian military and government official who reached the rank of Field Marshal.

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Valentina Matviyenko

Valentina Ivanovna Matviyenko (p, Валентина Іванівна Матвієнко, (née Tyutina (Тю́тина;, Тютіна); born 7 April 1949), is a Russian politician serving as the Senator from Saint Petersburg and Chairwoman of the Federation Council since 2011. As Chairwoman Matviyenko attained the highest rank of any female politician in Russia and became the most powerful woman in Russia since Catherine the Great. Previously she was Governor of Saint Petersburg from 2003 to 2011. Born in Ukraine, Matviyenko started her political career in the 1980s in Leningrad (now called Saint Petersburg), and was the First Secretary of the Krasnogvardeysky District Communist Party of the City from 1984 to 1986. at petersburgcity.com In the 1990s, Matviyenko served as the Russian Ambassador to Malta (1991–1995), and to Greece (1997–1998). From 1998 to 2003, Matviyenko was Deputy Prime Minister for Welfare, and briefly the Presidential Envoy to the Northwestern Federal District in 2003. By that time, Matviyenko was firmly allied with Russian President Vladimir Putin, an alliance which secured her a victory in the gubernatorial elections in Saint Petersburg, Putin's native city. Matviyenko became the first female leader of Saint Petersburg. RIAN Since the start of Matviyenko's service as governor, a significant share of taxation money was transferred from the federal budget to the local budget, and along with the booming economy and improving investment climate the standard of living significantly increased in the City, making income levels much closer to Moscow, and far above most other Russian federal subjects. The profile of Saint Petersburg in Russian politics has risen, marked by the transfer of the Constitutional Court of Russia from Moscow in 2008. Matviyenko developed a large number of megaprojects in housing and infrastructure, such as the construction of the Saint Petersburg Ring Road, including the Big Obukhovsky Bridge (the only non-draw bridge over the Neva River in the city), completion of the Saint Petersburg Dam aimed to put an end to the infamous Saint Petersburg floods, launching Line 5 of Saint Petersburg Metro, and starting land reclamation in the Neva Bay for the new Marine Facade of the city (the largest European waterfront development project) Official website containing the Passenger Port of St. Petersburg. Several major auto-producing companies were drawn to Saint Petersburg or its vicinity, including Toyota, General Motors, Nissan, Hyundai Motor, Suzuki, Magna International, Scania, and MAN SE (all having plants in the Shushary industrial zone), thus turning the city into an important center of automotive industry in Russia, specializing in foreign brands. Another development of Matviyenko's governorship was tourism; by 2010 the number of tourists in Saint Petersburg doubled and reached 5.2 million, which placed the city among the top five tourist centers in Europe. RIAN Some actions and practices of Governor Matviyenko have drawn significant criticisms from the Saint Petersburg public, the media, and opposition groups. In particular, new construction in already heavily built-up areas and several building projects were deemed to conflict with the classical architecture of the city, where the entire centre is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Some projects eventually were cancelled or modified, such as the controversial design of a 400-metre-tall Okhta Center skyscraper, planned to be built adjacent to the historical center of the city; however, after a public campaign and the personal involvement of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, it was relocated from Okhta to the Lakhta suburb. Another major point of criticism was Matviyenko's handling of the city's snow removal problems during the unusually cold and snowy winters of 2009–10 and 2010–11. On 22 August 2011, soon after completion of the Saint Petersburg Dam, Matviyenko resigned from office. As a member of the ruling United Russia Party, on 21 September 2011, Matviyenko was elected as Chairwoman of the Federation Council, RIAN the country's third-highest elected office.

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Valerian Madatov

Prince Valerian Grigoryevich Madatov (Rostom Madatyan) (1782 – September 4, 1829) was a Russian prince and a lieutenant-general of the Russian Empire.

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Valerian Zubov

Count Valerian Aleksandrovich Zubov (1771–1804) was a Russian general who led the Persian Expedition of 1796.

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Valga County

Valga County (Valga maakond), or Valgamaa is the first-level administrative unit in Estonia and one of 15 counties of Estonia.

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Valga, Estonia

Valga (Walk) is a town in southern Estonia and the capital of Valga County.

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Valley of Ghosts (Crimea)

The Valley of Ghosts (Russian: Долина привидений, Долина привидів, Hayalet vadiysi) is a valley located in the Crimea, made up of naturally shaped rocks on the Southern Demerdzhi Mountain, located near Alushta city.

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Varieties of Modern Greek

The linguistic varieties of Modern Greek can be classified along two principal dimensions.

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Variolation

Variolation or inoculation was the method first used to immunize an individual against smallpox (Variola) with material taken from a patient or a recently variolated individual in the hope that a mild, but protective infection would result.

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Varvara Golitsyna

Varvara Vasilievna Golitsyna, née von Engelhardt (1757–1815), was a Russian lady in waiting and noble.

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Varvara Golovina

Countess Varvara Nikolayevna Golovina née Princess Golitsyna (Варвара Николаевна Головина, урожденная княжна Голицына, 1766–11 September 1821) was an artist and memoirist from Russian nobility, maid of honour of the Russian court, a close confidant of Empress Elizabeth, favorite Ivan Shuvalov's niece and Dame of Order of Saint Catherine (1816).

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Vasili Popugaev

Vasili Vasilyevich Popugaev (Василий Васильевич Попугаев) (1778 or 1779 – c. 1816) was a Russian poet, novelist, and translator.

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Vasili Stepanovich Popov

Vasili Stepanovich Popov (Василий Степанович Попов; 1743 – 1822) was an imperial Russian general and statesman who presided over the office of Prince Potemkin.

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Vasilije Damjanović

Vasilije Damjanović (Sombor, Habsburg Empire, April, 1734-Sombor, 1792) was a Serbian writer, merchant, senator and municipal judge.

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Vasily Alexeyevich Kar

Vasily Alexeyevich Kar (Василий Алексеевич Кар; 1730 – 25 February 1806) was a Russian general chiefly noted for his defeat in the early stages of Pugachev's Rebellion.

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Vasily Bazhenov

Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov (Васи́лий Ива́нович Баже́нов) (March 1 (N.S. 12), 1737 or 1738 – August 2 (N.S. 13), 1799) was a Russian neoclassical architect, graphic artist, architectural theorist and educator.

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Vasily Bilbasov

Vasily Alexeyevich Bilbasov (Василий Алексеевич Бильбасов, 19 June 1838, Poltava, Ukraine, then Russian Empire, — 24 July 1904, Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russian Empire historian, editor and publicist, the greatest authority on the rule of Catherine the Great of his time.

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Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky

Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov-Krymsky (Russian: Князь Васи́лий Миха́йлович Долгору́ков-Кры́мский; 1 July 1722 – 30 January 1782) was a general of the Russian Empire and Governor-General of Moscow from 1780-1782.

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Vasily Kapnist

Count Vasily Vasilievich Kapnist (Василий Васильевич Капнист), (23 February 1758 – 9 November 1823), was a Russian poet and playwright of Greek origin.

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Vasily Kreitan

Vasily Petrovich Kreitan, also known as Wilhelm Ferdinand Kreitan (Russian: Василий Петрович Крейтан; 1832, Hamina — 10 June 1896, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian sculptor.

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Vasily Mirovich

Vasily Mirovich was a Lieutenant of the smolensk regiment and was one of the men guarding the imprisoned Ivan VI of Russia at Shlisselburg.

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Vasily Pashkevich

Vasily Alexeyevich Pashkevich also Paskevich (Васи́лий Алексе́евич Пашке́вич or Паске́вич) (c. 1742 – March 20, 1797 in St. Petersburg) was a Russian composer, singer, violinist and teacher who lived during the time of Catherine the Great.

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Vasylivka

Vasylivka (Василівка; Васильевка) is a city in Zaporizhia Oblast (province) in southern Ukraine.

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Vasylkiv

Vasylkiv (Василькiв, translit. Vasyl’kiv) is a city located on the Stuhna River in Kiev Oblast (province) in central Ukraine.

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Võru

Võru (Võro; Werro; Выру (Vyru); Veru) is a town and a municipality in south-eastern Estonia.

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Vera Zavadovskaya

Vera Zavadovskaya (1768–1845), was a Russian courtier.

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Vicente Martín y Soler

Vicente Martín y Soler (2 May 175430 January 1806) was a Valencian composer of opera and ballet.

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Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym

Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (21 May 1744 in Schaumburg – 2 May 1790), was a German prince of the House of Ascania from the Anhalt-Bernburg branch through the sub-branch of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym and a Russian General under the service of Empress Catherine II the Great.

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Victor Schröter

Victor Alexandrovich Schröter (Виктор Александрович Шрётер; 1839–1901) was a prominent Russian architect of German ethnicity.

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Victoria and Albert Museum

The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.3 million objects.

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Victory title

A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation.

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Vietka

Vietka (Ветка, Wietka) is a small, historical town in Belarus, situated on the bank of the Sozh River.

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Vigilius Eriksen

Vigilius Eriksen (2 September 1722 in Copenhagen – 25 May 1782 in Rungstedgård) was a Danish painter.

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Vija Artmane

Alīda "Vija" Artmane (August 21, 1929 in Kaive, Sēme parish – October 11, 2008 in Strenči), PAU, was a Latvian theatre and cinema actress.

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Vileyka

Vileyka (officially transliterated as Viliejka, Віле́йка, also Вялейка; Вилейка; Vileika; Wilejka) is a city in Belarus and the administrative center of the Vileyka Raion in the Minsk Region.

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Viljandi

Viljandi (Fellin) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia with a population of 17,473 in 2013.

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Vincent Cronin

Vincent Archibald Patrick Cronin FRSL (24 May 1924 – 25 January 2011) was a British historical, cultural, and biographical writer, best known for his biographies of Louis XIV, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Catherine the Great, and Napoleon, as well as for his books on the Renaissance.

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Vincenzo Brenna

Vincenzo Brenna (1747Lanceray, p. 37, states birth year as 1745. Contemporary historians (Dmitry Shvidkovsky) agree on 1747 (Shvidkovsky, p. 293) – May 17, 1820) was an Italian architect and painter who was the house architect of Paul I of Russia.

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Vincenzo Manfredini

Vincenzo Manfredini (22 October 1737 – 5 or 16 August 1799) was an Italian composer, harpsichordist and a music theorist.

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Violet (color)

Violet is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light between blue and the invisible ultraviolet.

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Viotti Stradivarius

The Viotti; ex-Bruce Stradivarius of 1709 is an antique violin constructed by luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona (1644-1737).

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Virtuti Militari

The War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: "For Military Virtue", Polish: Order Wojenny Virtuti Militari) is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war.

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Viva Gardes-Marines!

Viva Gardes-Marines! or (Vivat, gardemariny!) is a 1991 Soviet two-series television film (mini-series), the second of a series of films about Russian Gardes-Marines of the 18th century, directed by Svetlana Druzhinina.

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Vladimir Borisovich Golitsyn

Vladimir Borisovich Golitsyn (Russian - Владимир Борисович Голицын; 21 June 1731 - 25 December 1798, Moscow) was a Russian statesman.

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Vladimir Borovikovsky

Vladimir Lukich Borovikovsky (Влади́мир Луки́ч Боровико́вский, Володи́мир Лýкич Боровикóвський, Volodýmyr Lúkyč Borovykóvs’kyj) July 24 O.S. (August 4, N.S.) 1757 – April 6 O.S. (April 18, N.S.) 1825) was a Russian painter of Ukrainian origin who dominated portraiture in Russia at the turn of the 19th century.

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Vladimir Central Prison

Vladimir Prison, popularly known as Vladimir Central (Владимирский централ), is a prison in Vladimir, Russia.

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Vladimir Guerrier

Vladimir Ivanovich Guerrier (Владимир Иванович Герье; – 30 June 1919) was a Russian historian, professor of history at Moscow State University from 1868 to 1904.

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Vladimir Mayakovsky

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (Владимир Владимирович Маяковский; – 14 April 1930) was a Russian Soviet poet, playwright, artist, and actor.

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Vlastos

Vlastos or Vlasto (Βλαστος) (or 'Blasto/us' in some Greek/Latin translations).

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Volga Germans

The Volga Germans (Wolgadeutsche or Russlanddeutsche, Povolzhskiye nemtsy) are ethnic Germans who colonized and historically lived along the Volga River in the region of southeastern European Russia around Saratov and to the south.

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Volga River

The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe.

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Volhynia

Volhynia, also Volynia or Volyn (Wołyń, Volýn) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe straddling between south-eastern Poland, parts of south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine.

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Volkovo Cemetery

The Volkovo Cemetery (also Volkovskoe) (Во́лковское кла́дбище or Во́лково кла́дбище) is one of the largest and oldest non-Orthodox cemeteries in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Volksdeutsche

In Nazi German terminology, Volksdeutsche were "Germans in regard to people or race" (Ethnic Germans), regardless of citizenship.

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Vologda

Vologda (p) is a city and the administrative, cultural, and scientific center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the Vologda River within the watershed of the Northern Dvina.

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Vologda Oblast, Russian Empire

Vologda Oblast (Волого́дская о́бласть) was an administrative division (an oblast) of Vologda Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1780–1796.

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Vologda Viceroyalty

Vologda Viceroyalty (Волого́дское наме́стничество) was an administrative division (a namestnichestvo) of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1780–1796.

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Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on Christianity as a whole, especially the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and separation of church and state.

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Von Hahn

The name von Hahn (German "Hahn" equals the expression of rooster) is a German-Baltic-Russian noble family.

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Vorontsov

Vorontsov, also spelled Woronzow or Woroncow (Воронцо́в), is the name of a celebrated Russian noble family whose members attained the dignity of Counts of the Holy Roman Empire in 1744 and became Princes of the Russian Empire in 1852 with the style of Serene Highness.

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Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)

The Vorontsov Palace (Воронцовський палац; Воронцо́вский дворе́ц) or the Alupka Palace is an historic palace situated at the foot of the Crimean Mountains near the town of Alupka in Crimea.

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Votkinsk Machine Building Plant

Votkinsk Machine Building Plant (Воткинский завод) is a machine and ballistic missile production enterprise based in Votkinsk, Russia.

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Voznesensk

Voznesensk (Вознесенськ) is a city in Mykolaiv Oblast (region) of Ukraine and the administrative center of Voznesensk Raion (district).

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Vrouw Maria

Vrouw Maria (Lady Mary) was a Dutch wooden two-masted merchant ship carrying a valuable cargo of art objects, captained by Raymund Lourens, that sank on October 9, 1771, in the outer archipelago of the municipality of Nagu, Finland, 11 kilometers south-east of the island of Jurmo.

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Vsevolod Solovyov

Vsevolod Sergeyevich Solovyov (Всеволод Серге́евич Соловьёв; &ndash) was a Russian historical novelist.

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Vsyakaya vsyachina

Vsyakaya vsyachina (which may be translated as Tutti-Frutti or All Sorts and Sundries) was a Russian weekly magazine, established in 1769.

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Vues des ports de France

The Vues des ports de France ("Scenes of the harbours of France") are a series of paintings by French painter Joseph Vernet, made between 1754 and 1765 to answer a requirement by King Louis XV.

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Vvedenskoye Cemetery

Vvedenskoye Cemetery (p) is a historic cemetery in the Lefortovo District of Moscow in Russia.

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W. Stanley Moss

Ivan William Stanley "Billy" Moss MC (15 June 1921 – 9 August 1965), was a British army officer in World War II, and later a successful writer, broadcaster, journalist and traveller.

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Wakamiya-maru

The Wakamiya-maru was a Japanese cargo ship whose crew members became the first Japanese to circumnavigate the globe after their ship went off course after getting caught in a storm en route from Ishinomaki in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan to Edo (now Tokyo) in November 1793.

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Waldheim, Saskatchewan

Waldheim is a town of 1,035 residents in the rural municipality of Laird No. 404, in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, located 57 km north of Saskatoon.

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Walhalla memorial

The Walhalla is a hall of fame that honors laudable and distinguished people in German history – "politicians, sovereigns, scientists and artists of the German tongue";Official Guide booklet, 2002, p. 3 thus the celebrities honored are drawn from Greater Germany, a wider area than today's Germany, and even as far away as Britain in the case of several Anglo-Saxons who are honored.

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Walpole collection

The Walpole collection was a collection of paintings and other works of art at Houghton Hall, Norfolk and other residences of Sir Robert Walpole.

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War and Peace

War and Peace (pre-reform Russian: Война и миръ; post-reform translit) is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy.

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War of the Bavarian Succession

A Saxon–Prussian alliance fought the War of the Bavarian Succession (July 1778 – 21 May 1779) against the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy to prevent the Habsburgs from acquiring the Electorate of Bavaria.

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Wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna

The wedding of Nicholas II of Russia to Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) occurred on at the Grand Church of the Winter Palace.

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West Galicia

New Galicia or West Galicia (Nowa Galicja or Galicja Zachodnia, Neugalizien or Westgalizien) was an administrative region of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy, constituted from the territory annexed in the course of the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.

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Westmorland (ship)

The Westmorland or Westmoreland was a 26-gun British privateer frigate, operating in the Mediterranean Sea against French shipping in retaliation for France's opposition to Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War.

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White Nights Festival

Organised by the Saint Petersburg City Administration, the festival begins in May with the "Stars of the White Nights" at Mariinsky Theatre and ends in July.

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Wild Fields

The Wild Fields (Дике Поле Dyke Pole, Дикое Поле, Dikoye Polye, Dzikie pola, Dykra, Loca deserta, sive campi deserti inhabitati, also translated as "the Wilderness") is a historical term used in the Polish–Lithuanian documents of the 16th to 18th centuries to refer to the Pontic steppe of Ukraine, located north of the Black Sea and Azov Sea.

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Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948.

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Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands

Willem-Alexander (born Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand, 27 April 1967) is the King of the Netherlands, having ascended the throne following his mother's abdication in 2013.

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William Augustus Fawkener

William Augustus Fawkener (c.1750–1811) was a British civil servant and diplomat.

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William Bentinck (Royal Navy officer)

Vice-admiral William Bentinck, FRS (17 June 1764 – 21 February 1813) was an officer in the Royal Navy and during the years 1798–1802 Governor of St. Vincent and the Grenadines.

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William Bolts

William Bolts (1739–1808) was a Dutch-born eighteenth-century merchant active in India.

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William Buchan (physician)

William Buchan (1729 – 25 February 1805) was a Scottish physician and author.

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William Cockerill

William Cockerill (1759–1832) was a British entrepreneur who created a textile machine manufacturing business in Verviers and Liège, Belgium (then part of the French First Republic).

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William E. Butler

William Elliott Butler (born 20 October 1939) is a jurist and educator, the John Edward Fowler Distinguished Professor of Law, Dickinson School of Law, Pennsylvania State University (2005-) and Professorial Research Associate, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (2006-), and Emeritus Professor of Comparative Law in the University of London (2005-). He is a pre-eminent authority on the legal systems of Russia, other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and Mongolia.

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William Fermor

William Fermor (translit) was an Imperial Russian Army officer best known for leading his country’s army at the Battle of Zorndorf during the Seven Years’ War.

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William Gustav of Anhalt-Dessau

William Gustav of Anhalt-Dessau (20 June 1699, in Dessau – 16 December 1737, in Dessau), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and heir to the principality of Anhalt-Dessau.

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William I of Württemberg

William I (Friedrich Wilhelm Karl; 27 September 1781 – 25 June 1864) was King of Württemberg from 30 October 1816 until his death.

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William III of the Netherlands

William III (Dutch: Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk; English: William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis; 19 February 1817 – 23 November 1890) was King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1849 until his death in 1890.

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William Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford

William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford, KG, PC (17 September 1717 O.S. – 29 September 1781) was a British courtier, diplomat and statesman of Anglo-Dutch descent.

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William Tooke

William Tooke (1744–1820) was a British clergyman and historian of Russia.

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William, Prince of Orange

William, Prince of Orange (Willem Nicolaas Alexander Frederik Karel Hendrik; 4 September 1840 – 11 June 1879), was heir apparent to the Dutch throne as the eldest son of King William III from 17 March 1849 until his death.

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Wilton House

Wilton House is an English country house at Wilton near Salisbury in Wiltshire.

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Wimbledon, London

Wimbledon WIMBLESON is a district of southwest London, England, south-west of the centre of London at Charing Cross, in the London Borough of Merton, south of Wandsworth, northeast of New Malden, northwest of Mitcham, west of Streatham and north of Sutton.

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Winter Palace

The Winter Palace (p, Zimnij dvorets) in Saint Petersburg, Russia, was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs.

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Witness to Yesterday

Witness to Yesterday is a Canadian docudrama television series which featured staged interviews with historical personalities.

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Wladimir Köppen

Wladimir Peter Köppen (Влади́мир Петро́вич Кёппен, Vladimir Petrovich Kyoppen; 7 October 1846 – 22 June 1940) was a Russian-German geographer, meteorologist, climatologist and botanist.

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Women in Russia

Women in Russian society have a rich and varied history during numerous regimes throughout the centuries.

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World Chess Hall of Fame

The World Chess Hall of Fame (WCHOF) is a nonprofit, collecting institution situated in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, United States.

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World ORT

World ORT (Общество Ремесленного Труда, Obchestvo Remeslenogo Truda, "Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades") is a non-profit global Jewish organization that promotes education and training in communities worldwide.

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Wozdwizhenskaya Fortress

Wozdwizhenskaya Fortress (1742) on the Sakmara River was the second fort built as a part of Sakmara Distance by Ivan Neplyuyev during his governance of the Orenburg Commission.

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Xavier de Maistre

Xavier de Maistre (10 October 1763 – 12 June 1852) of Savoy (then part of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia) lived largely as a military man, but is known as a French writer.

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Yablonovka, Saratov Oblast

Yablonovka (Яблоновка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Rovensky District of Saratov Oblast, Russia, located about south of the city of Engels on the left bank of the Volga River.

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Yakimanka District

Yakimanka District (райо́н Якима́нка) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia.

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Yakov Bulgakov

Yakov Ivanovich Bulgakov (Russian: Яков Иванович Булгаков; 15 October 1743 – 7 July 1809) was a Russian diplomat best remembered as Catherine II's emissary in Constantinople in the 1780s.

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Yakov Knyazhnin

Yakov Borisovich Knyazhnin (Я́ков Бори́сович Княжни́н, November 3, 1742 or 1740, Pskov – January 1, 1791, St Petersburg) was Russia's foremost tragic author during the reign of Catherine the Great.

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Yakov Shakhovskoy

Prince Yakov Petrovich Shakhovskoy (Яков Петрович Шаховской) (8 October 1705 – 23 July 1777) was a Russian statesman.

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Yaroslavl

Yaroslavl (p) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow.

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Yasak

Yasak or yasaq, sometimes iasak, (ясак; akin to Yassa) is a Turkic word for "tribute" that was used in Imperial Russia to designate fur tribute exacted from the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

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Yauza River

The Yauza (Яуза) is a river in Moscow and Mytishchi, Russia, a tributary of the Moskva River.

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Yedisan

Yedisan (also Jedisan or Edisan) is a historical territory of the northern coast of Black Sea that appeared sometime in the 17th and 18th centuries as part of the Ottoman Silistra (see Silistra Eyalet) and was named after one of Nogai Hordes.

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Yegoshikha

Yegoshikha (Егоши́ха), formerly Yagoshikha (Ягоши́ха), was a village on the Yegoshikha River in the 17th–18th centuries.

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Yekaterina Gagarina

Yekaterina Petrovna Gagarina (Екатерина Петровна Гагарина; May 25, 1790—February 27, 1873), maiden name Soymonova (Соймонова), was a wife of a Russian diplomat Prince Grigory Gagarin and the daughter of the Secretary of State Pyotr Soymonov.

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Yekaterina Petrovna Rostopchina

Countess Yekaterina Petrovna Rostopchina (Екатерина Петровна Ростопчина; 1776 – 14 September 1859) was a Russian aristocrat and writer.

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Yekaterina Samoylova

Yekaterina Samoylova (1763–1830) was a Russian noble and lady-in-waiting.

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Yekaterina Sinyavina

Yekaterina Alexeyevna Sinyavina (died 1784) was a Russian composer and pianist.

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Yekaterina von Engelhardt

Yekaterina von Engelhardt (Екатерина Васильевна Энгельгардт; 1761–1829) was a Russian lady in waiting and noble.

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Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova

Princess Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova (Екатери́на Рома́новна Воронцо́ва-Да́шкова; 28 March 1743 – 15 January 1810) was the closest female friend of Empress Catherine the Great and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment.

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Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg (p), alternatively romanized Ekaterinburg, is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located on the Iset River east of the Ural Mountains, in the middle of the Eurasian continent, at the boundary between Asia and Europe.

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Yelagin Palace

Yelagin Palace (Елагин дворец; also Yelaginsky or Yelaginoostrovsky Dvorets) is a villa in Saint Petersburg which is situated on Yelagin Island in the Neva River and served as a royal summer palace during the reign of Tsar Alexander I. The villa was designed for Alexander's mother, Maria Fyodorovna, by the architect Carlo Rossi.

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Yemelyan Pugachev

Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (Емелья́н Ива́нович Пугачёв) (c. 1742 –) was a pretender to the Russian throne who led a great popular insurrection during the reign of Catherine II.

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Yevdokiya Yusupova

Yevdokiya Borisovna Yusupova (Евдоки́я Бори́совна Юсу́пова; May 5 (NS: May 16) 1743, Moscow – July 19 (NS: July 8) 1780, Saint Petersburg), was a Duchess consort of Courland.

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Yevgraph Tyurin

Yefgraph Dmitrievich Tyurin (Russian: Евграф Дмитриевич Тюрин) was a Russian architect and art collector, famous as the builder of Elokhovo Cathedral in Moscow, the main cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church in 1945–2000, and Moscow State University expansion in 1830.

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Yevstigney Fomin

Yevstigney Ipat'yevich Fomin (Евстигне́й Ипа́тьевич Фоми́н) (born St Petersburg – died St. Petersburg c) was a Russian opera composer of the 18th century.

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Young Catherine

Young Catherine is a 1991 British TV miniseries based on the early life of Catherine II of Russia.

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Yuliya Snigir

Yuliya Viktorovna Snigir (Ю́лия Ви́кторовна Сниги́рь; born 2 June 1983) is a Russian actress and model.

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Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgorukov

Prince Yuri Dolgorukov (November 2 (13) 1740 - 8 (20) November 1830) was a Russian general in chief and military governor of Moscow from May to November 1797, as well as the author of a set of military memoirs.

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Yury Felten

Yury Matveyevich Felten (Ю́рий Матве́евич Фе́льтен, German name Georg Friedrich Veldten) (1730–1801) was a court architect to Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia.

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Yury Golovkin

Count Yurii Alexandrovich Golovkin (Юрий Александрович Головкин) (1762–1846) was a Russian diplomat who served as Russian Minister (ambassador) in Stuttgart (1813–18) and in Vienna (1818–1822), but is best remembered for his leadership of the ambitious mission to China despatched in 1805.

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Yury Luzhkov

Yury Mikhaylovich Luzhkov (p; born 21 September 1936) is a Russian politician who was the Mayor of Moscow from 1992 to 2010.

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Yusef Khan-e Gorji

Yusef Khan Gorji (also spelled Yūsof; یوسف خان گرجی; died 1824) was a Qajar Iranian military leader and official of Georgian origin.

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Załuski Library

The Załuski Library (Biblioteka Załuskich, Bibliotheca Zalusciana) was built in Warsaw in 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops.

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Zakhar Chernyshyov

Count Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshov or Tchernyshov (Захар Григорьевич Чернышёв; 1722 - 1784), best known for the 1760 raid on Berlin, rose to become Minister of War to the empress Catherine the Great of Russia.

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Zakhary Chepiha

Zakhary Chepiha (Чепіга Харитон Олексійович), also known as Kharyton (Kharko) Chepiga (Захарий Алексеевич Чепега)(1725-14 January 1797) was, after Sydir Bily, the second Kosh ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Host.

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Zamoskvorechye District

Zamoskvorechye District (райо́н Замоскворе́чье) is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia.

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Zaporizhian Sich

The Zaporozhian Sich or Zaporozhian Sich (Запорозька Січ, Запорізька Січ, Zaporoz'ka Sich, Zaporiz'ka Sich; Sicz Zaporoska; Запорожская Сечь) was a semi-autonomous polity of Cossacks in the 16th to 18th centuries, centred in the region around today's Kakhovka Reservoir spanning the lower Dnieper river in Ukraine.

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Zaporozhets za Dunayem

Zaporozhets za Dunayem (Запорожець за Дунаєм, translated as A Zaporozhian (Cossack) Beyond the Danube, also referred to as Cossacks in Exile) is a Ukrainian comic opera with spoken dialogue in three acts with music and libretto by the composer Semen Hulak-Artemovsky (1813–1873). The orchestration has subsequently been rewritten by composers such as Reinhold Glière and Heorhiy Maiboroda. This is one of the best-known Ukrainian comic operas depicting national themes. It was premiered with a Russian libretto on, in St Petersburg (at the time the capital of the Russian Empire). However, it is now normally performed in a Ukrainian translation.

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Zaporozhian Cossacks

The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Zaporozhian Cossack Army, Zaporozhian Host (Військо Запорізьке, Войско Запорожское) or simply Zaporozhians (translit) were Cossacks who lived beyond the rapids of the Dnieper River, the land also known under the historical term Wild Fields in today's Central Ukraine.

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Zémire et Azor

(Zémire and Azor) is an opéra comique, described as a comédie-ballet mêlée de chants et de danses, in four acts by the Belgian composer André Grétry.

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Zemstvo

A zemstvo (p, plural zemstva – земства) was an institution of local government set up during the great emancipation reform of 1861 carried out in Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander II of Russia.

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Zenobia

Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene: (Btzby), pronounced Bat-Zabbai; 240 – c. 274 AD) was a third-century queen of the Syria-based Palmyrene Empire.

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Zerbst

Zerbst (Serbišćo in Sorbian) is a town in the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Zerbst Castle

Zerbst Castle (German: Schloss Zerbst) in the town of Zerbst, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany was the residence of the Princes of Anhalt-Zerbst from the late 17th century until the line died out in 1793.

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Znamenskoye-Sadki

Znamenskoye-Sadki is one of the oldest country estates of Moscow.

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Zone (vestment)

The Zone (ζώνη, zonē) is a form of girdle or belt common in the ancient eastern Mediterranean.

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Zubov

Zubov (Зу́бов) was a Russian noble family which rose to the highest offices of state in the 1790s, when Platon Zubov became the last favourite of Catherine II of Russia.

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Zug

Zug (Zug,; Zoug; Zugo; Zug; Neo-Latin Tugiumnamed in the 16th century), is an affluent municipality and town in Switzerland.

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1690

No description.

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1728

No description.

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1729

No description.

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1744

No description.

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1744 in Russia

Events from the year 1744 in Russia.

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1745

No description.

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1745 in Russia

Events from the year 1745 in Russia.

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1747

No description.

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1757 in music

The year 1757 in music involved some significant compositions.

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1762

No description.

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1762 in Russia

Events from the year 1762 in Russia.

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1763

No description.

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1763 in Russia

Events from the year 1763 in Russia.

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1764

No description.

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1764 in Russia

Events from the year 1764 in Russia.

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1765

No description.

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1765 in Russia

Events from the year 1765 in Russia.

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1767 in Russia

Events from the year 1767 in Russia.

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1768 in Russia

Events from the year 1768 in Russia.

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1770–1772 Russian plague

The Russian plague epidemic of 1770–1772, also known as the Plague of 1771, was the last massive outbreak of plague in central Russia, claiming between 52 and 100 thousand lives in Moscow alone (1/6 to 1/3 of its population).

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1771 in Russia

Events from the year 1771 in Russia.

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1772 in Russia

Events from the year 1772 in Russia.

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1773 in Russia

Events from the year 1773 in Russia.

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1774 in Russia

Events from the year 1774 in Russia.

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1775

The American Revolution begins this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-epic ride.

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1775 in Russia

Events from the year 1775 in Russia.

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1776 in music

No description.

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1776 in Russia

Events from the year 1776 in Russia.

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1777 in Sweden

Events from the year 1777 in Sweden.

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1778 in Russia

Events from the year 1778 in Russia.

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1779 in Russia

Events from the year 1779 in Russia.

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1780 in Russia

Events from the year 1780 in Russia.

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1780s

The 1780s decade ran from January 1, 1780, to December 31, 1789.

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1780s in South Africa

The following lists events that happened during the 1780s in South Africa.

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1781 in Russia

Events from the year 1781 in Russia.

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1782 in Russia

Events from the year 1782 in Russia.

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1783

No description.

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1783 in Russia

Events from the year 1783 in Russia.

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1783 in Sweden

Events from the year 1783 in Sweden.

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1784 in Russia

Events from the year 1784 in Russia.

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1785

No description.

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1785 in music

No description.

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1785 in Russia

Events from the year 1785 in Russia.

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1786 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

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1786 in Russia

Events from the year 1786 in Russia.

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1787 in Russia

Events from the year 1787 in Russia.

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1788 in music

No description.

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1788 in Russia

Events from the year 1788 in Russia.

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1789 in architecture

The year 1789 in architecture involved some significant events.

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1789 in Russia

Events from the year 1789 in Russia.

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1790 in Russia

Events from the year 1790 in Russia.

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1790s

The 1790s decade ran from January 1, 1790, to December 31, 1799.

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1791

No description.

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1791 in Russia

Events from the year 1791 in Russia.

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1792 in Canada

Events from the year 1792 in Canada.

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1792 in Russia

Events from the year 1792 in Russia.

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1793 in Russia

Events from the year 1793 in Russia.

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1795 in literature

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1795.

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1795 in Russia

Events from the year 1795 in Russia.

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1796

No description.

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1796 in Russia

Events from the year 1796 in Russia.

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1796 in Sweden

Events from the year 1796 in Sweden.

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1799

No description.

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18th century

The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800 in the Gregorian calendar.

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1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire

The 1917 Kazan Gunpowder Plant fire began on 14 August 1917 in the city of Kazan, which was then center of governorate within the Russian Empire, destroying the plant and spreading panic in the city on 14–16 August, and it lasted at least until 24 August.

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2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics took place at the Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi, Russia, on 7 February 2014.

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2015 in art

The year 2015 in art involves various significant events.

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2nd millennium

The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1, 1001, of the Julian calendar and ended on December 31, 2000The year 2000 is technically the last year of the 2nd millennium, however it is generally considered the first year of the 3rd millennium.

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Redirects here:

Cate the Great, Catharina II of Russia, Catharina II the Great, Catharine II of Russia, Catharine II the Great, Catharine of Russia, Catharine the Great, Catherina the II of Russia, Catherine Alexeievna, Catherine Alexeievna of Anhalt, Catherine Alexeievna of Anhalt-Zerbst, Catherine II, Catherine II Alexeyevna, Catherine II of Russia, Catherine II the Great, Catherine II the Great of Russia, Catherine II, Empress of Russia, Catherine II, the Great, of Russia, Catherine II. the Great, Catherine Ii, Catherine The Great, Catherine era, Catherine great, Catherine ii of russia, Catherine of Anhalt-Zerbst, Catherine the Great of Russia, Catherine the great, Catherinian, Catherinian Era, Ekaterina II, Ekaterina II of Russia, Empress Catherine, Empress Catherine II, Empress Catherine II of Russia, Empress Catherine II the Great of Russia, Empress Catherine of Russia, Katharina II, Katherina the Great, Katherine the Great, Princess Sophie von Anhalt-Zerbst, Prinzessin Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, Prinzessin von Anhalt-Zerbst, Queen Catherine II, Queen Catherine the Great, Russian Empress Catherine II, Russian ancestry of Catherine the Great, Russian roots of Catherine the Great, Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, Sophia Augusta Fredericka, Sophia Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst, Sophie Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst, Sophie Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, Sophie Friederike Auguste, Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, Tsarina Catherine the Great, Yekaterina II, Yekaterina II Alekseyevna, Yekaterina II Velikaya, Yekaterina II of Russia, Yekaterina II the Great, Yekaterina Velikaya, Yekaterina the Great, Екатерина II.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great