Communication

1492 relations: -kinesis, Acanthocephala, Acetabularia caliculus, Acetabularia crenulata, Acetylation, Acridine orange, Acrocoelus, Acroeimeria, Acrosome, Actin, Actinomycetales, Action potential, Activity-dependent plasticity, ACTL7A, ACTR1B, Acute monocytic leukemia, Adélie penguin, Adeno-associated virus, Adenoviridae, ADI1, Adipocyte, Advanced glycation end-product, Aggresome, Agnoprotein, Agranulocyte, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, AIFM1, AIFM2, Akaryocyte, Akt/PKB signaling pathway, Alastrim, Albrecht Kossel, ALDH7A1, Aldolase A, Alexander Dounce, Alexandrium monilatum, Algae, Allan Wilson, Allium, Allotopic expression, Alpha solenoid, Alpha thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis, Alpha-enolase, Alpha-keratin, Alveolar soft part sarcoma, Amanda Fisher, Amanita abrupta, Amanita bisporigera, Amanita onusta, Ameloblastoma, ..., AMMECR1, Amoeba (genus), Amoeba proteus, Amoebophyra, AMP-activated protein kinase, Amphisbaena alba, Amy Gladfelter, Amyloid precursor protein secretase, Anabolic steroid, Anal sac adenocarcinoma, Anamniotes, Anaplasia, Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, Anastomosis, Anatomy, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Androgen receptor, Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry, Angomonas deanei, Anitschkow cell, ANKRD1, ANKRD2, ANKRD24, Anti-Hu associated encephalitis, Anti-nuclear antibody, Antisense RNA, API5, Apicomplexa, Apicomplexan life cycle, Apicoplast, APPL1, Archaea, Archamoebae, Archibald Macallum, Archigregarinorida, Arias-Stella reaction, ARID4A, Armillaria gallica, Arneth count, Arrestin, Arsenic biochemistry, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Ascetosporea, Aschoff cell, Ascomycota, Asexual reproduction, Asparagales, Asplenium resiliens, Aster (cell biology), Astomonema, Astroblastoma, ATP-sensitive potassium channel, ATP10 protein, ATryn, Auger therapy, Aureococcus anophagefferens, Autopoiesis, Autoschizis, Axodine, Axoplasm, B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia, Bacillaria, Bacteria, Bacterial cell structure, Baculoviridae, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Baltimore classification, Band cell, Bandersnatch (Known Space), BAP1, Barettin, Basidiospore, Basophil, Basophilic, Bedlington Terrier, Belimumab, BEND2 (protein), Bennettinia, Bernhard Solger, Beta cell, Beta-catenin, BHLHE41, Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, BinCARD, Binucleated cells, Biochemical cascade, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Biological life cycle, Biology, Biomolecular condensate, Biophilia (album), Biosynthesis, Bird, Black queen cell virus, Blackbuck, Blastoconidium, Bleb (cell biology), Blood, Blood film, Blood islands, BOK (gene), Bolle's pigeon, Bone, Boris Ephrussi, Borna disease virus, Botany, Bouin solution, Bovina (subtribe), Brachiopod, Brachymeiosis, Brain tumor, Brainstem, Breast cancer, Breast cancer classification, BRMS1, Brown atrophy of the heart, Bryozoa, Bud, Buddenbrockia plumatellae, Buffy coat, Bystander effect (radiobiology), C-value, C11orf86, C14orf80, C14orf93, C15orf39, C16orf46, C16orf71, C17orf53, C18orf63, C19orf44 (gene), C19orf67, C20orf196, C21orf59, C2orf73, C7orf31, C8orf58, C8orf82, C9orf152, Cadherin–catenin complex in learning and memory, Cafeteria roenbergensis, Cafeteria roenbergensis virus, Cajal body, Calcitriol, California slender salamander, Calostoma, Canalicular adenoma, Cancer cell, Cancer stem cell, Cancerous micronuclei, Canine distemper, Cantharellus lateritius, Capping enzyme, Carcinogenesis, Cardiac muscle, Carl Woese, Carmine, CAS/CSE protein family, CASC3, Casein kinase 1 isoform epsilon, Cassava mosaic virus, Caulerpa, Caulerpa prolifera, Caulerpa racemosa, Cauliflower mosaic virus, Caulleryellidae, Cavalier-Smith's system of classification, CccDNA, CCDC180, CCDC186, CD36, CDKL2, CDNA library, Ced-3, Celastrales, Cell (biology), Cell cycle, Cell cycle analysis, Cell death, Cell fusion, Cell growth, Cell physiology, Cell theory, Cellular compartment, Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1, CENPH, Central chromatolysis, Central dogma of molecular biology, Centrifugation, Centromere protein B, Cercomonadida, Cerebriform nuclei, CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, Chaos (genus), Characters in the Metroid series, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, Charles Philippe Leblond, Charlie Gard case, Chem-seq, Chilodonella uncinata, Chlamydomonas nivalis, Chloroplast, Chloroplast DNA, Choanoflagellate, Chondroblast, Chondrocyte, Chorioactis, Christian views on cloning, Christoph Cremer, Chromatin, Chromatolysis, Chromosome, Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome, Chromosome segregation, Chromosome territories, Ci protein, Ciliate, Cilium, Circular RNA, Clamp connection, Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma, Cleavage stimulation factor, CLK1, Clusterin, Coccidinium, Coccolithophore, Coenogamete, Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 142, Colocalization, Common raven physiology, Computational gene, Computed Corpuscle Sectioning, Condensin, Cone cell, Congenital cytomegalovirus infection, Congenital myopathy, Control of chromosome duplication, Control system (disambiguation), Corneal epithelium, Corneocyte, Corona, Queens, Corpuscles of Herbst, CoRR hypothesis, Corticata, Cortinarius vanduzerensis, COX-2 inhibitor, CREB, CREBL1, CREST syndrome, Cresyl violet, Crosstalk (biology), Crozier (mycology), Crucibulum, CRYGA, Cryomonadida, Cryptochrome, Cryptomonad, Cryptomonas, CSNK1E, CSRP3, Cucumber mosaic virus, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Cuphocarpus, CXorf49, Cyathus, Cyathus striatus, Cystatin C, Cytohet, Cytomixis, Cytopathic effect, Cytopathology, Cytoplasm, Cytoplasmic hybrid, Cytoplasmic inclusion, Cytoplasmic male sterility, Cytoplast, Cytosol, Cytostome, Cytotoxic T cell, Daf-16, Daf-2, Damage-associated molecular pattern, DAP3, Dasycladales, David L. Spector, David Rorvik, DCL1, DDX19B, DDX24, DDX27, DDX47, De-extinction, Death-associated protein 6, Debaryomyces hansenii, Deductive-nomological model, Deer, Dehydrin, Dendrin, Denis Wirtz, Deoxyribose, DEP domain, Desmin, Development of analogs of thalidomide, DGCR8, DHX36, Diatom, Dicer, Dick Swaab, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Dikaryon, Dingo, Dingo (taxon), Dinoflagellate, Dinokaryon, Dinokaryota, Diplomonad, DISC1, Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors, Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, Distal convoluted tubule, DNA, DNA damage theory of aging, DNA glycosylase, DNA methyltransferase, DNA paternity testing, DNA re-replication, DNA repair, DNA repair protein XRCC4, DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase, DNA-binding protein, DNA-SCARS, DNAJC3, Dolipore septum, Dolly (sheep), Domain (biology), Double minute, Doushantuo type preservation, Down syndrome research, Drosha, Drosophila melanogaster, DUT (gene), Dysgeusia, EAPP, Ebola virus disease, Ecdysone receptor, Ectomycorrhiza, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Egg, Egg cell, EIF6, Eimeria, ELAC2, Elena Conti, Elisa Izaurralde, Elphidium, Embryology, Emerin, Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Emperor penguin, Enaptin, Endocrine system, ENDOG, Endogenous mediator, Endogenous retrovirus, Endolimax, Endomembrane system, Endometrial cancer, Enhancer RNA, ENOD40, Entamoeba, Enucleation (microbiology), Enzalutamide, Eosin, Epidermis, Epigenetics of human development, Epigenetics of human herpesvirus latency, Epigenomics, Epithelium, Epitranscriptome, Epstein–Barr virus, Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small RNAs, Equine foamy virus, ERCC excision repair 6 like, spindle assembly checkpoint helicase, ERCC4, Eremothecium gossypii, Erich Nigg, ERICH2, Erythropoiesis, Essential fatty acid interactions, Estrogen receptor, Euchromatin, Euglena, Eukaryote, Eukaryotic chromosome structure, Eukaryotic DNA replication, Eukaryotic ribosome (80S), Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1, European bison, Euryale ferox, Evolution, Evolution of photosynthesis, Evolution of the wolf, Exonic splicing enhancer, Exosome complex, Exotoxin, Extrachromosomal Circular DNA, Extrachromosomal DNA, Extranuclear inheritance, FADD, Fallisia siamense, FAM162A, FAM208b, Fam221b, FAM234A, FAM43A, FAM63A, FAM71E1, FAM76A, FAM83H, Familial adenomatous polyposis, Fananas cell, FANCA, FANCD2, Fanconi anemia, complementation group C, FANTOM, Farinocystis, Farnesoid X receptor, Fasciola hepatica, FASTKD1, FASTKD2, Fate mapping, Fatty acid, Fatty acid metabolism, Fatty acid synthesis, Fatty liver, Feline viral rhinotracheitis, Fertilisation, FHAD1, Fibroblast, Firre (gene), Fish, Fish physiology, Fish reproduction, Fission (biology), Flame cell, Fluorescence microscope, Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor, Folliculin, Foraminifera, Formins, Foveolar cell, FOXO1, Francis Crick, Franz Leydig, Franz Nissl, Friedrich Miescher, FTO gene, Fuchsine, Fungus, Fusiona, Fusionidae, G2 phase, Galectin, Galectin-3, Galerina sulciceps, Gametangium, Gametogamy, Gamma motor neuron, Ganymedidae, Gazania, Gem-associated protein 5, GEMIN8, Geminiviridae, Gemmata obscuriglobus, Gene, Gene expression, Gene gating, Gene gun, Gene Ontology Term Enrichment, Gene structure, Genetic engineering, Genetic engineering techniques, Genetic imbalance, Genetically modified crops, Genetically modified fish, Genetically modified tomato, Genome architecture mapping, Genome evolution, Genome size, Genomic DNA, Genomic imprinting, Genomics Digital Lab, Gentoo penguin, Geology applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Gerenuk, Germ cell neoplasia in situ, Germinoma, Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung, Giardia, Giardia lamblia, Gibberellin, Giovannolaia, GJB1, Glandulocaudinae, Gliogenesis, Gliosis, Glires, GLIS1, Gloeocapsa magma, Glossary of biology, Glossary of bird terms, Glossary of botanical terms, Glossary of civil engineering, Glossary of diabetes, Glossary of engineering, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of structural engineering, GLRX2, Glucocorticoid, Glucocorticoid receptor, Glucokinase, Glutamate rich 5, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Goblet cell, Golgi apparatus, Gonimoblast, GPR158, Grafting, Granulocyte, Granulopoiesis, Granzyme B, Gregarinasina, Gurken localisation signal, H2AFB3, Haemamoeba, Haemoproteus, Halofolliculina corallasia, Hamiltosporidium, Haplogroup, Haplomitriopsida, Heat shock factor, Hedgehog signaling pathway, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz, Helenium virus Y, Heliomonadida, Hematein, Hematoxylin body, Hemoglobin, Hepatitis B, Hepatocystis muuli, Hepatocyte, Herbert Wilson, Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome, Herpes gladiatorum, Herpes simplex, Herpes simplex virus, Herpesviridae, Heterochromatin, Heterochromatin protein 1, Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle, Heterokaryon, Hexokinase, HHV Infected Cell Polypeptide 0, High-content screening, High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, Himalayan wolf, HIPK2, HIST1H2AK, HIST1H2BD, HIST1H2BH, HIST1H4B, HIST1H4J, HIST1H4L, HIST2H2AC, Histidinol dehydrogenase, Histiocytoma (dog), Histology, Histone, Histone acetylation and deacetylation, Histone acetyltransferase, Histone H1, Histone H2A, Histone H2B, Histopathology, History of biology, History of Earth, History of genetic engineering, History of genetics, History of model organisms, History of RNA biology, HIV, HIV Rev response element, HMGB1, HNRNPA0, HNRNPL, HNRPAB, HNRPD, HNRPDL, Homing endonuclease, Homogeneously staining region, Homokaryotic, Homology directed repair, Hop (protein), HOPS stain, Horizontal gene transfer, Hormone, Howard Gimbel, Howell–Jolly body, Hsp27, Hsp70, Hsp90, HSPA1A, HSPA1L, HSPA8, Hsromega, Hua-Enhancer1, Human body, Human cytomegalovirus, Human genetic resistance to malaria, Human genome, Human tooth development, Human–animal hybrid, Huntington's disease, Hyaline cartilage, Hyalocyte, Hydrolethalus syndrome, Hypersegmented neutrophil, Hypha, Hypothyroidism, Hysteresis, Hytrosaviridae, I-motif DNA, Iain Mattaj, ICAM4, IK (gene), IKK2, Immature teratoma, Immortality, Implantation (human embryo), Importin, Importin α, In Re Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Inclusion bodies, Index of biochemistry articles, Index of biology articles, Index of genetics articles, Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles, Index of molecular biology articles, Infectious mononucleosis, Inflammatory myopathy, Influenza, Injaz, Innate immune defect, Innate immune system, Inner root sheath, Inotuzumab ozogamicin, Insulator (genetics), Integrin alpha 7, Interchromatin granule, Interferon, Interferon alpha-1, Interleukin 15, Interleukin 33, Intermediate filament, Interphase, Intestinal gland, Intracellular receptor, Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection, Intramembranous ossification, Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma, Introduction to genetics, IQGAP1, Iridoviridae, IRX1, Isospora hammondi, JAG1, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Jakoba, James Underwood, Janus kinase, Jeffrey L. Price, Joachim Hämmerling, John Gurdon, John Zhang (scientist), Joseph Leidy, Jovan Hadži, JUNQ and IPOD, Kamera lens, Karenia bicuneiformis, Karenia papilionacea, Karenia selliformis, Karyogamy, Karyoklepty, Karyopherin, Karyopherin alpha 2, Karyorelictea, Karyorrhexis, Karyosome, Karyotin, Karyotype, Keratinocyte, Keratohyalin, KHDRBS1, Ki-67 (protein), KIAA0232, KIAA1211L, KIAA1704, KIAA1841, KIN2/PAR-1/MARK kinase family, Kingdom (biology), Koilocyte, Konstantin Mereschkowski, La domain, Lamin, Laminin 111, Lampbrush chromosome, Langhans giant cell, Large intestine, Large tumor antigen, Large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype, Lateral grey column, Laurel pigeon, Léon Guignard, LCHN, Leishmania, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania major, Lens (anatomy), Leonard H. Rome, Lepiota castaneidisca, Lester W. Sharp, Leucoplast, Leukoplakia, Leydig cell, Life, LIG3, Liliaceae, LIM domain-binding protein family, LINC complex, Linnean Society of London, Lionel Smith Beale, Lipid bilayer, Lipoblast, List of animals that have been cloned, List of Arceuthobium species, List of British innovations and discoveries, List of discoveries, List of English inventions and discoveries, List of examples of lengths, List of MeSH codes (A11), List of MeSH codes (D12.776), List of MeSH codes (D12.776.660), List of periodontal diseases, List of Plasmodium species, List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes, List of types of proteins, List of University of Edinburgh medical people, List of words ending in ology, Little Orphan Annie, Little penguin, Lobation, LOC101059915, Lokiarchaeota, Long interspersed nuclear element, Lorna Casselton, LRRC40, LSm, LTR retrotransposon, Lugol's iodine, Lung cancer, Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor, Lymphocystivirus, Lymphocyte, Lysosome, M1 protein, Macrolepiota clelandii, Macronucleus, Macula densa, Magnesium in biology, Magnetofection, Major histocompatibility complex, MALAT1, MamL-1 domain, Mantle cell lymphoma, MAPK phosphatase, MAPK1, MAPK6, March 1901, Marie Maynard Daly, Marine life, Marine microorganism, Masson's trichrome stain, Mast cell, Matrix (biology), Matthias Jakob Schleiden, Mechanobiology, Meconium aspiration syndrome, MED26, MEG8, Megaevolution, Megalocytivirus, Meganuclease, Megaspore, Megaspore mother cell, Melanin, Melanthieae, Membrane contact site, MEN1, Merocystis, Merogregarina, Mesangiospermae, Mesenchymal stem cell, Messenger RNA, Metamonad, Metamyelocyte, Methyl green, Methyltransferase, Metroid (fictional species), Metroid Fusion, MHC class I, MIAT (gene), Micrasterias, Microbeam, Microglia, Micronucleus, Micronucleus test, Microorganism, Microprocessor complex, MicroRNA, Microsome, Microspora, Microsporaceae, Microsporidia, Microstructured optical arrays, Microtubule organizing center, Microvesicles, Microvessel, Mineralocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid receptor, Minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3, Mir-10 microRNA precursor family, MiR-122, Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, Mitochondrial ROS, Mitochondrion, MNDA, Model lipid bilayer, Mold, Molecular anthropology, Molecular machine, Monera, Montrose, Angus, Morpholino, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9, MRNA surveillance, MSH2, Mucosal associated invariant T cell, Mucous membrane of nose, MUL1, Multicellular organism, Multinucleate, Murine polyomavirus, Muscle memory (strength training), Muscle tissue, Mutation rate, Myeloblast, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Myelophthisic anemia, MYO1C, Myocardial infarction diagnosis, Myocyte, Myopathy, MYPN, Myriochelata, Myrionecta rubra, Myxogastria, N-glycosyltransferase, NamiRNAs, Nanoinjection, NASP (gene), Nassellaria, NBPF16, NBPF19, NC ratio, NCOA6, NDR kinase, NEAT1, Nebenkern, Neocallimastigomycota, Neolentinus, Nerine, Nesfatin-1, NeuN, Neurilemma, Neurodegeneration, Neuroepithelial cell, Neurofibromin 1, Neuron, Neurotrophin, Neutrophil, New Guinea singing dog, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Nidulariaceae, Nile blue, NLRC5, Noctilucales, Nodal signaling pathway, NONO (protein), Noori (goat), Nostoc verrucosum, Notch proteins, Notch signaling pathway, Novyella, NTERA-2, Nuclear, Nuclear atypia, Nuclear bag fiber, Nuclear calcium, Nuclear dimorphism, Nuclear DNA, Nuclear dots, Nuclear envelope, Nuclear equivalence, Nuclear export signal, Nuclear gene, Nuclear lamina, Nuclear localization sequence, Nuclear matrix, Nuclear moulding, Nuclear organization, Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus, Nuclear pore, Nuclear prelamin A recognition factor, Nuclear protein, Nuclear receptor, Nuclear run-on, Nuclear transfer, Nuclear transport, Nucleated red blood cell, Nucleic acid, Nucleofection, Nucleoid, Nucleolus, Nucleolus organizer region, Nucleomorph, Nucleoplasm, Nucleoporin, Nucleosome, Nucleus, NUN buffer, Nurse cell, Nuthatch, Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin, Nutrient sensing, Nutritional neuroscience, NXF1, Ochnaceae, Octopine dehydrogenase family, Once Upon a Time... Life, Oncocytoma, Oocyte, Oogonium, Opalski cells, Orchid fleck virus, Orchidaceae, Orders of magnitude (length), Ordospora colligata, Organellar DNA, Organelle, Organism, Oribi, Origin of the domestic dog, Orthomyxoviridae, Oscar Werner Tiegs, Osteoblast, Ostreococcus, Ostreococcus tauri, Osvaldo Daniel, Outline of biology, Outline of cell biology, Outline of genetics, Oxidative phosphorylation, Oxymonad, P-ANCA, P14arf, P53, PABPII, PADI4, Paleoleishmania, Pancreatic islet macrophage, Pancrustacea, Papanicolaou stain, Papillary tumors of the pineal region, Papillomaviridae, Parakeratosis, Paramecium caudatum, Paraspeckle, PARP2, PARP3, Parthanatos, Parthenogenesis, Partial cleavage stimulation factor domain, Partial cloning, Patrick Cramer, PCNT, Pelger–Huet anomaly, Pelomyxa, Penicillium digitatum, Pennales, Peptide hormone, Peptidylprolyl isomerase A, Pericyte, Peridiscaceae, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, Peripheral giant-cell granuloma, Peripheral nervous system, Perkinsus marinus, Peter Borovsky, Phacus, Phagocyte, Philip Siekevitz, Phloem, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, Phosphodiesterase 3, Phosphoglycerate kinase, Phosphoinositide phospholipase C, Phospholipid scramblase, Photostatin, Photosynthesis, Phragmosome, Phytochrome, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora megakarya, PI4KB, Picoeukaryote, Picornavirus, Pinealocyte, Pineocytoma, Pioneer factor, Piwi-interacting RNA, PKM2, Placenta, Plakoglobin, Plant, Plant cell, Plant DNA C-values Database, Plasma cell, Plasmodium, Plasmodium (life cycle), Plasmodium acuminatum, Plasmodium alaudae, Plasmodium basilisci, Plasmodium brumpti, Plasmodium chiricahuae, Plasmodium clelandi, Plasmodium diploglossi, Plasmodium eylesi, Plasmodium fieldi, Plasmodium gabaldoni, Plasmodium minasense, Plasmodium pelaezi, Plasmogamy, Plastid, Platelet, Pleomorphism (cytology), PMS2, PNKD, Podosome, POLD1, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, Poly(A)-binding protein, Polychaos dubium, Polycystin 1, Polyhedrin, Polykrikaceae, Polyomaviridae, Polyploid, Polyscias racemosa, Polysiphonia, POM121, Post-transcriptional modification, Potyvirus, Power, Sex, Suicide, Poxviridae, PPP1R10, PRC1, PRDX5, Precursor mRNA, Preprophase, Preprophase band, Primary effusion lymphoma, Primary transcript, Proerythroblast, Profilin, Progeria, Progeroid syndromes, Programmed cell death, Prokaryote, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Proline-Rich Coiled Coil 1, Proline-rich protein 30, Promyelocytic leukemia protein, Prophase, Proser2, Protamine, Proteasome, Protein, Protein biosynthesis, Protein inhibitor of activated STAT, Protein K (gene expression), Protein subcellular localization prediction, Protein–protein interaction, Protist, Protochlorophyllide, Protoplasm, Protoplast, Proximity ligation assay, Prp24, PRR23C, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, Pseudoviridae, Pulmonary alveolus, PYCARD, PYGB, Pyknosis, Pyrocystis fusiformis, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, QRICH1, R-SMAD, Rabies (novel), Radial glial cell, Radiolaria, Radioresistance, Raji cell, Ran (protein), Ranavirus, RanGAP, Rastrimonas, Reactive lymphocyte, Receptor (biochemistry), Red blood cell, Red pulp, Red wolf, RedToL, Reed–Sternberg cell, Regional differentiation, Rejuvenation (aging), Renal cell carcinoma, Renal oncocytoma, Reproductive isolation, Reticulocyte, Reticulomyxa, Retinal pigment epithelium, Retrograde signaling, Retrotransposon, Rev (HIV), Rhizidiovirus, Ribonuclease H, Ribosomal protein, Ribosome, Ribosome Recycling Factor, Ribosomopathy, Richard Lounsbery Award, Rigifilida, RMDN3, RMRP, RNA, RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (c. elegans) 3, RNA interference, RNA polymerase, RNA splicing, RNA-binding protein, RNase MRP, Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773), Robert Feulgen, Rod cell, Roger D. Kornberg, Romanticism in Scotland, Rosaceae, Rosales, RTL6, RuBisCO, RUFY2, S100A1, S100A3, S100A7, S100A9, Safingol, Safranin, Saiga antelope, Salt-and-pepper chromatin, Samuel H. Wood, SAND DNA-binding protein domain, Sappinia, Sarcoplasm, Satellite glial cell, Scadoxus, Scaffold protein, Scaffold/matrix attachment region, Scapula, Scottish inventions and discoveries, Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, Selective progesterone receptor modulator, Selfing, SENP1, Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1, Serous membrane, Sessile serrated adenoma, Sex chromosome, Siah interacting protein N-terminal domain, Sic1, Sideroblastic anemia, Signal patch, Signal transduction, Signet ring cell, Signet ring cell carcinoma, SIPA1, Sirtuin 2, Sitio Sierra, Sivatoshella, Skeletal muscle, SLC25A31, SLC25A5, Sleeping Beauty transposon system, Slime mold, Small Cajal body-specific RNA, Small nuclear RNA, Small-cell melanoma, Smallpox, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome, Smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential, SnRNP, Snurposome, Sociogenomics, SOD2, Sodium aluminium sulfate, Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor 2, Solenoid (DNA), Solid pseudopapillary tumour, Soma (biology), Somatic cell, Somatic fusion, SORBS2, Sperm, Sperm heteromorphism, Spermatocytic seminoma, Spermatocytogenesis, Sphaerotheca castagnei, Spinal muscular atrophy, Spirochaeta americana, Sponge, Sporogenesis, Springbok, Squamous cell carcinoma, SR protein, Staining, STAT4, STAT5, Statin, Statocyte, Steatosis, Stephanopogon, Sterigma, Steroid hormone receptor, STIM2, Stodtmeister cell, Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence, Stratum basale, Stratum granulosum, Stress granule, Stress in early childhood, Subcellular localization, SUMO protein, SUN domain, Super-resolution microscopy, Suppressor of fused Sufu protein N terminal domain, Survival of motor neuron, SV40, Synchytrium, Syncytium, Syndiniales, SYNPO2, Syringammina fragilissima, Systematics, Systemic lupus erythematosus, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, Taccalonolide, Target peptide, Taxonomic rank, Taxonomy (biology), Taxonomy of Allium, Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates, Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae, TAZ zinc finger, Tegument (helminth), Telethonin, Teliospore, Teloblast, Telocyte, Telophase, Tendon cell, Teneurin, TERF1, Tesmilifene, Testosterone, Tetrahymena, Tetraplasandra, Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B, Tex36, Theodor Schwann, Thioredoxin, Thogotovirus, Thomas Cremer, Thomson's gazelle, Three prime untranslated region, Thylakoid, Thymic nurse cell, Thyroid cancer, Tibouchina, TIM/TOM complex, Timeline of biology and organic chemistry, Timeline of zoology, Tissue (biology), Tissue transglutaminase, TMEM33, Tofacitinib, Torbjörn Caspersson, Touton giant cell, Toxicodynamics, TRAMP complex, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Transcription factor II A, Transcription factor II B, Transcription factories, Transcriptional regulation, Transfection, Transfer RNA, Transforming growth factor beta, Transgene, Transition nuclear protein, Translation (biology), Translocase of the outer membrane, Transmembrane channels, Transneuronal degeneration, Treacle protein, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Treecreeper, Triantha, Trichilemmal cyst, Trichodysplasia spinulosa, Trichogrammatidae, TRIM11, TRIM14, TRIM28, TRIM32, Trocaz pigeon, Trp operon, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma irwini, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Tunica media, Tyrosine kinase, U1 spliceosomal RNA, U6 spliceosomal RNA, UBA protein domain, UBA2, Ube3a-ATS, Ulrich K. Laemmli, Unicellular organism, Unipolar brush cell, Unplaced in APG II, Uterine epithelium, Vaccinia, Var1 protein domain, Vascular plant, VDAC2, VDAC3, Vectors in gene therapy, Ventricular fibrillation, Verhoeff's stain, Vertically transmitted infection, Vimentin, Viral eukaryogenesis, Viral gametocytic hypertrophy, Viral replication, Virology, Virus, Virus latency, Vitamin D, Von Hippel–Lindau binding protein 1, VRK1, Wacław Mayzel, Wall-Associated Kinase, Walther Flemming, Warnowiaceae, Warthin's tumor, WDR53, Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Wendy Bickmore, Werner syndrome helicase, White blood cell, WIF domain, Wilson's disease, Wnt signaling pathway, Woolly mammoth, Wrinkle-faced bat, X-inactivation, Xenoma, Xenophyophore, XIST, XPG N terminus, XPO5, XYY syndrome, Yeast, Yellow-eyed penguin, YTH protein domain, YWHAZ, ZC3HC1, Zdravko Lorković, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, ZHX3, Zinc Finger Protein 800, ZIP9, ZRF1, Zygomycota, Zymoblot, 13 Things That Don't Make Sense, 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate, 2017 in paleontology, 34βE12, 40S ribosomal protein S27, 40S ribosomal protein S3, 6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase. 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-kinesis

The combining form -kinesis, from Greek κίνησις, "movement, motion," denotes movement, being the suffix form of the word kinesis.

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Acanthocephala

Acanthocephala (Greek ἄκανθος, akanthos, thorn + κεφαλή, kephale, head) is a phylum of parasitic worms known as acanthocephalans, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host.

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Acetabularia caliculus

Acetabularia caliculus, the umbrella alga, is a species of green alga found in shallow temperate and tropical seas.

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Acetabularia crenulata

Acetabularia crenulata, one of the many species known as mermaid's wineglass, is a form of green alga generally found in shallow tropical seas.

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Acetylation

Acetylation (or in IUPAC nomenclature ethanoylation) describes a reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into a chemical compound.

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Acridine orange

Acridine orange is an organic compound.

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Acrocoelus

Acrocoelus is a genus of alveolates.

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Acroeimeria

Acroeimeria is a genus of parasites that contains those species which initially develop immediately beneath the brush-border of the intestinal epithelium, but the meronts and gamonts of which are early on extruded to form a layer on the surface of the gut mucosa.

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Acrosome

The acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the head in the spermatozoa (sperm cells) of many animals including humans.

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Actin

Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments.

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Actinomycetales

The Actinomycetales are an order of Actinobacteria.

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Action potential

In physiology, an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise.

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Activity-dependent plasticity

Activity-dependent plasticity is a form of functional and structural neuroplasticity that arises from the use of cognitive functions and personal experience; hence, it is the biological basis for learning and the formation of new memories.

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ACTL7A

Actin-like protein 7A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTL7A gene.

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ACTR1B

Beta-centractin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR1B gene.

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Acute monocytic leukemia

Acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL, or AML-M5) is considered a type of acute myeloid leukemia.

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Adélie penguin

The Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) is a species of penguin common along the entire Antarctic coast, which is their only residence.

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Adeno-associated virus

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small virus which infects humans and some other primate species.

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Adenoviridae

Adenoviruses (members of the family Adenoviridae) are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double stranded DNA genome.

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ADI1

The human ADI1 gene encodes the enzyme 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase.

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Adipocyte

Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.

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Advanced glycation end-product

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars.

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Aggresome

In eukaryotic cells, an aggresome refers to an aggregation of misfolded proteins in the cell, formed when the protein-degradation system of the cell is overwhelmed.

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Agnoprotein

Agnoprotein is a protein expressed by some members of the polyomavirus family from a gene called the agnogene.

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Agranulocyte

Agranulocytes, also known as mononuclear leukocytes, are white blood cells with a one-lobed nucleus.

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Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens (updated scientific name Rhizobium radiobacter, synonym Agrobacterium radiobacter) is the causal agent of crown gall disease (the formation of tumours) in over 140 species of eudicots.

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AIFM1

Apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIFM1 gene on the X chromosome.

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AIFM2

Apoptosis-inducing factor 2 (AIFM2), also known as apoptosis-inducing factor-homologous mitochondrion-associated inducer of death (AMID), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIFM2 gene, also known as p53-responsive gene 3 (PRG3), on chromosome 10.

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Akaryocyte

Akaryocytes, also known as akaryotes or acaryotes, are cells without a nucleus.

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Akt/PKB signaling pathway

The Akt Pathway, or PI3K-Akt Pathway is a signal transduction pathway that promotes survival and growth in response to extracellular signals.

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Alastrim

Alastrim, also known as variola minor, was the milder strain of the variola virus that caused smallpox.

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Albrecht Kossel

Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics.

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ALDH7A1

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family, member A1, also known as ALDH7A1 or antiquitin, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDH7A1 gene.

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Aldolase A

Aldolase A (ALDOA, or ALDA), also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDOA gene on chromosome 16.

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Alexander Dounce

Alexander Latham Dounce (December 7, 1909 – April 24, 1997) was an American professor of biochemistry.

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Alexandrium monilatum

Alexandrium monilatum is a species of armored, photosynthetic, marine dinoflagellates.

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Algae

Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.

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Allan Wilson

Allan Charles Wilson (18 October 1934 – 21 July 1991) was a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, a pioneer in the use of molecular approaches to understand evolutionary change and reconstruct phylogenies, and a revolutionary contributor to the study of human evolution.

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Allium

Allium is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants that includes hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives.

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Allotopic expression

Allotopic expression (AE) refers to expression of genes in the cell nucleus that normally are expressed only from the mitochondrial genome.

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Alpha solenoid

An alpha solenoid (sometimes also known as an alpha horseshoe or as stacked pairs of alpha helices, abbreviated SPAH) is a protein fold composed of repeating alpha helix subunits, commonly helix-turn-helix motifs, arranged in antiparallel fashion to form a superhelix.

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Alpha thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis

Alpha Thalassemia-Abnormal Morphogensis is a group of blood disorders that affect the way the body makes hemoglobin.

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Alpha-enolase

Enolase 1 (ENO1), more commonly known as alpha-enolase, is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in most tissues, one of the isozymes of enolase.

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Alpha-keratin

Alpha-keratin, or α-keratin, is a type of keratin found in mammals. This protein is the primary component in hairs, horns, nails and the epidermis layer of the skin.

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Alveolar soft part sarcoma

Alveolar soft part sarcoma, abbreviated ASPS, is a very rare type of soft-tissue sarcoma, that grows slowly and whose cell of origin is unknown.

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Amanda Fisher

Dame Amanda Gay Fisher is a British cell biologist and Director of the Medical Research Council (MRC) London Institute of Medical Sciences at the Hammersmith Hospital campus of Imperial College London, where she is also a Professor leading the Institute of Clinical Sciences.

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Amanita abrupta

Amanita abrupta, commonly known as the American abrupt-bulbed Lepidella, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae.

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Amanita bisporigera

Amanita bisporigera is a deadly poisonous species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae.

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Amanita onusta

Amanita onusta, commonly known as the loaded Lepidella or the gunpowder Lepidella, is a species of fungus in the Amanitaceae family of mushrooms.

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Ameloblastoma

Ameloblastoma (from the early English word amel, meaning enamel + the Greek word blastos, meaning germ) is a rare, benign or cancerous tumor of odontogenic epithelium (ameloblasts, or outside portion, of the teeth during development) much more commonly appearing in the lower jaw than the upper jaw.

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AMMECR1

In molecular biology, the AMMECR1 protein (Alport syndrome, intellectual disability, midface hypoplasia and elliptocytosis chromosomal region gene 1 protein) is a protein encoded by the AMMECR1 gene on human chromosome Xq22.3.

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Amoeba (genus)

Amoeba is a genus of single-celled amoeboids in the family Amoebidae.

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Amoeba proteus

Amoeba proteus, alternatively Chaos diffluens, is an amoeba closely related to the giant amoebae and a species commonly bought at science supply stores.

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Amoebophyra

Amoebophyra (or Amoebophrya) is a genus of dinoflagellates.

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AMP-activated protein kinase

5' AMP-activated protein kinase or AMPK or 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.11.31) that plays a role in cellular energy homeostasis.

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Amphisbaena alba

Amphisbaena alba, also known as the red worm lizard or less commonly as the white or white-bellied worm lizard, is a species of amphisbaenian in the reptilian order Squamata.

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Amy Gladfelter

Amy S. Gladfelter (born 27 April 1974) is a quantitative cell biologist and Associate Professor of Biology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she mainly investigates cell cycle-control and the septin cytoskeleton.

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Amyloid precursor protein secretase

Secretases are enzymes that "snip" pieces off a longer protein that is embedded in the cell membrane.

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Anabolic steroid

Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone.

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Anal sac adenocarcinoma

An anal sac adenocarcinoma is an uncommon and aggressive malignant tumor found in dogs that arises from the apocrine glandular tissue of anal sac.

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Anamniotes

The anamniotes are an informal group comprising the fishes and the amphibians, the so-called "lower vertebrates", which lay their eggs in water.

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Anaplasia

Anaplasia (from ἀνά ana, "backward" + πλάσις plasis, "formation") is a condition of cells with poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells.

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Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving aberrant T cells or null lymphocytes.

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Anastomosis

An anastomosis (plural anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams.

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Anatomy

Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

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Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an intersex condition in which there is a partial or complete inability of many cells in the affected genetic male to respond to androgenic hormones.

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Androgen receptor

The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.

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Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies.

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Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry

Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI) is an emerging biomedical imaging technology which uses the properties of scattered light to measure the average size of cell structures, including cell nuclei.

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Angomonas deanei

Angomonas deanei is a flagellated trypanosomatid.

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Anitschkow cell

In pathology, Anitschkow (or Anichkov) cells are often cells associated with rheumatic heart disease.

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ANKRD1

CARP, also known as Cardiac adriamycin-responsive protein or Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKRD1 gene.

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ANKRD2

Ankyrin Repeat, PEST sequence and Proline-rich region (ARPP), also known as Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANKRD2 gene.

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ANKRD24

Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 24 is a protein in humans that is coded for by the ANKRD24 gene.

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Anti-Hu associated encephalitis

Anti-Hu associated encephalitis, also known as Anti-ANNA1 associated encephalitis, is an uncommon form of brain inflammation that is associated with an underlying cancer.

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Anti-nuclear antibody

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as antinuclear factor or ANF) are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus.

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Antisense RNA

Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript, natural antisense transcript (NAT) or antisense oligonucleotide, is a single stranded RNA that is complementary to a protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) with which it hybridizes, and thereby blocks its translation into protein.

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API5

The human gene API5 encodes the protein Apoptosis inhibitor 5.

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Apicomplexa

The Apicomplexa (also called Apicomplexia) are a large phylum of parasitic alveolates.

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Apicomplexan life cycle

Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages evolved to allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle.

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Apicoplast

An apicoplast is a derived non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa, including Toxoplasma gondii, malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, but not in others such as Cryptosporidium.

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APPL1

Adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1), or DCC-interacting protein 13-alpha (DIP13alpha), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APPL1 gene.

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Archaea

Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.

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Archamoebae

The Archamoebae are a group of protists originally thought to have evolved before the acquisition of mitochondria by eukaryotes.

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Archibald Macallum

Archibald Byron Macallum, FRS (April 7, 1858 – April 5, 1934) was a Canadian biochemist and founder of the National Research Council of Canada.

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Archigregarinorida

The Archigregarinorida are an order of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa.

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Arias-Stella reaction

Arias-Stella reaction, also Arias-Stella phenomenon, is a benign change in the endometrium associated with the presence of chorionic tissue.

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ARID4A

AT rich interactive domain 4A (RBP1-like), also known as ARID4A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ARID4A gene.

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Armillaria gallica

Armillaria gallica (synonymous with A. bulbosa and A. lutea) is a species of honey mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae of the order Agaricales.

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Arneth count

The Arneth count or Arneth index describes the nucleus of a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil in an attempt to detect disease.

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Arrestin

Arrestins (abbreviated Arr) are a small family of proteins important for regulating signal transduction at G protein-coupled receptors.

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Arsenic biochemistry

Arsenic biochemistry refers to biochemical processes that can use arsenic or its compounds, such as arsenate.

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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR or AHR or ahr or ahR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AHR gene.

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Ascetosporea

The Ascetosporea are a group of eukaryotes that are parasites of animals, especially marine invertebrates.

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Aschoff cell

In pathology, Aschoff (or Aschoff giant cells) cells are often cells associated with rheumatic heart disease.

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Ascomycota

Ascomycota is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya.

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Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.

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Asparagales

Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web.

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Asplenium resiliens

Asplenium resiliens, the blackstem spleenwort or little ebony spleenwort, is a species of fern native to the Western Hemisphere, ranging from the southern United States south to Uruguay, including parts of the Caribbean.

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Aster (cell biology)

An aster is a cellular structure shaped like a star, formed around each centrosome during mitosis in an animal cell.

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Astomonema

Astomonema is a genus of nematode worms in the family Siphonolaimidae.

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Astroblastoma

Astroblastoma is a rare glial tumor derived from the astroblast, a type of cell that closely resembles spongioblastoma and astrocytes.

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ATP-sensitive potassium channel

An ATP-sensitive potassium channel (or KATP channel) is a type of potassium channel that is gated by intracellular nucleotides, ATP and ADP.

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ATP10 protein

In molecular biology, ATP10 protein (mitochondrial ATPase complex subunit ATP10) is an ATP synthase assembly factor.

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ATryn

ATryn is the brand name of the anticoagulant antithrombin manufactured by the Massachusetts-based U.S. company rEVO Biologics (formerly known as GTC Biotherapeutics).

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Auger therapy

Auger therapy (AT) is a form of radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer which relies on a large number of low-energy electrons (emitted by the Auger effect) to damage cancer cells, rather than the high-energy radiation used in traditional radiation therapy.

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Aureococcus anophagefferens

Aureococcus anophagefferens is a species of heterokont alga.

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Autopoiesis

The term autopoiesis refers to a system capable of reproducing and maintaining itself.

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Autoschizis

"Autoschizis" is a term derived from the Greek αὐτο- auto-, meaning "self", and σχίζειν skhizein, "to split".

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Axodine

The axodines (Actinochrysophyceae, Actinochrysea or Dictyochophyceae sensu lato) are a group of unicellular heterokont algae, previously classified in the Chrysophyceae.

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Axoplasm

Axoplasm is the cytoplasm within the axon of a neuron (nerve cell).

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B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia

B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, referred to as B-PLL, is a rare blood cancer.

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Bacillaria

Bacillaria is a diatom genus in the Bacillariaceae family.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.

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Bacterial cell structure

Bacteria, despite their simplicity, contain a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of their unique biological structures and pathogenicity.

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Baculoviridae

Baculoviridae is a family of viruses.

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Balamuthia mandrillaris

Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living amoeba that is known to cause the deadly neurological condition known as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE).

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Baltimore classification

The Baltimore classification, developed by David Baltimore, is a virus classification system that groups viruses into families, depending on their type of genome (DNA, RNA, single-stranded (ss), double-stranded (ds), etc..) and their method of replication.

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Band cell

A band cell (also called band neutrophil, band form or stab cell) is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a metamyelocyte, and leading to a mature granulocyte.

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Bandersnatch (Known Space)

The Bandersnatch (plural bandersnatchi) is a fictional alien species in Larry Niven's Known Space universe.

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BAP1

BRCA1 associated protein-1 (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BAP1 gene.

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Barettin

Barettin is a brominated alkaloid made of a dehydrogenated brominated derivative of tryptophan linked by two peptide bonds to an arginine residue, forming a 2,5-diketopiperazine nucleus.

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Basidiospore

A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts.

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Basophil

Basophils are a type of white blood cells.

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Basophilic

Basophilic is a technical term used by histologists.

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Bedlington Terrier

The Bedlington Terrier is a breed of small dog named after the mining town of Bedlington, Northumberland in North East England.

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Belimumab

Belimumab (trade name Benlysta, previously known as LymphoStat-B) is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor (BAFF), also known as B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS).

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BEND2 (protein)

BEND2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BEND2 gene.

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Bennettinia

Bennettinia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parasitic unicellular eukaryotes.

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Bernhard Solger

Bernhard Solger (5 December 1849, Untermerzbach – 21 February 1935, Neisse) was a German anatomist.

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Beta cell

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas.

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Beta-catenin

Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.

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BHLHE41

"Basic helix-loop-helix family, member e41", or BHLHE41, is a gene that encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor repressor protein in various tissues of both humans and mice.

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Bimolecular fluorescence complementation

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (also known as BiFC) is a technology typically used to validate protein interactions.

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BinCARD

Bcl10-interacting CARD protein, also known as BinCARD, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C9orf89 gene on chromosome 9.

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Binucleated cells

Binucleated cells are cells that contain two nuclei.

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Biochemical cascade

A biochemical cascade, also known as a signaling cascade or signaling pathway, is a series of chemical reactions which are initiated by a stimulus (first messenger) acting on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers (which amplify the initial signal) and ultimately to effector molecules, resulting in a cell response to the initial stimulus.

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

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Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data.

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Biological life cycle

In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state.

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Biology

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.

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Biomolecular condensate

Biomolecular condensates are a class of non-membrane bound organelles and organelle subdomains.

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Biophilia (album)

Biophilia is the seventh studio album by Icelandic singer Björk.

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Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.

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Bird

Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.

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Black queen cell virus

The Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV) is a virus that infects honey bees, specifically Apis mellifera, Apis florea, and Apis dorsata.

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Blackbuck

The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), also known as the Indian antelope, is an antelope found in India, Nepal and Pakistan.

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Blastoconidium

Blastoconidium is a holoblastic conidium that is produced singly or in chains, and detached at maturity leaving a bud scar, as in the budding of a yeast cell.

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Bleb (cell biology)

In cell biology, a bleb is a bulge or protrusion of the plasma membrane of a cell, human bioparticulate or abscess with an internal environment similar to that of a simple cell, characterized by a spherical, bulky morphology.

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Blood

Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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Blood film

A blood film—or peripheral blood smear—is a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then stained in such a way as to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically.

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Blood islands

Blood islands are structures around the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system.

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BOK (gene)

Bok (Bcl-2 related ovarian killer) is a protein-coding gene of the Bcl-2 family that is found in many invertebrates and vertebrates.

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Bolle's pigeon

Bolle's pigeon (Columba bollii) is a species of the genus Columba of family Columbidae, doves and pigeons, endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain.

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Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.

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Boris Ephrussi

Boris Ephrussi (Борис Самойлович Эфрусси; 9 May 1901 – 2 May 1979), Professor of Genetics at the University of Paris, was a Russo-French geneticist.

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Borna disease virus

The Borna disease viruses 1 and 2 (BoDV-1 and BoDV-2) are members of the species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus and cause Borna disease in mammals.

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Botany

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.

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Bouin solution

Bouin solution, or Bouin's solution, is a compound fixative used in histology.

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Bovina (subtribe)

Bovina is a subtribe of the Bovini tribe that generally includes the two living genera, Bison and Bos.

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Brachiopod

Brachiopods, phylum Brachiopoda, are a group of lophotrochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs.

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Brachymeiosis

Brachymeiosis was a hypothesized irregularity in the sexual reproduction of ascomycete fungi, a variant of meiosis following an "extra" karyogamy (nuclear fusion) step.

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Brain tumor

A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain.

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Brainstem

The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord.

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Breast cancer

Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.

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Breast cancer classification

Breast cancer classification divides breast cancer into categories according to different schemes criteria and serving a different purpose.

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BRMS1

Breast cancer metastasis-suppressor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRMS1 gene.

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Brown atrophy of the heart

Brown atrophy of the heart is atrophy of the heart muscle (or myocardium) commonly found in the elderly.

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Bryozoa

Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals.

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Bud

In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem.

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Buddenbrockia plumatellae

Buddenbrokia plumatellae is a worm-like parasite of bryozoans whose taxonomic placement long puzzled biologists.

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Buffy coat

The buffy coat is the fraction of an anticoagulated blood sample that contains most of the white blood cells and platelets following density gradient centrifugation of the blood.

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Bystander effect (radiobiology)

The radiation-induced bystander effect (bystander effect) is the phenomenon in which unirradiated cells exhibit irradiated effects as a result of signals received from nearby irradiated cells.

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C-value

C-value is the amount, in picograms, of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus (e.g. a gamete) or one half the amount in a diploid somatic cell of a eukaryotic organism.

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C11orf86

Chromosome 11 open reading frame 86, also known as C11orf86, is a protein-coding gene in humans.

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C14orf80

Uncharacterized protein C14orf80 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the chromosome 14 open reading frame 80, C14orf80, gene.

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C14orf93

C14orf93 is a protein that is encoded in humans by the C14orf93 gene.

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C15orf39

C15orf39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the Chromosome 15 open reading frame 15 (C15orf39) gene.

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C16orf46

Chromosome 16 open reading frame 46 is a protein of yet to be determined function in Homo sapiens. It is encoded by the C16orf46 gene with NCBI accession number of.

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C16orf71

Uncharacterized protein Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 71 is a protein in humans, encoded by the C16orf71 gene.

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C17orf53

C17orf53 is a gene in humans that encodes a protein known as C17orf53, uncharacterized protein C17orf53.

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C18orf63

Chromosome 18 open reading frame 63 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C18orf63 gene.

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C19orf44 (gene)

Chromosome 19 open reading frame 44 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C19orf44 gene.

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C19orf67

UPF0575 protein C19orf67 is a protein which in humans (Homo sapiens) is encoded by the C19orf67 gene.

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C20orf196

C20orf196 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C20orf196 gene.

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C21orf59

C21orf59 is a protein of unknown function.

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C2orf73

Uncharacterized protein C2orf73 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C2orf73 gene.

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C7orf31

Chromosome Seven Open Reading Frame 31 (C7orf31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C7orf31 gene on chromosome seven.

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C8orf58

Chromosome 8 open reading frame 58 is an uncharacterised protein that in humans is encoded by the C8orf58 gene.

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C8orf82

Chromosome 8 open reading frame 82 is a protein encoded in humans by the C8orf82 gene.

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C9orf152

Chromosome 9 open reading frame 152 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C9orf152 gene.

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Cadherin–catenin complex in learning and memory

Long-term potentiation (LTP), thought to be the cellular basis for learning and memory, involves a specific signal transmission process that underlies synaptic plasticity.

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Cafeteria roenbergensis

Cafeteria roenbergensis is a small bacterivorous marine flagellate.

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Cafeteria roenbergensis virus

Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV) is a giant virus that infects the marine bicosoecid flagellate Cafeteria roenbergensis, a member of the microzooplankton community.

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Cajal body

Cajal bodies (CBs) also coiled bodies, are spherical sub-organelles of 0.3–1.0 µm in diameter found in the nucleus of proliferative cells like embryonic cells and tumor cells, or metabolically active cells like neurons.

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Calcitriol

Calcitriol (INN), also called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other variants, is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D which has three hydroxyl groups.

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California slender salamander

The California slender salamander (Batrachoseps attenuatus) is a lungless salamanderStebbins, Robert C. (2003).

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Calostoma

Calostoma is a genus of 29 species of gasteroid fungi in the suborder Sclerodermatineae.

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Canalicular adenoma

Canalicular adenoma is a type of benign salivary gland tumor that occurs most often in minor salivary glands.

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Cancer cell

Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.

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Cancer stem cell

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample.

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Cancerous micronuclei

Cancerous micronuclei is a type of micronucleus that is associated with cancerous cells.

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Canine distemper

Canine distemper (sometimes termed hardpad disease) is a viral disease that affects a wide variety of animal families, including domestic and wild species of dogs, coyotes, foxes, pandas, wolves, ferrets, skunks, raccoons, and large cats, as well as pinnipeds, some primates, and a variety of other species.

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Cantharellus lateritius

Cantharellus lateritius, commonly known as the smooth chanterelle, is a species of edible fungus in the Cantharellaceae family of mushrooms.

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Capping enzyme

A capping enzyme (CE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of the 5' cap to messenger RNA molecules that are in the process of being synthesized in the cell nucleus during the first stages of gene expression.

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Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

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Cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is one of the three major types of muscle, the others being skeletal and smooth muscle.

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Carl Woese

Carl Richard Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

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Carmine

Carmine, also called cochineal, cochineal extract, crimson lake or carmine lake, natural red 4, C.I. 75470, or E120, is a pigment of a bright-red color obtained from the aluminium salt of carminic acid; it is also a general term for a particularly deep-red color.

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CAS/CSE protein family

In molecular biology, the CAS/CSE protein family is a family of proteins which includes mammalian cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) proteins and yeast chromosome-segregation protein, CSE1.

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CASC3

Protein CASC3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CASC3 gene.

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Casein kinase 1 isoform epsilon

Casein kinase I isoform epsilon or CK1ε, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK1E gene.

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Cassava mosaic virus

African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), and South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV) are distinct species of circular single-stranded DNA viruses that are whitefly-transmitted and primarily infect cassava plants.

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Caulerpa

Caulerpa is a genus of seaweeds in the family Caulerpaceae (among the green algae).

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Caulerpa prolifera

Caulerpa prolifera is a species of green alga, a seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae.

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Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa racemosa is a species of edible green alga, a seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae.

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Cauliflower mosaic virus

Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a member of the genus Caulimovirus, one of the six genera in the Caulimoviridae family, which are pararetroviruses that infect plants.

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Caulleryellidae

The Caulleryellidae are a family of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa.

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Cavalier-Smith's system of classification

The classification system of life introduced by British zoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith involves systematic arrangements of all life forms on earth.

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CccDNA

cccDNA (covalently closed circular DNA) is a special DNA structure that arises during the propagation of some viruses in the cell nucleus and may remain permanently there.

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CCDC180

Coiled-coil domain containing protein 180 (CCDC180) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC180 gene.

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CCDC186

CCDC186 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC186 gene The CCDC186 gene is also known as the CTCL-tumor associated antigen with accession number NM_018017.

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CD36

CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), also known as platelet glycoprotein 4, fatty acid translocase (FAT), scavenger receptor class B member 3 (SCARB3), and glycoproteins 88 (GP88), IIIb (GPIIIB), or IV (GPIV) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD36 gene.

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CDKL2

Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDKL2 gene.

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CDNA library

A cDNA library is a combination of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA) fragments inserted into a collection of host cells, which together constitute some portion of the transcriptome of the organism and are stored as a "library".

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Ced-3

Ced-3 is one of the major protein components of the programmed cell death (PCD) pathway for Caenorhabditis elegans.

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Celastrales

The Celastrales are an order of flowering plants found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions.

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Cell cycle

The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.

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Cell cycle analysis

Cell cycle analysis by DNA content measurement is a method that most frequently employs flow cytometry to distinguish cells in different phases of the cell cycle.

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Cell death

Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions.

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Cell fusion

Cell fusion is an important cellular process in which several uninuclear cells (cells with a single nucleus) combine to form a multinuclear cell, known as a syncytium.

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Cell growth

The term cell growth is used in the contexts of biological cell development and cell division (reproduction).

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Cell physiology

In the context of human physiology, the term cell physiology often specifically applies to the physiology of membrane transport, neuron transmission, and (less frequently) muscle contraction.

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Cell theory

In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Cellular compartment

Cellular compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane.

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Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1

cIAP1 (also named BIRC2) is the abbreviation for a human protein, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1.

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CENPH

Centromere protein H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CENPH gene.

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Central chromatolysis

Central chromatolysis is a histopathologic change seen in the cell body of a neuron, where the chromatin and cell nucleus are pushed to the cell periphery, in response to axonal injury.

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Central dogma of molecular biology

The central dogma of molecular biology is an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system.

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Centrifugation

Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.

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Centromere protein B

Centromere protein B also known as major centromere autoantigen B is an autoantigen protein of the cell nucleus.

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Cercomonadida

Cercomonads are small flagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils.

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Cerebriform nuclei

In pathology, cerebriform nuclei refers to convoluted ("brain-like") cell nuclei, such as the nuclei seen in T-cells in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia or Sézary's disease.

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CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway

The cGAS–STING pathway is a component of the innate immune system that functions to detect the presence of cytosolic DNA and, in response, trigger expression of inflammatory genes.

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Chaos (genus)

Chaos is a genus of amoebae, in the family Amoebidae.

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Characters in the Metroid series

This is a list of notable fictional characters in Metroid, a series of video games developed by Nintendo.

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Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies, a group of varied inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system characterized by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body.

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Charles Philippe Leblond

Charles Philippe Leblond, (February 5, 1910 – April 10, 2007) was a pioneer of cell biology and stem cell research and a former Canadian professor of anatomy.

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Charlie Gard case

The Charlie Gard case was a best interests case in 2017 involving Charles Matthew William Gard (4 August 2016 – 28 July 2017), an infant boy from London, born with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDDS), a rare genetic disorder that causes progressive brain damage and muscle failure.

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Chem-seq

Chem-seq is a technique that is used to map genome-wide interactions between small molecules and their protein targets in the chromatin of eukaryotic cell nuclei.

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Chilodonella uncinata

Chilodonella uncinata is a single-celled organism of the ciliate class of alveoles.

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Chlamydomonas nivalis

Chlamydomonas nivalis is a unicellular red-coloured photosynthetic green alga that is found in the snowfields of the alps and polar regions all over the world.

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Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.

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Chloroplast DNA

Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as cpDNA.

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Choanoflagellate

The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals.

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Chondroblast

Chondroblasts, or perichondrial cells, is the name given to mesenchymal progenitor cells in situ which, from endochondral ossification, will form chondrocytes in the growing cartilage matrix.

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Chondrocyte

Chondrocytes (from Greek χόνδρος, chondros.

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Chorioactis

Chorioactis is a genus of fungus that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster.

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Christian views on cloning

In the debate on the morality of human cloning, Christians take multiple positions.

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Christoph Cremer

Christoph Cremer (born in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) is a German physicist and professor at the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, honorary professor at the University of Mainz and group leader at the Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) a newly established research centre on the campus of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany, who has successfully overcome the conventional limit of resolution that applies to light based investigations (the Abbe limit) by a range of different methods (1971/1978 development of the concept of 4Pi-microscopy; 1996 localization microscopy SPDM; 1997 spatially structured illumination SMI).

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Chromatin

Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA.

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Chromatolysis

Chromatolysis is the dissolution of the Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron.

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Chromosome

A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.

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Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome

Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome (chromosome 5q monosomy, 5q- syndrome) is an acquired, hematological disorder characterized by loss of part of the long arm (q arm, band 5q33.1) of human chromosome 5 in bone marrow myelocyte cells.

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Chromosome segregation

Chromosome segregation is the process in eukaryotes by which two sister chromatids formed as a consequence of DNA replication, or paired homologous chromosomes, separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus.

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Chromosome territories

In cell biology, chromosome territories are regions of the nucleus preferentially occupied by particular chromosomes.

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Ci protein

Ci protein, short for Cubitus interruptus, is a zinc finger containing transcription factor involved in the Hedgehog signaling pathway.

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Ciliate

The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella.

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Cilium

A cilium (the plural is cilia) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Circular RNA

Circular RNA (or circRNA) is a type of RNA which, unlike the better known linear RNA, forms a covalently closed continuous loop, i.e., in circular RNA the 3' and 5' ends normally present in an RNA molecule have been joined together.

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Clamp connection

A clamp connection is a hook-like structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi.

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Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma, abbreviated CCPRCC and also known as clear cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma, is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that has microscopic morphologic features of papillary renal cell carcinoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma, yet is pathologically distinct based on molecular changes and immunohistochemistry.

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Cleavage stimulation factor

Cleavage stimulatory factor or cleavage stimulation factor (CstF or CStF) is a heterotrimeric protein, made up of the proteins CSTF1 (55kDa), CSTF2 (64kDa) and CSTF3 (77kDa), totalling about 200 kDa.

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CLK1

Dual specificity protein kinase CLK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CLK1 gene.

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Clusterin

Clusterin (apolipoprotein J) is a 75 - 80 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein associated with the clearance of cellular debris and apoptosis.

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Coccidinium

Coccidinium is a genus of parasitic syndinian dinoflagellates that infect the nucleus and cytoplasm of other marine dinoflagellates.

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Coccolithophore

A coccolithophore (or coccolithophorid, from the adjective) is a unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton (alga).

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Coenogamete

A coengamete is a multi-nucleate gamete (a gamete with more than one nucleus).

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Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 142

The coiled-coil domain containing 142 (CCDC142) is a gene which in humans encodes the CCDC142 protein.

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Colocalization

In fluorescence microscopy, colocalization refers to observation of the spatial overlap between two (or more) different fluorescent labels, each having a separate emission wavelength, to see if the different "targets" are located in the same area of the cell or very near to one another.

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Common raven physiology

The common raven (Corvus corax), also known as the northern raven, is a large, all-black passerine bird.

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Computational gene

A computational gene is a molecular automaton consisting of a structural part and a functional part; and its design is such that it might work in a cellular environment.

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Computed Corpuscle Sectioning

Computed Corpuscle Sectioning is a general method for determining the volume, profile area, and perimeter of a slab section of any computer-modeled three-dimensional object in any orientation and at any position.

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Condensin

Condensins are large protein complexes that play a central role in chromosome assembly and segregation during mitosis and meiosis.

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Cone cell

Cone cells, or cones, are one of three types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of mammalian eyes (e.g. the human eye).

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Congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection refers to a condition where cytomegalovirus is transmitted in the prenatal period.

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Congenital myopathy

Congenital myopathy is a very broad term for any muscle disorder present at birth.

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Control of chromosome duplication

In cell biology, eukaryotes possess a regulatory system that ensures that DNA replication occurs only once per cell cycle.

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Control system (disambiguation)

A control system is a device or set of devices to manage, command, invade, record, edit, hack, direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems.

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Corneal epithelium

The corneal epithelium (epithelium corneæ anterior layer) is made up of epithelial tissue and covers the front of the cornea.

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Corneocyte

Corneocytes are terminally differentiated keratinocytes and compose most if not all of the stratum corneum, the outermost part of the epidermis.

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Corona, Queens

Corona is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City.

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Corpuscles of Herbst

The corpuscles of Herbst or Herbst corpuscles are nerve-endings similar to the Pacinian corpuscle, found in the mucous membrane of the tongue, in pits on the beak and in other parts of the bodies of birds.

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CoRR hypothesis

The CoRR hypothesis states that the location of genetic information in cytoplasmic organelles permits regulation of its expression by the reduction-oxidation ("redox") state of its gene products.

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Corticata

Corticata ("one with a cortex"), in the classification of eukaryotes (living organisms with a cell nucleus), is a clade suggested by Cavalier-Smith to encompass the eukaryote supergroups of the following two groups.

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Cortinarius vanduzerensis

Cortinarius vanduzerensis is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae.

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COX-2 inhibitor

Selective COX-2 inhibitors are a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that directly targets cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2, an enzyme responsible for inflammation and pain.

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CREB

CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor.

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CREBL1

CAMP responsive element binding protein-like 1, also known as CREBL1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CREBL1 gene.

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CREST syndrome

CREST syndrome, also known as the limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) is a multisystem connective tissue disorder.

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Cresyl violet

Cresyl violet is an organic compound with the chemical formula C19H18ClN3O.

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Crosstalk (biology)

Biological crosstalk refers to instances in which one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects another.

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Crozier (mycology)

A crozier is an anatomical feature of many fungi in the phylum Ascomycota that form at the base of asci and look like hook-topped shepherd’s staffs or stylized religious crosiers.

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Crucibulum

Crucibulum is a genus in the Nidulariaceae, a family of fungi whose fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled bird's nests.

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CRYGA

Gamma-crystallin A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRYGA gene.

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Cryomonadida

Cryomonadida is a group of heterotrophic Rhizaria, that belong to the Cercozoa.

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Cryptochrome

Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light.

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Cryptomonad

The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes) are a group of algae, most of which have plastids.

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Cryptomonas

Cryptomonas is the name-giving genus of the Cryptomonads established by German biologist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1831.

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CSNK1E

Casein kinase I isoform epsilon is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK1E gene.

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CSRP3

Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 3 gene codes for the Muscle LIM Protein (MLP) or CSRP3, a small 194 amino acid protein, which is specifically expressed in skeletal muscles and cardiac muscle.

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Cucumber mosaic virus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the family Bromoviridae.

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Cunninghamella bertholletiae

Cunninghamella bertholletiae is a species of zygomycetous fungi in the order Mucorales.

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Cuphocarpus

Cuphocarpus is an obsolete genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae.

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CXorf49

CXorf49 is a protein, which in humans is encoded by the gene chromosome X open reading frame 49(CXorf49).

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Cyathus

Cyathus is a genus of fungi in the Nidulariaceae, a family collectively known as the bird's nest fungi.

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Cyathus striatus

Cyathus striatus, commonly known as the fluted bird's nest, is a common saprobic bird's nest fungus with a widespread distribution throughout temperate regions of the world.

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Cystatin C

Cystatin C or cystatin 3 (formerly gamma trace, post-gamma-globulin, or neuroendocrine basic polypeptide), a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function.

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Cytohet

In genetics, a cytohet (or heteroplasmon) is a eukaryotic cell whose non-nuclear genome is heterozygous.

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Cytomixis

Cytomixis is migration of the nuclei from one plant cell to another through intercellular channels of a special type (cytomictic channels), differing from plasmodesmata in their structure and size.

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Cytopathic effect

Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect (abbreviated CPE) refers to structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion.

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Cytopathology

Cytopathology (from Greek κύτος, kytos, "a hollow"; πάθος, pathos, "fate, harm"; and -λογία, -logia) is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level.

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Cytoplasm

In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.

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Cytoplasmic hybrid

A cytoplasmic hybrid (or cybrid, a portmanteau of the two words) is a eukaryotic cell line produced by the fusion of a whole cell with a cytoplast.

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Cytoplasmic inclusion

Cytoplasmic inclusions are diverse intracellularShively, J. M. (ed.). (2006).

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Cytoplasmic male sterility

Cytoplasmic male sterility is total or partial male sterility in plants as the result of specific nuclear and mitochondrial interactions.

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Cytoplast

A cytoplast is a medical term which is defined as cell membrane plus cytoplasm.

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Cytosol

The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.

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Cytostome

A cytostome (from cyto-, cell and stome-, mouth) or cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis, usually in the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove.

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Cytotoxic T cell

A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways.

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Daf-16

DAF-16 is the sole ortholog of the FOXO family of transcription factors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

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Daf-2

The DAF-2 gene encodes for the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans.

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Damage-associated molecular pattern

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), also known as danger-associated molecular patterns, danger signals, and alarmin, are host biomolecules that can initiate and perpetuate a noninfectious inflammatory response.

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DAP3

28S ribosomal protein S29, mitochondrial, also known as death-associated protein 3 (DAP3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAP3 gene on chromosome 1.

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Dasycladales

Dasycladales is an order of large unicellular green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.

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David L. Spector

David L. Spector (born, in New York City) is a cell and molecular biologist best recognized for his research on gene expression and nuclear dynamics.

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David Rorvik

David Michael Rorvik (born 1944) is an American journalist and novelist who was the author of the 1978 book In his Image: The Cloning of a Man in which he claimed to have been part of a successful endeavor to create a clone of a human being.

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DCL1

DCL1 (an abbreviation of Dicer-like 1) is a gene in plants that codes for the DCL1 protein, a ribonuclease III enzyme involved in processing microRNA (miRNA).

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DDX19B

ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX19B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX19B gene.

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DDX24

ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX24 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX24 gene.

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DDX27

DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 27, also known as DDX27, is a human gene.

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DDX47

Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX47 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX47 gene.

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De-extinction

De-extinction, or resurrection biology, or species revivalism is the process of creating an organism, which is either a member of, or resembles an extinct species, or breeding population of such organisms.

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Death-associated protein 6

Death-associated protein 6 also known as Daxx is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAXX gene.

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Debaryomyces hansenii

Debaryomyces hansenii is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae.

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Deductive-nomological model

The deductive-nomological model (DN model), also known as Hempel's model, the Hempel–Oppenheim model, the Popper–Hempel model, or the covering law model, is a formal view of scientifically answering questions asking, "Why...?".

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Deer

Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.

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Dehydrin

Dehydrin (DHN) is a multi-family of proteins present in plants that is produced in response to cold and drought stress.

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Dendrin

Dendrin is a neural and renal protein whose exact function is still relatively unclear; however, its location in the brain and kidneys is well known as are some of the neural processes it affects.

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Denis Wirtz

Denis Wirtz is the Vice Provost for Research and Theophilus Halley Smoot Professor of Engineering Science at Johns Hopkins University.

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Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose, or more precisely 2-deoxyribose, is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H−(C.

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DEP domain

In molecular biology, the DEP domain (Dishevelled, Egl-10 and Pleckstrin domain) is a globular protein domain of about 80 amino acids that is found in over 50 proteins involved in G-protein signalling pathways.

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Desmin

Desmin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DES gene.

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Development of analogs of thalidomide

The development of analogs of thalidomide was precipitated by the discovery of the anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of the drug yielding a new way of fighting cancer as well as some inflammatory diseases after it had been banned in 1961.

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DGCR8

The DGCR8 microprocessor complex subunit (DiGeorge syndrome chromosomal region 8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DGCR8 gene.

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DHX36

Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX36 also known as DEAH box protein 36 (DHX36) or MLE-like protein 1 (MLEL1) or G4 resolvase 1 (G4R1) or RNA helicase associated with AU-rich elements (RHAU) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DHX36 gene.

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Diatom

Diatoms (diá-tom-os "cut in half", from diá, "through" or "apart"; and the root of tém-n-ō, "I cut".) are a major group of microorganisms found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world.

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Dicer

Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DICER1 gene.

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Dick Swaab

Dick Frans Swaab (born 17 December 1944) is a Dutch physician and neurobiologist (brain researcher).

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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL or DLBL) is a cancer of B cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies.

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Dikaryon

The dikaryon is a nuclear feature which is unique to some fungi.

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Dingo

The dingo (Canis familiaris or Canis familiaris dingo or Canis lupus dingo or Canis dingo) is a type of feral dog native to Australia.

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Dingo (taxon)

The taxon dingo refers to the native dog found in Australia but may at times also refer to some similar dogs native to peninsular and island southeast Asia and neighboring regions, such as the New Guinea singing dog.

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Dinoflagellate

The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος dinos "whirling" and Latin flagellum "whip, scourge") are a large group of flagellate eukaryotes that constitute the phylum Dinoflagellata.

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Dinokaryon

A dinokaryon is an eukaryotic nucleus present in dinoflagellates in which the chromosomes are fibrillar in appearance (i.e. with unmasked DNA fibrils) and are more or less continuously condensed.

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Dinokaryota

Dinokaryota is a main grouping of dinoflagellates.

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Diplomonad

The diplomonads (Greek for "two units") are a group of flagellates, most of which are parasitic.

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DISC1

Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DISC1 gene.

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Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors

Many major physiological processes depend on regulation of proteolytic enzyme activity and there can be dramatic consequences when equilibrium between an enzyme and its substrates is disturbed.

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Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors

Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs and NtRTIs) began in the 1980s when the AIDS epidemic hit Western societies.

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Distal convoluted tubule

The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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DNA damage theory of aging

The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damages.

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DNA glycosylase

DNA glycosylases are a family of enzymes involved in base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3.2.2.

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DNA methyltransferase

In biochemistry, the DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA.

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DNA paternity testing

DNA paternity testing is the use of DNA profiling (known as genetic fingerprinting) to determine whether two individuals are biologically parent and child.

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DNA re-replication

DNA re-replication (or simply rereplication) is an undesirable and possibly fatal occurrence in eukaryotic cells in which the genome is replicated more than once per cell cycle.

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DNA repair

DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.

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DNA repair protein XRCC4

DNA repair protein XRCC4 also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 or XRCC4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC4 gene.

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DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase

DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase also known as 3-alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) or N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MPG gene.

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DNA-binding protein

DNA-binding proteins are proteins that have DNA-binding domains and thus have a specific or general affinity for single- or double-stranded DNA.

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DNA-SCARS

DNA-SCARS (short for DNA segments with chromatin alterations reinforcing senescence) are nuclear substructures with persistent DNA damage and DNA damage response proteins found in senescent cells.

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DNAJC3

DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC3 gene.

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Dolipore septum

Dolipore septa are specialized dividing walls between cells (septa) found in almost all species of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota.

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Dolly (sheep)

Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.

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Domain (biology)

In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

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Double minute

Double minutes are small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA, which have been observed in a large number of human tumors including breast, lung, ovary, colon, and most notably, neuroblastoma.

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Doushantuo type preservation

The preservational mode of the Doushantuo formation involves very early phosphatisation on a cellular level - with cells being replaced by phosphate before they degrade.

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Down syndrome research

Research of Down syndrome-related genes is based on studying the genes located on chromosome 21.

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Drosha

Drosha is a Class 2 ribonuclease III enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DROSHA (formerly RNASEN) gene.

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Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.

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DUT (gene)

DUTP pyrophosphatase, also known as DUT, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the DUT gene on chromosome 15.

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Dysgeusia

Dysgeusia, also known as parageusia, is a distortion of the sense of taste.

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EAPP

E2F-associated phosphoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EAPP gene.

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Ebola virus disease

Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses.

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Ecdysone receptor

The ecdysone receptor is a nuclear receptor found in arthropods, where it controls development and contributes to other processes such as reproduction.

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Ectomycorrhiza

An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ektos, "outside", μύκης mykes, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont and the roots of various plant species.

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Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre

The Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre (ECRC), also known as the Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and the University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, is a world-class center for basic, translational and clinical cancer research located in Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Egg

An egg is the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own; at which point the animal hatches.

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Egg cell

The egg cell, or ovum (plural ova), is the female reproductive cell (gamete) in oogamous organisms.

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EIF6

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (EIF6), also known as Integrin beta 4 binding protein (ITGB4BP), is a human gene.

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Eimeria

Eimeria is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry, and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats.

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ELAC2

Zinc phosphodiesterase ELAC protein 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ELAC2 gene.

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Elena Conti

Elena Conti (born 14 February 1967 in Varese, Italy) is an Italian biochemist and molecular biologist.

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Elisa Izaurralde

Elisa Izaurralde (20 September 1959 in Montevideo, Uruguay – 30 April 2018 in Tübingen, Germany) was an Uruguayan biochemist and molecular biologist.

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Elphidium

Elphidium is an abundant genus of foraminifera.

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Embryology

Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.

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Emerin

Emerin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EMD gene, also known as the STA gene.

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Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy

Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a condition that mainly affects muscles used for movement, such as skeletal muscles and also affects the cardiac muscle, it is named after Alan Eglin H. Emery and Fritz E. Dreifuss.

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Emperor penguin

The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica.

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Enaptin

Enaptin also known as nesprin-1 or synaptic nuclear envelope protein 1 (syne-1) is an actin-binding protein that in humans that is encoded by the SYNE1 gene.

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Endocrine system

The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that carry those hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs, and the feedback loops of homeostasis that the hormones drive.

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ENDOG

Endonuclease G, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENDOG gene.

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Endogenous mediator

Endogenous mediators are intracellular proteins that enhance and activate the functions of other proteins.

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Endogenous retrovirus

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses.

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Endolimax

Endolimax is a genus of amoebozoa that are found in the intestines of various animals, including the species E. nana found in humans.

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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell.

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Endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb).

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Enhancer RNA

Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) represent a class of relatively short non-coding RNA molecules (50-2000 nucleotides) transcribed from the DNA sequence of enhancer regions.

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ENOD40

enod40, also known as early nodulin 40, is a gene found in flowering plants.

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Entamoeba

Entamoeba is a genus of Amoebozoa found as internal parasites or commensals of animals.

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Enucleation (microbiology)

In the context of microbiology, enucleation refers to removing the nuclear body of a cell.

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Enzalutamide

Enzalutamide, sold under the brand name Xtandi, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) medication which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.

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Eosin

Eosin is the name of several fluorescent acidic compounds which bind to and form salts with basic, or eosinophilic, compounds like proteins containing amino acid residues such as arginine and lysine, and stains them dark red or pink as a result of the actions of bromine on fluorescein.

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Epidermis

The epidermis is the outer layer of the three layers that make up the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.

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Epigenetics of human development

Development before birth, including gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and fetal development, is the process of body development from the gametes are formed to eventually combine into a zygote to when the fully developed organism exits the uterus.

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Epigenetics of human herpesvirus latency

Human Herpes Viruses, also known as HHVs, are a family of DNA viruses that cause several diseases in humans.

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Epigenomics

Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the epigenome.

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Epithelium

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

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Epitranscriptome

Within the field of molecular biology, the epitranscriptome includes all the biochemical modifications of the RNA (the transcriptome) within a cell.

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Epstein–Barr virus

The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.

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Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small RNAs

The Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) are small non-coding RNAs localized in the nucleus of human cells infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).

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Equine foamy virus

Equine foamy virus (EFV) is a single-stranded RNA-RT virus and a member of the genus Spumavirus, which is otherwise known as foamy virus (FV).

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ERCC excision repair 6 like, spindle assembly checkpoint helicase

ERCC excision repair 6 like, spindle assembly checkpoint helicase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERCC6L gene.

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ERCC4

ERCC4 is a protein designated as DNA repair endonuclease XPF that in humans is encoded by the ERCC4 gene.

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Eremothecium gossypii

(also known as Ashbya gossypii) is a filamentous fungus or mold closely related to yeast, but growing exclusively in a filamentous way.

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Erich Nigg

Erich Nigg (born 28 November 1952 in Uster) is a Swiss cell biologist.

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ERICH2

Glutamate Rich Protein 2 is a protein in humans encoded by the gene ERICH2.

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Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning "red" and 'poiesis' meaning "to make") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes).

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Essential fatty acid interactions

The effects on humans of the ω-3 (omega-3) and ω-6 (omega-6) essential fatty acids (EFAs) are best characterized by their interactions; they cannot be understood separately.

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Estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells.

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Euchromatin

Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA, and protein) that is enriched in genes, and is often (but not always) under active transcription.

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Euglena

Euglena is a genus of single-celled flagellate eukaryotes.

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Eukaryote

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).

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Eukaryotic chromosome structure

Eukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from the raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis.

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Eukaryotic DNA replication

Eukaryotic DNA replication is a conserved mechanism that restricts DNA replication to once per cell cycle.

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Eukaryotic ribosome (80S)

Ribosomes are a large and complex molecular machine that catalyzes the synthesis of proteins, referred to as translation.

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Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1

Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (eEF1a1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1A1 gene.

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European bison

The European bison (Bison bonasus), also known as wisent or the European wood bison, is a Eurasian species of bison.

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Euryale ferox

Euryale ferox (common names, fox nut, foxnut, gorgon nut or makhana) is the only extant species in the genus Euryale.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolution of photosynthesis

The evolution of photosynthesis refers to the origin and subsequent evolution of photosynthesis, the process by which light energy synthesizes sugars from carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen as a waste product.

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Evolution of the wolf

The evolution of the wolf occurred over a geologic time scale of 800 thousand years, transforming the first Middle Pleistocene wolf specimen that is recognized as being morphologically similar to Canis lupus into today's dog, dingo and gray wolf.

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Exonic splicing enhancer

In molecular biology, an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) is a DNA sequence motif consisting of 6 bases within an exon that directs, or enhances, accurate splicing of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) or pre-mRNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).

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Exosome complex

The exosome complex (or PM/Scl complex, often just called the exosome) is a multi-protein intracellular complex capable of degrading various types of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules.

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Exotoxin

An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria.

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Extrachromosomal Circular DNA

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is circular DNA found in the nuclei of plant and animal cells, including human cells, in addition to chromosomal DNA.

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Extrachromosomal DNA

Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell.

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Extranuclear inheritance

Extranuclear inheritance or cytoplasmic inheritance is the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus.

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FADD

Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), also called MORT1, is encoded by the FADD gene on the 11q13.3 region of chromosome 11 in humans.

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Fallisia siamense

Fallisia siamense is a parasite of the genus Fallisia.

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FAM162A

Human growth and transformation-dependent protein (HGTD-P), also called E2-induced gene 5 protein (E2IG5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM162A gene on chromosome 3.

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FAM208b

Protein FAM208B (family with sequence similarity 208 member b) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM208B gene.

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Fam221b

FAM221B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM221B gene.

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FAM234A

FAM234A is a protein-coding gene whose full name is family with sequence similarity 234 member A. The gene is also known as ITFG3, gs19, and C16orf9.

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FAM43A

The family with sequence similarity 43 member A (FAM43A) gene, also known as; GCO3P195887, GC03P194406, GC03P191784, and NM_153690.3, codes for a 423 bp protein that is conserved in primates, and orthologs have been found in vertebrate and invertebrate species.

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FAM63A

Family with sequence similarity 63, member A is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FAM63A gene.

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FAM71E1

FAM71E1, also known as Family With Sequence Similarity 71 Member E1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM71E1 gene.

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FAM76A

FAM76A is a protein that in Homo sapiens is encoded by the FAM76A gene.

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FAM83H

FAM83H is a gene in humans that encodes a protein known as FAM83H (uncharacterized protein FAM83H).

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Familial adenomatous polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant inherited condition in which numerous adenomatous polyps form mainly in the epithelium of the large intestine.

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Fananas cell

Fañanas cells (also known as Feathered cells of Fañanas) are glial cells of the cerebellar cortex.

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FANCA

Fanconi anaemia, complementation group A, also known as FAA, FACA and FANCA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FANCA gene.

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FANCD2

Fanconi anemia group D2 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FANCD2 gene.

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Fanconi anemia, complementation group C

Fanconi anemia group C protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FANCC gene.

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FANTOM

FANTOM (Functional Annotation of the Mouse/Mammalian Genome) is an international research consortium first established in 2000 as part of the RIKEN research institute in Japan.

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Farinocystis

Farinocystis is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa.

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Farnesoid X receptor

The bile acid receptor (BAR), also known as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) or NR1H4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4) is a nuclear receptor that is encoded by the NR1H4 gene in humans.

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Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm, a type of helminth) of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes.

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FASTKD1

FAST kinase domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FASTKD1 gene on chromosome 2.

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FASTKD2

FAST kinase domain-containing protein 2 (FASTKD2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FASTKD2 gene on chromosome 2.

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Fate mapping

In developmental biology, fate mapping is a method of understanding the embryonic origin of various tissues in the adult organism by establishing the correspondence between individual cells (or groups of cells) at one stage of development, and their progeny at later stages of development.

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Fatty acid

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.

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Fatty acid metabolism

Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).

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Fatty acid synthesis

Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases.

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Fatty liver

Fatty liver is a reversible condition wherein large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis (i.e., abnormal retention of lipids within a cell).

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Feline viral rhinotracheitis

Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) is an upper respiratory or pulmonary infection of cats caused by feline herpesvirus 1, of the family Herpesviridae.

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Fertilisation

Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, conception, fecundation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism.

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FHAD1

Forkhead-associated domain containing protein 1 (FHAD1) is a protein encoded by the FHAD1 gene.

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Fibroblast

A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.

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Firre (gene)

Firre (functional intergenic repeating RNA element) is a long non-coding RNA located on chromosome X. It is retained in the nucleus via interaction with the nuclear matrix factor hnRNPU.

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Fish

Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.

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Fish physiology

Fish physiology is the scientific study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish.

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Fish reproduction

Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries.

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Fission (biology)

Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate entities resembling the original.

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Flame cell

A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms (except the turbellarian order Acoela), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system.

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Fluorescence microscope

A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances.

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Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a method for determining the kinetics of diffusion through tissue or cells.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor

The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor or FSH receptor (FSHR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).

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Folliculin

Folliculin also known as FLCN, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome protein or FLCN_HUMAN is a protein that in humans is associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome and hereditary spontaneous pneumothorax.

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Foraminifera

Foraminifera (Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell (called a "test") of diverse forms and materials.

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Formins

Formins (formin homology proteins) are a group of proteins that are involved in the polymerization of actin and associate with the fast-growing end (barbed end) of actin filaments.

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Foveolar cell

Foveolar cells or surface mucous cells are mucus-producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach, protecting it from the corrosive nature of gastric acid.

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FOXO1

Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) also known as forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXO1 gene.

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Francis Crick

Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, most noted for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 with James Watson, work which was based partly on fundamental studies done by Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling and Maurice Wilkins.

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Franz Leydig

Franz von Leydig, also Franz Leydig (May 21, 1821 – April 13, 1908), was a German zoologist and comparative anatomist.

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Franz Nissl

Franz Alexander Nissl (9 September 1860, Frankenthal – 11 August 1919, Munich) was a German psychiatrist and medical researcher.

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Friedrich Miescher

Johannes Friedrich Miescher (13 August 1844 – 26 August 1895) was a Swiss physician and biologist.

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FTO gene

Fat mass and obesity-associated protein also known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTO gene located on chromosome 16.

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Fuchsine

Fuchsine (sometimes spelled fuchsin) or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta dye with chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Fusiona

Fusiona is a genus of the family Fusionidae in the phylum Apicomplexa.

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Fusionidae

Fusionidae is a family of the superfamily Fusionicae in the phylum Apicomplexa.

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G2 phase

G2 phase, or Gap 2 phase, is the second subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis.

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Galectin

Galectins are a class of proteins that bind specifically to β-galactoside sugars, such as N-acetyllactosamine (Galβ1-3GlcNAc or Galβ1-4GlcNAc), which can be bound to proteins by either N-linked or O-linked glycosylation.

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Galectin-3

Galectin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS3 gene.

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Galerina sulciceps

Galerina sulciceps is a dangerously toxic species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae, of the order Agaricales.

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Gametangium

A gametangium (plural: gametangia) is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants.

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Gametogamy

Gametogamy is sexual fusion – copulation or fertlization – of two single-celled gametes of different sex and the union of the their gamete nuclei (and corresponding extranuclear structures) giving the zygote nucleus, as well as whole zygotic content.

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Gamma motor neuron

A gamma motor neuron (γ motor neuron), also called gamma motoneuron, is a type of lower motor neuron that takes part in the process of muscle contraction, and represents about 30% of (Aγ) fibers going to the muscle.

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Ganymedidae

The Ganymedidae are a family of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa.

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Gazania

Gazania is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Africa.

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Gem-associated protein 5

Gem-associated protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GEMIN5 gene.

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GEMIN8

Gem-associated protein 8 (Gemin-8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GEMIN8 gene.

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Geminiviridae

Geminiviridae is a family of plant viruses.

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Gemmata obscuriglobus

Gemmata obscuriglobus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, motile bacterium of the phylum Planctomycetes, first described in 1984 as the only described species in the genus Gemmata.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.

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Gene gating

Gene gating is a phenomenon by which transcriptionally active genes are brought next to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) so that nascent transcripts can quickly form mature mRNA associated with export factors.

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Gene gun

A gene gun or a biolistic particle delivery system, originally designed for plant transformation, is a device for delivering exogenous DNA (transgenes) to cells.

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Gene Ontology Term Enrichment

Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment is a technique for interpreting sets of genes making use of the Gene Ontology system of classification, in which genes are assigned to a set of predefined bins depending on their functional characteristics.

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Gene structure

Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene.

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Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

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Genetic engineering techniques

Genetic engineering has involved to encompass multiple techniques.

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Genetic imbalance

Genetic imbalance is to describe situation when the genome of a cell or organism has more copies of some genes than other genes due to chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy.

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Genetically modified crops

Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods.

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Genetically modified fish

Genetically modified fish (GM fish) are organisms from the taxonomic clade which includes the classes Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and Osteichthyes (bony fish) whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

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Genetically modified tomato

A genetically modified tomato, or transgenic tomato, is a tomato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering.

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Genome architecture mapping

In molecular biology, genome architecture mapping (GAM) is a cryosectioning method to map colocalized DNA regions in a ligation independent manner.

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Genome evolution

Genome evolution is the process by which a genome changes in structure (sequence) or size over time.

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Genome size

Genome size is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a single genome.

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Genomic DNA

Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid is chromosomal DNA, in contrast to extra-chromosomal DNAs like plasmids.

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Genomic imprinting

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner.

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Genomics Digital Lab

Genomics Digital Lab (GDL) is a browser based series of educational games, simulations, and animations created by Spongelab Interactive.

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Gentoo penguin

The long-tailed gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) is a penguin species in the genus Pygoscelis, most closely related to the Adélie penguin (P. adeliae) and the chinstrap penguin (P. antarcticus).

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Geology applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a spectroscopic technique that has been used for analyzing the fundamental molecular structure of geological samples in recent decades.

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Gerenuk

The gerenuk (garanuug; Litocranius walleri), also known as the giraffe gazelle, is a long-necked antelope found in the Horn of Africa and the drier parts of East Africa.

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Germ cell neoplasia in situ

Germ cell neoplasia in situ, abbreviated GCNIS, represents the precursor lesion for many types of testicular germ cell tumors.

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Germinoma

A germinoma is a type of germ cell tumor, which is not differentiated upon examination.

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Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung

Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung (GCCL) is a rare histological form of large-cell lung carcinoma, a subtype of undifferentiated lung cancer, traditionally classified within the non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC).

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Giardia

Giardia is a genus of anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasites of the phylum Sarcomastigophora that colonise and reproduce in the small intestines of several vertebrates, causing giardiasis.

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Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis, is a flagellated parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis.

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Gibberellin

Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development and leaf and fruit senescence.

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Giovannolaia

Giovanolaia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium created by Corradetti et al. in 1963.

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GJB1

Gap junction beta-1 protein (GJB1), also known as connexin 32 (Cx32) is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the GJB1 gene.

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Glandulocaudinae

Glandulocaudinae is a subfamily of tropical characin fish from Central and South America.

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Gliogenesis

Gliogenesis is the generation of non-neuronal glia populations derived from multipotent neural stem cells.

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Gliosis

Gliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS).

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Glires

Glires (Latin glīrēs, dormice) is a clade (sometimes ranked as a grandorder) consisting of rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, and pikas).

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GLIS1

Glis1 (Glis Family Zinc Finger 1) is gene encoding a Krüppel-like protein of the same name whose locus is found on Chromosome 1p32.3.

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Gloeocapsa magma

Gloeocapsa magma is a species of bacteria in the gloeocapsa genus of cyanobacteria, an ancient line of photosynthesizing bacteria, which photolyze water generating oxygen gas.

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Glossary of biology

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of bird terms

The following is a glossary of common English language terms used in the description of birds—warm-blooded vertebrates of the class Aves, characterized by, the ability to in all but the approximately 60 extant species of flightless birds, toothless,, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.

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Glossary of botanical terms

This glossary of botanical terms is a list of terms relevant to botany and plants in general.

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Glossary of civil engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of diabetes

The following is a glossary of diabetes which explains terms connected with diabetes.

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Glossary of engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of genetics

This is a glossary of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of genetics and related disciplines in biology.

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Glossary of structural engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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GLRX2

Glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2) is an enzyme that in humans encoded by the GLRX2 gene.

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Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.

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Glucocorticoid receptor

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR, or GCR) also known as NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1) is the receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind.

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Glucokinase

Glucokinase is an enzyme that facilitates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

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Glutamate rich 5

Glutamate Rich Protein 5 is a protein in humans encoded by the ERICH5 gene, also known as Chromosome 8 open reading frame 47 (C8orf47).

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (abbreviated as GAPDH or less commonly as G3PDH) is an enzyme of ~37kDa that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules.

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Goblet cell

Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins, like mucin MUC5AC.

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Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

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Gonimoblast

A gonimoblast is a type of cell produced by red algae upon the fertilization of a zygotic nucleus, and involved in the formation of carpospores.

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GPR158

Probable G-protein coupled receptor 158 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR158 gene.

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Grafting

Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together.

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Granulocyte

Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.

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Granulopoiesis

Granulopoiesis (or granulocytopoiesis) is production of granulocytes.

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Granzyme B

Granzyme B is a serine protease most commonly found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T cells.

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Gregarinasina

The gregarines are a group of Apicomplexan alveolates, classified as the Gregarinasina or Gregarinia.

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Gurken localisation signal

The Gurken localisation signal is an RNA regulatory element conserved across many species of the fruitfly genus Drosophila.

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H2AFB3

H2A histone family, member B3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H2AFB3 gene.

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Haemamoeba

Haemamoeba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium — all of which are parasites.

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Haemoproteus

Haemoproteus is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians.

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Halofolliculina corallasia

Halofolliculina corallasia is a species of heterotrich ciliates identified as a cause of the syndrome called skeletal eroding band (SEB).

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Hamiltosporidium

Hamiltosporidium is a genus of Microsporidia, which are intracellular and unicellular parasites.

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Haplogroup

A haplotype is a group of genes in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the ἁπλούς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" and group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation.

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Haplomitriopsida

Haplomitriopsida is a newly recognized class of liverworts comprising fifteen species in three genera.

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Heat shock factor

In molecular biology, heat shock factors (HSF), are the transcription factors that regulate the expression of the heat shock proteins.

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Hedgehog signaling pathway

The Hedgehog signaling pathway is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper cell differentiation.

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Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz (6 October 1836 – 23 January 1921) was a German anatomist, famous for consolidating the neuron theory of organization of the nervous system and for naming the chromosome.

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Helenium virus Y

Helenium virus Y (HVY) is a plant pathogenic virus, one of two viruses that affect commercially grown Helenium amarum hybrids.

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Heliomonadida

The Heliomonadida (formerly Dimorphida) are a small group of heliozoan amoeboids that are unusual in possessing flagella throughout their life cycle.

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Hematein

Hematein (US spelling) or haematein is an oxidized derivative of haematoxylin, used in staining.

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Hematoxylin body

In diagnostic pathology, a hematoxylin body, or LE body, is a dense, homogeneous, basophilic particle, easily stainable with hematoxylin.

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Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.

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Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver.

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Hepatocystis muuli

Hepatocystis muuli is a species of the genus Hepatocystis.

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Hepatocyte

A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver.

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Herbert Wilson

Herbert Rees Wilson FRSE (20 March 1929 – 22 May 2008) was a physicist, who was one of the team who worked on the structure of DNA at King's College London, under the direction of Sir John Randall.

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Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler–Weber–Rendu disease and Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation in the skin, mucous membranes, and often in organs such as the lungs, liver, and brain.

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Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome

Reed’s syndrome (or familial leiomyomatosis cutis et uteri) is a rare inherited condition characterised by multiple cutaneous leiomyomas and, in women, uterine leiomyomas.

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Herpes gladiatorum

Herpes gladiatorum is one of the most infectious of herpes-caused diseases, and is transmissible by skin-to-skin contact.

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Herpes simplex

Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus.

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Herpes simplex virus

Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans.

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Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans.

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Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA, which comes in multiple varieties.

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Heterochromatin protein 1

The family of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) ("Chromobox Homolog", CBX) consists of highly conserved proteins, which have important functions in the cell nucleus.

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Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are complexes of RNA and protein present in the cell nucleus during gene transcription and subsequent post-transcriptional modification of the newly synthesized RNA (pre-mRNA).

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Heterokaryon

A heterokaryon is a multinucleate cell that contains genetically different nuclei.

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Hexokinase

A hexokinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses (six-carbon sugars), forming hexose phosphate.

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HHV Infected Cell Polypeptide 0

Human Herpes Virus (HHV) Infected Cell Polypeptide 0 (ICP0) is a protein, encoded by the DNA of herpes viruses.

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High-content screening

High-content screening (HCS), also known as high-content analysis (HCA) or cellomics, is a method that is used in biological research and drug discovery to identify substances such as small molecules, peptides, or RNAi that alter the phenotype of a cell in a desired manner.

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High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

In urologic pathology, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, abbreviated HGPIN, is an abnormality of prostatic glands and believed to precede the development of prostate adenocarcinoma (the most common form of prostate cancer).

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Himalayan wolf

The Himalayan wolf is a canine of unresolved taxonomy.

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HIPK2

Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HIPK2 gene.

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HIST1H2AK

Histone H2A type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H2AK gene.

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HIST1H2BD

Histone H2B type 1-D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H2BD gene.

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HIST1H2BH

Histone H2B type 1-H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H2BH gene.

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HIST1H4B

Histone H4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H4B gene.

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HIST1H4J

Histone cluster 1, H4j is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H4J gene.

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HIST1H4L

Histone H4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H4L gene.

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HIST2H2AC

Histone H2A type 2-C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST2H2AC gene.

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Histidinol dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a histidinol dehydrogenase (HIS4) (HDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-histidinol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are L-histidine, NADH, and H+.

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Histiocytoma (dog)

A histiocytoma in the dog is a benign tumor.

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Histology

Histology, also microanatomy, is the study of the anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals using microscopy.

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Histone

In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.

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Histone acetylation and deacetylation

Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation.

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Histone acetyltransferase

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form ε-N-acetyllysine.

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Histone H1

Histone H1 is one of the five main histone protein families which are components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells.

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Histone H2A

Histone H2A is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells.

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Histone H2B

Histone H2B is one of the 5 main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells.

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Histopathology

Histopathology (compound of three Greek words: ἱστός histos "tissue", πάθος pathos "suffering", and -λογία -logia "study of") refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.

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History of biology

The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times.

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History of Earth

The history of Earth concerns the development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day.

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History of genetic engineering

Genetic modification caused by human activity has been occurring since around 12,000 BC, when humans first began to domesticate organisms.

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History of genetics

The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Epicurus.

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History of model organisms

The history of model organisms began with the idea that certain organisms can be studied and used to gain knowledge of other organisms or as a control (ideal) for other organisms of the same species.

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History of RNA biology

Numerous key discoveries in biology have emerged from studies of RNA (ribonucleic acid), including seminal work in the fields of biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, molecular evolution and structural biology.

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HIV

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

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HIV Rev response element

The HIV-1 Rev response element (RRE) is a highly structured, ~350 nucleotide RNA segment present in the Env coding region of unspliced and partially spliced viral mRNAs.

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HMGB1

High mobility group box 1 protein, also known as high-mobility group protein 1 (HMG-1) and amphoterin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB1 gene.

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HNRNPA0

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A0 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPA0 gene.

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HNRNPL

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPL gene.

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HNRPAB

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B, also known as HNRPAB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HNRPAB gene.

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HNRPD

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 (HNRNPD) also known as AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPD gene.

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HNRPDL

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D-like, also known as HNRPDL, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HNRPDL gene.

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Homing endonuclease

The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins.

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Homogeneously staining region

Homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) are chromosomal segments with various lengths and uniform staining intensity after G banding.

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Homokaryotic

Homokaryotic (adj.) is a term used to refer to multinucleate cells where all nuclei are genetically identical.

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Homology directed repair

Homology directed repair (HDR) is a mechanism in cells to repair double strand DNA lesions.

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Hop (protein)

Hop, occasionally written HOP, is an abbreviation for Hsp70-Hsp90 Organizing Protein.

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HOPS stain

In histology, the HOPS stain is a way of marking tissue for microscopic examination.

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Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.

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Howard Gimbel

Howard V. Gimbel, MD, MPH, FRCSC, AOE, FACS, CABES, (born January 17, 1934) is a Canadian ophthalmologist, university professor, senior editor, and amateur musician.

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Howell–Jolly body

A Howell–Jolly body is a histopathological finding of basophilic nuclear remnants (clusters of DNA) in circulating erythrocytes.

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Hsp27

Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) also known as heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPB1 gene.

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Hsp70

The 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (Hsp70s or DnaK) are a family of conserved ubiquitously expressed heat shock proteins.

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Hsp90

Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) is a chaperone protein that assists other proteins to fold properly, stabilizes proteins against heat stress, and aids in protein degradation.

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HSPA1A

Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1, also termed Hsp72, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA1A gene.

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HSPA1L

Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA1L gene on chromosome 6.

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HSPA8

Heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 also known as heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein or Hsc70 or Hsp73 is a heat shock protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA8 gene on chromosome 11.

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Hsromega

The developmentally active and heat shock inducible hsromega or hsrω gene in Drosophila produces multiple long non-coding RNA transcripts.

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Hua-Enhancer1

Hua-Enhancer1 (HE1) is a RNA methyltransferase protein that plays a role in the maturation of miRNA in plants.

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Human body

The human body is the entire structure of a human being.

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Human cytomegalovirus

Human cytomegalovirus is a species of the virus genus Cytomegalovirus, which in turn is a member of the viral family known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses.

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Human genetic resistance to malaria

Human genetic resistance to malaria refers to inherited changes in the DNA of humans which increase resistance to malaria and result in increased survival of individuals with those genetic changes.

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Human genome

The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.

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Human tooth development

Tooth development or odontogenesis is the complex process by which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow, and erupt into the mouth.

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Human–animal hybrid

in this very first animal-human God Vishnu as Matsya the one worship as hinduism diety Terms human–animal hybrid and animal–human hybrid refer to an entity that incorporates elements from both humans and non-human animals.

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Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.

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Hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage is glass-like (hyaline) but translucent cartilage.

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Hyalocyte

Hyalocytes, also known as vitreous cells, are cells of the vitreous body, which is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye.

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Hydrolethalus syndrome

Hydrolethalus syndrome (HLS), less commonly referred to as Salonen-Herva-Norio syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that causes improper fetal development, resulting in birth defects and, most commonly, stillbirth.

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Hypersegmented neutrophil

A hypersegmented neutrophil is a clinical laboratory finding.

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Hypha

A hypha (plural hyphae, from Greek ὑφή, huphḗ, "web") is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.

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Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.

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Hysteresis

Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history.

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Hytrosaviridae

Hytrosaviridae is a family of double stranded DNA viruses that infect insects.

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I-motif DNA

I-motif DNA is a newly-discovered type of deoxyribonucleic acid that is found in the nuclei of human cells.

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Iain Mattaj

Iain William Mattaj (born 5 October 1952 in St Andrews, Scotland) FRS FRSE is a British scientist and Honorary Professor at Heidelberg University in Germany.

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ICAM4

The LW blood system was first described by Landsteiner and Wiener in 1940.

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IK (gene)

Protein Red is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IK gene.

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IKK2

IKK-β also known as inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IKBKB (inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta) gene.

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Immature teratoma

A teratoma is a tumor of germ cell origin, containing tissues from more than one germ cell line.

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Immortality

Immortality is eternal life, being exempt from death, unending existence.

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Implantation (human embryo)

In humans, implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the already fertilized egg adheres to the wall of the uterus.

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Importin

Importin is a type of karyopherin that transports protein molecules into the nucleus by binding to specific recognition sequences, called nuclear localization sequences (NLS).

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Importin α

Importin alpha, or karyopherin alpha refers to a class of adaptor proteins that are involved in the import of proteins into the cell nucleus.

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In Re Roslin Institute (Edinburgh)

In re Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), 750 F.3d 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2014), is a 2014 decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit rejecting a patent for a cloned sheep known as "Dolly the Sheep"— the first mammal ever cloned from an adult somatic cell.

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Inclusion bodies

Inclusion bodies, sometimes called elementary bodies, are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stable substances, usually proteins.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of biology articles

Biology is the study of life and its processes.

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Index of genetics articles

Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.

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Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles

This is a list of AIDS-related topics, many of which were originally taken from the public domain U.S. Department of Health Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms, 4th Edition.

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Index of molecular biology articles

This is a list of topics in molecular biology.

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Infectious mononucleosis

Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).

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Inflammatory myopathy

Inflammatory myopathy (inflammatory muscle disease or myositis) is disease featuring weakness and inflammation of muscles and (in some types) muscle pain.

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Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.

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Injaz

Injaz (إنجاز, meaning "achievement"; born April 8, 2009) is a female dromedary camel, credited with being the world's first cloned camel.

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Innate immune defect

An innate immune defect is a defect in the innate immune response that blunts the response to infection.

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Innate immune system

The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.

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Inner root sheath

The inner root sheath of the hair follicle is located between the outer root sheath and the hair shaft.

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Inotuzumab ozogamicin

Inotuzumab ozogamicin (trade name Besponsa) is an antibody-drug conjugate used to treat relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

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Insulator (genetics)

An insulator is a type of cis-regulatory element known as a long-range regulatory element.

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Integrin alpha 7

Alpha-7 integrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA7 gene.

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Interchromatin granule

An interchromatin granule is a cluster in the nucleus of a mammal cell which is enriched in pre-mRNA splicing factors.

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Interferon

Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.

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Interferon alpha-1

Interferon alpha-1/13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNA1 gene.

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Interleukin 15

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2).

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Interleukin 33

Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL33 gene.

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Intermediate filament

Intermediate filaments (IFs) are cytoskeletal components found in the cells of vertebrate animal species, and perhaps also in other animals, fungi, plants, and unicellular organisms.

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Interphase

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life.

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Intestinal gland

In histology, an intestinal gland (also crypt of Lieberkühn and intestinal crypt) is a gland found in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (colon).

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Intracellular receptor

Intracellular receptors are receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane.

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Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection

The intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) is a laboratory technique used for In Vitro Fertilisation treatments.

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Intramembranous ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the gnathostome (excluding chondrichthyans such as sharks) skeletal system by which rudimentary bone tissue is created.

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Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma

Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma, abbreviated IPM, is a rare primary tumour of lymph nodes, that classically presents as an inguinal mass.

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Introduction to genetics

Genetics is the study of heredity and variations.

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IQGAP1

Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1 (IQGAP1) also known as p195 is a ubiquitously expressed protein that in humans is encoded by the IQGAP1 gene.

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Iridoviridae

Iridoviridae is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes.

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IRX1

Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-1, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX1 gene.

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Isospora hammondi

Isospora hammondi is an apicomplexan parasite of the genus Isospora that infects the marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris).

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JAG1

Jagged1 (JAG1) is one of five cell surface proteins (ligands) that interact with 4 receptors in the mammalian Notch signaling pathway.

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JAK-STAT signaling pathway

The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death and tumour formation.

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Jakoba

Jakoba is a genus in the taxon Excavata and currently has only a single described species, Jakoba libera.

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James Underwood

Sir James Cresseé Elphinstone Underwood FMedSci (born 11 April 1942) is a British pathologist who was awarded a knighthood for services to medicine in the 2005 New Year honours list.

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Janus kinase

Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway.

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Jeffrey L. Price

Jeffrey L. Price (born 1958) is an American researcher and author in the fields of circadian rhythms and molecular biology.

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Joachim Hämmerling

Dr.

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John Gurdon

Sir John Bertrand Gurdon (born 2 October 1933), is an English developmental biologist.

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John Zhang (scientist)

John Zhang is a medical scientist who made important contributions in fertility research, and particularly in ''in vitro'' fertilization.

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Joseph Leidy

Joseph Mellick Leidy (September 9, 1823 – April 30, 1891) was an American paleontologist, parasitologist, and anatomist.

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Jovan Hadži

Jovan Hadži (22 November 1884 – 11 December 1972) was a Slovenian zoologist of Serbian origin.

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JUNQ and IPOD

JUNQ and IPOD are types of cytosolic protein inclusion bodies in eukaryotes.

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Kamera lens

Kamera lens is a unicellular, flagellate organism and the only species in the genus Kamera.

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Karenia bicuneiformis

Karenia bicuneiformis, also known as Karenia bidigitata is a microbial species from the genus Karenia, which are dinoflagellates.

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Karenia papilionacea

Karenia papilionacea is a species from the genus Karenia, which are dinoflagellates.

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Karenia selliformis

Karenia selliformis is a species from the genus Karenia, which are dinoflagellates.

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Karyogamy

Karyogamy is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei.

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Karyoklepty

Karyoklepty is a strategy for cellular evolution, whereby a predator cell appropriates the nucleus of a cell from another organism to supplement its own biochemical capabilities.

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Karyopherin

Karyopherins are a group of proteins involved in transporting molecules between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

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Karyopherin alpha 2

Importin subunit alpha-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KPNA2 gene.

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Karyorelictea

Karyorelictea is a class of ciliates in the subphylum Postciliodesmatophora.

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Karyorrhexis

Karyorrhexis (from Greek κάρυον karyon, "kernel, seed or nucleus", and ῥῆξις rhexis, "bursting") is the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm.

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Karyosome

Karyosome refers to the chromatin material inside the cell nucleus when the cell is undergoing meiotic division.

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Karyotin

Karyotin is the sustainable, reticular material of the cell nucleus.

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Karyotype

A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

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Keratinocyte

A keratinocyte is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, constituting 90% of the cells found there.

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Keratohyalin

Keratohyalin is a protein structure found in granules in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis, which may be involved in keratinization, and in Hassall's corpuscles in the thymus.

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KHDRBS1

KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KHDRBS1 gene.

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Ki-67 (protein)

Antigen KI-67 also known as Ki-67 or MKI67 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MKI67 gene (antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki-67).

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KIAA0232

KIAA0232 is a nuclear phosphoserine protein which in humans is encoded by the KIAA0232 gene.

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KIAA1211L

KIAA1211L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA1211L gene.

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KIAA1704

KIAA1704, also known as LSR7 (lipopolysaccharide-specific response protein 7), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPALPP1 (GPALPP motifs containing 1) gene.

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KIAA1841

KIAA1841 is a gene in humans that encodes a protein known as KIAA1841 (uncharacterized protein KIAA1841).

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KIN2/PAR-1/MARK kinase family

In molecular biology, members of the KIN2/PAR-1/MARK kinase family of proteins are kinases which are conserved from yeast to human and share the same domain organisation: an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal kinase associated domain 1 (KA1).

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Kingdom (biology)

In biology, kingdom (Latin: regnum, plural regna) is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain.

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Koilocyte

A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus.

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Konstantin Mereschkowski

Konstantin Sergeevich Mereschkowski (p; – 9 January 1921) was a prominent Russian biologist and botanist, active mainly around Kazan, whose research on lichens led him to propose the theory of symbiogenesis – that larger, more complex cells (of eukaryotes) evolved from the symbiotic relationship between less complex ones.

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La domain

In molecular biology, the La domain is a conserved protein domain.

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Lamin

Nuclear lamins, also known as Class V intermediate filaments, are fibrous proteins providing structural function and transcriptional regulation in the cell nucleus.

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Laminin 111

Laminin–111 (also "laminin–1") is a protein of the type known as laminin isoforms.

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Lampbrush chromosome

Lampbrush chromosomes are a special form of chromosome found in the growing oocytes (immature eggs) of most animals, except mammals.

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Langhans giant cell

Langhans giant cells (also known as Pirogov-Langhans cells) are large cells found in granulomatous conditions.

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Large intestine

The large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates.

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Large tumor antigen

The large tumor antigen (also called the large T-antigen and abbreviated LTag or LT) is a protein encoded in the genomes of polyomaviruses, which are small double-stranded DNA viruses.

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Large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype

Large cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype (LCLC-RP) is a rare histological form of lung cancer, currently classified as a variant of large cell lung carcinoma (LCLC).

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Lateral grey column

The lateral grey column (lateral column, lateral cornu, lateral horn of spinal cord, intermediolateral column) is one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord (which give the shape of a butterfly); the others being the anterior and posterior grey columns.

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Laurel pigeon

The laurel pigeon or white-tailed laurel pigeon (Paloma rabiche) (Columba junoniae) is a species of bird in the Columba genus in the family Columbidae.

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Léon Guignard

Jean Louis Léon Guignard (13 April 1852 in Mont-sous-Vaudrey – 7 March 1928 in Paris) was a French pharmacist and botanist.

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LCHN

LCHN is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA1147 gene (NCBI Gene ID 57189) located on chromosome 7.

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Leishmania

Leishmania is a genus of trypanosomes that are responsible for the disease leishmaniasis.

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Leishmania donovani

Leishmania donovani is a species of intracellular parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania, a group of haemoflagellate kinetoplastids that cause the disease leishmaniasis.

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Leishmania major

Leishmania major is a species of parasites found in the genus Leishmania, and is associated with the disease zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as Aleppo boil, Baghdad boil, Bay sore, Biskra button, Chiclero ulcer, Delhi boil, Kandahar sore, Lahore sore, Oriental sore, Pian bois, and Uta).

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Lens (anatomy)

The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.

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Leonard H. Rome

Leonard H. Rome is a cell biologist and biochemist who has been a faculty member of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, since he joined the Department of Biological Chemistry there, in 1979.

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Lepiota castaneidisca

Lepiota castaneidisca is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

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Lester W. Sharp

Lester Whyland Sharp (April 21, 1887 in Saratoga Springs, New York – July 17, 1961 in Nuevo, California) was an American botanist, a pioneer in cytogenetics.

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Leucoplast

Leucoplasts (λευκός leukós "white", πλαστός plastós "formed, molded") are a category of plastid and as such are organelles found in plant cells.

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Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia generally refers to a firmly attached white patch on a mucous membrane which is associated with an increased risk of cancer.

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Leydig cell

Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle.

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Life

Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.

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LIG3

DNA ligase 3 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the LIG3 gene.

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Liliaceae

The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of fifteen genera and about 705 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016) of flowering plants within the order Liliales.

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LIM domain-binding protein family

In molecular biology, the LIM domain-binding protein family is a family of proteins which binds to the LIM domain of LIM homeodomain proteins which are transcriptional regulators of development.

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LINC complex

The LINC complex (Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) is a protein complex associated with both inner and outer membranes of the nucleus.

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Linnean Society of London

The Linnean Society of London is a society dedicated to the study of, and the dissemination of information concerning, natural history, evolution and taxonomy.

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Lionel Smith Beale

Lionel Smith Beale (5 February 1828 – 28 March 1906) was a British physician, microscopist, and professor at King's College London.

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Lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.

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Lipoblast

A lipoblast is a precursor cell for an adipocyte.

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List of animals that have been cloned

This is a list of animals that have been cloned.

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List of Arceuthobium species

Recently the number of species within the Arceuthobium has been reduced from 42 to 26.

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List of British innovations and discoveries

The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including predecessor states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom.

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List of discoveries

This article presents a list of discoveries and includes famous observations.

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List of English inventions and discoveries

English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England (that is, someone born in England - including to non-English parents - or born abroad with at least one English parent and who had the majority of their education or career in England).

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List of examples of lengths

This is a list of examples of lengths, in metres in order to give an understanding of lengths.

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List of MeSH codes (A11)

The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (D12.776)

This is part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (D12.776.660)

This is a sub-part (nuclear proteins only) of List of MeSH codes (D12.776), itself a part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of periodontal diseases

Periodontal pathology, also termed gum diseases or periodontal diseases, are diseases involving the periodontium (the tooth supporting structures, i.e. the gums).

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List of Plasmodium species

The genus Plasmodium is a member of the order Haemosporidia.

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List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes

This list of "sequenced" eukaryotic genomes contains all the eukaryotes known to have publicly available complete nuclear and organelle genome sequences that have been sequenced, assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle-only sequences.

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List of types of proteins

List of proteins contains large amounts of information concerning genes and proteins.

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List of University of Edinburgh medical people

List of University of Edinburgh medical people is a list of notable graduates as well as non-graduates, and academic staffs of the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland.

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List of words ending in ology

† not study.

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Little Orphan Annie

Little Orphan Annie is a daily American comic strip created by Harold Gray and syndicated by the Tribune Media Services.

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Little penguin

The little penguin (Eudyptula minor) is the smallest species of penguin.

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Lobation

Lobation is a characteristic of the cell nucleus of certain granulocytes, types of white blood cells, where the nucleus is segmented into two or more connected lobes.

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LOC101059915

LOC101059915 is a protein, which in humans is encoded by the LOC101059915 gene.

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Lokiarchaeota

Lokiarchaeota is a proposed phylum of the Archaea.

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Long interspersed nuclear element

Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) (also known as Long interspersed nucleotide elements or Long interspersed elements) are a group of non-LTR (long terminal repeat) retrotransposons which are widespread in the genome of many eukaryotes.

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Lorna Casselton

Lorna Ann Casselton, CBE, FRS (18 July 1938 – 14 February 2014) was a British academic and biologist.

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LRRC40

Leucine rich repeat containing 40 (LRRC40) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC40 gene.

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LSm

In molecular biology, LSm proteins are a family of RNA-binding proteins found in virtually every cellular organism.

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LTR retrotransposon

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable element characterized by the presence of Long Terminal Repeats (LTRs) directly flanking an internal coding region.

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Lugol's iodine

Lugol's iodine, also known as aqueous iodine and strong iodine solution, is a solution of potassium iodide with iodine in water.

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Lung cancer

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.

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Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor

The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) is a transmembrane receptor found predominantly in the ovary and testis, but also many extragonadal organs such as the uterus and breasts.

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Lymphocystivirus

Lymphocystivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Iridoviridae.

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Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.

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Lysosome

A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in nearly all animal cells.

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M1 protein

The M1 protein is a matrix protein of the influenza virus.

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Macrolepiota clelandii

Macrolepiota clelandii, commonly known as the slender parasol or graceful parasol, is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Lepiotaceae.

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Macronucleus

A macronucleus (formerly also meganucleus) is the larger type of nucleus in ciliates.

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Macula densa

In the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal tubule, at the point where the thick ascending limb meets the distal convoluted tubule.

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Magnesium in biology

Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems.

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Magnetofection

Magnetofection is a simple and highly efficient transfection method that uses magnetic fields to concentrate particles containing nucleic acid into the target cells.

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Major histocompatibility complex

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.

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MALAT1

MALAT 1 (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) also known as NEAT2 (noncoding nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 2) is a large, infrequently spliced non-coding RNA, which is highly conserved amongst mammals and highly expressed in the nucleus.

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MamL-1 domain

In molecular biology there are a number of neurogenic proteins referred to as mastermind-like proteins (MAMLs) of which this domain is the N-terminal region.

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Mantle cell lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), comprising about 6% of NHL cases.

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MAPK phosphatase

MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) are the largest class of phosphatases involved in down-regulating Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling.

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MAPK1

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, also known as MAPK1, p42MAPK, and ERK2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK1 gene.

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MAPK6

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK6 gene.

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March 1901

The following events occurred in March 1901.

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Marie Maynard Daly

Marie Maynard Daly (April 16, 1921 – October 28, 2003) was an American biochemist.

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Marine life

Marine life, or sea life or ocean life, is the plants, animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries.

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Marine microorganism

Marine microorganisms are defined by their habitat as the microorganisms living in a marine environment, that is, in the saltwater of a sea or ocean or the brackish water of a coastal estuary.

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Masson's trichrome stain

Masson's trichrome is a three-colour staining protocol used in histology.

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Mast cell

A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a type of white blood cell.

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Matrix (biology)

In biology, matrix (plural: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion.

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Matthias Jakob Schleiden

Matthias Jakob Schleiden (5 April 1804 23 June 1881) was a German botanist and co-founder of cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow.

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Mechanobiology

Mechanobiology is an emerging field of science at the interface of biology and engineering that focuses on how physical forces and changes in the mechanical properties of cells and tissues contribute to development, cell differentiation, physiology, and disease.

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Meconium aspiration syndrome

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) also known as neonatal aspiration of meconium is a medical condition affecting newborn infants.

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MED26

Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 26 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED26 gene.

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MEG8

In molecular biology, Maternally expressed 8 (non-protein coding), also known as MEG8 or Rian (RNA Imprinted and Accumulated in Nucleus), is a long non-coding RNA.

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Megaevolution

Megaevolution describes the most dramatic events in evolution.

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Megalocytivirus

Megalocytivirus is one of five genera of viruses within the family Iridoviridae and one of three genera within this family which infect teleost fishes, along with Lymphocystivirus and ''Ranasvirus''.

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Meganuclease

Meganucleases are endodeoxyribonucleases characterized by a large recognition site (double-stranded DNA sequences of 12 to 40 base pairs); as a result this site generally occurs only once in any given genome.

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Megaspore

Megaspores, also called macrospores, are a type of spore that is present in heterosporous plants.

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Megaspore mother cell

A megaspore mother cell, or megasporocyte, is a diploid cell in plants in which meiosis will occur, resulting in the production of four haploid megaspores.

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Melanin

Melanin (from μέλας melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.

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Melanthieae

Melanthieae is a tribe of flowering plants within the family Melanthiaceae.

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Membrane contact site

Membrane contact sites (MCS) are close appositions between two organelles.

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MEN1

Menin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEN1 gene.

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Merocystis

Merocystis is a genus in the phylum Apicomplexa.

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Merogregarina

Merogregarina is a genus of parasitic alveolate in the phylum Apicomplexa.

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Mesangiospermae

Mesangiospermae (core angiosperms) is a group of flowering plants (angiosperms), informally called "mesangiosperms".

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Mesenchymal stem cell

Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to marrow adipose tissue).

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Messenger RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

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Metamonad

The metamonads are a large group of flagellate amitochondriate excavates.

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Metamyelocyte

A metamyelocyte is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a myelocyte, and leading to a band cell.

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Methyl green

Methyl green (CI 42585) is a cationic or positive charged stain, related to Ethyl green, that has been used for staining DNA since the 19th century.

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Methyltransferase

Methyltransferases are a large group of enzymes that all methylate their substrates but can be split into several subclasses based on their structural features.

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Metroid (fictional species)

The is a fictional extraterrestrial species in the eponymous Metroid video game series.

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Metroid Fusion

Metroid Fusion is an action-adventure video game published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console.

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MHC class I

MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of jawed vertebrates.

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MIAT (gene)

MIAT (myocardial infarction associated transcript), also known as RNCR2 (retinal non-coding RNA 2) or Gomafu, is a long non-coding RNA.

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Micrasterias

Micrasterias is a unicellular green alga of the order Desmidiales.

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Microbeam

A microbeam is a narrow beam of radiation, of micrometer or sub-micrometer dimensions.

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Microglia

Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.

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Micronucleus

Micronucleus is the name given to the small nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division.

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Micronucleus test

A micronucleus test is a test used in toxicological screening for potential genotoxic compounds.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Microprocessor complex

The Microprocessor complex is a protein complex involved in the early stages of processing microRNA (miRNA) in animal cells.

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MicroRNA

A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

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Microsome

In cell biology, microsomes are vesicle-like artifacts re-formed from pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when eukaryotic cells are broken-up in the laboratory; microsomes are not present in healthy, living cells.

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Microspora

Microspora is a genus of green algae in the family Microsporaceae.

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Microsporaceae

Microsporaceae are a family of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae.

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Microsporidia

Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites.

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Microstructured optical arrays

Microstructured optical arrays (MOAs) are instruments for focusing x-rays.

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Microtubule organizing center

The microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) is a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge.

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Microvesicles

Microvesicles (circulating microvesicles, or microparticles) are a type of extracellular vesicle, between 50 and 1,000 nanometers (nm) in diameter, found in many types of body fluids as well as the interstitial space between cells.

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Microvessel

Microvessel or microvasculature refers to the smallest systems of blood vessels in a body, including those responsible for microcirculation, the system of smaller blood vessels that distribute blood within tissues.

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Mineralocorticoid

Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which in turn are a class of steroid hormones.

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Mineralocorticoid receptor

The mineralocorticoid receptor (or MR, MLR, MCR), also known as the aldosterone receptor or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2, (NR3C2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR3C2 gene that is located on chromosome 4q31.1-31.2.

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Minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3

Minor capsid protein VP2 and minor capsid protein VP3 are viral proteins that are components of the polyomavirus capsid.

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Mir-10 microRNA precursor family

The miR-10 microRNA precursor is a short non-coding RNA gene involved in gene regulation.

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MiR-122

miR-122 is a miRNA that is conserved among vertebrate species.

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Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS or MDDS) is any of a group of autosomal recessive disorders that cause a significant drop in mitochondrial DNA in affected tissues.

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Mitochondrial ROS

Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS or mROS) are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced by mitochondria.

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Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

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MNDA

Myeloid cell Nuclear Differentiation Antigen is a protein that in humans is encoded as MNDA gene.

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Model lipid bilayer

A model lipid bilayer is any bilayer assembled in vitro, as opposed to the bilayer of natural cell membranes or covering various sub-cellular structures like the nucleus.

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Mold

A mold or mould (is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.

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Molecular anthropology

Molecular anthropology is a field of anthropology in which molecular analysis is used to determine evolutionary links between ancient and modern human populations, as well as between contemporary species.

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Molecular machine

A molecular machine, nanite, or nanomachine, refers to any discrete number of molecular components that produce quasi-mechanical movements (output) in response to specific stimuli (input).

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Monera

Monera (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), "single", "solitary") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria.

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Montrose, Angus

Montrose (Monadh Rois) is a coastal resort town and former royal burgh in Angus, Scotland.

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Morpholino

A Morpholino, also known as a Morpholino oligomer and as a phosphorodiamidate Morpholino oligomer (PMO), is a type of oligomer molecule (colloquially, an oligo) used in molecular biology to modify gene expression.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4

SMAD4, also called SMAD family member 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, or DPC4 (Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer-4) is a highly-conserved protein present in all metazoans.

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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 also known as SMAD9, SMAD8, and MADH6 is a protein that in humans is enocoded by the SMAD9 gene.

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MRNA surveillance

mRNA surveillance mechanisms are pathways utilized by organisms to ensure fidelity and quality of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.

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MSH2

DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 also known as MutS protein homolog 2 or MSH2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSH2 gene, which is located on chromosome 2.

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Mucosal associated invariant T cell

Mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) make up a subset of T cells in the immune system that display innate, effector-like qualities.

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Mucous membrane of nose

The nasal mucous membrane lines the nasal cavities, and is intimately adherent to the periosteum or perichondrium of the nasal conchae.

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MUL1

Mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (MUL1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MUL1 gene on chromosome 1.

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Multicellular organism

Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.

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Multinucleate

Multinucleate cells (also called multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm.

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Murine polyomavirus

Murine polyomavirus (also known as mouse polyomavirus, Polyomavirus muris, or Mus musculus polyomavirus 1, and in older literature as SE polyoma or parotid tumor virus; abbreviated MPyV) is an unenveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the polyomavirus family.

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Muscle memory (strength training)

Muscle memory has been used to describe the observation that various muscle-related tasks seem to be easier to perform after previous practice, even if the task has not been performed for a while.

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Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.

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Mutation rate

In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene or organism over time.

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Myeloblast

The myeloblast is a unipotent stem cell, which will differentiate into one of the effectors of the granulocyte series.

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Myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature and therefore do not become healthy blood cells.

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Myelophthisic anemia

Myelophthisic anemia (or myelophthisis) is a severe type of anemia found in some people with diseases that affect the bone marrow.

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MYO1C

Myosin-Ic is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYO1C gene.

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Myocardial infarction diagnosis

A diagnosis of myocardial infarction is created by integrating the history of the presenting illness and physical examination with electrocardiogram findings and cardiac markers (blood tests for heart muscle cell damage).

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Myocyte

A myocyte (also known as a muscle cell) is the type of cell found in muscle tissue.

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Myopathy

Myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly.

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MYPN

Myopalladin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYPN gene.

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Myriochelata

The Myriochelata or Paradoxopoda, is a proposed grouping of arthropods comprising the Myriapoda (including millipedes and centipedes) and Chelicerata (including spiders and scorpions).

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Myrionecta rubra

Myrionecta rubra (or Mesodinium rubrum) is a species of ciliates.

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Myxogastria

Myxogastria/Myxogastrea (myxogastrids, ICZN) or Myxomycetes (ICBN), is a class of slime molds that contains 5 orders, 14 families, 62 genera and 888 species.

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N-glycosyltransferase

N-glycosyltransferase is an enzyme in prokaryotes which transfers individual hexoses onto asparagine sidechains in substrate proteins, using a nucleotide-bound intermediary, within the cytoplasm.

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NamiRNAs

NamiRNAs are a type of miRNAs present in the nucleus, which can activate gene expression by binding to the enhancer, and therefore were named nuclear activating miRNAs (NamiRNAs), such as miR-24-1 and miR-26.

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Nanoinjection

Nanoinjection is the process of using a microscopic lance and electrical forces to deliver DNA to a cell.

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NASP (gene)

Nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NASP gene.

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Nassellaria

Nassellaria is an order of Rhizaria belonging to the class Radiolaria.

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NBPF16

Neuroblastoma Breakpoint Family, Member 16, also known as NBPF16, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NBPF16 gene.

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NBPF19

Neuroblastoma breakpoint family member 19, or NBPF19, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NBPF19 gene.

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NC ratio

The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (also variously known as the nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, N:C ratio, or N/C) is a measurement used in cell biology.

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NCOA6

Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA6 gene.

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NDR kinase

NDR (nuclear dbf2-related) kinases, are an ancient and highly conserved subclass of AGC protein kinases that control diverse processes related to cell morphogenesis, proliferation, and mitotic events.

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NEAT1

Nuclear Enriched Abundant Transcript 1 (NEAT1) is a ~3.2 kb novel nuclear long non-coding RNA (RIKEN cDNA 2310043N10Rik).

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Nebenkern

The Nebenkern is a mitochondrial formation in the sperm of insects such as Drosophila.

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Neocallimastigomycota

Neocallimastigomycota is a phylum containing anaerobic fungi, which are symbionts found in the digestive tracts of larger herbivores.

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Neolentinus

Neolentinus is a genus of wood-decaying agarics with tough (leathery to woody) fruit bodies composed of dimitic tissue, serrated lamella edges, and nonamyloid white binucleate basidiospores among other features.

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Nerine

Nerine (nerines, Guernsey lily, Jersey lily, spider lily) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.

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Nesfatin-1

Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus of mammals.

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NeuN

NeuN (Feminizing Locus on X-3, Fox-3, Rbfox3, or Hexaribonucleotide Binding Protein-3), a homologue to sex-determining genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, is a neuronal nuclear antigen that is commonly used as a biomarker for neurons.

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Neurilemma

Neurilemma (also known as neurolemma, sheath of Schwann, or Schwann's sheath) is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes) that surrounds the axon of the neuron.

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Neurodegeneration

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons.

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Neuroepithelial cell

Neuroepithelial cells are the "stem cells" of the nervous system, deriving from actual stem cells in several different stages of neural development.

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Neurofibromin 1

Neurofibromin 1 (NF1) is a gene in humans that is located on chromosome 17.

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Neuron

A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

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Neurotrophin

Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.

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Neutrophil

Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (40% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals.

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New Guinea singing dog

The New Guinea singing dog or New Guinea Highland dog (Canis lupus dingo or Canis familiaris) is a type of rare dog native to the New Guinea Highlands of the island of New Guinea.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells.

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Nidulariaceae

The Nidulariaceae ('nidulus' - small nest) are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales.

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Nile blue

Nile blue (or Nile blue A) is a stain used in biology and histology.

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NLRC5

NLRC5, short for NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 5, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system.

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Noctilucales

The Noctilucales are an order of marine dinoflagellates.

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Nodal signaling pathway

The nodal signaling pathway is a signal transduction pathway important in pattern formation and differentiation during embryo development.

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NONO (protein)

Non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the nono gene.

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Noori (goat)

Noori (Arabic word for "light") is a female pashmina goat, the first pashmina goat to be cloned using the process of nuclear transfer.

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Nostoc verrucosum

Nostoc verrucosum is a species of cyanobacteria usually found in colonies and in globose racks.

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Notch proteins

Notch proteins are a family of Type-1 transmembrane proteins that form a core component of the Notch signaling pathway, which is highly conserved in metazoans.

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Notch signaling pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms.

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Novyella

Novyella is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parasites.

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NTERA-2

The NTERA-2 (also designated NTERA2/D1, NTERA2, or NT2) cell line is a clonally derived, pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cell line.

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Nuclear

Nuclear may refer to.

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Nuclear atypia

Nuclear atypia refers to abnormal appearance of cell nuclei.

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Nuclear bag fiber

A nuclear bag fiber is a type of intrafusal muscle fiber that lies in the center of a muscle spindle.

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Nuclear calcium

The concentration of calcium in the cell nucleus can increase in response to signals from the environment.

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Nuclear dimorphism

Nuclear dimorphism is a term referred to the special characteristic of having two different kinds of nuclei in a cell.

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Nuclear DNA

Nuclear DNA, or nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA), is the DNA contained within the nucleus of a eukaryotic organism.

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Nuclear dots

Nuclear dots (also known as Nuclear bodies, nuclear domains, or PML bodies) are punctate structures found in the nuclei of certain cells.

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Nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes which surrounds the nucleus, and in eukaryotic cells it encases the genetic material.

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Nuclear equivalence

According to the principle of nuclear equivalence, the nuclei of essentially all differentiated adult cells of an individual are genetically (though not necessarily metabolically) identical to one another and to the nucleus of the zygote from which they descended.

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Nuclear export signal

A nuclear export signal (NES) is a short amino acid sequence of 4 hydrophobic residues in a protein that targets it for export from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex using nuclear transport.

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Nuclear gene

A nuclear gene is a gene located in the cell nucleus of a eukaryote.

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Nuclear lamina

The nuclear lamina is a dense (~30 to 100 nm thick) fibrillar network inside the nucleus of most cells.

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Nuclear localization sequence

A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport.

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Nuclear matrix

In biology, the nuclear matrix is the network of fibres found throughout the inside of a cell nucleus and is somewhat analogous to the cell cytoskeleton.

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Nuclear moulding

In histopathology, nuclear moulding, also nuclear molding, is conformity of adjacent cell nuclei to one another.

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Nuclear organization

Nuclear organization refers to the spatial distribution of chromatin within a cell nucleus.

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Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

The nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), part of the family of baculoviruses, is a virus affecting insects, predominantly moths and butterflies.

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Nuclear pore

Nuclear pore complexes are large protein complexes that span the nuclear envelope, which is the double membrane surrounding the eukaryotic cell nucleus.

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Nuclear prelamin A recognition factor

Nuclear prelamin A recognition factor, also known as NARF, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NARF gene.

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Nuclear protein

A nuclear protein is a protein found in the cell nucleus.

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Nuclear receptor

In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules.

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Nuclear run-on

A nuclear run-on assay is conducted to identify the genes that are being transcribed at a certain time point.

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Nuclear transfer

Nuclear transfer is a form of cloning.

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Nuclear transport

The entry and exit of large molecules from the cell nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs).

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Nucleated red blood cell

With the exception of mammals, all vertebrate organisms have hemoglobin-containing cells in their blood and all of these red blood cells contain a nucleus.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.

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Nucleofection

Nucleofection is an electroporation-based transfection method which enables transfer of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA into cells by applying a specific voltage and reagents.

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Nucleoid

The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore.

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Nucleolus

The nucleolus (plural nucleoli) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Nucleolus organizer region

Nucleolus organiser regions (NORs) are chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus.

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Nucleomorph

Nucleomorphs are small, vestigial eukaryotic nuclei found between the inner and outer pairs of membranes in certain plastids.

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Nucleoplasm

Similar to the cytoplasm of a cell, the nucleus contains nucleoplasm, karyoplasm, or nucleus sap.

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Nucleoporin

Nucleoporins are a family of proteins which are the constituent building blocks of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).

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Nucleosome

A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.

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Nucleus

Nucleus (pl: nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit.

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NUN buffer

NUN buffer is a solution that makes it possible to purify proteins located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Nurse cell

In general biology or reproductive physiology the term nurse cell is defined as a cell which provides food, helps other cells and provides stability to their neighboring cells.

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Nuthatch

The nuthatches constitute a genus, Sitta, of small passerine birds belonging to the family Sittidae.

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Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin

Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin involves the transport of nutrients through the system, as well as transformations from among dissolved, solid, and gaseous phases, depending on the element.

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Nutrient sensing

Nutrient sensing is a cell's ability to recognize and respond to fuel substrates such as glucose.

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Nutritional neuroscience

Nutritional neuroscience is the scientific discipline that studies the effects various components of the diet such as minerals, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, fats, dietary supplements, synthetic hormones, and food additives have on neurochemistry, neurobiology, behavior, and cognition.

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NXF1

Nuclear RNA export factor 1, also known as NXF1 or TAP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NXF1 gene.

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Ochnaceae

Ochnaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales.

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Octopine dehydrogenase family

In molecular biology, the octopine dehydrogenase family of enzymes act on the CH-NH substrate bond using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as an acceptor.

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Once Upon a Time... Life

Il était une fois...

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Oncocytoma

An oncocytoma is a tumor made up of oncocytes, epithelial cells characterized by an excessive amount of mitochondria, resulting in an abundant acidophilic, granular cytoplasm.

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Oocyte

An oocyte, oöcyte, ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.

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Oogonium

An oogonium (plural oogonia) is a small diploid cell which upon maturation forms a primordial follicle in a female fetus or the female (haploid or diploid) gametangium of certain thallophytes.

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Opalski cells

An Opalski cell is a large (up to 35 μm in diameter) altered glial cell, originated from degenerating astrocytes, with small, eccentric, pyknotic, densely staining nuclei (single or multiple) displaced to the periphery, and fine granular cytoplasm, found in the cortical and subcortical regions (basal ganglia and thalamus) of the brains of people with Wilson disease and acquired hepatolenticular degeneration.

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Orchid fleck virus

Orchid fleck virus (OFV) is a non-enveloped, segmented, single-stranded (ss) RNA negative-strand virus, transmitted by the false spider mite, Brevipalpus californicus.

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Orchidaceae

The Orchidaceae are a diverse and widespread family of flowering plants, with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant, commonly known as the orchid family.

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Orders of magnitude (length)

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

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Ordospora colligata

Ordospora colligata is an intracellular parasite belonging to the Microsporidia.

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Organellar DNA

Organellar DNA is DNA contained in organelles, outside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells.

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Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.

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Organism

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.

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Oribi

The oribi (Ourebia ourebi) is a small antelope found in eastern, southern and western Africa.

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Origin of the domestic dog

The origin of the domestic dog is not clear.

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Orthomyxoviridae

The Orthomyxoviruses (ὀρθός, orthós, Greek for "straight"; μύξα, mýxa, Greek for "mucus") are a family of RNA viruses that includes seven genera: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, Influenza virus C, Influenza virus D, Isavirus, Thogotovirus and Quaranjavirus.

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Oscar Werner Tiegs

Oscar Werner Tiegs FRS FAA (12 March 1897 – 5 November 1956) was an Australian zoologist whose career spanned the first half of the 20th century.

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Osteoblast

Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, osteo- and βλαστάνω, blastanō "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone.

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Ostreococcus

Ostreococcus is a genus of unicellular coccoid or spherically shaped green algae belonging to the class Mamiellophyceae.

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Ostreococcus tauri

Ostreococcus tauri is a unicellular species of marine green alga about 0.8 micrometres (μm) in diameter, the smallest free-living (non-symbiotic) eukaryote yet described.

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Osvaldo Daniel

Osvaldo Daniel Padilla is a fictional cloned man and the series title character on the Telemundo television series El Clon.

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Outline of biology

Biology – The natural science that involves the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

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Outline of cell biology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology: Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death.

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Outline of genetics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to genetics: Genetics – science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.

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Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) (UK, US) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Oxymonad

The Oxymonads are a group of flagellated protozoa found exclusively in the intestines of termites and other wood-eating insects.

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P-ANCA

p-ANCA, or MPO-ANCA, or Perinuclear Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies, are antibodies that stain the material around the nucleus of a neutrophil.

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P14arf

p14ARF (also called ARF tumor suppressor, ARF, p14ARF) is an alternate reading frame protein product of the CDKN2A locus (i.e. INK4a/ARF locus).

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P53

Tumor protein p53, also known as p53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), phosphoprotein p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53), is any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in various organisms, such as TP53 (humans) and Trp53 (mice).

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PABPII

PABPII, or polyadenine binding protein II, is a protein involved in the assembly of the polyadenine tail added to newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules during the process of gene transcription.

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PADI4

Peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV, also known as PADI4, is a human protein which in humans is encoded by the PADI4 gene.

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Paleoleishmania

Paleoleishmania is an extinct genus of kinetoplastids, a monophyletic group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa and at present it's placed in kinetoplastid family Trypanosomatidae.

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Pancreatic islet macrophage

Islet resident macrophages are the predominant myeloid cell of the pancreatic islets of langerhans.

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Pancrustacea

Pancrustacea is a clade, comprising all crustaceans and hexapods.

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Papanicolaou stain

Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic staining cytological technique developed by George Papanikolaou, the father of cytopathology.

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Papillary tumors of the pineal region

Papillary tumors of the pineal region (PTPR) were first described by A. Jouvet et al.

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Papillomaviridae

Papillomaviridae is an ancient taxonomic family of non-enveloped DNA viruses, collectively known as papillomaviruses.

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Parakeratosis

Parakeratosis is a mode of keratinization characterized by the retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum.

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Paramecium caudatum

Paramecium caudatum is a species of unicellular organisms belonging to the genus Paramecium of the phylum Ciliophora.

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Paraspeckle

In cell biology, a paraspeckle is an irregularly shaped compartment of the cell, approximately 0.2-1 μm in size, found in the nucleus' interchromatin space.

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PARP2

Poly polymerase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARP2 gene.

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PARP3

Poly polymerase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARP3 gene.

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Parthanatos

Parthanatos (derived from the Greek Θάνατος, "Death") is a form of programmed cell death that is distinct from other cell death processes such as necrosis and apoptosis.

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Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis (from the Greek label + label) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.

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Partial cleavage stimulation factor domain

The partial cleavage stimulation factor domain, or partial CstF domain, is a protein domain that occurs in proteins from apicomplexan parasites.

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Partial cloning

In the field of cell biology, the method of partial cloning (PCL) converts a fully differentiated old somatic cell into a partially reprogrammed young cell that retains all the specialised functions of the differentiated old cell but is simply younger.

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Patrick Cramer

Patrick Cramer (*2 February 1969 in Stuttgart, Germany) is a German chemist, structural biologist, and molecular systems biologist.

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PCNT

Pericentrin (kendrin), also known as PCNT and pericentrin-B (PCNTB), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PCNT gene on chromosome 21.

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Pelger–Huet anomaly

Pelger–Huët anomaly (pronunciation) is a blood laminopathy associated with the lamin B receptor.

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Pelomyxa

Pelomyxa is a genus of giant flagellar amoeboids, usually 500-800 μm but occasionally up to 5 mm in length, found in anaerobic or microaerobic bottom sediments of stagnant freshwater ponds or slow-moving streams.

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Penicillium digitatum

Penicillium digitatum (/ˌpɛnɪˈsɪlɪəm/digitatum/) is a mesophilic fungus found in the soil of citrus-producing areas.

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Pennales

The order Pennales is a traditional subdivision of the heterokont algae known as diatoms.

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Peptide hormone

Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively.

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Peptidylprolyl isomerase A

Peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), also known as cyclophilin A (CypA) or rotamase A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIA gene on chromosome 7.

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Pericyte

Pericytes are contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body.

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Peridiscaceae

Peridiscaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales.

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Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

A peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) is any peripheral blood cell having a round nucleus.

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Peripheral giant-cell granuloma

Peripheral giant-cell granuloma (PGCG) is an oral pathologic condition that appears in the mouth as an overgrowth of tissue due to irritation or trauma.

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Peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS).

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Perkinsus marinus

Perkinsus marinus is a species of alveolates belonging to the phylum Perkinsozoa.

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Peter Borovsky

Piotr Fokich Borovsky (Пётр Фоки́ч Боро́вский, 8 June 1863 – 15 December 1932) was Russian and Soviet surgeon and public health administrator of who worked in Tashkent, professor of surgery in Tashkent Medical Institute.

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Phacus

Phacus is a genus of unicellular excavates, of the phylum Euglenozoa (also known as Euglenophyta), characterized by its flat, leaf-shaped structure, and rigid cytoskeleton known as a pellicle.

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Phagocyte

Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.

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Philip Siekevitz

Philip Siekevitz (1918-2009) was an American cell biologist who spent most of his career at Rockefeller University.

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Phloem

In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to parts of the plant where needed.

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Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdIns(4,5)P2, also known simply as PIP2 or PI(4,5)P2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes.

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Phosphodiesterase 3

PDE3 is a phosphodiesterase.

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Phosphoglycerate kinase

Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK 1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) to ADP producing 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) and ATP: Like all kinases it is a transferase.

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Phosphoinositide phospholipase C

Phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PLC) (triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase, phosphoinositidase C, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase, monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, PI-PLC, 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase) is a family of eukaryotic intracellular enzymes that play an important role in signal transduction processes.

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Phospholipid scramblase

Scramblase is a protein responsible for the translocation of phospholipids between the two monolayers of a lipid bilayer of a cell membrane.

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Photostatin

Photostatins are inhibitors that can be switched on and off in vivo by visible light, to optically control microtubule dynamics.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

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Phragmosome

The phragmosome is a sheet of cytoplasm forming in highly vacuolated plant cells in preparation for mitosis.

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Phytochrome

Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor in plants, bacteria and fungi use to detect light.

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Phytophthora cactorum

Phytophthora cactorum is a plant pathogen that causes root rot on rhododendron and many other species.

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Phytophthora megakarya

Phytophthora megakarya is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes black pod disease in cocoa trees in west and central Africa.IY Opoku, AA Appiah, AY Akrofi, GK Owusu (2000). "Phytophthora megakarya: A potential threat to the cocoa industry in Ghana". Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science 33 (2): 237–248.http://www.ajol.info/viewarticle.php?id.

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PI4KB

Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PI4KB gene.

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Picoeukaryote

Picoeukaryotes are picoplanktonic eukaryotic organisms 3.0 µm or less in size.

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Picornavirus

A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales.

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Pinealocyte

Pinealocytes are the main cells contained in the pineal gland, located behind the third ventricle and between the two hemispheres of the brain.

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Pineocytoma

Pineocytoma, also known as a pinealocytoma, is a benign, slowly growing tumor of the pineal gland.

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Pioneer factor

Pioneer factors are transcription factors that can directly bind condensed chromatin.

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Piwi-interacting RNA

Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells.

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PKM2

Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 (PKM1/M2), also known as pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme (PKM), pyruvate kinase type K, cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein (CTHBP), thyroid hormone-binding protein 1 (THBP1), or opa-interacting protein 3 (OIP3), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PKM2 gene.

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Placenta

The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.

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Plakoglobin

Plakoglobin, also known as junction plakoglobin or gamma-catenin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUP gene.

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Plant

Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.

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Plant cell

Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that differ in several key aspects from the cells of other eukaryotic organisms.

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Plant DNA C-values Database

The Plant DNA C-values Database is a comprehensive catalogue of C-value (nuclear DNA content, or in diploids, genome size) data for land plants and algae.

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Plasma cell

Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies.

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Plasmodium

Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects.

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Plasmodium (life cycle)

A plasmodium is a living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei, rather than being divided into individual cells each with a single nucleus.

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Plasmodium acuminatum

Plasmodium acuminatum is a Plasmodium parasite which infects reptiles.

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Plasmodium alaudae

Plasmodium alaudae is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium.

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Plasmodium basilisci

Plasmodium basilisci is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Carinamoeba.

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Plasmodium brumpti

Plasmodium brumpti is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Lacertamoeba.

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Plasmodium chiricahuae

Plasmodium chiricahuae is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Lacertaemoba.

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Plasmodium clelandi

Plasmodium clelandi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Carinamoeba.

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Plasmodium diploglossi

Plasmodium diploglossi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Sauramoeba.

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Plasmodium eylesi

Plasmodium eylesi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Plasmodium.

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Plasmodium fieldi

Plasmodium fieldi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium sub genus Plasmodium found in Malaysia.

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Plasmodium gabaldoni

Plasmodium gabaldoni is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Giovannolaia.

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Plasmodium minasense

Plasmodium minasense is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Carinamoeba.

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Plasmodium pelaezi

Plasmodium pelaezi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Sauramoeba.

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Plasmogamy

Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.

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Plastid

The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.

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Platelet

Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.

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Pleomorphism (cytology)

Pleomorphism is a term used in histology and cytopathology to describe variability in the size, shape and staining of cells and/or their nuclei.

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PMS2

Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PMS2 gene.

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PNKD

PNKD is the abbreviation for a human neurological movement disorder paroxysmal nonkinesiogenic dyskinesia.

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Podosome

Podosomes are conical, actin-rich structures found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of animal cells.

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POLD1

The gene polymerase delta 1 (POLD1) encodes the large, POLD1/p125, catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerase delta (Polδ) complex.

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Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a family of proteins involved in a number of cellular processes such as DNA repair, genomic stability, and programmed cell death.

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Poly(A)-binding protein

Poly(A)-binding protein (PAB or PABP) is a RNA-binding protein which binds to the poly(A) tail of mRNA.

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Polychaos dubium

Polychaos dubium is a freshwater amoeboid and one of the larger species of single-celled eukaryote.

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Polycystin 1

Polycystin 1 (often abbreviated to PC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PKD1 gene.

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Polyhedrin

Polyhedrins are proteins that form the Baculovirus occlusion bodies (also known as Polyhedra), large structures that protect the virus particles from the outside environment for extended periods until they are ingested by other susceptible insect population.

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Polykrikaceae

The Polykrikaceae (also known as Polykrikidae) are a family of athecate dinoflagellates of the order Gymnodiniales.

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Polyomaviridae

Polyomaviridae is a family of viruses whose natural hosts are primarily mammals and birds.

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Polyploid

Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

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Polyscias racemosa

Polyscias racemosa, or false 'ohe, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae.

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Polysiphonia

Polysiphonia is a genus of filamentous red algae with about 19 species on the coasts of the British Isles and about 200 species worldwide, including Crete in Greece, Antarctica and Greenland.

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POM121

Nuclear envelope pore membrane protein POM 121 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POM121 gene.

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Post-transcriptional modification

Post-transcriptional modification or Co-transcriptional modification is the process in eukaryotic cells where primary transcript RNA is converted into mature RNA.

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Potyvirus

Potyvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Potyviridae.

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Power, Sex, Suicide

Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life is a 2005 popular science book by Nick Lane of University College London, which argues that mitochondria are central to questions of the evolution of multicellularity, the evolution of sexual reproduction, and to the process of senescence.

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Poxviridae

Poxviridae is a family of viruses.

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PPP1R10

Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R10 gene.

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PRC1

Protein Regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRC1 gene and is involved in cytokinesis.

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PRDX5

Peroxiredoxin-5 (PRDX5), mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRDX5 gene, located on chromosome 11.

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Precursor mRNA

Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA).

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Preprophase

Preprophase is an additional phase during mitosis in plant cells that does not occur in other eukaryotes such as animals or fungi.

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Preprophase band

The preprophase band is a microtubule array found in plant cells that are about to undergo cell division and enter the preprophase stage of the plant cell cycle.

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Primary effusion lymphoma

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a B-cell lymphoma, presenting with a malignant effusion without a tumor mass.

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Primary transcript

A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.

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Proerythroblast

A proerythroblast (or rubriblast, or pronormoblast) is the earliest of four stages in development of the normoblast.

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Profilin

Profilin is an actin-binding protein involved in the dynamic turnover and restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton.

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Progeria

Progeria is an extremely rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder in which symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at a very early age.

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Progeroid syndromes

Progeroid syndromes (PS) are a group of rare genetic disorders which mimic physiological aging, making affected individuals appear to be older than they are.

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Programmed cell death

Programmed cell death (or PCD) is the death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program.

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Prokaryote

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

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Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication.

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Proline-Rich Coiled Coil 1

Proline Rich Coiled Coil-1 (PRCC1) is the commonly identified protein name of CAD38605.

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Proline-rich protein 30

Proline-rich protein 30 (PRR30 or C2orf53) is a protein in humans that is encoded for by the PRR30 gene.

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Promyelocytic leukemia protein

Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) (also known as MYL, RNF71, PP8675 or TRIM19) is the protein product of the PML gene.

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Prophase

Prophase (from the Greek πρό, "before" and φάσις, "stage") is the first stage of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis.

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Proser2

PROSER2, also known as proline and serine rich 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PROSER2 gene.

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Protamine

Protamines are small, arginine-rich, nuclear proteins that replace histones late in the haploid phase of spermatogenesis and are believed essential for sperm head condensation and DNA stabilization.

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Proteasome

Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein biosynthesis

Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export.

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Protein inhibitor of activated STAT

Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS), also known as E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS, is a protein that regulates transcription in mammals.

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Protein K (gene expression)

Protein K is a human protein found in the cell nucleus that binds to pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) as a component of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles.

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Protein subcellular localization prediction

Protein subcellular localization prediction (or just protein localization prediction) involves the prediction of where a protein resides in a cell, its subcellular localization.

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Protein–protein interaction

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by electrostatic forces including the hydrophobic effect.

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Protist

A protist is any eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei and is not an animal, plant or fungus.

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Protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide,KEGG compound database entry or monovinyl protochlorophyllide, is an immediate precursor of chlorophyll ''a'' that lacks the phytol side-chain of chlorophyll.

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Protoplasm

Protoplasm is the living content of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane.

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Protoplast

Protoplast, from ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos, "first-formed"), is a biological term proposed by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall, but currently has several definitions.

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Proximity ligation assay

Proximity ligation assay (in situ PLA) is a technology that extends the capabilities of traditional immunoassays to include direct detection of proteins, protein interactions and modifications with high specificity and sensitivity.

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Prp24

Prp24 (precursor RNA processing, gene 24) is a protein part of the pre-messenger RNA splicing process and aids the binding of U6 snRNA to U4 snRNA during the formation of spliceosomes.

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PRR23C

Proline-rich protein 23C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the proline-rich 23C (PRR23C) gene.

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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia.

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Pseudoviridae

The Pseudoviridae are a family of viruses, including the following genera.

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Pulmonary alveolus

A pulmonary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity") is a hollow cavity found in the lung parenchyma, and is the basic unit of ventilation.

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PYCARD

PYCARD, often referred to as ASC (Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PYCARD gene.

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PYGB

Glycogen phosphorylase, brain (PYGB, GPBB), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PYGB gene on chromosome 20.

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Pyknosis

Pyknosis, or karyopyknosis, is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis.

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Pyrocystis fusiformis

Pyrocystis fusiformis is a non-motile, tropical, epipelagic, marine dinoflagellate (flagellate microorganisms), reaching lengths of up to 1 mm.

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Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Pyruvate kinase deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder of the enzyme pyruvate kinase which affects the survival of red blood cells.

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QRICH1

QRICH1, also known as Glutamine-rich protein 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the QRICH1 gene.

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R-SMAD

R-SMADs are receptor-regulated SMADs.

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Rabies (novel)

Besnilo (in English: Rabies), published in 1983, is a thriller-horror novel by the Serbian author Borislav Pekić.

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Radial glial cell

Radial glial cells are bipolar-shaped cells that span the width of the cortex in the developing vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and serve as primary progenitor cells capable of generating neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.

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Radiolaria

The Radiolaria, also called Radiozoa, are protozoa of diameter 0.1–0.2 mm that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of endoplasm and ectoplasm.The elaborate mineral skeleton is usually made of silica.

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Radioresistance

Radioresistance is the level of ionizing radiation that organisms are able to withstand.

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Raji cell

Raji is the first continuous human cell line of hematopoietic origin.

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Ran (protein)

Ran (RAs-related Nuclear protein) also known as GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAN gene.

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Ranavirus

Ranavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Iridoviridae.

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RanGAP

RanGAP is a protein involved in the transport of other proteins from the cytosol to the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.

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Rastrimonas

Rastrimonas is a monotypic genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa.

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Reactive lymphocyte

Reactive lymphocytes or variant lymphocytes are cytotoxic (CD8+) lymphocytes that become large as a result of antigen stimulation.

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Receptor (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.

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Red blood cell

Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.

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Red pulp

The red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known also as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color.

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Red wolf

The red wolf (Canis lupus rufus or Canis rufus) also known as the Florida black wolf or Mississippi Valley wolf,Glover, A. (1942),, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp.

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RedToL

RedToL, or Red Algal Tree of Life, is part of the collaborative National Science Foundation Assembling the Tree of Life activity (AToL), funded through the Division of Environmental Biology, Directorate for Biological Sciences.

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Reed–Sternberg cell

Reed–Sternberg cells (also known as lacunar histiocytes for certain types) are different giant cells found with light microscopy in biopsies from individuals with Hodgkin's lymphoma (a.k.a. Hodgkin's disease, a type of lymphoma).

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Regional differentiation

In the field of developmental biology, regional differentiation is the process by which different areas are identified in the development of the early embryo.

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Rejuvenation (aging)

Rejuvenation is a medical discipline focused on the practical reversal of the aging process.

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Renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine.

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Renal oncocytoma

A renal oncocytoma is a tumour of the kidney made up of oncocytes, a special kind of cell.

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Reproductive isolation

The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation.

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Reticulocyte

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red blood cells in the human body.

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Reticulomyxa

Reticulomyxa is a monospecific genus of freshwater foraminiferans.

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Retinal pigment epithelium

The pigmented layer of retina or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells.

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Retrograde signaling

Retrograde signaling in biology is a process whereby function of one part of a cell is controlled by feedback from another part of the cell, or where one cell sends reciprocal messages back to another cell that regulates it.

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Retrotransposon

Retrotransposons (also called transposons via RNA intermediates) are genetic elements that can amplify themselves in a genome and are ubiquitous components of the DNA of many eukaryotic organisms.

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Rev (HIV)

Rev is a transactivating protein that is essential to the regulation of HIV-1 protein expression.

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Rhizidiovirus

Rhizidiovirus is a genus of viruses.

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Ribonuclease H

Ribonuclease H (abbreviated RNase H or RNH) is a family of non-sequence-specific endonuclease enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of RNA in an RNA/DNA substrate via a hydrolytic mechanism.

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Ribosomal protein

A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation.

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Ribosome

The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).

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Ribosome Recycling Factor

Ribosome Recycling Factor (RRF) is a protein found in bacterial cells as well as eukaryotic organelles, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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Ribosomopathy

Ribosomopathies are diseases caused by abnormalities in the structure or function of ribosomal component proteins or rRNA genes, or other genes whose products are involved in ribosome biogenesis.

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Richard Lounsbery Award

The Richard Lounsbery Award is given to American and French scientists, 45 years or younger, in recognition of "extraordinary scientific achievement in biology and medicine." The Award alternates between French and American scientists, and is awarded by the National Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Sciences in alternating years to a scientist from the other country.

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Rigifilida

Rigifilida is a group of non-ciliate phagotrophic eukaryotes.

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RMDN3

Regulator of microtubule dynamics protein 3 (RMDN3), more commonly known as Protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RMDN3 gene on chromosome 15.

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RMRP

RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease, also known as RMRP, is a human gene.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

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RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (c. elegans) 3

RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 3 (Rbfox3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBFOX3 gene.

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RNA interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.

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RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms (-species) and many viruses.

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RNA splicing

In molecular biology, splicing is the editing of the nascent precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA).

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RNA-binding protein

RNA-binding proteins (often abbreviated as RBPs) are proteins that bind to the double or single stranded RNA in cells and participate in forming ribonucleoprotein complexes.

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RNase MRP

RNase MRP (also called RMRP) is an enzymatically active ribonucleoprotein with two distinct roles in eukaryotes.

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Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)

Robert Brown FRSE FRS FLS MWS (21 December 1773 – 10 June 1858) was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope.

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Robert Feulgen

Joachim Wilhelm Robert Feulgen (2 September 1884 – 24 October 1955) was a German physician and chemist who, in 1914, developed a method for staining DNA (now known as the Feulgen stain) and who also discovered plant and animal nuclear DNA ("thymonucleic acid") congeniality.

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Rod cell

Rod cells are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells.

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Roger D. Kornberg

Roger David Kornberg (born April 24, 1947) is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine.

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Romanticism in Scotland

Romanticism in Scotland was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that developed between the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries.

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Rosaceae

Rosaceae, the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants, including 4,828 known species in 91 genera.

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Rosales

Rosales is an order of flowering plants.

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RTL6

Retrotransposon Gag Like 6 is a protein encoded by the RTL6 gene in humans.

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RuBisCO

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCO, RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, a process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules such as glucose.

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RUFY2

RUN and FYVE domain containing 2 (RUFY2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RUFY2 gene.

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S100A1

S100A1, also known as S100 calcium-binding protein A1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the S100A1 gene.

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S100A3

S100 calcium-binding protein A3 (S100A3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A3 gene.

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S100A7

S100 calcium-binding protein A7 (S100A7), also known as psoriasin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A7 gene.

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S100A9

S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) also known as migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14 (MRP14) or calgranulin B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A9 gene.

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Safingol

Safingol is a lyso-sphingolipid protein kinase inhibitor.

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Safranin

Safranin (also Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in histology and cytology.

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Saiga antelope

The saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) is a critically endangered antelope that originally inhabited a vast area of the Eurasian steppe zone from the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains and Caucasus into Dzungaria and Mongolia.

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Salt-and-pepper chromatin

In pathology, salt-and-pepper chromatin, also salt-and-pepper nuclei and stippled chromatin, refers to cell nuclei that demonstrate granular chromatin (on light microscopy).

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Samuel H. Wood

Samuel H. Wood is a scientist and fertility specialist.

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SAND DNA-binding protein domain

In molecular biology, the protein domain SAND is named after a range of proteins in the protein family: Sp100, AIRE-1, NucP41/75, DEAF-1.

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Sappinia

Sappinia is a genus of heterotrophic, lobose amoebae within the family Thecamoebidae.

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Sarcoplasm

Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a myocyte (muscle fiber).

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Satellite glial cell

Satellite glial cells are glial cells that cover the surface of nerve cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia.

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Scadoxus

Scadoxus is a genus of African and Arabian plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.

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Scaffold protein

In biology, scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signalling pathways.

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Scaffold/matrix attachment region

The term S/MAR (scaffold/matrix attachment region), otherwise called SAR (scaffold-attachment region), or MAR (matrix-associated region), are sequences in the DNA of eukaryotic chromosomes where the nuclear matrix attaches.

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Scapula

In anatomy, the scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas; also known as shoulder bone, shoulder blade or wing bone) is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).

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Scottish inventions and discoveries

Scottish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques either partially or entirely invented, innovated or discovered by a person born in or descended from Scotland.

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Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator

Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SEGRMs) and selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs) formerly known as dissociated glucocorticoid receptor agonists (DIGRAs) are a class of experimental drugs designed to share many of the desirable anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, or anticancer properties of classical glucocorticoid drugs but with fewer side effects such as skin atrophy.

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Selective progesterone receptor modulator

A selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) is an agent that acts on the progesterone receptor.

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Selfing

Selfing or self-fertilization is the union of male and female gametes and/or nuclei from same haploid, diploid, or polyploid organism.

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SENP1

Sentrin-specific protease 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SENP1 gene.

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Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1

Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) also known as alternative splicing factor 1 (ASF1), pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF2 (SF2) or ASF1/SF2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFRS1 gene.

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Serous membrane

In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid.

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Sessile serrated adenoma

In gastroenterology, a sessile serrated adenoma (abbreviated SSA), also known as sessile serrated polyp (abbreviated SSP), is a premalignant flat (or sessile) lesion of the colon, predominantly seen in the cecum and ascending colon.

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Sex chromosome

An allosome (also referred to as a sex chromosome, heterotypical chromosome, heterochromosome, or idiochromosome) is a chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior.

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Siah interacting protein N-terminal domain

In molecular biology the protein domain, Siah interacting protein N-terminal domain is found at the N-terminal of the protein, Siah interacting protein (SIP).

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Sic1

Sic1, a protein, is a stoichiometric inhibitor of Cdk1-Clb (B-type cyclins) complexes in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

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Sideroblastic anemia

Sideroblastic anemia or sideroachrestic anemia is a form of anemia in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes).

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Signal patch

A protein signal patch contains information to send a given protein to the indicated location in the cell.

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Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

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Signet ring cell

In histology, a signet ring cell is a cell with a large vacuole, the malignant type is seen predominantly in carcinomas.

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Signet ring cell carcinoma

Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a rare form of highly malignant adenocarcinoma that produces mucin.

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SIPA1

Signal-induced proliferation-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIPA1 gene.

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Sirtuin 2

NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SIRT2 gene.

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Sitio Sierra

Sitio Sierra is an archaeological site located in the Herrera Province of Parita Bay in Panama.

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Sivatoshella

Sivatoshella is a genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa.

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Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.

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SLC25A31

ADP/ATP translocase 4 (ANT4) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A31 gene on chromosome 4.

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SLC25A5

Solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; adenine nucleotide translocator), member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A5 gene on the X chromosome.

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Sleeping Beauty transposon system

The Sleeping Beauty transposon system is a synthetic DNA transposon designed to introduce precisely defined DNA sequences into the chromosomes of vertebrate animals for the purposes of introducing new traits and to discover new genes and their functions.

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Slime mold

Slime mold or slime mould is an informal name given to several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but can aggregate together to form multicellular reproductive structures.

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Small Cajal body-specific RNA

Small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) are a class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that specifically localise to the Cajal body, a nuclear organelle (cellular sub-organelle) involved in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs or snurps).

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Small nuclear RNA

Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA), also commonly referred to as U-RNA, is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells.

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Small-cell melanoma

Small-cell melanoma, also known as melanoma with small nevus-like cells, is a cutaneous condition, a tumor that contains variably-sized, large nests of small melanocytes with hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.

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Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (also SLOS, or 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase deficiency) is an inborn error of cholesterol synthesis.

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Smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential

Smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential, abbreviated STUMP, is an uncommon tumor of the uterine smooth muscle that may behave like a benign tumor or a cancerous tumor.

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SnRNP

snRNPs (pronounced "snurps"), or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs.

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Snurposome

A snurposome is a granular structure in the nuclei of amphibian oocytes.

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Sociogenomics

Sociogenomics, also known as social genomics, is the field of research that examines why and how different social factors and processes (e.g., social stress, conflict, isolation, attachment, etc.) affect the activity of the genome.

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SOD2

Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), also known as manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the SOD2 gene on chromosome 6.

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Sodium aluminium sulfate

Sodium aluminium sulfate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaAl(SO4)2·12H2O (sometimes written Na2SO4·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O).

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Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor 2

Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor NHE-RF2 (NHERF-2) also known as tyrosine kinase activator protein 1 (TKA-1) or SRY-interacting protein 1 (SIP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC9A3R2 (solute carrier family 9 isoform A3 regulatory factor 2) gene.

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Solenoid (DNA)

The solenoid structure of chromatin is a model for the structure of the 30 nm fibre.

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Solid pseudopapillary tumour

A solid pseudopapillary tumour (also known as solid pseudopapillary neoplasm or, more formally, solid pseudopapillary tumour/neoplasm of the pancreas) is a low-grade malignant neoplasm of the pancreas of papillary architecture that typically afflicts young women.

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Soma (biology)

The soma (pl. somata or somas), perikaryon (pl. perikarya), neurocyton, or cell body is the bulbous, non-process portion of a neuron or other brain cell type, containing the cell nucleus.

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Somatic cell

A somatic cell (from the Greek σῶμα sôma, meaning "body") or vegetal cell is any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell.

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Somatic fusion

Somatic fusion, also called protoplast fusion, is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid.

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SORBS2

ArgBP2 protein, also referred to as Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SORBS2 gene.

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Sperm

Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα) sperma (meaning "seed").

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Sperm heteromorphism

Sperm heteromorphism is the simultaneous production of two or more distinguishable types of sperm by a single male.

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Spermatocytic seminoma

Spermatocytic seminoma is a neoplasm of the testis (i.e. a tumour of the testis), and classified as a germ cell tumour.

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Spermatocytogenesis

Spermatocytogenesis is the male form of gametocytogenesis and involves stem cells dividing to replace themselves and to produce a population of cells destined to become mature sperm.

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Sphaerotheca castagnei

Sphaerotheca castagnei is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Erysiphaceae.

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Spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterised by loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle wasting, often leading to early death.

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Spirochaeta americana

Spirochaeta americana is a relatively newly discovered single-celled extremophile.

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Sponge

Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (meaning "pore bearer"), are a basal Metazoa clade as sister of the Diploblasts.

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Sporogenesis

Sporogenesis is the production of spores in biology.

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Springbok

The springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) is a medium-sized antelope found mainly in southern and southwestern Africa.

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Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinomas, also known as epidermoid carcinoma are a number of different types of cancer that result from squamous cells.

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SR protein

SR proteins are a conserved family of proteins involved in RNA splicing.

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Staining

Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image.

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STAT4

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a transcription factor belonging to the STAT protein family.

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STAT5

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) refers to two highly related proteins, STAT5A and STAT5B, which are part of the seven-membered STAT family of proteins.

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Statin

Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are a class of lipid-lowering medications.

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Statocyte

Statocytes are cells thought to be involved in gravitropic perception in plants, located in the cap tissue of the roots.

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Steatosis

Steatosis, also called fatty change, is the process describing the abnormal retention of lipids within a cell.

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Stephanopogon

Stephanopogon is a genus of flagellate marine protozoan that superficially resembles a ciliate.

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Sterigma

In biology, a sterigma (pl. sterigmata) is a small supporting structure.

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Steroid hormone receptor

Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells.

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STIM2

Stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STIM2 gene.

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Stodtmeister cell

Stodtmeister cells are a sub-classification of neutrophils exhibiting a Pelger-Huet anomaly with a non-lobed nucleus that may appear round or oval shaped.

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Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence

Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS) is the term coined by British biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey for the diverse range of regenerative medical therapies, either planned or currently in development, for the periodical repair of all age-related damage to human tissue with the ultimate purpose of maintaining a state of negligible senescence in the patient, thereby postponing age-associated disease for as long as the therapies are reapplied.

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Stratum basale

The stratum basale (basal layer, sometimes referred to as stratum germinativum) is the deepest layer of the five layers of the epidermis, the outer covering of skin in mammals.

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Stratum granulosum

The stratum granulosum (or granular layer) is a thin layer of cells in the epidermis.

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Stress granule

Stress granules are dense aggregations in the cytosol composed of proteins & RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.

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Stress in early childhood

Early childhood is a critical period in a child’s life that includes ages from conception to five years old.

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Subcellular localization

The cells of eukaryotic organisms are elaborately subdivided into functionally-distinct membrane-bound compartments.

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SUMO protein

Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (or SUMO) proteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function.

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SUN domain

SUN (Sad1p, UNC-84) domains are conserved C-terminal protein regions a few hundred amino acids long.

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Super-resolution microscopy

Super-resolution microscopy, in light microscopy, is a term that gathers several techniques, which allow images to be taken with a higher resolution than the one imposed by the diffraction limit.

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Suppressor of fused Sufu protein N terminal domain

In molecular biology, the protein domain suppressor of fused protein (Sufu) has an important role in the cell.

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Survival of motor neuron

Survival of motor neuron or survival motor neuron (SMN) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMN1 and SMN2 genes.

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SV40

SV40 is an abbreviation for simian vacuolating virus 40 or simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans.

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Synchytrium

Synchytrium is a large genus of plant pathogens within the phylum Chytridiomycota.

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Syncytium

A syncytium or symplasm (plural syncytia; from Greek: σύν (syn).

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Syndiniales

The Syndiniales are an order of early branching dinoflagellates (also known as Marine Alveolates, "MALVs"), found as parasites of crustaceans, fish, algae, cnidarians, and protists (ciliates, radiolarians, other dinoflagellates).

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SYNPO2

Myopodin protein, also called Synaptopodin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNPO2 gene.

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Syringammina fragilissima

Syringammina fragilissima is a xenophyophore found off the coast of Scotland, near Rockall.

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Systematics

Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body.

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T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia

T-cell-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a mature T-cell leukemia with aggressive behavior and predilection for blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and skin involvement.

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Taccalonolide

Taccalonolides are a class of microtubule-stabilizing agents isolated from Tacca chantrieri that has been shown to have selective cancer-fighting properties.

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Target peptide

A target peptide is a short (3-70 amino acids long) peptide chain that directs the transport of a protein to a specific region in the cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chloroplast, apoplast, peroxisome and plasma membrane.

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Taxonomic rank

In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy.

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Taxonomy (biology)

Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.

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Taxonomy of Allium

The precise taxonomy of the genus Allium is still poorly understood with incorrect descriptions being widespread.

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Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates

Although the phylogenetic classification of non-vertebrate animals (both extinct and extant) remains a work-in-progress, the following taxonomy attempts to be useful by combining both traditional (old) and new (21st-century) paleozoological terminology.

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Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae

The taxonomy of the Orchidaceae (orchid family) has evolved slowly during the last 250 years, starting with Carl Linnaeus who in 1753 recognized eight genera.

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TAZ zinc finger

In molecular biology, TAZ zinc finger (Transcription Adaptor putative Zinc finger) domains are zinc-containing domains found in the homologous transcriptional co-activators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and the P300.

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Tegument (helminth)

Tegument is a term in helminthology for the outer body covering among members of the phylum Platyhelminthes.

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Telethonin

Telethonin, also known as Tcap, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCAP gene.

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Teliospore

Teliospore (sometimes called teleutospore) is the thick-walled resting spore of some fungi (rusts and smuts), from which the basidium arises.

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Teloblast

A teloblast is a large cell in the embryos of clitellate annelids which asymmetrically divide to form many smaller cells known as blast cells.

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Telocyte

Telocytes are a novel defined type of interstitial (stromal) cells, in the field of Stem cells, with very long (tens to hundreds of micrometres) and very thin prolongations (mostly below the resolving power of light microscopy).

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Telophase

Telophase (from the Greek τέλος (télos), "end" and φάσις (phásis), "stage") is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell.

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Tendon cell

Tendon cells, or tenocytes, are elongated fibroblast type cells.

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Teneurin

Teneurins are transmembrane proteins.

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TERF1

Telomeric repeat-binding factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TERF1 gene.

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Tesmilifene

Tesmilifene (INN; developmental code names YMB-1002, BMS-217380-01), also known as N,N-diethyl-2-(4-phenylmethyl)ethanamine (DPPE), is a small-molecule antineoplastic drug and chemopotentiator that was under development by YM BioSciences for the treatment of breast cancer in the 2000s but was never marketed.

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Testosterone

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

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Tetrahymena

Tetrahymena is a genus of free-living ciliates that can also switch from commensalistic to pathogenic modes of survival.

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Tetraplasandra

Tetraplasandra is an obsolete genus of flowering plants in the ivy family, Araliaceae.

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Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B

Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC39B gene.

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Tex36

Testis expressed 36, TEX36, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the tex36 gene.

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Theodor Schwann

Theodor Schwann (7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) was a German physiologist.

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Thioredoxin

Thioredoxin is a class of small redox proteins known to be present in all organisms.

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Thogotovirus

Thogotovirus is a genus of enveloped RNA viruses, one of seven genera in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae.

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Thomas Cremer

Thomas Cremer (born July 7, 1945 in Miesbach, Germany), is a German professor of human genetics and anthropology with a main research focus on molecular cytogenetics and 3D/4D analyses of nuclear structure studied by fluorescence microscopy including super-resolution microscopy and live cell imaging.

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Thomson's gazelle

Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) is one of the best-known gazelles.

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Three prime untranslated region

In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3'-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon.

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Thylakoid

A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.

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Thymic nurse cell

Thymic nurse cells (TNCs) are large epithelial cells found in the cortex of thymus and also in cortico-medullary junction.

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Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland.

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Tibouchina

Tibouchina "Tibouchina." Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged.

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TIM/TOM complex

The TIM/TOM complex is a protein complex in cellular biochemistry which translocates proteins produced from nuclear DNA through the mitochondrial membrane for use in oxidative phosphorylation.

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Timeline of biology and organic chemistry

Significant events in biology and organic chemistry.

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Timeline of zoology

A timeline of the history of zoology.

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Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.

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Tissue transglutaminase

Tissue transglutaminase (abbreviated as tTG or TG2) is a 78-kDa, calcium-dependent enzyme of the protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferases family (or simply transglutaminase family).

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TMEM33

Transmembrane protein 33 is a protein that in humans, is encoded by the TMEM33 gene, also known as SHINC3.

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Tofacitinib

Tofacitinib, sold under the brand Xeljanz among others, is a medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis.

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Torbjörn Caspersson

Torbjörn Oskar Caspersson (15 October 1910 – 7 December 1997) was a Swedish cytologist and geneticist.

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Touton giant cell

Touton giant cells are a type of multinucleated giant cell seen in lesions with high lipid content such as fat necrosis, xanthoma, and xanthogranulomas.

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Toxicodynamics

Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects.

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TRAMP complex

TRAMP complex (Trf4/Air2/Mtr4p Polyadenylation complex) is a multiprotein, heterotrimeric complex having distributive polyadenylation activity and identifies wide varieties of RNAs produced by polymerases.It was originally discovered in ''Saccharomyces'' ''cerevisiae'' by LaCava et al., Vanacova et al.

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Transcription (biology)

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

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Transcription factor

In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.

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Transcription factor II A

Transcription factor TFIIA is a nuclear protein involved in the RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of DNA.

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Transcription factor II B

Transcription factor II B (TFIIB) is a general transcription factor that is involved in the formation of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) and aids in stimulating transcription initiation.

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Transcription factories

In genetics, transcription factories describe the discrete sites where transcription occurs in the nucleus.

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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity.

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Transfection

Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.

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Transfer RNA

A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.

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Transforming growth factor beta

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes four different isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 4, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFB4) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages.

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Transgene

A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.

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Transition nuclear protein

Transition nuclear proteins (TNPs) are proteins that are involved in the packaging of sperm nuclear DNA during spermiogenesis.

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Translation (biology)

In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.

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Translocase of the outer membrane

The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) is a complex of proteins found in the outer mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondria.

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Transmembrane channels

Transmembrane channels, also called membrane channels, are pores within a lipid bilayer.

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Transneuronal degeneration

Transneuronal degeneration is the death of neurons resulting from the disruption of input from or output to other nearby neurons.

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Treacle protein

Treacle protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCOF1 gene.

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Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology

The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (or TIP) published by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, is a definitive multi-authored work of some 50 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and covering every phylum, class, order, family, and genus of fossil and extant (still living) invertebrate animals.

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Treecreeper

The treecreepers are a family, Certhiidae, of small passerine birds, widespread in wooded regions of the Northern Hemisphere and sub-Saharan Africa.

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Triantha

Triantha is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Tofieldiaceae, first described as a genus in 1879.

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Trichilemmal cyst

A trichilemmal cyst, also known as a wen, pilar cyst or isthmus-catagen cyst, is a common cyst that forms from a hair follicle.

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Trichodysplasia spinulosa

Trichodysplasia spinulosa (also known by many other names, including viral-associated trichodysplasia spinulosa, viral-associated trichodysplasia, pilomatrix dysplasia and ciclosporin-induced folliculodystrophy, although the last is a misnomer) is a rare cutaneous condition that has been described almost exclusively in immunocompromised patients, usually organ transplant recipients, on regimens of immunosuppressive drugs.

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Trichogrammatidae

The Trichogrammatidae are a family of tiny wasps in the Chalcidoidea that include some of the smallest of all insects, with most species having adults less than 1 mm in length.

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TRIM11

Tripartite motif-containing protein 11 is a protein found in humans that is encoded by the TRIM11 gene.

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TRIM14

Tripartite motif-containing 14 is a protein encoded by the TRIM14 gene in the human genome.

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TRIM28

Tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28), also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1β (TIF1β) and KAP1 (KRAB-associated protein-1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM28 gene.

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TRIM32

Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM32 gene.

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Trocaz pigeon

The trocaz pigeon, Madeira laurel pigeon or long-toed pigeon (Columba trocaz) is a pigeon which is endemic to the island of Madeira.

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Trp operon

The trp operon is an operon—a group of genes that is used, or transcribed, together—that codes for the components for production of tryptophan.

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Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma brucei is a species of parasitic kinetoplastid belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.

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Trypanosoma irwini

Trypanosoma irwini is a blood parasite of koalas.

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.

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Tunica media

The tunica media (New Latin "middle coat"), or media for short, is the middle tunica (layer) of an artery or vein.

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Tyrosine kinase

A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell.

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U1 spliceosomal RNA

U1 spliceosomal RNA is the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of U1 snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein), an RNA-protein complex that combines with other snRNPs, unmodified pre-mRNA, and various other proteins to assemble a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs.

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U6 spliceosomal RNA

U6 snRNA is the non-coding small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of U6 snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein), an RNA-protein complex that combines with other snRNPs, unmodified pre-mRNA, and various other proteins to assemble a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex that catalyzes the excision of introns from pre-mRNA.

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UBA protein domain

In molecular biology, the protein domain UBA is short for ubiquitin-associated domains.

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UBA2

Ubiquitin-like 1-activating enzyme E1B (UBLE1B) also known as SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 2 (SAE2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UBA2 gene.

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Ube3a-ATS

UBE3A-ATS/Ube3a-ATS (human/mouse), otherwise known as ubiquitin ligase E3A-ATS, is the name for the antisense DNA strand that is transcribed as part of a larger transcript called LNCAT (large non-coding antisense transcript) at the Ube3a locus.

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Ulrich K. Laemmli

Ulrich K. Laemmli is a Professor in the biochemistry and molecular biology departments at University of Geneva.

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Unicellular organism

A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell.

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Unipolar brush cell

Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are a class of excitatory glutamatergic interneuron found in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex and also in the granule cell domain of the cochlear nucleus.

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Unplaced in APG II

When the APG II system of plant classification was published in April 2003, fifteen genera and three families were placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms, and were listed in a section of the appendix entitled "Taxa of uncertain position".

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Uterine epithelium

The internal surface of the uterus is lined by uterine epithelial cells which undergo dramatic changes during pregnancy.

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Vaccinia

Vaccinia virus (VACV or VV) is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family.

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Var1 protein domain

In molecular biology, VAR1 protein domain, otherwise known as variant protein 1, is a ribosomal protein that forms part of the small ribosomal subunit in yeast mitochondria.

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Vascular plant

Vascular plants (from Latin vasculum: duct), also known as tracheophytes (from the equivalent Greek term trachea) and also higher plants, form a large group of plants (c. 308,312 accepted known species) that are defined as those land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant.

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VDAC2

Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VDAC2 gene on chromosome 10.

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VDAC3

Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 (VDAC3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VDAC3 gene on chromosome 8.

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Vectors in gene therapy

Gene therapy utilizes the delivery of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by several methods, summarized below.

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Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib or VF) is when the heart quivers instead of pumping due to disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles.

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Verhoeff's stain

Verhoeff's stain, also known as Verhoeff's elastic stain (VEG) or Verhoeff–Van Gieson stain (VVG), is a staining protocol used in histology, developed by American ophthalmic surgeon and pathologist Frederick Herman Verhoeff (1874–1968) in 1908.

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Vertically transmitted infection

A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogens (such as bacteria and viruses) that uses mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth.

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Vimentin

Vimentin is a structural protein that in humans is encoded by the VIM gene.

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Viral eukaryogenesis

Viral eukaryogenesis is the hypothesis that the cell nucleus of eukaryotic life forms evolved from a large DNA virus in a form of endosymbiosis within a methanogenic archaeon.

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Viral gametocytic hypertrophy

Viral gametocytic hypertrophy is a pathological condition observed in the Pacific oyster.

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Viral replication

Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells.

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Virology

Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents.

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Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.

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Virus latency

Virus latency (or viral latency) is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant (latent) within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle.

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Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects.

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Von Hippel–Lindau binding protein 1

Von Hippel–Lindau binding protein 1 (VBP1), also known as "prefoldin 3", is a chaperone protein that binds to von Hippel–Lindau protein and transports it from perinuclear granules to the nucleus or cytoplasm inside the cell.

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VRK1

Serine/threonine-protein kinase VRK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the VRK1 gene.

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Wacław Mayzel

Wacław Mayzel (September 12, 1847 – April 19, 1916) was a Polish histologist and the first person to describe mitosis.

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Wall-Associated Kinase

Also known as WAK, wall-associated kinases are a family of protein kinases that connect the innermost portion of the cell (the cytoplasm) to the cell wall.

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Walther Flemming

Walther Flemming (21 April 1843 – 4 August 1905) was a German biologist and a founder of cytogenetics.

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Warnowiaceae

The Warnowiaceae are a family of athecate dinoflagellates (a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes).

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Warthin's tumor

Warthin's tumor, also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, is a benign cystic tumor of the salivary glands containing abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers (lymph node-like stroma).

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WDR53

WD repeat containing protein 53 (WDR53) is a protein encoded by the WDR53 gene that has been identified in the human genome by the Human Genome Project but has, at the moment, lacked experimental procedures to understand the function.

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Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression

The Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, located within the University of Dundee, pioneers new approaches in the field of gene expression and chromosome biology.

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Wendy Bickmore

Wendy Anne Bickmore (born 1961) is a British genome biologist, Director of the MRC Human Genetics Unit at the University of Edinburgh and President of The Genetics Society since 2015.

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Werner syndrome helicase

"Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase" also known as DNA helicase, RecQ-like type 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the WRN gene.

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White blood cell

White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

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WIF domain

In molecular biology, the protein domain, WIF N-terminal refers to the N terminal domain of the protein, WIF.

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Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder in which copper builds up in the body.

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Wnt signaling pathway

The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.

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Woolly mammoth

The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) is an extinct species of mammoth that lived during the Pleistocene epoch, and was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with Mammuthus subplanifrons in the early Pliocene.

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Wrinkle-faced bat

The wrinkle-faced bat (Centurio senex) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae and the only identified member of the genus Centurio.

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X-inactivation

X-inactivation (also called lyonization) is a process by which one of the copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated.

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Xenoma

A xenoma (also known as a 'xenoparasitic complex') is a growth caused by various protists and fungi, most notably microsporidia.

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Xenophyophore

Xenophyophores are multinucleate unicellular organisms found on the ocean floor throughout the world's oceans, at depths of 500 to 10,600 meters (1,640 feet to 6.6 miles).

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XIST

Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) is an RNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as a major effector of the X inactivation process.

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XPG N terminus

In molecular biology the protein domain XPG refers to, in this case, the N-terminus of XPG.

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XPO5

Exportin-5 (XPO5) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XPO5 gene.

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XYY syndrome

XYY syndrome is a genetic condition in which a male has an extra Y chromosome.

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Yeast

Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.

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Yellow-eyed penguin

The yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) or hoiho is a penguin native to New Zealand.

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YTH protein domain

In molecular biology, the protein domain, YTH refers to a member of the YTH family that has been shown to selectively remove transcripts of meiosis-specific genes expressed in mitotic cells.

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YWHAZ

14-3-3 protein zeta/delta (14-3-3ζ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAZ gene on chromosome 8.

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ZC3HC1

Nuclear-interacting partner of ALK (NIPA), also known as zinc finger C3HC-type protein 1 (ZC3HC1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZC3HC1 gene on chromosome 7.

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Zdravko Lorković

Zdravko Lorković (3 January 1900 in Zagreb – 11 November 1998 in Zagreb) was a Croatian biologist, entomologist and geneticist.

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Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua

Zhong Zhong (born 27 November 2017) and Hua Hua (born 5 December 2017) are a pair of identical crab-eating macaques (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the same cloning technique that produced Dolly the sheep in 1996.

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ZHX3

Zinc fingers and homeoboxes protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZHX3 gene.

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Zinc Finger Protein 800

Zinc Finger Protein 800 or ZNF800 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF800 gene.

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ZIP9

Zinc transporter ZIP9 also known as Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9) and solute carrier family 39 member 9 (SLC39A9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC39A9 gene.

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ZRF1

DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC2 gene.

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Zygomycota

Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

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Zymoblot

Zymoblot is the fastest available microtechnique to detect gene expression or enzyme activity in any biological specimen.

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13 Things That Don't Make Sense

13 Things That Don't Make Sense is a non-fiction book by the British writer Michael Brooks, published in both the UK and the US during 2008.

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17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSD, HSD17B), also 17-ketosteroid reductases (17-KSR), are a group of alcohol oxidoreductases which catalyze the reduction of 17-ketosteroids and the dehydrogenation of 17β-hydroxysteroids in steroidogenesis and steroid metabolism.

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2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate

2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate (MEcPP) (also 2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate) is an intermediate in the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate) of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis.

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2017 in paleontology

No description.

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34βE12

34βE12, often written as 34betaE12 and also known as CK34βE12 and keratin 903 (CK903), is an antibody specific for high molecular weight cytokeratins 1, 5, 10 and 14.

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40S ribosomal protein S27

40S ribosomal protein S27 also known as metallopan-stimulin 1 or MPS-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS27 gene.

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40S ribosomal protein S3

40S ribosomal protein S3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS3 gene.

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6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase

In enzymology, a 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction: 7,8-Dihydroneopterin triphosphate \rightleftharpoons 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin + triphosphate This reaction is the second step (shown above) in the biosynthesis of Tetrahydrobiopterin from GTP, which is used as a cofactor in the synthesis of Aromatic amino acid Monooxygenases and Nitric oxide synthase PTPS converts 7,8-Dihydroneopterin triphosphate to 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin (PTP) through the loss of the triphosphate group, a stereospecific reduction of the double bond between the top right nitrogen and carbon in the ring on the ightht, The oxidation of the hydroxyl groups located on the first and second carbons of the side chain, and an internal base-catalyzed hydrogen tnsfer. 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) can be found in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus of cells according to immunohistochemical studies conducted.

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Redirects here:

B snurposome, Cell Nucleus, Cell nuclei, Cell's nuclei, Cytoblast, Nuclear proteins, Nuclear speckle, Nuclear speckles, Nucleated, Nucleus (biology), Nucleus (cell), Nucleus (organelle), Nucleus biology, Perichromatin fibril, Splicing factor compartment, Splicing speckle, Splicing speckles.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus