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Cherenkov radiation

Index Cherenkov radiation

Cherenkov radiation (sometimes spelled "Cerenkov") is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium. [1]

159 relations: Aerogel, Air shower (physics), Aleksandr Chudakov, Andreev Bay nuclear accident, Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array, ANTARES (telescope), ARIANNA Experiment, Askaryan radiation, BaBar experiment, Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri, Belle experiment, Belle II experiment, Beta particle, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Blue Light, Bremsstrahlung, CACTUS, Cherenkov, Cherenkov detector, Cherenkov luminescence imaging, CLAS detector, CLEO (particle detector), Colors of noise, CORSIKA, Cosmic ray, Cosmic ray visual phenomena, Cosmic-ray observatory, Criticality accident, Detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light, DUMAND Project, Einstein aether theory, Electron, Electron energy loss spectroscopy, Exotic matter, Faster-than-light, Frank–Tamm formula, Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Gamma (satellite), Gamma-ray astronomy, Ghost Fleet (novel), Goiânia accident, GRAPES-3, Gurgen Askaryan, Harvey L. Berger, Health threat from cosmic rays, Heavy water, HEGRA, Herbert H. Chen, High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment, History of the telescope, ..., Hyperspace, IACT, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, Igor Tamm, Ilya Frank, Index of environmental articles, Index of physics articles (C), Index of wave articles, Ionized-air glow, Ionizing radiation, Irvine–Michigan–Brookhaven (detector), Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon, Kamioka Observatory, Kirill Tolpygo, Lebedev Physical Institute, Light, Light echo, Liquid scintillation counting, Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector, List of agnostics, List of atheists in science and technology, List of cycles, List of effects, List of eponyms (A–K), List of Jewish Nobel laureates, List of light sources, List of Nobel laureates in Physics, List of people from Voronezh, List of people on the postage stamps of Russia, List of photonics equations, List of Russian people, List of Russian physicists, List of Russian scientists, LOPES (telescope), Luna 2, MAGIC (telescope), Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope, McMaster Nuclear Reactor, Metamaterial, Milagro (experiment), Modern searches for Lorentz violation, Nature (journal), Negative mass, Negative-index metamaterial, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, Neutrino detector, Neutrino oscillation, NEVOD, New Clear Days, Nonradiation condition, Nuclear power in Switzerland, Oliver Heaviside, Omega West Reactor, Optica Optics Software, Optical medium, Particle detector, Pavel Cherenkov, Phase velocity, Pierre Auger Observatory, Polaritonics, Pomeron, Proton decay, Radiation, Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment, Radioluminescence, Research and Development Array, Ring-imaging Cherenkov detector, Roland Winston, Russia, Science and technology in the Soviet Union, Scientific phenomena named after people, Scintigraphy, Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov, Shock wave, Slipstream (science fiction), Smith–Purcell effect, SN 1972E, SNO+, Solar neutrino problem, Solar tower (astronomy), Sonic boom, Speed of light, STACEE, Stochastic cooling, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, Sudhansu Datta Majumdar, Super-Kamiokande, Superfluid vacuum theory, Superradiance, Synchrotron radiation, Tachyon, Tests of relativistic energy and momentum, Tests of special relativity, The Billiard Ball, Thomas Ypsilantis, Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics, Timeline of Russian innovation, Tokaimura nuclear accident, Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment, Transition, Transition radiation, Tunka experiment, USS Seawolf (SSN-575), VERITAS, Very-high-energy gamma ray, Wade Allison, Wake, Washington State University Reactor. Expand index (109 more) »

Aerogel

Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component for the gel has been replaced with a gas.

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Air shower (physics)

An air shower is an extensive (many kilometres wide) cascade of ionized particles and electromagnetic radiation produced in the atmosphere when a primary cosmic ray (i.e. one of extraterrestrial origin) enters the atmosphere.

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Aleksandr Chudakov

Aleksandr Evgenievich Chudakov (16 June 1921 – 25 January 2001, Moscow) was a Soviet Russian physicist in the field of cosmic-ray physics, known for Chudakov Effect, the effect of decreasing ionization losses for narrow electron-positron pairs and for experimentally confirming existence of the transition radiation.

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Andreev Bay nuclear accident

The Andreev Bay nuclear accident took place at Soviet naval base 569 in February 1982.

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Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array

The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) is a neutrino telescope located beneath the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station.

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ANTARES (telescope)

ANTARES is the name of a neutrino detector residing 2.5 km under the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Toulon, France.

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ARIANNA Experiment

Antarctic Ross Ice-Shelf ANtenna Neutrino Array (ARIANNA) is a proposed detector for ultra-high energy astrophysical neutrinos.

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Askaryan radiation

The Askaryan radiation also known as Askaryan effect is the phenomenon whereby a particle traveling faster than the phase velocity of light in a dense dielectric (such as salt, ice or the lunar regolith) produces a shower of secondary charged particles which contain a charge anisotropy and thus emits a cone of coherent radiation in the radio or microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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BaBar experiment

The BaBar experiment, or simply BaBar, is an international collaboration of more than 500 physicists and engineers studying the subatomic world at energies of approximately ten times the rest mass of a proton (~10 GeV).

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Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri

Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri (6 September 1917 – 25 June 2006) was an Indian physicist and academic, and a scientific advisor to the Government of India.

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Belle experiment

The Belle experiment was a particle physics experiment conducted by the Belle Collaboration, an international collaboration of more than 400 physicists and engineers, at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation (KEK) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

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Belle II experiment

The Belle II experiment is a particle physics experiment designed to study the properties of B mesons (heavy particles containing a bottom quark).

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Beta particle

A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation, (symbol β) is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay.

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Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear research facility headquartered in Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra.

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Blue Light

Blue light is part of the visible light spectrum.

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Bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung, from bremsen "to brake" and Strahlung "radiation"; i.e., "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation", is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus.

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CACTUS

CACTUS (Converted Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope Using Solar-2) was a ground-based, Air Cherenkov Telescope (ACT) located outside Daggett, California, near Barstow.

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Cherenkov

Cherenkov (sometimes spelled Čerenkov or Cerenkov) is a common Russian surname, which may refer to.

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Cherenkov detector

A Cherenkov (Черенко́в) detector is a particle detector using the speed threshold for light production, the speed-dependent light output or the velocity-dependent light direction of Cherenkov radiation.

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Cherenkov luminescence imaging

Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is an emerging imaging modality, similar to bioluminescence imaging, that captures visible photons emitted by Cherenkov radiation.

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CLAS detector

CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) is a nuclear and particle physics detector located in the experimental Hall B at Jefferson Laboratory in Newport News, Virginia, United States.

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CLEO (particle detector)

CLEO was a general purpose particle detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), and the name of the collaboration of physicists who operated the detector.

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Colors of noise

In audio engineering, electronics, physics, and many other fields, the color of noise refers to the power spectrum of a noise signal (a signal produced by a stochastic process).

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CORSIKA

CORSIKA (COsmic Ray SImulations for '''KA'''scade) is a physics computer software for simulation of extensive air showers induced by high energy cosmic rays.

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Cosmic ray

Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.

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Cosmic ray visual phenomena

Cosmic ray visual phenomena, or "light flashes" (LF), are spontaneous flashes of light visually perceived by some astronauts outside the magnetosphere of the Earth, such as during the Apollo program.

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Cosmic-ray observatory

A cosmic-ray observatory is a scientific installation built to detect high-energy-particles coming from space called cosmic rays.

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Criticality accident

A criticality accident is an uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction.

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Detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light

In particle detectors a detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light (DIRC) detector measures the velocity of charged particles and is used for particle identification.

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DUMAND Project

The DUMAND Project (Deep Underwater Muon And Neutrino Detector Project) was a proposed underwater neutrino telescope to be built in the Pacific Ocean, off the shore of the island of Hawaii, five kilometers beneath the surface.

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Einstein aether theory

Einstein æther theory, also called æ-theory, is a generally covariant modification of general relativity which describes a spacetime endowed with both a metric and a unit timelike vector field named the æther.

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Electron

The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.

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Electron energy loss spectroscopy

In electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies.

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Exotic matter

In physics, exotic matter is matter that somehow deviates from normal matter and has "exotic" properties.

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Faster-than-light

Faster-than-light (also superluminal or FTL) communication and travel are the conjectural propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light.

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Frank–Tamm formula

The Frank–Tamm formula yields the amount of Cherenkov radiation emitted on a given frequency as a charged particle moves through a medium at superluminal velocity.

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Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory

The Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory is an American astronomical observatory owned and operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO); it is their largest field installation outside of their main site in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Gamma (satellite)

Gamma was a Soviet gamma ray telescope.

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Gamma-ray astronomy

Gamma-ray astronomy is the astronomical observation of gamma rays,Astronomical literature generally hyphenates "gamma-ray" when used as an adjective, but uses "gamma ray" without a hyphen for the noun.

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Ghost Fleet (novel)

Ghost Fleet is a 2015 techno-thriller by P. W. Singer and August Cole.

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Goiânia accident

The Goiânia accident was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on September 13, 1987, at Goiânia, in the Brazilian state of Goiás, after a forgotten radiotherapy source was taken from an abandoned hospital site in the city.

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GRAPES-3

The GRAPES-3 experiment (or Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS phase-3) located at Ooty in India started as a collaboration of the Indian Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Japanese Osaka City University, and now also includes the Japanese Nagoya Women's University.

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Gurgen Askaryan

Gurgen Ashotovich Askaryan (Գուրգեն Ասկարյան; Гурген Аскарьян or Гурген Аскарян) (December 14, 1928 – March 2, 1997) was a prominent Soviet - Armenian physicist, famous for his discovery of the self-focusing of light, pioneering studies of light-matter interactions, and the discovery and investigation of the interaction of high-energy particles with condensed matter.

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Harvey L. Berger

Harvey Berger, PhD (August 30, 1938 – August 2007) was a scientist and inventor.

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Health threat from cosmic rays

The health threat from cosmic rays is the danger posed by galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energetic particles to astronauts on interplanetary missions or any missions that venture through the Van-Allen Belts or outside the Earth's magnetosphere.

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Heavy water

Heavy water (deuterium oxide) is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (or D, also known as heavy hydrogen), rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (or H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.

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HEGRA

HEGRA, which stands for High-Energy-Gamma-Ray Astronomy, was an atmospheric Cherenkov telescope for Gamma-ray astronomy.

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Herbert H. Chen

Herbert Hwa-sen Chen (March 16, 1942 – November 7, 1987) was a theoretical and experimental physicist at the University of California at Irvine known for his contributions in the field of neutrino detection.

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High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment or High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (also known as HAWC) is a gamma-ray and cosmic ray observatory located on the flanks of the Sierra Negra volcano in the Mexican state of Puebla at an altitude of 4100 meters, at.

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History of the telescope

The earliest known telescope appeared in 1608 in the Netherlands when an eyeglass maker named Hans Lippershey tried to obtain a patent on one.

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Hyperspace

Hyperspace is a faster-than-light (FTL) method of traveling used in science fiction.

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IACT

IACT stands for Imaging Atmospheric (or Air) Cherenkov Telescope or Technique.

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IceCube Neutrino Observatory

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory (or simply IceCube) is a neutrino observatory constructed at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.

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Igor Tamm

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (a; 8 July 1895 – 12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, for their 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation.

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Ilya Frank

Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (Илья́ Миха́йлович Франк) (23 October 1908 – 22 June 1990) was a Soviet winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958 jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Igor Y. Tamm, also of the Soviet Union.

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Index of environmental articles

The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, includes all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth.

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Index of physics articles (C)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Index of wave articles

This is a list of Wave topics.

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Ionized-air glow

Ionized-air glow is the fluorescent emission of characteristic blue–purple–violet light, of color called electric blue, by air subjected to an energy flux.

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Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.

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Irvine–Michigan–Brookhaven (detector)

IMB, the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven detector, was a nucleon decay experiment and neutrino observatory located in a Morton Salt company's Fairport mine on the shore of Lake Erie in the United States.

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Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon

Launched at 9:34:00 am EST on July 26, 1971, Apollo 15 took four days to reach the Moon.

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Kamioka Observatory

The is a neutrino and gravitational waves laboratory located underground in the Mozumi Mine of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co. near the Kamioka section of the city of Hida in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.

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Kirill Tolpygo

Kirill Borisovich Tolpygo (Russian: Кирилл Борисович Толпыго; Ukrainian: Кирилo Борисович Толпиго; 3 May 1916 – 13 May 1994), also known as K. B. Tolpygo, was a Soviet physicist and a corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

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Lebedev Physical Institute

The Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LPI RAS) (in Физи́ческий институ́т имени П.Н.Ле́бедева Российской академии наук (ФИАН)), situated in Moscow, is one of the leading Russian research institutes specializing in physics.

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Light

Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Light echo

Reflected light following path B arrives shortly after the direct flash following path A but before light following path C. B and C have the same apparent distance from the star as seen from Earth. A light echo is a physical phenomenon caused by light reflected off surfaces distant from the source, and arriving at the observer with a delay relative to this distance.

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Liquid scintillation counting

Liquid scintillation counting is the measurement of activity of a sample of radioactive material which uses the technique of mixing the active material with a liquid scintillator (e.g. Zinc sulfide), and counting the resultant photon emissions.

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Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector

The Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) was a scintillation counter at Los Alamos National Laboratory that measured the number of neutrinos being produced by an accelerator neutrino source.

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List of agnostics

Listed here are persons who have identified themselves as theologically agnostic.

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List of atheists in science and technology

This is a list of atheists in science and technology.

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List of cycles

This is a list of recurring cycles.

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List of effects

This is a list of names for observable phenomena that contain the word effect, amplified by reference(s) to their respective fields of study.

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List of eponyms (A–K)

An eponym is a person (real or fictitious) from whom something is said to take its name.

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List of Jewish Nobel laureates

As of 2017, Nobel PrizesThe Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

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List of light sources

This is a list of sources of light, including both natural and artificial processes that emit light.

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List of Nobel laureates in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics.

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List of people from Voronezh

This is a list of notable people who were born or have lived in Voronezh, Russia.

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List of people on the postage stamps of Russia

Stamp issues are described in the following general format: Year of issue: Catalogue number 1, Catalogue number 2.

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List of photonics equations

This article summarizes equations in the theory of photonics, including geometric optics, physical optics, radiometry, diffraction, and interferometry.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian physicists

This list of Russian physicists includes the famous physicists from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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LOPES (telescope)

The LOPES project (LOFAR PrototypE Station) was a cosmic ray detector array, located in Karlsruhe, Germany, and is operated in coincidence with an existing, well calibrated air shower experiment called KASCADE.

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Luna 2

Luna 2 (E-1A series) or Lunik 2 was the second of the Soviet Union's Luna programme spacecraft launched to the Moon.

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MAGIC (telescope)

MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes) is a system of two Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes situated at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, one of the Canary Islands, at about 2200 m above sea level.

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Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope

Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) is the world's largest telescope at the highest altitude being established at Hanle, Ladakh, India.

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McMaster Nuclear Reactor

The McMaster Nuclear Reactor (MNR) is a 5MWth pool-type reactor located on the campus of McMaster University, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

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Metamaterial

A metamaterial (from the Greek word μετά meta, meaning "beyond") is a material engineered to have a property that is not found in nature.

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Milagro (experiment)

Milagro (the Spanish word for miracle) was a ground-based water Cherenkov radiation telescope situated in the Jemez Mountains near Los Alamos, New Mexico at the Fenton Hill Observatory site.

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Modern searches for Lorentz violation

Modern searches for Lorentz violation are scientific studies that look for deviations from Lorentz invariance or symmetry, a set of fundamental frameworks that underpin modern science and fundamental physics in particular.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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Negative mass

In theoretical physics, negative mass is matter whose mass is of opposite sign to the mass of normal matter, e.g. −1 kg.

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Negative-index metamaterial

Negative-index metamaterial or negative-index material (NIM) is a metamaterial whose refractive index for an electromagnetic wave has a negative value over some frequency range.

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Neutrino

A neutrino (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with half-integer spin) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity.

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Neutrino astronomy

Neutrino astronomy is the branch of astronomy that observes astronomical objects with neutrino detectors in special observatories.

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Neutrino detector

A neutrino detector is a physics apparatus which is designed to study neutrinos.

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Neutrino oscillation

Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon whereby a neutrino created with a specific lepton flavor (electron, muon, or tau) can later be measured to have a different flavor.

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NEVOD

NEVOD (НЕВОД, НЕйтринный ВОдный Детектор, Neutrino Water Detector; nevod means "dragnet" in Russian) is a neutrino detector and cosmic ray experiment that attempts to detect Cherenkov radiation arising from interactions between water and charged particles (mostly muons).

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New Clear Days

New Clear Days is The Vapors' 1980 debut album containing the UK single "Turning Japanese", which reached No.

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Nonradiation condition

Classical nonradiation conditions define the conditions according to classical electromagnetism under which a distribution of accelerating charges will not emit electromagnetic radiation.

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Nuclear power in Switzerland

Nuclear power in Switzerland is generated by four nuclear power plants, with a total of five operational reactors (see list below).

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Oliver Heaviside

Oliver Heaviside FRS (18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) was an English self-taught electrical engineer, mathematician, and physicist who adapted complex numbers to the study of electrical circuits, invented mathematical techniques for the solution of differential equations (equivalent to Laplace transforms), reformulated Maxwell's field equations in terms of electric and magnetic forces and energy flux, and independently co-formulated vector analysis.

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Omega West Reactor

The Omega West Reactor (OWR) was an experimental nuclear reactor located at Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos NM.

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Optica Optics Software

Optica is an optical design program used for the design and analysis of both imaging and illumination systems.

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Optical medium

An optical medium is material through which electromagnetic waves propagate.

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Particle detector

In experimental and applied particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify ionizing particles, such as those produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator.

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Pavel Cherenkov

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Па́вел Алексе́евич Черенко́в, July 28, 1904 – January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.

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Phase velocity

The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space.

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Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is an international cosmic ray observatory in Argentina designed to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic rays: sub-atomic particles traveling nearly at the speed of light and each with energies beyond 1018 eV.

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Polaritonics

Polaritonics is an intermediate regime between photonics and sub-microwave electronics (see Fig. 1).

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Pomeron

In physics, the pomeron is a Regge trajectory — a family of particles with increasing spin — postulated in 1961 to explain the slowly rising cross section of hadronic collisions at high energies.

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Proton decay

In particle physics, proton decay is a hypothetical form of radioactive decay in which the proton decays into lighter subatomic particles, such as a neutral pion and a positron.

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Radiation

In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.

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Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment

Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment (RICE) is an experiment designed to detect the Cherenkov emission in the radio regime of the electromagnetic spectrum from the interaction of high energy neutrinos (greater than 1 PeV) with the Antarctic ice cap.

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Radioluminescence

Radioluminescence is the phenomenon by which light is produced in a material by bombardment with ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays.

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Research and Development Array

The Research and Development Array (RDA) is a research and development effort related to the Pierre Auger Observatory.

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Ring-imaging Cherenkov detector

The ring-imaging Cherenkov, or RICH, detector is a device for identifying the type of an electrically charged subatomic particle of known momentum, that traverses a transparent refractive medium, by measurement of the presence and characteristics of the Cherenkov radiation emitted during that traversal.

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Roland Winston

Roland Winston is a leading figure in the field of nonimaging optics and its applications to solar energy, and is sometimes termed the "father of non-imaging optics".

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Science and technology in the Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, science and technology served as an important part of national politics, practices, and identity.

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Scientific phenomena named after people

This is a list of scientific phenomena and concepts named after people (eponymous phenomena).

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Scintigraphy

Scintigraphy ("scint", Latin scintilla, spark) is a diagnostic test in nuclear medicine, where radioisotopes attached to drugs that travel to a specific organ or tissue (radiopharmaceuticals) are taken internally and the emitted gamma radiation is captured by external detectors (gamma cameras) to form two-dimensional images in a similar process to the capture of x-ray images.

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Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov

Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov (Серге́й Ива́нович Вави́лов (– January 25, 1951) was a Soviet physicist, the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences from July 1945 until his death. His elder brother Nikolai Vavilov was a famous Russian geneticist.

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Shock wave

In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance.

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Slipstream (science fiction)

"Slipstream" is a science fiction term for a fictional method of faster-than-light space travel, similar to hyperspace travel, warp drive, or "transfer points" from David Brin's Uplift series.

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Smith–Purcell effect

The Smith–Purcell effect was the precursor of the free electron laser (FEL).

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SN 1972E

SN1972E was a supernova in the galaxy NGC 5253 that was discovered 13 May 1972 with an apparent B magnitude of about 8.5, shortly after it had reached its maximum brightness.

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SNO+

SNO+ is a physics experiment designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, with secondary measurements of proton–electron–proton (pep) solar neutrinos, geoneutrinos from radioactive decays in the Earth, and reactor neutrinos.

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Solar neutrino problem

The solar neutrino problem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solar neutrinos as predicted from the Sun's luminosity and measured directly.

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Solar tower (astronomy)

A solar tower, in the context of astronomy, is a structure used to support equipment for studying the sun, and is typically part of solar telescope designs.

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Sonic boom

A sonic boom is the sound associated with the shock waves created whenever an object traveling through the air travels faster than the speed of sound.

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Speed of light

The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted, is a universal physical constant important in many areas of physics.

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STACEE

The Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment (STACEE), is a gamma ray detector located near Albuquerque, New Mexico.

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Stochastic cooling

Stochastic cooling is a form of particle beam cooling.

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Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) was a neutrino observatory located 2100 m underground in Vale's Creighton Mine in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

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Sudhansu Datta Majumdar

Sudhansu Datta Majumdar (1915 – 1997) was an Indian physicist, and faculty member of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.

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Super-Kamiokande

Super-Kamiokande (semi-abbreviation of full name: Super-Kamioka Neutrino Detection Experiment, also abbreviated to Super-K or SK; スーパーカミオカンデ) is a neutrino observatory located under Mount Ikeno near the city of Hida, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.

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Superfluid vacuum theory

Superfluid vacuum theory (SVT), sometimes known as the BEC vacuum theory, is an approach in theoretical physics and quantum mechanics where the fundamental physical vacuum (non-removable background) is viewed as superfluid or as a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC).

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Superradiance

In physics, superradiance is the radiation enhancement effects in several contexts including quantum mechanics, astrophysics and relativity.

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Synchrotron radiation

Synchrotron radiation (also known as magnetobremsstrahlung radiation) is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially, i.e., when they are subject to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity.

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Tachyon

A tachyon or tachyonic particle is a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light.

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Tests of relativistic energy and momentum

Tests of relativistic energy and momentum are aimed at measuring the relativistic expressions for energy, momentum, and mass.

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Tests of special relativity

Special relativity is a physical theory that plays a fundamental role in the description of all physical phenomena, as long as gravitation is not significant.

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The Billiard Ball

"The Billiard Ball" is a science fiction short story by American author Isaac Asimov, written in September 1966 and first published in the March 1967 issue of If.

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Thomas Ypsilantis

Thomas John Ypsilantis (Θωμάς Υψηλάντης; June 24, 1928 – August 16, 2000) was an American physicist of Greek descent.

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Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics

A timeline of atomic and subatomic physics.

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Timeline of Russian innovation

Timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, starting from the Early East Slavs and up to the Russian Federation.

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Tokaimura nuclear accident

There have been two Tokaimura nuclear accidents at the nuclear facility at Tōkai, Ibaraki.

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Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment

The Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment (TrICE) is a ground-based cosmic ray telescope located at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, IL.

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Transition

Transition or transitional may refer to.

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Transition radiation

Transition radiation (TR) is a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through inhomogeneous media, such as a boundary between two different media.

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Tunka experiment

The Tunka experiment now named TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy) measures air showers, which are initiated by charged cosmic rays or high energy gamma rays.

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USS Seawolf (SSN-575)

USS Seawolf (SSN-575), a unique submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the seawolf, the second nuclear submarine, and the only US submarine built with a liquid metal cooled (sodium) nuclear reactor known as the Submarine Intermediate Reactor (SIR) or Liquid Metal Fast Reactor (LMFR), later designated S2G.

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VERITAS

VERITAS (Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System) is a major ground-based gamma-ray observatory with an array of four 12 meter optical reflectors for gamma-ray astronomy in the GeV – TeV photon energy range.

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Very-high-energy gamma ray

Very-high-energy gamma ray (VHEGR) denotes gamma radiation with photon energies of 100 GeV to 100 TeV, i.e., 1011 to 1014 electronvolts.

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Wade Allison

Wade Allison (born 1941) is Emeritus professor of Physics and Fellow of Keble College at Oxford University.

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Wake

In fluid dynamics, a wake may either be.

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Washington State University Reactor

The Washington State University Reactor (WSUR) is housed in the Washington State University Nuclear Radiation Center (WSUNRC), and was completed in 1961.

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Redirects here:

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

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