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Circadian rhythm

Index Circadian rhythm

A circadian rhythm is any biological process that displays an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours. [1]

560 relations: Acetabularia, Acquainted with the Night (book), ACTH receptor, Actigraphy, Adrenal gland, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Advanced sleep phase disorder, Africanized bee, Afternoon, Agomelatine, Alex Mathew, Aliivibrio fischeri, Alive Festival, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American flamingo, Amita Sehgal, Amplitude integrated electroencephalography, AMPT, Anabolism, Andrew D. Huberman, Andrew Millar (scientist), Angelicin, Animal cognition, Animal models of depression, Animal navigation, Annie Curtis, Apis mellifera iberiensis, Appetite, Arabidopsis thaliana, Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase, Arnold Eskin, ARNTL, Arthur Winfree, Artificial sunlight, Asian hornet, Associated features of bipolar disorder, Atlantic horseshoe crab, Attachment and Health, Attachment parenting, Augochlora pura, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Avian clutch size, B. J. Rao, Bacterial circadian rhythm, Basic rest–activity cycle, Beetle, Behavior mutation, Behavioral plasticity, Beta-Carboline, ..., BHLHE41, Binge drinking, Bioavailability, Biofeedback, Biological clock, Biology of depression, Bioluminescence, Biometeorology, Biorhythm, Biphasic and polyphasic sleep, Bipolar disorder, Bipolar II disorder, Birthday effect, BK channel, Blood pressure, Blood pressure measurement, Brain, Brainwave entrainment, Breast milk, Bromantane, Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Bucephalus polymorphus, Caenorhabditis elegans, Callao Cave, Cancer-related fatigue, Cape mole-rat, Carcinogen, Carl H. Johnson, Casein kinase 1, Casein kinase 2, Cat, Cave insect, Cavefish, CCDC47, Central sleep apnea, Cerithidea decollata, Charles Czeisler, Cholinergic neuron, Chronobiology, Chronobiotic, Chronotherapy (sleep phase), Chronotype, Cicada, Circadian advantage, Circadian clock, Circadian Clock Associated 1, Circadian Rhythm (film), Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, Circasemidian rhythm, Circaseptan, Circumventricular organs, Clinical neurochemistry, Clock, CLOCK, Cluster headache, Cockroach, Colin Pittendrigh, Common degu, Common misunderstandings of genetics, Computer vision syndrome, Computer-induced medical problems, Conidiation, Constant routine protocol, Control of fire by early humans, Cortisol, Cosmo Kramer, Craig Heller (physiologist), Crammed Discs, Cryptochrome, CSNK1E, CTBP2, Cullin, Culture shock, Cupiennius salei, Cyanobacteria, Cyanobacterial clock proteins, Cyanopeptolin, Cyanothece, Cycle (gene), Cyclic order, Damaraland mole-rat, David F. 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McMahon, Doxepin, Drosophila circadian rhythm, Drosophila melanogaster, DSM-IV codes (alphabetical), Dynorphin, Dyschronometria, E-box, Eastern Standard Tribe, Ecological light pollution, Ecuador maize varieties, Effect of spaceflight on the human body, Effects of blue light technology, Effects of fatigue on safety, Eibon Records, Encephalopathy, Endocannabinoid system, Endogeny (biology), Endotherm, Entrainment (chronobiology), Episodic-like memory, Epithalamus, Ernst Pöppel, Erwin Bünning, European corn borer, Euthyroid sick syndrome, Evidence-based design, Evolution in Variable Environment, Evolution of ageing, Evolution of the eye, Eye, F.lux, Fabiola Leon Velarde, Fasting in Islam, Fat-tailed dunnart, Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool, FBXL3, Fetal movement, Fever of unknown origin, Firewatch, Fish, Fish anatomy, Fleroxacin, Floral scent, Fluorescence, Fractal, Franz Halberg, Frédéric Bremer, Fred W. Turek, Free-running sleep, Frequency (gene), Friedrich Stephan, Full-spectrum light, FVB Mice, GAL4/UAS system, Gastrin-releasing peptide, Gene D. Block, General anaesthesia, Ghost crab, Giant retinal ganglion cells, Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism, Glucocorticoids in hippocampal development, Golden spiny mouse, Goodwin model (biology), GR-196,429, Guinea pig, H3 receptor antagonist, Hamster wheel, Head and neck anatomy, Health, Health effects of sunlight exposure, Health professional, Heart rate variability, Heavy water, Helianthus annuus, Histamine, Histamine receptor, Histidine decarboxylase, Hitoshi Okamura, Hollows (series), Homeostasis, Hormone, Hours of service, House sparrow, Howard Wilson Emmons, Human body temperature, Human brain, Human eye, Human impact on the environment, Human vestigiality, Hypopituitarism, Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, Hypothalamus, ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders, ICD-10 Chapter VI: Diseases of the nervous system, Index of biology articles, Index of psychology articles, Indolamines, Infanticide (zoology), Infradian rhythm, Infusion pump, Ingeborg Beling, Insomnia, Intermittent explosive disorder, Intermittent fasting, International Dark-Sky Association, International Space Station program, Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, Ioliomics, IOS 9, Irregular sleep–wake rhythm, Irving M. 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O'Neill, John Welsh (biologist), John Woodland Hastings, Journal of Biological Rhythms, Journal of Circadian Rhythms, Julius Axelrod, KaiA, KaiB, KaiC, King-Wai Yau, Kosmos 1514, Laboratory Syrian hamster, Lake chub, Large milkweed bug, Lark (person), LED lamp, Leptodirus hochenwartii, Light effects on circadian rhythm, Light in school buildings, Light therapy, Light-emitting diode, Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain, Lighting for the elderly, Linnaeus' flower clock, List of -ectomies, List of Chinese discoveries, List of cycles, List of Horizon episodes, List of human endocrine organs and actions, List of human hormones, List of In Our Time programmes, List of Latin words with English derivatives, List of MeSH codes (G07), List of model organisms, List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine, List of nocturnal animals, List of nocturnal birds, List of Northern Exposure episodes, List of paradoxes, List of Swarthmore College people, List of topics characterized as pseudoscience, Locus coeruleus, Louis Ptáček, Luminescent bacteria, LUX, Luzindole, Maize, Major depressive disorder, Malcolm von Schantz, Mammalian eye, Maranta leuconeura, Marasmius rotula, Mary C. Lobban, Mary Carskadon, Massry Prize, Maurizio Montalbini, Maxi (singer), Maximilian Renner, Melanopsin, Melatonin, Melatonin receptor 1A, Melatonin treatments for major depressive disorder, Metaplasticity, Michael Menaker, Michael Rosbash, Michael Terman, Michael W. Young, Michel Siffre, Mind, Mind–body problem, Miosis, MiR-122, Modafinil, Modern Mars habitability, Morningness–eveningness questionnaire, Multimodal distribution, Mummichog, Mycena polygramma, Nannochloropsis, Narcolepsy, Nathaniel Kleitman, National Dark-Sky Week, Nervous system, Neural correlates of consciousness, Neural pathway, Neuroethology, Neurogenetics, Neuromedin S, Neuronal noise, Neuropeptide Y, Neuropeptide Y receptor, Neuropsychopharmacology, Neuroscience, Neuroscience in space, Neuroscience of sleep, Neurospora crassa, Neurotransmitter, Night combat, Night eating syndrome, Night owl (person), Night Safari, Singapore, Nocturnal bottleneck, Nocturnality, Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder, Norman E. 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Schwartz, Zebrafish, Zeitgeber, ZT, 2013 in science, 2017 in science, 5-HT7 receptor. Expand index (510 more) »

Acetabularia

Acetabularia is a genus of green algae in the family Polyphysaceae, Typically found in subtropical waters, Acetabularia is a single-celled organism, but gigantic in size and complex in form, making it an excellent model organism for studying cell biology.

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Acquainted with the Night (book)

Acquainted with the Night: Excursions through the World After Dark (or Acquainted with the Night: A Celebration of the Dark Hours) is a non-fiction book by Christopher Dewdney about various aspects of night.

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ACTH receptor

The adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor or ACTH receptor also known as the melanocortin receptor 2 or MC2 receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor (type 2) which is specific for ACTH.

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Actigraphy

Actigraphy is a non-invasive method of monitoring human rest/activity cycles.

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Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, also adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin) is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

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Advanced sleep phase disorder

Advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD), also known as the advanced sleep-phase type (ASPT) of circadian rhythm sleep disorder or advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS), is a condition in which patients feel very sleepy and go to bed early in the evening (e.g. 6:00–8:00 p.m.) and wake up very early in the morning (e.g. around 3:00 a.m.).

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Africanized bee

The Africanized bee, also known as the Africanised honey bee, and known colloquially as "killer bee", is a hybrid of the Western honey bee species (Apis mellifera), produced originally by cross-breeding of the African honey bee (A. m. scutellata), with various European honey bees such as the Italian bee A. m. ligustica and the Iberian bee A. m. iberiensis.

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Afternoon

Afternoon is the time of the day between noon and evening.

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Agomelatine

Agomelatine (brand names Valdoxan, Melitor, Thymanax) is an atypical antidepressant developed by the pharmaceutical company Servier.

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Alex Mathew

Mathew Mullasseril Alex (25 May 1959 – 23 June 2015), popularly known as Dr.

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Aliivibrio fischeri

Aliivibrio fischeri is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments.

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Alive Festival

Alive Festival, located in Mineral City, Ohio, is an annual Christian music festival.

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American Academy of Pediatrics

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is an American professional association of pediatricians, headquartered in Itasca, Illinois.

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American Academy of Sleep Medicine

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) is a United States professional society for the medical subspecialty of sleep medicine which includes disorders of circadian rhythms.

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American flamingo

The American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) is a large species of flamingo closely related to the greater flamingo and Chilean flamingo.

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Amita Sehgal

Amita Sehgal is a molecular biologist and chronobiologist in the Department of Neuroscience at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.

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Amplitude integrated electroencephalography

Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) or cerebral function monitoring (CFM) is a technique for monitoring brain function in intensive care settings over longer periods of time than the traditional electroencephalogram (EEG), typically hours to days.

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AMPT

Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) is a tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme inhibitor.

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Anabolism

Anabolism (from ἁνά, "upward" and βάλλειν, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.

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Andrew D. Huberman

Andrew D. Huberman (born in 1975 in Palo Alto, California) is an American neuroscientist and tenured Professor in the at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

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Andrew Millar (scientist)

Andrew John McWalter Millar, FRS, FRSE is a Scottish chronobiologist, systems biologist and, molecular geneticist.

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Angelicin

Angelicin belongs to the family of angular furanocoumarins.

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Animal cognition

Animal cognition describes the mental capacities of non-human animals and the study of those capacities.

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Animal models of depression

Animal models of depression are research tools used to investigate depression and action of antidepressants as a simulation to investigate the symptomatology and pathophysiology of depressive illness or used to screen novel antidepressants.

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Animal navigation

Animal navigation is the ability of many animals to find their way accurately without maps or instruments.

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Annie Curtis

Annie Curtis is an Irish immunologist at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland whose career has spanned academia, public sector and industry.

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Apis mellifera iberiensis

Apis mellifera iberiensis, or the Spanish bee (commonly misspelled as iberica), is a Western honey bee subspecies native to the Iberian Peninsula.

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Appetite

Appetite is the desire to eat food, sometimes due to hunger.

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Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small flowering plant native to Eurasia and Africa.

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Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase

Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), also known as arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase or serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), is an enzyme that is involved in the day/night rhythmic production of melatonin, by modification of serotonin.

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Arnold Eskin

Arnold Eskin is a professor of chronobiology at the University of Houston in Houston, Texas.

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ARNTL

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 is protein that in humans is encoded by the ARNTL gene, also known as BMAL1, MOP3, and, less commonly, BHLHE5, BMAL, BMAL1C, JAP3, PASD3, and TIC.

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Arthur Winfree

Arthur Taylor Winfree (May 15, 1942 – November 5, 2002) was a theoretical biologist at the University of Arizona.

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Artificial sunlight

Artificial sunlight is the use of a light source to simulate sunlight where the unique characteristics of sunlight are needed, but where sufficient natural sunlight is not available or is not feasible.

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Asian hornet

The Asian hornet, also known as the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina), is a species of hornet indigenous to Southeast Asia.

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Associated features of bipolar disorder

The associated features of bipolar disorder are clinical phenomena that often accompany bipolar disorder (BD) but are not part of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder.

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Atlantic horseshoe crab

The Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), also known as the American horseshoe crab, is a species of marine and brackish chelicerate arthropod.

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Attachment and Health

Attachment and Health is psychological model which considers how attachment theory pertains to people’s preferences and expectations for the proximity of others when faced with stress, threat, danger or pain.

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Attachment parenting

Attachment parenting (AP) is a parenting philosophy that proposes methods which aim to promote the attachment of parent and infant not only by maximal parental empathy and responsiveness but also by continuous bodily closeness and touch.

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Augochlora pura

Augochlora pura is a solitary sweat bee found primarily in the Eastern United States.

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Augustin Pyramus de Candolle

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle also spelled Augustin Pyrame de Candolle (4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist.

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Avian clutch size

Clutch size refers to the number of eggs laid in a single brood by a nesting pair of birds.

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B. J. Rao

Basuthkar Jagadeeshwar Rao (AKA B. J. Rao) is a senior professor at the Department of Biological Sciences at TIFR, Mumbai and the head of Mechanism of Genome Dynamics and Cellular Adaptations Laboratory, TIFR.

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Bacterial circadian rhythm

Bacterial circadian rhythms, like other circadian rhythms, are endogenous "biological clocks" that have the following three characteristics: (a) in constant conditions (i.e. constant temperature and either constant light or constant darkness) they oscillate with a period that is close to, but not exactly, 24 hours in duration, (b) this "free-running" rhythm is temperature compensated, and (c) the rhythm will entrain to an appropriate environmental cycle.

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Basic rest–activity cycle

The basic rest–activity cycle (BRAC) is a physiological arousal mechanism in humans proposed by Nathaniel Kleitman, hypothesized to occur during both sleep and wakefulness.

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Beetle

Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Endopterygota.

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Behavior mutation

A behaviour mutation is a genetic mutation that alters genes that control the way in which an organism behaves, causing their behavioural patterns to change.

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Behavioral plasticity

Behavioral plasticity refers to a change in an organism's behavior that results from exposure to stimuli, such as changing environmental conditions.

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Beta-Carboline

β-Carboline (9H-pyridoindole), also known as norharmane, is a nitrogen containing heterocycle.

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BHLHE41

"Basic helix-loop-helix family, member e41", or BHLHE41, is a gene that encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor repressor protein in various tissues of both humans and mice.

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Binge drinking

Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking, is a modern epithet for drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time.

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Bioavailability

In pharmacology, bioavailability (BA or F) is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs.

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Biofeedback

Biofeedback is the process of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions primarily using instruments that provide information on the activity of those same systems, with a goal of being able to manipulate them at will.

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Biological clock

Biological clock may refer to.

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Biology of depression

Scientific studies have found that numerous brain areas show altered activity in patients suffering from depression, and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes.

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Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism.

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Biometeorology

Biometeorology is the interdisciplinary field of science that studies the interactions between the biosphere and the Earth's atmosphere on time scales of the order of seasons or shorter (by opposition to bioclimatology).

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Biorhythm

A biorhythm (from Greek βίος - bios, "life" and ῥυθμός - rhuthmos, "any regular recurring motion, rhythm") is an attempt to predict various aspects of a person's life through simple mathematical cycles.

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Biphasic and polyphasic sleep

Biphasic sleep (or diphasic, bimodal or bifurcated sleep) is the practice of sleeping during two periods over 24 hours, while polyphasic sleep refers to sleeping multiple times – usually more than two.

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Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood.

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Bipolar II disorder

Bipolar II disorder (BP-II; pronounced "type two bipolar" or "bipolar type two" disorder) is a bipolar spectrum disorder (see also Bipolar disorder) characterized by at least one episode of hypomania and at least one episode of major depression.

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Birthday effect

The birthday effect (sometimes called the birthday blues, especially when referring specifically to suicide) is a statistical phenomenon where an individual's likelihood of death appears to increase on or close to their birthday.

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BK channel

BK channels (Big Potassium), also known as Maxi-K, slo1, or Kcal.1, are voltage-gated potassium channels that conduct large amounts of potassium ions (K+) across the cell membrane, hence their name, Big Potassium.

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Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

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Blood pressure measurement

Arterial blood pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure.

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Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.

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Brainwave entrainment

Brainwave entrainment, also referred to as brainwave synchronization and neural entrainment, refers to the capacity of the brain to naturally synchronize its brainwave frequencies with the rhythm of periodic external stimuli, most commonly auditory, visual, or tactile.

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Breast milk

Breast milk is the milk produced by the breasts (or mammary glands) of a human female to feed a child.

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Bromantane

Bromantane, sold under the brand name Ladasten, is an atypical psychostimulant and anxiolytic drug of the adamantane family related to amantadine and memantine which is used in Russia in the treatment of neurasthenia.

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Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience

The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience is an Australian independent not-for-profit medical research institute that is financially supported entirely by philanthropy, that undertakes clinical and basic research into disorders of brain function and addresses problems of altered biological function in animals and man.

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Bucephalus polymorphus

Bucephalus polymorphus is a type of flatworm.

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Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living (not parasitic), transparent nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, that lives in temperate soil environments.

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Callao Cave

Callao Cave is one of the limestone caves located in the municipality of Peñablanca, Cagayan province, in the Philippines.

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Cancer-related fatigue

Cancer-related fatigue is a subjective symptom of fatigue that is experienced by nearly all cancer patients.

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Cape mole-rat

The Cape mole-rat (Georychus capensis) is a species of mole-rat endemic to South Africa.

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Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.

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Carl H. Johnson

Carl Hirschie Johnson is an American-born biologist who researches the chronobiology of different organisms, most notably the bacterial circadian rhythms of cyanobacteria.

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Casein kinase 1

The Casein kinase 1 family of protein kinases are serine/threonine-selective enzymes that function as regulators of signal transduction pathways in most eukaryotic cell types.

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Casein kinase 2

Casein kinase 2(CK2/CSNK2) is a serine/threonine-selective protein kinase that has been implicated in cell cycle control, DNA repair, regulation of the circadian rhythm, and other cellular processes.

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Cat

The domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus or Felis catus) is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal.

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Cave insect

Cave dwelling insects are among the most widespread and prominent troglofauna (cave-dwelling animals), including troglobites, troglophiles, and trogloxenes.

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Cavefish

Cavefish or cave fish is a generic term for fresh and brackish water fish adapted to life in caves and other underground habitats.

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CCDC47

Coiled-coil domain 47 (CCDC47) is a gene located on human chromosome 17, specifically locus 17q23.3 which encodes for the protein CCDC47.

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Central sleep apnea

Central sleep apnea (CSA) or central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAS) is a sleep-related disorder in which the effort to breathe is diminished or absent, typically for 10 to 30 seconds either intermittently or in cycles, and is usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation.

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Cerithidea decollata

Cerithidea decollata, common name the truncated mangrove snail, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Potamididae.

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Charles Czeisler

Charles A. Czeisler (born 1952) is an American physician and sleep researcher.

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Cholinergic neuron

A cholinergic neuron is a nerve cell which mainly uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to send its messages.

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Chronobiology

Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.

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Chronobiotic

A chronobiotic is an agent that can cause phase adjustment of the body clock.

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Chronotherapy (sleep phase)

In chronotherapy, an attempt is made to move bedtime and rising time later and later each day, around the clock, until a person is sleeping on a normal schedule.

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Chronotype

Chronotype refers to the behavioral manifestation of underlying circadian rhythms of myriad physical processes.

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Cicada

The cicadas are a superfamily, the Cicadoidea, of insects in the order Hemiptera (true bugs).

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Circadian advantage

In competitive sport, a circadian advantage is a team's advantage over another by virtue of its relative degree of acclimation to a time zone versus their opponent.

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Circadian clock

A circadian clock, or circadian oscillator, is a biochemical oscillator that cycles with a stable phase and is synchronized with solar time.

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Circadian Clock Associated 1

Circadian Clock Associated 1 (CCA1) is a gene that is central to the circadian oscillator of angiosperms.

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Circadian Rhythm (film)

Circadian Rhythm is a 2005 action film that portrays a young woman's journey to discover who she is and why multiple enemies want her dead.

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Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) are a family of sleep disorders affecting (among other bodily processes) the timing of sleep.

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Circasemidian rhythm

In chronobiology, a circasemidian rhythm is a physiological arousal cycle that peaks twice in a 24-hour day.

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Circaseptan

A circaseptan rhythm is a cycle consisting of 7 days in which many biological processes of life resolve.

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Circumventricular organs

Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are structures in the brain characterized by their extensive vasculature and highly permeable capillaries unlike those in the rest of the brain where there exists a blood brain barrier (BBB).

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Clinical neurochemistry

Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans.

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Clock

A clock is an instrument to measure, keep, and indicate time.

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CLOCK

Clock (Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput) is a gene encoding a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor (CLOCK) that is believed to affect both the persistence and period of circadian rhythms.

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Cluster headache

Cluster headache (CH) is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, severe headaches on one side of the head, typically around the eye.

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Cockroach

Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea, which also includes termites. About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. About four species are well known as pests. The cockroaches are an ancient group, dating back at least as far as the Carboniferous period, some 320 million years ago. Those early ancestors however lacked the internal ovipositors of modern roaches. Cockroaches are somewhat generalized insects without special adaptations like the sucking mouthparts of aphids and other true bugs; they have chewing mouthparts and are likely among the most primitive of living neopteran insects. They are common and hardy insects, and can tolerate a wide range of environments from Arctic cold to tropical heat. Tropical cockroaches are often much bigger than temperate species, and, contrary to popular belief, extinct cockroach relatives and 'roachoids' such as the Carboniferous Archimylacris and the Permian Apthoroblattina were not as large as the biggest modern species. Some species, such as the gregarious German cockroach, have an elaborate social structure involving common shelter, social dependence, information transfer and kin recognition. Cockroaches have appeared in human culture since classical antiquity. They are popularly depicted as dirty pests, though the great majority of species are inoffensive and live in a wide range of habitats around the world.

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Colin Pittendrigh

Colin Pittendrigh (October 13, 1918 – March 19, 1996) "Colin Pittendrigh, 'Father of biological clock,' dies at 77", March 25, 1996, accessed April 9, 2011.

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Common degu

The common degu (Octodon degus) is a small caviomorph rodent endemic to the Chilean matorral ecoregion of central Chile.

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Common misunderstandings of genetics

During the latter half of the 20th century, the fields of genetics and molecular biology matured greatly, significantly increasing understanding of biological heredity.

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Computer vision syndrome

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a condition resulting from focusing the eyes on a computer or other display device for protracted, uninterrupted periods of time and the eye muscles being unable to recover from the strain due to a lack of adequate sleep.

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Computer-induced medical problems

Computer-induced health problems can be an umbrella term for the various problems a computer user can develop from prolonged and incorrect computer use.

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Conidiation

Conidiation is a biological process in which filamentous fungi reproduce asexually from spores.

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Constant routine protocol

A constant routine protocol is a common method used in human circadian rhythm research to study internally generated, or endogenous, circadian rhythms without the effect of external, or exogenous, influences.

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Control of fire by early humans

The control of fire by early humans was a turning point in the cultural aspect of human evolution.

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Cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.

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Cosmo Kramer

Cosmo Kramer, usually referred to as simply "Kramer", is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Seinfeld (1989–1998), played by Michael Richards.

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Craig Heller (physiologist)

Horace Craig Heller is a physiologist and biologist, currently a professor at Stanford University.

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Crammed Discs

Crammed Discs is an independent record label whose output blends world music, rock, pop, and electronica.

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Cryptochrome

Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light.

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CSNK1E

Casein kinase I isoform epsilon is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CSNK1E gene.

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CTBP2

C-terminal-binding protein 2 also known as CtBP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTBP2 gene.

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Cullin

Cullins are a family of hydrophobic scaffold proteins which provide support for ubiquitin ligases (E3).

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Culture shock

Culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own; it is also the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or simply transition to another type of life.

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Cupiennius salei

Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras.

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Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.

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Cyanobacterial clock proteins

In molecular biology, the cyanobacterial clock proteins are the main circadian regulator in cyanobacteria.

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Cyanopeptolin

Cyanopeptolins are a class of oligopeptides produced by Microcystis and Planktothrix algae strains, and can be neurotoxic.

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Cyanothece

Cyanothece is a genus of unicellular, diazotrophic, oxygenic photosynthesizing cyanobacteria.

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Cycle (gene)

Cycle (cyc) is a gene in Drosophila melanogaster that encodes the CYCLE protein (CYC).

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Cyclic order

In mathematics, a cyclic order is a way to arrange a set of objects in a circle.

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Damaraland mole-rat

The Damaraland mole-rat, Damara mole rat, or Damaraland blesmol (Fukomys damarensis) is a burrowing rodent found in southern Africa.

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David F. Dinges

David F. Dinges is an American sleep researcher and teacher.

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Dawn simulation

Dawn simulation is a technique that involves timing lights, often called wake up lights, sunrise alarm clock or natural light alarm clocks, in the bedroom to come on gradually, over a period of 30 minutes to 2 hours, before awakening.

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Day

A day, a unit of time, is approximately the period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun (solar day).

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Daylight saving time

Daylight saving time (abbreviated DST), sometimes referred to as daylight savings time in U.S., Canadian, and Australian speech, and known as summer time in some countries, is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months so that evening daylight lasts longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times.

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Daysleeper

"Daysleeper" is a song by American alternative rock band R.E.M. It was released as the first single from their eleventh studio album Up on October 12, 1998.

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Death and state funeral of Kim Jong-il

The death of Kim Jong-il was reported by North Korean state television news on 19 December 2011.

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Deepak Chopra

Deepak Chopra (born October 22, 1946) is an Indian-born American author, public speaker, alternative medicine advocate, and a prominent figure in the New Age movement.

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Delayed sleep phase disorder

Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), more often known as delayed sleep phase syndrome and also as delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, is a chronic dysregulation of a person's circadian rhythm (biological clock), compared to those of the general population and societal norms.

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Delirium

Delirium, also known as acute confusional state, is an organically caused decline from a previously baseline level of mental function.

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Diel vertical migration

Diel vertical migration (DVM), also known as diurnal vertical migration, is a pattern of movement used by some organisms, such as copepods, living in the ocean and in lakes.

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Diet-induced obesity model

The diet-induced obesity model (DIO model) is an animal model used to study obesity using animals that have obesity caused by being fed high-fat and/or high-density diets.

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Disc shedding

Disc shedding is the process by which photoreceptors in the eye are renewed.

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Diurnal cycle

A diurnal cycle is any pattern that recurs every 24 hours as a result of one full rotation of the Earth around its own axis.

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Diurnality

Diurnality is a form of plant or animal behavior characterized by activity during the day, with a period of sleeping, or other inactivity, at night.

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Dopamine antagonist

A dopamine antagonist (antidopaminergic) is a type of drug which blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism.

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Dormancy

Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity are temporarily stopped.

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Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus.

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Doubletime (gene)

Doubletime (dbt) also known as discs overgrown (dco) is a gene that encodes the double-time protein (DBT) in Drosophila melanogaster.

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Douglas G. McMahon

Douglas G. McMahon is a professor of Biological Sciences and Pharmacology at Vanderbilt University.

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Doxepin

Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used as a pill to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, chronic hives, and for short-term help with trouble remaining asleep after going to bed (a form of insomnia).

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Drosophila circadian rhythm

Drosphila circadian rhythm is a daily 24-hour cycle of rest and activity in the fruit flies of the genus Drosophila.

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Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.

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DSM-IV codes (alphabetical)

No description.

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Dynorphin

Dynorphins (Dyn) are a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin.

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Dyschronometria

Dyschronometria is a condition of cerebellar dysfunction in which an individual cannot accurately estimate the amount of time that has passed (i.e., distorted time perception).

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E-box

An E-box (enhancer box) is a DNA response element found in some eukaryotes that acts as a protein-binding site and has been found to regulate gene expression in neurons, muscles, and other tissues.

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Eastern Standard Tribe

Eastern Standard Tribe is a 2004 novel by Cory Doctorow.

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Ecological light pollution

Ecological light pollution is the effect of artificial light on individual organisms and on the structure of ecosystems as a whole.

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Ecuador maize varieties

The varieties of Ecuadorian maize are the repository of a rich farming and cooking tradition.

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Effect of spaceflight on the human body

Humans venturing into the environment of space can have negative effects on the body.

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Effects of blue light technology

Blue light is a range of the visible light spectrum, defined as having a wavelength between 400−495 nm.

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Effects of fatigue on safety

Fatigue is a major safety concern in many fields, but especially in transportation, because fatigue can result in disastrous accidents.

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Eibon Records

Eibon Records is an independent record label from Milan, Italy, founded in 1996.

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Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy (from ἐγκέφαλος "brain" + πάθος "suffering") means any disorder or disease of the brain, especially chronic degenerative conditions.

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Endocannabinoid system

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids, which are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are expressed throughout the mammalian central nervous system (including the brain) and peripheral nervous system.

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Endogeny (biology)

Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell.

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Endotherm

An endotherm (from Greek ἔνδον endon "within" and θέρμη thermē "heat") is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature, largely by the use of heat set free by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat.

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Entrainment (chronobiology)

Entrainment, within the study of chronobiology, occurs when rhythmic physiological or behavioral events match their period to that of an environmental oscillation.

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Episodic-like memory

Episodic-like memory is the memory system in animals that is comparable to human episodic memory.

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Epithalamus

The epithalamus is a (dorsal) posterior segment of the diencephalon.

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Ernst Pöppel

Ernst Pöppel (born 1940) is a German psychologist and neuroscientist Pöppel was born in Schwessin, Farther Pomerania.

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Erwin Bünning

Erwin Bünning (23 January 1906 – 4 October 1990) was a German biologist.

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European corn borer

The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), also known as the European corn worm or European high-flyer, is a moth of the family Crambidae which includes other grass moths.

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Euthyroid sick syndrome

Euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS), sick euthyroid syndrome (SES), thyroid allostasis in critical illness, tumours, uremia and starvation (TACITUS), non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) or low T3 low T4 syndrome is a state of adaptation or dysregulation of thyrotropic feedback control wherein the levels of T3 and/or T4 are abnormal, but the thyroid gland does not appear to be dysfunctional.

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Evidence-based design

Evidence-based design, or EBD, is defined as the process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes.

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Evolution in Variable Environment

Evolution in Variable Environment (EVE) is a computer program designed to simulate microbial cellular behavior in various environments.

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Evolution of ageing

Enquiry into the evolution of ageing aims to explain why survival, reproductive success, and functioning of almost all living organisms decline at old age.

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Evolution of the eye

The evolution of the eye is attractive to study, because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms.

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Eye

Eyes are organs of the visual system.

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F.lux

f.lux is a cross-platform computer program that adjusts a display's color temperature according to location and time of day so that the eyes could rest.

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Fabiola Leon Velarde

Fabiola Leon-Velarde Servetto (June 18, 1956) is a Peruvian physiologist who has devoted her research to the biology and physiology of high altitude adaptation.

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Fasting in Islam

Fasting in Islam, known as Sawm (صَوْم) or Siyām (صِيَام), the Arabic words for fasting, also commonly known as Rūzeh or Rōzah (روزه) in some Muslim countries, is the practice of abstaining, usually from food and drink.

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Fat-tailed dunnart

The fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) is a species of mouse-like marsupial of the Dasyuridae, the family that includes the little red kaluta, quolls, and the Tasmanian devil.

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Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool

Fatigue is a major human factors issue in aviation safety.

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FBXL3

FBXL3 is a gene in humans and mice that encodes the F-box/LRR-repeat protein 3 (FBXL3).

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Fetal movement

Fetal movement refers to motion of a fetus caused by its own muscle activity.

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Fever of unknown origin

Fever of unknown origin (FUO), pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) or febris e causa ignota (febris E.C.I.) refers to a condition in which the patient has an elevated temperature (fever) but despite investigations by a physician no explanation has been found.

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Firewatch

Firewatch is a first-person mystery adventure game developed by Campo Santo and published by Campo Santo and Panic.

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Fish

Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.

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Fish anatomy

Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fishes.

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Fleroxacin

Fleroxacin is a quinolone antibiotic.

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Floral scent

Floral scent or flower scent is composed of all the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or aroma compounds, emitted by floral tissue (e.g. flower petals).

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Fluorescence

Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.

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Fractal

In mathematics, a fractal is an abstract object used to describe and simulate naturally occurring objects.

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Franz Halberg

Franz Halberg (July 5, 1919 – June 9, 2013) was a scientist and one of the founders of modern chronobiology.

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Frédéric Bremer

Frédéric Bremer (28 June 1892 – 7 April 1982) was a pioneer in the field of neurophysiology, whose work specialized in the neural mechanisms involved in the sleep-wake cycle.

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Fred W. Turek

Fred W. Turek (July 31, 1947 –) is the Director of the Center for Sleep & Circadian Biology and the Charles & Emma Morrison Professor of Biology in the Department of Neurobiology, both at Northwestern University.

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Free-running sleep

Free-running sleep is a sleep pattern that is not adjusted (entrained) to the 24-hour cycle in nature nor to any artificial cycle.

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Frequency (gene)

The frequency (frq) gene encodes the protein frequency (FRQ) that functions in the Neurospora crassa circadian clock.

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Friedrich Stephan

Dr.

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Full-spectrum light

Full-spectrum light is light that covers the electromagnetic spectrum from infrared to near-ultraviolet, or all wavelengths that are useful to plant or animal life; in particular, sunlight is considered full spectrum, even though the solar spectral distribution reaching Earth changes with time of day, latitude, and atmospheric conditions.

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FVB Mice

FVB is an albino, inbred mouse strain that is named after its susceptibility to Friend leukemia virus B.

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GAL4/UAS system

The GAL4-UAS system is a biochemical method used to study gene expression and function in organisms such as the fruit fly.

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Gastrin-releasing peptide

Gastrin-releasing peptide, also known as GRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule that has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes.

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Gene D. Block

Gene D. Block (born August 17, 1948) is an American biologist, academic, inventor, and chancellor of the University of California, Los Angeles.

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General anaesthesia

General anaesthesia or general anesthesia (see spelling differences) is a medically induced coma with loss of protective reflexes, resulting from the administration of one or more general anaesthetic agents.

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Ghost crab

Ghost crabs are semiterrestrial crabs of the subfamily Ocypodinae.

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Giant retinal ganglion cells

Giant retinal ganglion cells are photosensitive ganglion cells with large dendritic trees discovered in the human and macaque retina by Dacey et al.

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Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism

Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism (GRA), also describable as aldosterone synthase hyperactivity, is an autosomal dominant disorder in which the increase in aldosterone secretion produced by ACTH is no longer transient.

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Glucocorticoids in hippocampal development

The hippocampus is an area of the brain integral to learning and memory.

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Golden spiny mouse

The golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus) gets its name from the reddish-orange spiny fur that covers it body from head to tail.

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Goodwin model (biology)

In biology, the Goodwin model describes negative feedback oscillators in cellular systems, for example, circadian rhythms or enzymatic regulation (such as lactose in bacteria).

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GR-196,429

GR-196,429 is a melatonin receptor agonist with some selectivity for the MT1 subtype.

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Guinea pig

The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also known as cavy or domestic cavy, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia.

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H3 receptor antagonist

An H3 receptor antagonist is a classification of drugs used to block the action of histamine at the H3 receptor.

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Hamster wheel

Hamster wheels or running wheel are exercise devices used primarily by hamsters and other rodents, but also by other cursorial animals when given the opportunity.

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Head and neck anatomy

This article describes the anatomy of the head and neck of the human body, including the brain, bones, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands, nose, mouth, teeth, tongue, and throat.

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Health

Health is the ability of a biological system to acquire, convert, allocate, distribute, and utilize energy with maximum efficiency.

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Health effects of sunlight exposure

The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight has both positive and negative health effects, as it is both a principal source of vitamin D3 and a mutagen.

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Health professional

A health professional, health practitioner or healthcare provider (sometimes simply "provider") is an individual who provides preventive, curative, promotional or rehabilitative health care services in a systematic way to people, families or communities.

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Heart rate variability

Heart rate variability (HRV) is the physiological phenomenon of variation in the time interval between heartbeats.

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Heavy water

Heavy water (deuterium oxide) is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (or D, also known as heavy hydrogen), rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (or H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.

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Helianthus annuus

Helianthus annuus, the common sunflower, is a large annual forb of the genus Helianthus grown as a crop for its edible oil and edible fruits.

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Histamine

Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.

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Histamine receptor

The histamine receptors are a class of G protein–coupled receptors which bind histamine as their primary endogenous ligand.

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Histidine decarboxylase

Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine.

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Hitoshi Okamura

Hitoshi Okamura (born December 2, 1952) is a Japanese scientist who specializes in chronobiology.

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Hollows (series)

The Hollows series (also called the Rachel Morgan series) is a series of thirteen mystery novels, eight short stories, two graphic novels, and one compendium resource by Kim Harrison, published by HarperCollins Publishers, in an urban fantasy alternate history universe and set primarily in the city of Cincinnati and its suburbs.

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Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.

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Hours of service

Hours of Service (HOS) regulations are issued by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and govern the working hours of anyone operating a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) in the United States.

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House sparrow

The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world.

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Howard Wilson Emmons

Howard Wilson Emmons (1912–1998) was a professor in the department of Mechanical Engineering at Harvard University.

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Human body temperature

Normal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is the typical temperature range found in humans.

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Human brain

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

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Human eye

The human eye is an organ which reacts to light and pressure.

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Human impact on the environment

Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crises, and ecological collapse.

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Human vestigiality

In the context of human evolution, human vestigiality involves those traits (such as organs or behaviors) occurring in humans that have lost all or most of their original function through evolution.

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Hypopituitarism

Hypopituitarism is the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.

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Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the thalamus), and the adrenal (also called "suprarenal") glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys).

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Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus(from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.

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ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification produced by the World Health Organization.

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ICD-10 Chapter VI: Diseases of the nervous system

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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Index of biology articles

Biology is the study of life and its processes.

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Index of psychology articles

Psychology (from ψυχή psykhē "breath, spirit, soul"; and -λογία, -logia "study of") is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of human mental functions and behavior.

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Indolamines

Indolamines are a family of neurotransmitters that share a common molecular structure (namely, indolamine).

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Infanticide (zoology)

In animals, infanticide involves the killing of young offspring by a mature animal of the same species, and is studied in zoology, specifically in the field of ethology.

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Infradian rhythm

In chronobiology, an infradian rhythm is a rhythm with a period longer than the period of a circadian rhythm, i.e. with a frequency less than one cycle in 28 hours, such as menstruation, breeding, tidal or seasonal rhythms.

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Infusion pump

An infusion pump infuses fluids, medication or nutrients into a patient's circulatory system.

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Ingeborg Beling

Ingeborg Beling was a German ethologist from the early 20th century who worked in the field of chronobiology.

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Insomnia

Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.

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Intermittent explosive disorder

Intermittent explosive disorder (sometimes abbreviated as IED) is a behavioral disorder characterized by explosive outbursts of anger and violence, often to the point of rage, that are disproportionate to the situation at hand (e.g., impulsive screaming triggered by relatively inconsequential events).

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Intermittent fasting

Intermittent fasting (IF) is an umbrella term for various diets that cycle between a period of fasting and non-fasting during a defined period.

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International Dark-Sky Association

The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) is a United States-based non-profit organization incorporated in 1988 by founders David Crawford, a professional astronomer, and Tim Hunter, a physician/amateur astronomer.

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International Space Station program

The International Space Station program is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilization, and responsibilities for crew rotation and station resupply.

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Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) or simply social rhythm therapy is a type of behavioral therapy used to treat the disruption in circadian rhythms that is related to bipolar disorder.

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Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), also called photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGC), or melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), are a type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye.

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Ioliomics

Ioliomics is a research discipline dealing with the studies of ions in liquids (or liquid phases) and stipulated with fundamental differences of ionic interactions.

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IOS 9

iOS 9 is the ninth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 8.

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Irregular sleep–wake rhythm

Irregular sleep–wake rhythm is a rare form of circadian rhythm sleep disorder.

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Irving M. Binik

Yitzchak M. "Irv" Binik (born February 6, 1949) is an American-Canadian psychologist whose main research interest is human sexuality, specifically sexual pain (vaginismus and dyspareunia).

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JacSue Kehoe

JacSue Kehoe (born October 23, 1935) is an American neuroscientist and neuroscience researcher.

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Jane Stewart (scientist)

Jane Stewart, OC is a Canadian neuroscientist who has been active in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, and psychopharmacology.

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Jürgen Aschoff

Jürgen Walther Ludwig Aschoff (January 25, 1913 – October 12, 1998) was a German physician, biologist and behavioral physiologist.

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Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan

Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan (26 November 1678 – 20 February 1771) was a French geophysicist, astronomer and most notably, chronobiologist, was born in the town of Béziers on 26 November 1678.

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Jeffrey C. Hall

Jeffrey Connor Hall (born May 3, 1945) is an American geneticist and chronobiologist.

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Jeffrey L. Price

Jeffrey L. Price (born 1958) is an American researcher and author in the fields of circadian rhythms and molecular biology.

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Jet lag

Jet lag is a physiological condition which results from alterations to the body's circadian rhythms caused by rapid long-distance trans-meridian (east–west or west–east) travel.

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Joanna Jean Putterill

Joanna Jean Putterill is a New Zealand molecular botanist.

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John B. Hogenesch

John B. Hogenesch (born May 29, 1967) is an American chronobiologist and Professor of Pediatrics at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.

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John Glenn

Colonel John Herschel Glenn Jr. (July 18, 1921 – December 8, 2016) was a United States Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, and United States Senator from Ohio.

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John S. O'Neill

John Stuart O’Neill (born 2 June 1979) is a British molecular and circadian biologist.

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John Welsh (biologist)

John Henry Welsh (August 25, 1901 - November 26, 2002) was an American physiologist who pioneered early work on serotonin as a neurotransmitter in invertebrates.

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John Woodland Hastings

John Woodland "Woody" Hastings, (March 24, 1927 – August 6, 2014) was a leader in the field of photobiology, especially bioluminescence, and was one of the founders of the field of circadian biology (the study of circadian rhythms, or the sleep-wake cycle).

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Journal of Biological Rhythms

Journal of Biological Rhythms is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers focused on chronobiology, or any aspect of biological rhythms with a special emphasis on seasonal and circadian rhythms.

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Journal of Circadian Rhythms

The Journal of Circadian Rhythms is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering circadian and nycthemeral (daily) rhythms in living organisms, including processes associated with photoperiodism and daily torpor.

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Julius Axelrod

Julius Axelrod (May 30, 1912 – December 29, 2004) was an American biochemist.

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KaiA

kaiA is a gene in the "kaiABC" gene cluster that plays a crucial role in the regulation of bacterial circadian rhythms, such as in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus.

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KaiB

KaiB is a gene located in the highly-conserved kaiABC gene cluster of various cyanobacterial species.

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KaiC

KaiC is a gene belonging to the KaiABC gene cluster (with KaiB, and KaiC) that, together, regulate bacterial circadian rhythms, specifically in cyanobacteria.

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King-Wai Yau

King-Wai Yau (Chinese: 游景威; Pinyin: You Jing-Wei; born October 27, 1948) is a Chinese-born American neuroscientist and Professor of Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Kosmos 1514

Bion 6 or Kosmos 1514 (in Russian: Бион 6, Космос 1514) was a biomedical spaceflight research mission that was launched on December 12, 1983.

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Laboratory Syrian hamster

Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are one of several rodents used in animal testing.

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Lake chub

The lake chub (Couesius plumbeus) is a freshwater cyprinid fish found in Canada and in parts of the United States.

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Large milkweed bug

Oncopeltus fasciatus, known as the large milkweed bug, is a medium-sized hemipteran (true bug) of the family Lygaeidae.

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Lark (person)

A lark, early bird, morning person or, in Scandinavian countries, an A-person, is a person who usually gets up early in the morning and goes to bed early in the evening.

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LED lamp

A LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for use in light fixtures that produces light using light-emitting diode (LED).

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Leptodirus hochenwartii

Leptodirus hochenwartii is a cave beetle in the family Leiodidae and the only species in the genus Leptodirus.

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Light effects on circadian rhythm

Most animals and other organisms have "built in clocks" in their brains that regulate the timing of biological processes and daily behavior.

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Light in school buildings

Light in school buildings traditionally is from a combination of daylight and electric light to illuminate learning spaces (e.g. classrooms, labs, studios, etc.), hallways, cafeterias, offices and other interior areas.

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Light therapy

Light therapy—or phototherapy, classically referred to as heliotherapy—consists of exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using polychromatic polarised light, lasers, light-emitting diodes, fluorescent lamps, dichroic lamps or very bright, full-spectrum light.

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Light-emitting diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.

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Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain

A Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain (LOV domain) is a protein sensor used by a large variety of higher plants, microalgae, fungi and bacteria to sense environmental conditions.

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Lighting for the elderly

Designing lighting for the elderly requires special consideration and care from architects and lighting designers.

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Linnaeus' flower clock

Linnaeus' flower clock was a garden plan hypothesized by Carl Linnaeus that would take advantage of several plants that open or close their flowers at particular times of the day to accurately indicate the time.

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List of -ectomies

The surgical terminology suffix "-ectomy" was taken from Greek εκ-τομια.

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List of Chinese discoveries

Aside from many original inventions, the Chinese were also early original pioneers in the discovery of natural phenomena which can be found in the human body, the environment of the world, and the immediate solar system.

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List of cycles

This is a list of recurring cycles.

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List of Horizon episodes

Horizon is a current and long-running BBC popular science and philosophy documentary programme.

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List of human endocrine organs and actions

The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.

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List of human hormones

The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens.

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List of In Our Time programmes

In Our Time is a discussion programme on the history of ideas; it has been hosted since 1998 by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom.

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List of Latin words with English derivatives

This is a list of Latin words with derivatives in English (and other modern languages).

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List of MeSH codes (G07)

The following is a list of the "G" codes for MeSH.

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List of model organisms

This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research.

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List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists and doctors in the various fields of physiology or medicine.

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List of nocturnal animals

This is a list of nocturnal alligator and groups of animals.

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List of nocturnal birds

There are many birds that are active nocturnally.

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List of Northern Exposure episodes

A list of episodes for the television series Northern Exposure.

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List of paradoxes

This is a list of paradoxes, grouped thematically.

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List of Swarthmore College people

The following is a list of notable people associated with Swarthmore College, a private, independent, liberal arts college located in the borough of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.

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List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

This is a list of topics that have, at one point or another in their history, been characterized as pseudoscience by academics or researchers.

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Locus coeruleus

The locus coeruleus (\-si-ˈrü-lē-əs\, also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus) is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic.

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Louis Ptáček

Louis Ptáček is an American neurologist and professor who contributed greatly to the field of genetics and neuroscience.

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Luminescent bacteria

Luminescent bacteria emit light as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy.

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LUX

LUX or Phytoclock1 (PCL1) is a gene that codes for LUX ARRHYTHMO, a protein necessary for circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Luzindole

Luzindole (N-0774), (N-acetyl-2-benzyltryptamine), is a drug used in scientific research to study the role of melatonin in the body.

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Maize

Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.

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Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations.

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Malcolm von Schantz

Malcolm von Schantz FLS (born May 1966) is a professor of chronobiology at the University of Surrey.

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Mammalian eye

Mammals normally have a pair of eyes.

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Maranta leuconeura

Maranta leuconeura (prayer plant) is a species of flowering plant in the family Marantaceae, native to the Brazilian tropical forests.

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Marasmius rotula

Marasmius rotula is a common species of agaric fungus in the family Marasmiaceae.

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Mary C. Lobban

Mary Constance Cecile Lobban (1922–1982) was a British physiologist who studied circadian rhythms.

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Mary Carskadon

Mary A. Carskadon is one of the most prominent American researchers in sleep.

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Massry Prize

The Massry Prize was established in 1996, and until 2009 was administered by the Meira and Shaul G. Massry Foundation.

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Maurizio Montalbini

Maurizio Montalbini (Senigallia 4 September 1953–Pieve Torina 19 September 2009) was an Italian sociologist and caver who had lived in complete isolation in an underground chamber multiple times since 1986.

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Maxi (singer)

Maxi (born 23 February 1950) is an Irish radio disc-jockey and producer; actress, journalist and singer.

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Maximilian Renner

Maximilian Renner (4 November 1919 - 20 March 1990) was a German zoologist and chronobiologist.

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Melanopsin

Melanopsin is a type of photopigment belonging to a larger family of light-sensitive retinal proteins called opsins and encoded by the gene Opn4.

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Melatonin

Melatonin, also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine, is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in animals and regulates sleep and wakefulness.

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Melatonin receptor 1A

Melatonin receptor type 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTNR1A gene.

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Melatonin treatments for major depressive disorder

Melatonin is a hormone typically associated with the regulation of circadian rhythms, blood pressure, seasonal reproduction and ovarian and retinal physiologies.

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Metaplasticity

Metaplasticity is a term originally coined by W.C. Abraham and M.F. Bear to refer to the plasticity of synaptic plasticity.

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Michael Menaker

Michael Menaker (born May 19, 1934),Refinetti, Roberto.

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Michael Rosbash

Michael Morris Rosbash (born March 7, 1944) is an American geneticist and chronobiologist.

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Michael Terman

Michael Terman, PhD, is an American psychologist best known for his work in applying the biological principles of the circadian timing system to psychiatric treatments for depression and sleep disorders.

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Michael W. Young

Michael Warren Young (born March 28, 1949) is an American biologist and geneticist.

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Michel Siffre

Michel Siffre (born 3 January 1939) is a French underground explorer, adventurer and scientist.

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Mind

The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory.

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Mind–body problem

The mind–body problem is a philosophical problem concerning the relationship between the human mind and body, although it can also concern animal minds, if any, and animal bodies.

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Miosis

Miosis is excessive constriction of the pupil.

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MiR-122

miR-122 is a miRNA that is conserved among vertebrate species.

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Modafinil

Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In OSA continuous positive airway pressure is the preferred treatment. While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer, evidence for any benefit is lacking. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include headache, anxiety, trouble sleeping, and nausea. Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, abuse, or hallucinations. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe. The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems. It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia, significant hypertension, or left ventricular hypertrophy. How it works is not entirely clear. One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle. Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998. In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance due to concerns about addiction. In the United Kingdom it is a prescription only medication. It is avaliable as a generic medication. In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about £105.21 a month as of 2018. In the United States the wholesale cost per month is about 34.20 USD as of 2018.

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Modern Mars habitability

One of the central questions of modern Astrobiology is whether there is, or ever has been life on Mars.

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Morningness–eveningness questionnaire

The morningness–eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) is a self-assessment questionnaire developed by researchers James A. Horne and Olov Östberg in 1976.

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Multimodal distribution

In statistics, a bimodal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with two different modes.

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Mummichog

The mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) is a small killifish found along the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada.

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Mycena polygramma

Mycena polygramma, commonly known as the grooved bonnet, is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family.

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Nannochloropsis

Nannochloropsis is a genus of algae comprising 6 known species.

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Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

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Nathaniel Kleitman

Nathaniel Kleitman (April 26, 1895 Kishinev – August 13, 1999 Los Angeles) was a physiologist and sleep researcher who served as Professor Emeritus in Physiology at the University of Chicago.

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National Dark-Sky Week

National Dark-Sky Week (NDSW), held during the week of the new moon in April, is a week during which people worldwide turn out their lights in order to observe the beauty of the night sky without light pollution.

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Nervous system

The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.

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Neural correlates of consciousness

The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept.

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Neural pathway

A neural pathway is the connection formed by axons that project from neurons to make synapses onto neurons in another location, to enable a signal to be sent from one region of the nervous system to another.

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Neuroethology

Neuroethology is the evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system.

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Neurogenetics

Neurogenetics studies the role of genetics in the development and function of the nervous system.

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Neuromedin S

Neuromedin S is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide found in the brain of humans and other mammals.

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Neuronal noise

Neuronal noise or neural noise refers to the random intrinsic electrical fluctuations within neuronal networks.

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Neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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Neuropeptide Y receptor

Neuropeptide Y receptors are a family of receptors belonging to class A G-protein coupled receptors and they are activated by the closely related peptide hormones neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide.

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Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (how drugs affect the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior.

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Neuroscience

Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system.

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Neuroscience in space

Space neuroscience is the scientific study of the central nervous system (CNS) functions during spaceflight.

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Neuroscience of sleep

The neuroscience of sleep is the study of the neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions.

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Neurospora crassa

Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota.

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Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.

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Night combat

Night combat is combat that occurs during the hours of darkness.

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Night eating syndrome

Night eating syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder, characterized by a delayed circadian pattern of food intake.

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Night owl (person)

A night owl, evening person or simply owl, is a person who tends to stay up until late at night.

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Night Safari, Singapore

The Night Safari is the world's first nocturnal zoo and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Singapore.

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Nocturnal bottleneck

The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain several mammal traits.

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Nocturnality

Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day.

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Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder

Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder (non-24), is one of several chronic circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs).

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Norman E. Rosenthal

Norman E. Rosenthal (born 1950) is a South African author, psychiatrist and scientist who in the 1980s first described winter depression or seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and pioneered the use of light therapy for its treatment.

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Northern treeshrew

The northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a treeshrew species native to Southeast Asia.

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NPAS2

Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) also known as member of PAS protein 4 (MOP4) is a transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS2 gene.

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NPAS3

NPAS3 or Neuronal PAS domain protein 3 is a brain-enriched transcription factor belonging to the bHLH-PAS superfamily of transcription factors, the members of which carry out diverse functions, including circadian oscillations, neurogenesis, toxin metabolism, hypoxia, and tracheal development.

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Nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis

The nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis, more commonly referred to as simply the VPLo, is a region of the thalamus that takes part in motor function.

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Occidental Mindoro

Occidental Mindoro (Kanlurang Mindoro, Mindoro Occidental) is a province in the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region.

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Occupational cancer

Occupational cancer is cancer caused by occupational hazards.

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Operating temperature

An operating temperature is the temperature at which an electrical or mechanical device operates.

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Opsin

Opsins are a group of proteins, made light-sensitive, via the chromophore retinal found in photoreceptor cells of the retina.

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Optic nerve hypoplasia

Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a medical condition arising from the underdevelopment of the optic nerve(s).

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Optics and vision

Visual perception is the ability to interpret information and surroundings from visible light reaching the eye.

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Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences

Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences is a research institute based at Oregon Health & Science University, in Portland.

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Oscillating gene

In molecular biology, an oscillating gene is a gene that is expressed in a rhythmic pattern or in periodic cycles.

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Oscillation

Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states.

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Oswald Labs

Oswald Labs (formerly Oswald Foundation) is an India and Netherlands-based accessibility technology company that builds products for individuals with disabilities.

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Outline of biology

Biology – The natural science that involves the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

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Over illumination

Over illumination is the presence of lighting intensity higher than that which is appropriate for a specific activity.

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Oxalis tuberosa

Oxalis tuberosa is a perennial herbaceous plant that overwinters as underground stem tubers.

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Oxygen toxicity

Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen at increased partial pressures.

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Oyster

Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats.

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P3a

The P3a, or novelty P3, is a component of time-locked (EEG) signals known as event-related potentials (ERP).

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Pacemaker action potential

A pacemaker action potential is the kind of action potential that provides a reference rhythm for the network.

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Paraspeckle

In cell biology, a paraspeckle is an irregularly shaped compartment of the cell, approximately 0.2-1 μm in size, found in the nucleus' interchromatin space.

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Parietal eye

A parietal eye, also known as a third eye or pineal eye, is a part of the epithalamus present in some animal species.

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Patricia DeCoursey

Patricia (Jackson) DeCoursey is a leading researcher in the field of chronobiology.

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Paul Hardin (chronobiologist)

Paul Hardin (born September 14, 1960) is a prominent scientist in the field of chronobiology and a pioneering researcher in the understanding of circadian clocks in flies and mammals.

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PCSK9

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an enzyme encoded by the PCSK9 gene in humans on chromosome 1.

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Pentylenetetrazol

Pentylenetetrazol, also known as pentylenetetrazole, metrazol, pentetrazol (INN), pentamethylenetetrazol, Corazol, Cardiazol, deumacard or PTZ, is a drug formerly used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant.

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PER1

The PER1 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 1 protein in humans.

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PER2

PER2 is a protein in mammals encoded by the PER2 gene.

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PER3

The PER3 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 3 protein in humans.

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PF-4800567

PF-4800567 is a drug developed by Pfizer which acts as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1-ε), and has mainly been used in the study of the casein kinase 1 enzymes in the regulation of circadian rhythm, as well as showing potential neuroprotective effects.

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Pharmacology of antidepressants

The pharmacology of antidepressants is not entirely clear.

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Phase resetting in neurons

Phase resetting in neurons is a behavior observed in different biological oscillators and plays a role in creating neural synchronization as well as different processes within the body.

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Phase response curve

A phase response curve (PRC) illustrates the transient change in the cycle period of an oscillation induced by a perturbation as a function of the phase at which it is received.

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Philip Cole

Philip Cole is a professor and the director of the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences at Johns Hopkins University Medical School.

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Philip David Zelazo

Philip David Zelazo (born 1966) is a developmental psychologist and neuroscientist.

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Photobiology

Photobiology is the scientific study of the interactions of light (technically, non-ionizing radiation) and living organisms.

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Photolyase

Photolyases (EC 4.1.99.3) are DNA repair enzymes that repair damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light.

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Photomedicine

Photomedicine is an interdisciplinary branch of medicine that involves the study and application of light with respect to health and disease.

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Photoreceptor cell

A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction.

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Photoreceptor protein

Photoreceptor proteins are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms.

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Photosensitivity in humans

Light sensitivity or photosensitivity refers to a notable or increased reactivity to light.

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Photosynthetic picoplankton

Photosynthetic picoplankton is the fraction of the phytoplankton performing photosynthesis composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 µm (picoplankton).

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Phreatichthys andruzzii

Phreatichthys andruzzii is a species of cyprinid fish.

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Phyllis Zee

Phyllis C. Zee, MD, PhD is the Benjamin and Virginia T. Boshes Professor in Neurology, the Director of the Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine (CCSM) and the Chief of the Division of Sleep Medicine (neurology) at the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago.

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Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.

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Pigment dispersing factor

Pigment dispersing factor (pdf) is a gene that encodes the protein PDF, which is part of a large family of neuropeptides.

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Pineal gland

The pineal gland, also known as the conarium, kônarion or epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain.

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Pineal gland cyst

A pineal gland cyst is a usually benign (non-malignant) cyst in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.

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Pinealocyte

Pinealocytes are the main cells contained in the pineal gland, located behind the third ventricle and between the two hemispheres of the brain.

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Pinealoma

A pinealoma is a tumor of the pineal gland, a part of the brain that produces melatonin.

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Planets of the Hainish Cycle

Ursula K. Le Guin's Hainish Cycle takes place in a science fiction universe that contains a number of planets, some of which have been explored and made part of an interplanetary group called the League of All Worlds and its successor, the Ekumen; others are explored and re-explored by the League and the Ekumen over a time frame spanning centuries.

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Plant physiology

Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.

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Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans.

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Potassium

Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.

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Pretectal area

The pretectal area, or pretectum, is a midbrain structure composed of seven nuclei and comprises part of the subcortical visual system.

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PRNP

PRNP (PRioN Protein) is the human gene encoding for the major prion protein PrP (for prion protein), also known as CD230 (cluster of differentiation 230).

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Procrastination

Procrastination (from Latin's "procrastinare", that translates in to: the prefix pro-, 'forward', and the suffix -crastinus, 'till next day' from cras, 'tomorrow') is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished.

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Prokineticin

Prokineticin is a secreted protein that potently contracts gastrointestinal smooth muscle.

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Psi (letter)

Psi (uppercase Ψ, lowercase ψ; psi) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 700.

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Psychopharmacology

Psychopharmacology (from Greek label; label; and label) is the scientific study of the effects drugs have on mood, sensation, thinking, and behavior.

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Pyrocystis fusiformis

Pyrocystis fusiformis is a non-motile, tropical, epipelagic, marine dinoflagellate (flagellate microorganisms), reaching lengths of up to 1 mm.

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Rapid eye movement sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep, REMS) is a unique phase of sleep in mammals and birds, distinguishable by random/rapid movement of the eyes, accompanied with low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly.

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RAR-related orphan receptor

The RAR-related orphan receptors (RORs) are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.

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RAR-related orphan receptor alpha

RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα), also known as NR1F1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group F, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RORA gene.

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RAR-related orphan receptor gamma

RAR-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RORC (RAR-related orphan receptor C) gene.

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Rütger Wever

Rütger Wever was a German scientist, known for his significant contributions to the field of Chronobiology, including some of the first experiments on humans in time isolated environments.

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Rebecca Loyche

Rebecca Loyche (born 1979) is an American artist and curator.

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Reindeer

The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia and North America.

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Reticular formation

The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem.

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Retinal ganglion cell

A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is a type of neuron located near the inner surface (the ganglion cell layer) of the retina of the eye.

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Retinohypothalamic tract

The retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) is a photic neural input pathway involved in the circadian rhythms of mammals.

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Rev-ErbA alpha

Rev-ErbA alpha also known as NR1D1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1D1 gene.

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Rev-ErbA beta

Rev-ErbA beta (Rev-erbβ) also known as NR1D2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1D2 gene.

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Revolution Bioengineering

Revolution Bioengineering is a biotech company in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States that is working to create a plant that changes color throughout the day on its own using synthetic biology techniques to harness genes involved in the color and internal clock systems in petunias.

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Rhinorrhea

Rhinorrhea or rhinorrhoea is a condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucus fluid.

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Rhythm (respell)

The word "rhythm" is sometimes misspelled, including the forms: rhythem, rhythim, rhythym, rhytm, rythem, rythim, rythm, rythym or rythmn.

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Richard Ernest Kronauer

Richard Ernest Kronauer is the Gordon McKay Professor of Mechanical Engineering, emeritus, at Harvard University.

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Ridgway's rail

Ridgway's rail (Rallus obsoletus) is a near-threatened species of bird.

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Robert C. Stebbins

Robert Cyril Stebbins (March 31, 1915 – September 23, 2013) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians.

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Robert L. Sack

Robert L. Sack is an American physician and researcher specializing in sleep medicine.

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Roberto Refinetti

Roberto Refinetti (born November 19, 1957) is a behavioral physiologist and higher-education administrator.

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Ronald J. Konopka

Ronald J. Konopka (1947-2015) was an American geneticist who studied chronobiology.

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Rubidium chloride

Rubidium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RbCl.

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Russell Foster

Russell Grant Foster, CBE, FRS FMedSci (born 1959) is a British professor of circadian neuroscience, the Director of the Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology and the Head of the Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi).

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Ruth Lyttle Satter

Ruth Lyttle Satter (March 8, 1923 – August 3, 1989) was an American botanist best known for her work on circadian leaf movement.

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Saliva testing

Saliva testing is a diagnostic technique that involves laboratory analysis of saliva to identify markers of endocrine, immunologic, inflammatory, infectious, and other types of conditions.

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Salvia hispanica

Salvia hispanica, commonly known as chia, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala.

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Samer Hattar

Samer Hattar (Arabic سامر حتر) is a chronobiologist and a leader in the field of non-image forming photoreception.

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Saniwa

Saniwa is an extinct genus of varanid lizard that lived about 48 million years ago during the Eocene epoch.

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Santorio Santorio

Santorio Santorio (29 March 1561 – 22 February 1636), also called Sanctorio Sanctorio, Santorio Santorii, Sanctorius of Padua, Sanctorio Sanctorius and various combinations of these names, was a Venetian physiologist, physician, and professor, who introduced the quantitative approach into medicine.

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Science and technology of the Han dynasty

The Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) of ancient China, divided between the eras of Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE, when the capital was at Chang'an), Xin dynasty of Wang Mang (r. AD 9–23), and Eastern Han (25–220 CE, when the capital was at Luoyang, and after 196 CE at Xuchang), witnessed some of the most significant advancements in premodern Chinese science and technology.

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Sclerochronology

Sclerochronology is the study of physical and chemical variations in the accretionary hard tissues of invertebrates and coralline red algae, and the temporal context in which they formed.

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Seasonal affective disorder

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder subset in which people who have normal mental health throughout most of the year exhibit depressive symptoms at the same time each year, most commonly in the winter.

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Seasonal effects on suicide rates

Research on seasonal effects on suicide rates suggests that the prevalence of suicide is greatest during the late spring and early summer months, despite the common belief that suicide rates peak during the cold and dark months of the winter season.

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Second wind (sleep)

Second wind (or third wind, fourth wind, etc.), also occasionally referred to as the wake maintenance zone, is a sleep phenomenon in which a person, after a prolonged period of staying awake, temporarily ceases to feel drowsy, often making it difficult to fall asleep once it happens.

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Sense

A sense is a physiological capacity of organisms that provides data for perception.

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Serge Daan

Serge Daan (11 June 1940 – 9 February 2018) was a Dutch scientist, known for his significant contributions to the field of Chronobiology.

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Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.

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Serotonin pathway

Serotonin pathways are the projections from neurons that synthesize and communicate with the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin The study of these systems are relevant in many psychiatric and neurological disorders, as serotonergic pathways innervate many areas of the brain involved in regulating the circadian rhythm, pain, arousal, eating, the endocrine system, cognition, emotional processing, sickness behavior, mood and regulating other neurotransmitter systems among the many things.

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Seymour Benzer

Seymour Benzer (October 15, 1921 – November 30, 2007) was an American physicist, molecular biologist and behavioral geneticist.

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Shift work

Shift work is an employment practice designed to make use of, or provide service across, all 24 hours of the clock each day of the week (often abbreviated as 24/7).

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Shift work sleep disorder

Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by insomnia and excessive sleepiness affecting people whose work hours overlap with the typical sleep period.

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Short-term effects of alcohol consumption

The short-term effects of alcohol (also known formally as ethanol) consumption – due to drinking beer, wine, distilled spirits or other alcoholic beverages – range from a decrease in anxiety and motor skills and euphoria at lower doses to intoxication (drunkenness), stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia (memory "blackouts"), and central nervous system depression at higher doses.

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Siesta

A siesta (Spanish, meaning "nap") is a short nap taken in the early afternoon, often after the midday meal.

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Silviculture

Silviculture is the practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values.

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Simple eye in invertebrates

A simple eye (sometimes called a pigment pit) refers to a type of eye form or optical arrangement that contains a single lens.

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Sleep cycle

The sleep cycle is an oscillation between the slow-wave and REM (paradoxical) phases of sleep, sometimes called the ultradian sleep cycle, sleep–dream cycle, or REM-NREM cycle, to distinguish it from the circadian alternation between sleep and wakefulness.

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Sleep deprivation

Sleep deprivation is the condition of not having enough sleep; it can be either chronic or acute.

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Sleep disorder

A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal.

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Sleep hygiene

Sleep hygiene is the recommended behavioral and environmental practice that is intended to promote better quality sleep.

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Sleep in fish

Whether fish sleep is an intriguing question, to the point of having inspired the title of several popular science books.

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Sleep induction

Sleep induction is the deliberate effort to bring on sleep by various techniques or medicinal means, is practiced to lengthen periods of sleep, increase the effectiveness of sleep, and to reduce or prevent insomnia.

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Sleep inversion

Sleep inversion or sleep-wake inversion is a reversal of sleeping tendencies.

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Sleep onset

Sleep onset is the transition from wakefulness into sleep.

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Sleep state misperception

Sleep state misperception (SSM) is a term in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) most commonly used for people who mistakenly perceive their sleep as wakefulness,Minecan, Daniela, and Antonio Culebras.

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Sleep-deprived driving

Sleep-deprived driving (commonly known as tired driving, drowsy driving, or fatigued driving) is the operation of a motor vehicle while being cognitively impaired by a lack of sleep.

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Sleeping disorders following traumatic brain injury

Sleep disorder is a common repercussion of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

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Smith–Magenis syndrome

Smith–Magenis Syndrome (SMS) has features including intellectual disability, facial abnormalities, difficulty sleeping, and numerous behavioral problems such as self-harm.

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Somnolence

Somnolence (alternatively "sleepiness" or "drowsiness") is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia).

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Sopite syndrome

The sopite syndrome (Latin: sopire, "to lay to rest, to put to sleep") is a neurological disorder that relates symptoms of fatigue, drowsiness, and mood changes to prolonged periods of motion.

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Space medicine

Space medicine is the practice of medicine on astronauts in outer space whereas astronautical hygiene is the application of science and technology to the prevention or control of exposure to the hazards that may cause astronaut ill health.

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Spodoptera littoralis

Spodoptera littoralis, also referred to as the African cotton leafworm or Egyptian cotton leafworm or Mediterranean Brocade, is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae.

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Start School Later movement

The movement to start school later consists of efforts by health care professionals, sleep scientists, educators, economists, legislators, parents, students, and other concerned citizens to restore a later start to the school day.

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Stefania Follini

Stefania Follini (born 16 August 1961) is an Italian interior designer.

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Steve A. Kay

Steve A. Kay is a British-born chronobiologist who mainly works in the United States.

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Steven M. Reppert

Steven M. Reppert (born September 4, 1946) is an American neuroscientist known for his contributions to the fields of chronobiology and neuroethology.

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Stress (biology)

Physiological or biological stress is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition.

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Subcommissural organ

The subcommissural organ (SCO) is one of the circumventricular organs.

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Sun compass in animals

Many animals are able to navigate using the Sun as a compass.

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SUNCT syndrome

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT syndrome), is a rare headache disorder that belongs to the group of headaches called trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TACs).

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Sundowning

Sundowning, or sundown syndrome, is a neurological phenomenon associated with increased confusion and restlessness in patients with delirium or some form of dementia.

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Sunglasses

Sunglasses or sun glasses (informally called shades) are a form of protective eyewear designed primarily to prevent bright sunlight and high-energy visible light from damaging or discomforting the eyes.

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Sunlight

Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.

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Superior cervical ganglion

The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the body.

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Suprachiasmatic nucleus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei (SCN) is a tiny region of the brain in the hypothalamus, situated directly above the optic chiasm.

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Susan Golden

Susan Golden (née Stephens) was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas in 1957.

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Syrian hamster behavior

Syrian hamster behavior refers to the ethology of the Syrian hamster.

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Takao Kondo

is a Japanese biologist and professor of biological science at Nagoya University in Nagoya, Japan.

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Temporal feedback

Temporal feedback, also referred to as interlinked or interlocked feedback, is a biological regulatory motif in which fast and slow positive feedback loops are interlinked to create "all or none" switches.

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The Equation

"The Equation" is the eighth episode of the first season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe.

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The Life Scientific

The Life Scientific is a BBC Radio 4 science programme, presented by Professor Jim Al-Khalili, in which each episode is dedicated to the biography and work of one living scientist.

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The Word for World Is Forest

The Word for World Is Forest is a science fiction novella by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, first published in the United States in 1972 as a part of the anthology Again, Dangerous Visions, and published as a separate book in 1976 by Berkley Books.

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Therapeutic garden

A therapeutic garden is an outdoor garden space that has been specifically designed to meet the physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of the people using the garden as well as their caregivers, family members and friends.

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Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.

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Third eye

The third eye (also called the mind's eye, or inner eye) is a mystical and esoteric concept of a speculative invisible eye which provides perception beyond ordinary sight.

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Thomas Wehr

Thomas Alvin Wehr scientist emeritus at the National Institute of Mental Health is a psychiatrist, research scientist, author, and former chief of the Clinical Psychobiology branch at NIMH.

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Thurisaz (band)

Thurisaz is a Belgian metal band from Wervik.

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Thymulin

Thymulin (also known as Thymic Factor, as Thymalin or under its old name Facteur Thymique Serique) is a nonapeptide produced by two distinct epithelial populations in the thymus first described by Bach in 1977.

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Thyroid function tests

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) is a collective term for blood tests used to check the function of the thyroid.

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Till Roenneberg

Till Roenneberg (born May 4, 1953) is a professor of chronobiology at the Institute of Medical Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU) in Munich, Germany.

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Time

Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.

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Time perception

Time perception is a field of study within psychology, cognitive linguistics and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience, or sense, of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and unfolding of events.

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Time-Place learning

Time-place learning (TPL) is the process by which animals link events (e.g. finding food, encountering a predator) with both the location and time of occurrence.

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Timeless (gene)

Timeless (tim) is a gene in multiple species but is most notable for its role in Drosophila for encoding TIM, an essential protein that regulates circadian rhythm.

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TOC1 (gene)

Timing of CAB expression 1 is a protein that in Arabidopsis thaliana is encoded by the TOC1 gene.

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Today is Tonight

Today is Tonight is a novel written by Hollywood actress Jean Harlow in the mid-1930s but not published until 1965.

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Trachurus lathami

Trachurus lathami is a species of fish in the family Carangidae and the genus Trachurus, the jack mackerels.

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Trucking industry in the United States

The trucking industry serves the American economy by transporting large quantities of raw materials, works in process, and finished goods over land—typically from manufacturing plants to retail distribution centers.

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Tuatara

Tuatara are reptiles endemic to New Zealand.

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Ueli Schibler

Ueli Schibler (born June 16, 1947) is a Swiss biologist, chronobiologist and a professor at the University of Geneva.

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Ultradian rhythm

In chronobiology, an ultradian rhythm is a recurrent period or cycle repeated throughout a 24-hour day.

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Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.

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Underwater habitat

Underwater habitats are underwater structures in which people can live for extended periods and carry out most of the basic human functions of a 24-hour day, such as working, resting, eating, attending to personal hygiene, and sleeping.

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Valerenic acid

Valerenic acid is a sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant.

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Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide, also known as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP, is a peptide hormone that is vasoactive in the intestine.

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Vasopressin

Vasopressin, also named antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP.

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Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), also known as the intermediate nucleus of the preoptic area (IPA), is a small cluster of neurons situated in the anterior hypothalamus, sitting just above and to the side of the optic chiasm in the brain of humans and other animals.

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Very Short Introductions

Very Short Introductions (VSI) are a book series published by the Oxford University Press (OUP).

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Viking lander biological experiments

The two Viking landers each carried four types of biological experiments to the surface of Mars in 1976.

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Visual impairment

Visual impairment, also known as vision impairment or vision loss, is a decreased ability to see to a degree that causes problems not fixable by usual means, such as glasses.

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Visual system

The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which gives organisms the ability to process visual detail, as well as enabling the formation of several non-image photo response functions.

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Vitamin C

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

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Western honey bee

The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bee worldwide.

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White Collar-1

White Collar-1 (wc-1) is a gene in Neurospora crassa encoding the protein WC-1 (127 kDa).

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White Collar-2

The white collar--2 (wc-2) gene in Neurospora crassa encodes the protein White Collar-2 (WC-2).

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William J. Schwartz

William Joseph Schwartz (born March 28, 1950) is an American neurologist and scientist who serves as Professor and Associate Chair for Research and Education in the neurology department at the University of Texas Dell Medical School.

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Zebrafish

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes.

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Zeitgeber

A zeitgeber is any external or environmental cue that entrains or synchronizes an organism's biological rhythms to the Earth's 24-hour light/dark cycle and 12-month cycle.

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ZT

ZT may refer to: Arts and entertainment.

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2013 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2013, including the discovery of numerous Earthlike exoplanets, the development of viable lab-grown ears, teeth, livers and blood vessels, and the atmospheric entry of the most destructive meteor since 1908.

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2017 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2017.

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5-HT7 receptor

The 5-HT7 receptor is a member of the GPCR superfamily of cell surface receptors and is activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) The 5-HT7 receptor is coupled to Gs (stimulates the production of the intracellular signaling molecule cAMP) and is expressed in a variety of human tissues, particularly in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract, and in various blood vessels.

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28 hour day, 28-hour day, Biological Clocks, Body clock, Circadian, Circadian Rhythm, Circadian Rhythm Stress, Circadian Rhythms, Circadian Ryhthms, Circadian cycle, Circadian cycles, Circadian oscillations, Circadian pattern, Circadian physiology, Circadian rhythms, Circadian rythm, Circadian rythms, Circadian sleep–wake cycle, Circadien rhythm, Daily rhythm, Day length dependent, Day-night cycle, Diurnal rhythm, Human clock, Internal Body Clock, MESOR, Mesor, Midline Estimating Statistic Of Rhythm), Photoperiodic, Photoperiodicity, Sleep clock, Sleep regulation, Sleep wake cycle, Sleep-wake cycle, Sleep-wake cycles, Sleep-wake schedule.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm

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