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Cosmic microwave background

Index Cosmic microwave background

The cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR) is electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology. [1]

511 relations: Aalto University, Absolute zero, Accelerating expansion of the universe, Age of the universe, Airborne observatory, Alcatel-Lucent, Alexander Friedmann, Alpha & Omega (book), Alternatives to general relativity, AMiBA, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Ancient (Stargate), Andrei Doroshkevich, Andrew E. Lange, Andrew J. Richards, Andrew McKellar, Andrew R. Liddle, Anisotropy, Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna, Antarctica, Antenna amplifier, Anthropic principle, ARCADE, Archeops, Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver, Arcminute Microkelvin Imager, Arno Allan Penzias, Astronomical object, Astronomical survey, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Atacama B-Mode Search, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, Attitude control, Augusto Sagnotti, Axis of evil (cosmology), B-mode, Balloon-borne telescope, Barth Netterfield, Baryon acoustic oscillations, Baryonic dark matter, Bell Labs, Beyond Einstein program, BICEP and Keck Array, Big Bang, Big Bang (book), Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Big Bounce, Big Crunch, Black hole, ..., Black-body radiation, Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships, Blueshift, BOOMERanG experiment, Boson, Brian Greene, Brian Keating, British National Space Centre, Bruce Winstein, C-Band All Sky Survey, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Charles Édouard Guillaume, Chronology of the universe, Chung-Pei Ma, Clover (telescope), CMB (disambiguation), CMB cold spot, CMBFAST, Cold, Cold Big Bang, Cold dark matter, Collignon projection, Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy, Comoving and proper distances, Compton scattering, Conformal cyclic cosmology, Contemporary history, Copernican principle, Cosmic age problem, Cosmic Anisotropy Polarization Mapper, Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope, Cosmic background, Cosmic Background Explorer, Cosmic Background Imager, Cosmic background radiation, Cosmic infrared background, Cosmic mass, Cosmic microwave background, Cosmic neutrino background, Cosmic noise, Cosmic ray, Cosmic string, Cosmic variance, Cosmological constant, Cosmological perturbation theory, Cosmological principle, Cosmology, Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor, Cosmos, COSMOSOMAS, Crawford Hill, Criticism of the theory of relativity, Cycles of Time, Dark Ages Radio Explorer, Dark energy, Dark Energy Survey, Dark flow, Dark matter, Dark radiation, David Todd Wilkinson, Deceleration parameter, Decoupling (cosmology), Deep Lens Survey, Degree Angular Scale Interferometer, Dennis W. Sciama, DGP model, Diffuse extragalactic background radiation, Diffusion damping, Dipole anisotropy, Dipole repeller, Dirac large numbers hypothesis, Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, Distance measures (cosmology), Domain wall, Domenico Marinucci, Donald G. Saari, Dust, EDELWEISS, Edward L. Wright, Einstein–de Sitter universe, Ekpyrotic universe, Electromagnetic spectrum, Electromagnetic wave equation, Electronvolt, Embedded lens, Enduring Quests and Daring Visions, Eric Lerner, Eridanus (constellation), Eridanus Cluster, European Southern Observatory, Exoplanetology, Expansion of the universe, Extragalactic background light, Faint blue galaxy, Fang Lizhi, Fine-structure constant, FITS, Flatness problem, Fred Hoyle, Free streaming, Galactic Emission Mapping, Galaxy groups and clusters, Generalized Wiener filter, George Blumenthal, George Efstathiou, George Smoot, Georges Lemaître, Ghosts (physics), Giant Void, Glossary of string theory, Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death, Graphical timeline of the Big Bang, Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era, Gravitational lens, Gravitational wave, Gravitational wave background, Gravitational-wave observatory, Gravity, Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit, Hawking (2004 film), Hawking radiation, HEALPix, Henry Draper Medal, Henry Evelyn Derek Scovil, Hermann Bondi, High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment, High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector, Hiranya Peiris, History of astronomy, History of physics, History of the Big Bang theory, History of the center of the Universe, History of the telescope, Holmdel Horn Antenna, Holmdel Township, New Jersey, Homology sphere, Horizon problem, Horizons: Exploring the Universe, Horn antenna, Hot dark matter, How It Began, Hubble bubble (astronomy), Hubble's law, Hughes–Drever experiment, Hunting plc, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, Index of meteorology articles, Index of physics articles (C), Index of physics articles (T), Index of wave articles, Inertial frame of reference, Infinity, Inflation (cosmology), Inflationary epoch, Information field theory, Information panspermia, Initial singularity, Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental, Intracluster medium, James Jeans, Jean-Loup Puget, Jean-Pierre Luminet, Jewish culture, Jim Peebles, Jo Dunkley, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Jodrell Bank Observatory, John C. Mather, John Carlstrom, John M. Kovac, John Moffat (physicist), John Ruhl, Joseph Silk, KBC Void, Ken Ham, Kenneth Greisen, Lagrangian point, Lambda-CDM model, Large deviations of Gaussian random functions, Large Millimeter Telescope, Larry Fleinhardt, Le Sage's theory of gravitation, Licia Verde, Limits of computation, List of academic fields, List of acronyms: C, List of acronyms: Q, List of agnostics, List of astronomy acronyms, List of atheists in science and technology, List of California Institute of Technology people, List of Case Western Reserve University people, List of cosmic microwave background experiments, List of cosmological computation software, List of cosmological horizons, List of discoveries, List of Drunk History episodes, List of European Space Agency programs and missions, List of experiments, List of German Jews, List of important publications in physics, List of Jewish Nobel laureates, List of largest cosmic structures, List of mathematical topics in relativity, List of megaprojects, List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey, List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University, List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York, List of Nobel laureates in Physics, List of plasma physics articles, List of Princeton University people, List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors, List of radio telescopes, List of Rice University people, List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists, List of Russian people, List of Russian scientists, List of space telescopes, List of starships in Stargate, List of Swarthmore College people, List of the most distant astronomical objects, List of The Outer Limits (1963 TV series) episodes, List of timelines, List of University of California, Berkeley alumni, List of University of California, Berkeley faculty, List of unsolved problems in physics, List of voids, Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, Lockheed U-2, Lorentz-violating electrodynamics, Marc Kamionkowski, Martin Rees, Massive compact halo object, Matias Zaldarriaga, Mauna Loa, Mauna Loa Observatory, Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max Tegmark, May 1965, May 20, MBR, Microwave, Microwaves (disambiguation), Milky Way, Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array, Milne model, Minicharged particle, Missing baryon problem, MIT Physics Department, Mobile Anisotropy Telescope, Modern searches for Lorentz violation, Modified Newtonian dynamics, Moment (physics), Motion (physics), Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, Mysterium Tremendum, Nature, Neutrino, Neutrino decoupling, Newtonian gauge, Nick Kaiser, Niel Brandt, Nikodem Popławski, Nobel Prize controversies, Noise (signal processing), Noise (video), Non-Gaussianity, Non-standard cosmology, North West Women's Regional Football League, Observable universe, Observational astronomy, Observational cosmology, OKEANOS, Olbers' paradox, Orders of magnitude (frequency), Orders of magnitude (length), Orders of magnitude (mass), Orders of magnitude (power), Orders of magnitude (speed), Orders of magnitude (temperature), Orders of magnitude (time), Outer space, Outline of academic disciplines, Outline of astronomy, Owens Valley Radio Observatory, Parallel Worlds (book), Paris Diderot University, Particle horizon, Particle physics in cosmology, Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel, Paul Steinhardt, Peter Coles, Peter Dunsby, Photo-meson, Photon epoch, Physical cosmology, Physics, Picard horn, Pion, Pioneer anomaly, Planck (spacecraft), Planck temperature scale, Planck units, Planet Nine, Plasma cosmology, POLARBEAR, Polarimetry, Polarization (waves), Polarization in astronomy, Preferred frame, Primordial black hole, Primordial fluctuations, Principle of relativity, Project Echo, Pyotr Kapitsa, QMAP, QUaD, Quantum field theory in curved spacetime, Quantum fluctuation, Quantum gravity, Qubic experiment, QUIET, QUIJOTE CMB Experiment, Rachel Sussman, Radiation, Radio astronomy, Radio telescope, Rafael Rebolo López, Rainer K. Sachs, Rainer Weiss, Ralph Asher Alpher, Rashid Sunyaev, Recessional velocity, Recombination (cosmology), Redshift, Redshift survey, Reinventing Gravity, Reionization, RELIKT-1, Renée Hložek, Rice University, Richard A. Muller, Richard C. Tolman, Richard Davis (astronomer), Rings of Neptune, Robert H. Dicke, Robert Herman, Robert Schwarz (astrophysicist), Robert Woodrow Wilson, Rod Davies, Roger Penrose, Roman Juszkiewicz, Ronald N. 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Expand index (461 more) »

Aalto University

Aalto University (Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto-universitetet) is a university primarily located in Greater Helsinki, Finland.

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Absolute zero

Absolute zero is the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as 0.

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Accelerating expansion of the universe

The accelerating expansion of the universe is the observation that the universe appears to be expanding at an increasing rate, so that the velocity at which a distant galaxy is receding from the observer is continuously increasing with time.

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Age of the universe

In physical cosmology, the age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang.

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Airborne observatory

An airborne observatory is an airplane, airship, or balloon with an astronomical telescope.

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Alcatel-Lucent

Alcatel-Lucent S.A. was a French global telecommunications equipment company, headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, France.

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Alexander Friedmann

Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann (also spelled Friedman or Fridman; Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Фри́дман) (June 16, 1888 – September 16, 1925) was a Russian and Soviet physicist and mathematician.

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Alpha & Omega (book)

Alpha & Omega: The Search for the Beginning and End of the Universe is the second non-fiction book by Charles Seife, published by Viking, a division of Penguin Putnam, in 2003.

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Alternatives to general relativity

Alternatives to general relativity are physical theories that attempt to describe the phenomenon of gravitation in competition to Einstein's theory of general relativity.

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AMiBA

The Yuan-Tseh Lee Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy, also known as the Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy (AMiBA), is a radio telescope designed to observe the cosmic microwave background and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies.

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Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station

The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is a United States scientific research station at the South Pole, the southernmost place on the Earth.

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Ancient (Stargate)

The Ancients (in their own tongue Anquietas) are a fictional humanoid race in the Stargate franchise.

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Andrei Doroshkevich

Andrei Georgievich Doroshkevich (Андрей Георгиевич Дорошкевич, born 1937) is a Russian (and former Soviet) theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist, head of the laboratory on the physics of the early universe at the Lebedev Physical Institute.

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Andrew E. Lange

Andrew E. Lange (July 23, 1957 – January 22, 2010)Janette Williams, Pasadena Star-News.

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Andrew J. Richards

Andrew J. Richards, FRS (born 21 January 1955, Leeds, England) is a British professor of astronomy at UCL and a scientist at the UK Space Agency.

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Andrew McKellar

Dr.

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Andrew R. Liddle

Andrew R. Liddle (born 9 June 1965) is Professor of astrophysics at the Royal Observatory Edinburgh, as of 2013.

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Anisotropy

Anisotropy, is the property of being directionally dependent, which implies different properties in different directions, as opposed to isotropy.

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Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna

The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) experiment has been designed to study ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic neutrinos by detecting the radio pulses emitted by their interactions with the Antarctic ice sheet.

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Antarctica

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent.

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Antenna amplifier

In electronics, an antenna amplifier (also: aerial eamplifier (booster), Am antennefier) is a device that amplifies an antenna signal, usually into an output with the same impedance as the input impedance.

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Anthropic principle

The anthropic principle is a philosophical consideration that observations of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it.

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ARCADE

Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission (ARCADE) is a program which utilizes high-altitude balloon instrument package intended to measure the heating of the universe by the first stars and galaxies after the big bang and search for the signal of relic decay or annihilation.

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Archeops

Archeops was a balloon-borne instrument dedicated to measuring the Cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies.

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Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver

ACBAR was an experiment to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic microwave background.

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Arcminute Microkelvin Imager

The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) consists of a pair of interferometric radio telescopes - the Small and Large Arrays - located at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory near Cambridge.

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Arno Allan Penzias

Arno Allan Penzias (born 26 April 1933) is an American physicist, radio astronomer and Nobel laureate in physics who is co-discoverer of the cosmic microwave background radiation along with Robert Woodrow Wilson, which helped establish the Big Bang theory of cosmology.

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Astronomical object

An astronomical object or celestial object is a naturally occurring physical entity, association, or structure that exists in the observable universe.

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Astronomical survey

An astronomical survey is a general map or image of a region of the sky which lacks a specific observational target.

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Astronomy

Astronomy (from ἀστρονομία) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.

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Astrophysics

Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects, rather than their positions or motions in space".

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Atacama B-Mode Search

The Atacama B-Mode Search (ABS) is an ongoing experiment to test the theory of cosmic inflation and distinguish between inflationary models of the very early universe by making precise measurements of the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).

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Atacama Cosmology Telescope

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is a six-metre telescope on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert in the north of Chile, near the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory.

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Attitude control

Attitude control is controlling the orientation of an object with respect to an inertial frame of reference or another entity like the celestial sphere, certain fields, and nearby objects, etc.

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Augusto Sagnotti

Augusto Sagnotti (born 1955) is a Professor of Theoretical Physics at Scuola Normale (since 2005).

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Axis of evil (cosmology)

The "Axis of Evil" is a name given to an anomaly in astronomical observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).

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B-mode

B-mode may refer to.

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Balloon-borne telescope

A balloon-borne telescope is a sub-orbital astronomical telescope that is suspended below one or more stratospheric balloons, allowing it to be lifted above the lower, dense part of the Earth's atmosphere.

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Barth Netterfield

Calvin Barth Netterfield (born 29 April 1968), known as Barth Netterfield, is a Canadian astrophysicist, and a Professor in the Department of Astronomy and the Department of Physics at the University of Toronto.

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Baryon acoustic oscillations

In cosmology, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) are regular, periodic fluctuations in the density of the visible baryonic matter (normal matter) of the universe.

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Baryonic dark matter

In astronomy and cosmology, baryonic dark matter is dark matter composed of baryons.

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Bell Labs

Nokia Bell Labs (formerly named AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories and Bell Labs) is an American research and scientific development company, owned by Finnish company Nokia.

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Beyond Einstein program

The Beyond Einstein program is a NASA project designed to explore the limits of Einstein's theory of General Relativity.

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BICEP and Keck Array

BICEP (Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization) and the Keck Array are a series of cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments.

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Big Bang

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution.

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Big Bang (book)

Big Bang: The most important scientific discovery of all time and why you need to know about it is a book written by Simon Singh and published in 2004 by Fourth Estate.

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Big Bang nucleosynthesis

In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (abbreviated BBN, also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, arch(a)eonucleosynthesis, archonucleosynthesis, protonucleosynthesis and pal(a)eonucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, 1H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the Universe.

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Big Bounce

The Big Bounce is a hypothetical cosmological model for the origin of the known universe.

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Big Crunch

The Big Crunch is one possible scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the metric expansion of space eventually reverses and the universe recollapses, ultimately causing the cosmic scale factor to reach zero or causing a reformation of the universe starting with another Big Bang.

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Black hole

A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it.

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Black-body radiation

Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation within or surrounding a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, or emitted by a black body (an opaque and non-reflective body).

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Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships

Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships (BDPs) were established as part of a $350 million gift by Michael Bloomberg, JHU Class of 1964, to Johns Hopkins University in 2013.

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Blueshift

A blueshift is any decrease in wavelength, with a corresponding increase in frequency, of an electromagnetic wave; the opposite effect is referred to as redshift.

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BOOMERanG experiment

In astronomy and observational cosmology, The BOOMERanG experiment (Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation ANd Geophysics) was an experiment which measured the cosmic microwave background radiation of a part of the sky during three sub-orbital (high-altitude) balloon flights.

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Boson

In quantum mechanics, a boson is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.

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Brian Greene

Brian Randolph Greene (born February 9, 1963) is an American theoretical physicist, mathematician, and string theorist.

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Brian Keating

Brian G. Keating (born 9 September 1971) is a professor of physics at the Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences (CASS) in the Department of Physics at the University of California, San Diego.

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British National Space Centre

The British National Space Centre (BNSC) was an agency of the Government of the United Kingdom, organised in 1985, that coordinated civil space activities for the UK.

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Bruce Winstein

Bruce Winstein (25 September 1943, Los Angeles – 28 February 2011) was an experimental physicist and cosmologist noted for his early work in elementary particle physics, particularly work toward demonstrating a serious asymmetry between particles and their anti-particles (CP violation).

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C-Band All Sky Survey

The C-Band All Sky Survey (C-BASS) is a radio astronomy project that aims to map the entire sky in the C Band (5 GHz).

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Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics

The Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics (CITA) is a national research institute funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, located at the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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Charles Édouard Guillaume

Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 February 1861, Fleurier, Switzerland – 13 May 1938, Sèvres, France) was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.

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Chronology of the universe

The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology.

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Chung-Pei Ma

Chung-Pei Ma is a Chinese-American astrophysicist and cosmologist.

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Clover (telescope)

Clover would have been an experiment to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background.

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CMB (disambiguation)

CMB is the cosmic microwave background, the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology.

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CMB cold spot

The CMB Cold Spot or WMAP Cold Spot is a region of the sky seen in microwaves that has been found to be unusually large and cold relative to the expected properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR).

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CMBFAST

In physical cosmology, CMBFAST is a computer code, written by Uros Seljak and Matias Zaldarriaga, for computing the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background.

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Cold

Cold is the presence of low temperature, especially in the atmosphere.

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Cold Big Bang

Cold Big Bang is a designation used in cosmology to denote an absolute zero temperature at the beginning of the Universe, instead of a (hot) Big Bang.

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Cold dark matter

In cosmology and physics, cold dark matter (CDM) is a hypothetical form of dark matter whose particles moved slowly compared to the speed of light (the cold in CDM) since the universe was approximately one year old (a time when the cosmic particle horizon contained the mass of one typical galaxy); and interact very weakly with ordinary matter and electromagnetic radiation (the dark in CDM).

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Collignon projection

The Collignon projection is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map projection first known to be published by Édouard Collignon in 1865 and subsequently cited by A. Tissot in 1881.

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Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy

The Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) was an astronomical instrument comprising 23 radio telescopes.

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Comoving and proper distances

In standard cosmology, comoving distance and proper distance are two closely related distance measures used by cosmologists to define distances between objects.

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Compton scattering

Compton scattering, discovered by Arthur Holly Compton, is the scattering of a photon by a charged particle, usually an electron.

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Conformal cyclic cosmology

The conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC) is a cosmological model in the framework of general relativity, advanced by the theoretical physicists Roger Penrose and Vahe Gurzadyan.

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Contemporary history

Contemporary history, in English-language historiography, is a subset of modern history which describes the historical period from approximately 1945 to the present.

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Copernican principle

In physical cosmology, the Copernican principle, is an alternative name of the mediocrity principle, or the principle of relativity, stating that humans (the Earth, or the Solar system) are not privileged observers of the universe.

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Cosmic age problem

The cosmic age problem is a historical problem in astronomy concerning the age of the universe.

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Cosmic Anisotropy Polarization Mapper

CAPMAP is an experiment at Princeton university to measure the polarization of the Cosmic microwave background.

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Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope

The Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT) was a three-element interferometer for cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB/R) observations at 13 to 17 GHz, based at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory.

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Cosmic background

Cosmic background may refer to.

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Cosmic Background Explorer

The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), also referred to as Explorer 66, was a satellite dedicated to cosmology, which operated from 1989 to 1993.

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Cosmic Background Imager

The Cosmic Background Imager (or CBI) was a 13-element interferometer perched at an elevation of 5,080 metres (16,700 feet) at Llano de Chajnantor Observatory in the Chilean Andes.

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Cosmic background radiation

Cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation from the big bang.

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Cosmic infrared background

Cosmic infrared background is infrared radiation caused by stellar dust.

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Cosmic mass

Cosmic mass may mean.

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Cosmic microwave background

The cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR) is electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology.

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Cosmic neutrino background

The cosmic neutrino background (CNB, CνB) is the universe's background particle radiation composed of neutrinos.

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Cosmic noise

Cosmic noise and galactic radio noise is random noise that originates outside the Earth's atmosphere.

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Cosmic ray

Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.

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Cosmic string

Cosmic strings are hypothetical 1-dimensional topological defects which may have formed during a symmetry breaking phase transition in the early universe when the topology of the vacuum manifold associated to this symmetry breaking was not simply connected.

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Cosmic variance

The term cosmic variance is the statistical uncertainty inherent in observations of the universe at extreme distances.

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Cosmological constant

In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) is the value of the energy density of the vacuum of space.

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Cosmological perturbation theory

In physical cosmology, cosmological perturbation theory is the theory by which the evolution of structure is understood in the big bang model.

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Cosmological principle

In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when viewed on a large enough scale, since the forces are expected to act uniformly throughout the universe, and should, therefore, produce no observable irregularities in the large-scale structuring over the course of evolution of the matter field that was initially laid down by the Big Bang.

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Cosmology

Cosmology (from the Greek κόσμος, kosmos "world" and -λογία, -logia "study of") is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.

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Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor

The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is an array of microwave telescopes at a high-altitude site in the Atacama Desert of Chile as part of the Parque Astronómico de Atacama.

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Cosmos

The cosmos is the universe.

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COSMOSOMAS

COSMOSOMAS is a circular scanning astronomical microwave experiment to investigate the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropy and diffuse emission from the Galaxy on angular scales from 1 to 5 degrees.

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Crawford Hill

Crawford Hill is located in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, United States.

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Criticism of the theory of relativity

Criticism of the theory of relativity of Albert Einstein was mainly expressed in the early years after its publication in the early twentieth century, on scientific, pseudoscientific, philosophical, or ideological bases.

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Cycles of Time

Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe is a science book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose published by The Bodley Head in 2010.

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Dark Ages Radio Explorer

The Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) mission is a proposed concept lunar orbiter intended to identify redshifted emanations from primeval hydrogen atoms just as the first stars began to emit light.

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Dark energy

In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe.

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Dark Energy Survey

The Dark Energy Survey (DES) is a visible and near-infrared survey that aims to probe the dynamics of the expansion of the Universe and the growth of large-scale structure.

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Dark flow

In astrophysics, dark flow is a possible non-random component of the peculiar velocity of galaxy clusters.

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Dark matter

Dark matter is a theorized form of matter that is thought to account for approximately 80% of the matter in the universe, and about a quarter of its total energy density.

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Dark radiation

Dark radiation (also dark electromagnetism) is a postulated type of radiation that mediates interactions of dark matter.

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David Todd Wilkinson

David Todd Wilkinson (13 May 1935 – 5 September 2002) was a world-renowned pioneer in the field of cosmology, specializing in the study of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) left over from the Big Bang.

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Deceleration parameter

The deceleration parameter q in cosmology is a dimensionless measure of the cosmic acceleration of the expansion of space in a Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker universe.

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Decoupling (cosmology)

In cosmology, decoupling refers to a period in the development of the universe when different types of particles fall out of thermal equilibrium with each other.

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Deep Lens Survey

The Deep Lens Survey (DLS, short for "Deep Gravitational Lensing Survey") is an ultra-deep multi-band optical survey of seven 4 square degree fields.

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Degree Angular Scale Interferometer

The Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI) was a telescope installed at the U.S. National Science Foundation's Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.

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Dennis W. Sciama

Dennis William Siahou Sciama, (18 November 1926 – 18/19 December 1999) was a British physicist who, through his own work and that of his students, played a major role in developing British physics after the Second World War.

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DGP model

The DGP model is a model of gravity proposed by Gia Dvali, Gregory Gabadadze, and Massimo Porrati in 2000.

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Diffuse extragalactic background radiation

The diffuse extragalactic background radiation (DEBRA) refers to the diffuse photon field from extragalactic origin that fills our Universe.

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Diffusion damping

In modern cosmological theory, diffusion damping, also called photon diffusion damping, is a physical process which reduced density inequalities (anisotropies) in the early universe, making the universe itself and the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) more uniform.

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Dipole anisotropy

Dipole anisotropy is a form of anisotropy and the progressive difference in the frequency of radiation from opposite directions due to the motion of the observer relative to the source.

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Dipole repeller

The dipole repeller is a center of effective repulsion in the large-scale flow of galaxies in the neighborhood of the Milky Way, first detected in 2017.

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Dirac large numbers hypothesis

The Dirac large numbers hypothesis (LNH) is an observation made by Paul Dirac in 1937 relating ratios of size scales in the Universe to that of force scales.

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Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation

The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation constitutes a major development in modern physical cosmology.

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Distance measures (cosmology)

Distance measures are used in physical cosmology to give a natural notion of the distance between two objects or events in the universe.

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Domain wall

A domain wall is a type of topological soliton that occurs whenever a discrete symmetry is spontaneously broken.

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Domenico Marinucci

Domenico Marinucci is an Italian Full Professor of probability and mathematical statistics and astrophysicist at the University of Rome Tor Vergata.

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Donald G. Saari

Donald Gene Saari (born March 1940) is an American mathematician, the Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Economics and director of the Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences at the University of California, Irvine.

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Dust

Dust are fine particles of matter.

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EDELWEISS

EDELWEISS (Expérience pour DEtecter Les WIMPs En Site Souterrain) is a dark matter search experiment located at the Modane Underground Laboratory in France.

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Edward L. Wright

Edward L. (Ned) Wright (born August 25, 1947 in Washington, D.C.) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist, well known for his achievements in the COBE, WISE, and WMAP projects and as a strong Big Bang proponent in web tutorials on cosmology and theory of relativity.

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Einstein–de Sitter universe

The Einstein–de Sitter universe is a model of the universe proposed by Albert Einstein and Willem de Sitter in 1932.

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Ekpyrotic universe

The ekpyrotic universe is a cosmological model of the early universe that explains the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos.

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Electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.

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Electromagnetic wave equation

The electromagnetic wave equation is a second-order partial differential equation that describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a medium or in a vacuum.

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Electronvolt

In physics, the electronvolt (symbol eV, also written electron-volt and electron volt) is a unit of energy equal to approximately joules (symbol J).

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Embedded lens

An embedded lens is a gravitational lens such that the mass of the lens is a part of the mean mass density of the background universe and not simply superimposed upon it as is done in the standard gravitational lensing theory.

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Enduring Quests and Daring Visions

Enduring Quests and Daring Visions is a vision for astrophysics programs released in late 2013.

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Eric Lerner

Eric J. Lerner (born May 31, 1947) is an American popular science writer, and independent plasma researcher.

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Eridanus (constellation)

Eridanus is a constellation in the southern hemisphere.

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Eridanus Cluster

The Eridanus Cluster is a galaxy cluster roughly from Earth, containing about 73 main galaxies and about 200 total galaxies.

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European Southern Observatory

The European Southern Observatory (ESO) is a 15-nation intergovernmental research organization for ground-based astronomy.

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Exoplanetology

Exoplanetology, or exoplanetary science, is an integrated field of astronomical science dedicated to the search and study of exoplanets (extrasolar planets).

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Expansion of the universe

The expansion of the universe is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the universe with time.

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Extragalactic background light

The diffuse extragalactic background light (EBL) is all the accumulated radiation in the universe due to star formation processes, plus a contribution from active galactic nuclei (AGNs).

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Faint blue galaxy

The faint blue galaxy (F.B.G.) problem in astrophysics first arose with observations starting in 1978 that there were more galaxies with a bolometric magnitude > 22 than then-current theory predicted.

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Fang Lizhi

Fang Lizhi (February 12, 1936 – April 6, 2012) was a Chinese astrophysicist, vice-president of the University of Science and Technology of China, and activist whose liberal ideas inspired the pro-democracy student movement of 1986–87 and, finally, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

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Fine-structure constant

In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as Sommerfeld's constant, commonly denoted (the Greek letter ''alpha''), is a fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.

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FITS

Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is an open standard defining a digital file format useful for storage, transmission and processing of data: formatted as N-dimensional arrays (for example a 2D image), or tables.

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Flatness problem

The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is a cosmological fine-tuning problem within the Big Bang model of the universe.

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Fred Hoyle

Sir Fred Hoyle FRS (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was a British astronomer who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.

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Free streaming

In astronomy, a free streaming particle, often a photon, is one that propagates through a medium without scattering.

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Galactic Emission Mapping

The Galactic Emission Mapping survey (GEM) is an international project with the goal of making a precise map of the electromagnetic spectrum of our galaxy at low frequencies (radio and microwaves).

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Galaxy groups and clusters

Galaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation.

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Generalized Wiener filter

The Wiener filter as originally proposed by Norbert Wiener is a signal processing filter which uses knowledge of the statistical properties of both the signal and the noise to reconstruct an optimal estimate of the signal from a noisy one-dimensional time-ordered data stream.

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George Blumenthal

George R. Blumenthal (born 1945) is an American astrophysicist, astronomer, professor, and academic administrator.

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George Efstathiou

George Petros Efstathiou (born 2 September 1955) is a British astrophysicist who is Professor of Astrophysics and Director of the Kavli Institute for Cosmology at the University of Cambridge.

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George Smoot

George Fitzgerald Smoot III (born February 20, 1945) is an American astrophysicist, cosmologist, Nobel laureate, and one of two contestants to win the 1 million prize on Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?.

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Georges Lemaître

Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître, RAS Associate (17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian Catholic Priest, astronomer and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Leuven.

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Ghosts (physics)

Ghosts, ghost fields, or gauge ghosts, are unphysical states in a gauge theory in quantum field theories.

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Giant Void

The Giant Void (also known as the Giant Void in NGH, Canes Venatici Supervoid, and AR-Lp 36) is an extremely large region of space of underdensity of galaxies within the constellation Canes Venatici.

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Glossary of string theory

This page is a glossary of terms in string theory, including related areas such as supergravity, supersymmetry, and high energy physics.

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Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death

This is the timeline of the Universe from Big Bang to Heat Death scenario.

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Graphical timeline of the Big Bang

This timeline of the Big Bang shows a sequence of events as currently theorized by scientists.

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Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era

This is the timeline of the stelliferous era but also partly charts the primordial era, and charts more of the degenerate era of the heat death scenario.

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Gravitational lens

A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant light source and an observer, that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels towards the observer.

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Gravitational wave

Gravitational waves are the disturbance in the fabric ("curvature") of spacetime generated by accelerated masses and propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light.

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Gravitational wave background

The gravitational wave background (also GWB and stochastic background) is a random gravitational wave signal produced by a large number of weak, independent, and unresolved sources.

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Gravitational-wave observatory

A gravitational-wave observatory (or gravitational-wave detector) is any device designed to measure gravitational waves, tiny distortions of spacetime that were first predicted by Einstein in 1916.

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Gravity

Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.

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Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit

The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit (GZK limit) is a theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons traveling from other galaxies through the intergalactic medium to our galaxy.

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Hawking (2004 film)

Hawking is a BBC television film about Stephen Hawking's early years as a PhD student at Cambridge University, following his search for the beginning of time, and his struggle against motor neuron disease.

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Hawking radiation

Hawking radiation is blackbody radiation that is predicted to be released by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon.

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HEALPix

HEALPix (sometimes written as Healpix), an acronym for Hierarchical Equal Area isoLatitude Pixelisation of a 2-sphere, is an algorithm for pixelisation of the 2-sphere, and the associated class of map projections.

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Henry Draper Medal

The Henry Draper Medal is awarded every 4 years by the United States National Academy of Sciences "for investigations in astronomical physics".

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Henry Evelyn Derek Scovil

Dr.

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Hermann Bondi

Sir Hermann Bondi (1 November 1919 – 10 September 2005) was an Anglo-Austrian mathematician and cosmologist.

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High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment or High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (also known as HAWC) is a gamma-ray and cosmic ray observatory located on the flanks of the Sierra Negra volcano in the Mexican state of Puebla at an altitude of 4100 meters, at.

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High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector

The High Resolution Fly's Eye or HiRes detector was an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray observatory that operated in the western Utah desert from May 1997 until April 2006.

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Hiranya Peiris

Hiranya V. Peiris is a British astrophysicist at University College London, best known for her work on the cosmic microwave background radiation.

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History of astronomy

Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy).

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History of physics

Physics (from the Ancient Greek φύσις physis meaning "nature") is the fundamental branch of science.

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History of the Big Bang theory

The history of the Big Bang theory began with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations.

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History of the center of the Universe

The center of the Universe is a concept that lacks a coherent definition in modern astronomy; according to standard cosmological theories on the shape of the universe, it has no center.

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History of the telescope

The earliest known telescope appeared in 1608 in the Netherlands when an eyeglass maker named Hans Lippershey tried to obtain a patent on one.

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Holmdel Horn Antenna

The Holmdel Horn Antenna is a large microwave horn antenna that was used as a satellite communication antenna and radio telescope during the 1960s at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, United States.

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Holmdel Township, New Jersey

Holmdel Township is a township in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States.

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Homology sphere

In algebraic topology, a homology sphere is an n-manifold X having the homology groups of an n-sphere, for some integer n ≥ 1.

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Horizon problem

The horizon problem (also known as the homogeneity problem) is a cosmological fine-tuning problem within the Big Bang model of the universe.

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Horizons: Exploring the Universe

Horizons: Exploring the Universe is an astronomy textbook that was written by Michael A. Seeds and Dana E. Backman.

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Horn antenna

A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam.

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Hot dark matter

Hot dark matter (HDM) is a theoretical form of dark matter which consists of particles that travel with ultrarelativistic velocities.

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How It Began

How It Began: A Time Traveler’s Guide to the Universe is a non-fiction book by the astronomer Chris Impey that discusses the history of the universe, with chapters ranging from the proximate universe to within an iota of the big bang.

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Hubble bubble (astronomy)

In astronomy, a Hubble bubble would be "a departure of the local value of the Hubble constant from its globally averaged value," or, more technically, "a local monopole in the peculiar velocity field, perhaps caused by a local void in the mass density." The Hubble constant, named for astronomer Edwin Hubble, whose work made clear the expansion of the universe, measures the rate at which expansion occurs.

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Hubble's law

Hubble's law is the name for the observation in physical cosmology that.

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Hughes–Drever experiment

Hughes–Drever experiments (also clock comparison-, clock anisotropy-, mass isotropy-, or energy isotropy experiments) are spectroscopic tests of the isotropy of mass and space.

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Hunting plc

Hunting plc is a British-based supplier to the oil and gas industry.

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IceCube Neutrino Observatory

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory (or simply IceCube) is a neutrino observatory constructed at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.

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Index of meteorology articles

This is a list of meteorology topics.

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Index of physics articles (C)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Index of physics articles (T)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Index of wave articles

This is a list of Wave topics.

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Inertial frame of reference

An inertial frame of reference in classical physics and special relativity is a frame of reference in which a body with zero net force acting upon it is not accelerating; that is, such a body is at rest or it is moving at a constant speed in a straight line.

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Infinity

Infinity (symbol) is a concept describing something without any bound or larger than any natural number.

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Inflation (cosmology)

In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe.

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Inflationary epoch

In physical cosmology the inflationary epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when, according to inflation theory, the universe underwent an extremely rapid exponential expansion.

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Information field theory

Information field theory (IFT) is a Bayesian statistical field theory relating to signal reconstruction, cosmography, and other related areas.

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Information panspermia

Information panspermia is a concept on the possibility of life travel in the universe by means of transmission of a compressed information on the bases of life e.g. genome coding, which then can enable the recovery of an intelligent life.

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Initial singularity

The initial singularity was a singularity of seemingly infinite density and mass thought to have contained all of the mass and space-time of the Universe before quantum fluctuations caused it to rapidly expand in the Big Bang and subsequent inflation, creating the present-day Universe.

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Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental

The Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental (IATE) is a scientific institute funded by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones en Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), located in the city of Córdoba, Argentina, and dedicated to the study of different topics in astronomy.

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Intracluster medium

In astronomy, the intracluster medium (ICM) is the superheated plasma that permeates a galaxy cluster.

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James Jeans

Sir James Hopwood Jeans (11 September 187716 September 1946) was an English physicist, astronomer and mathematician.

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Jean-Loup Puget

Jean-Loup Puget (born 7 March 1947) is a French astrophysicist.

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Jean-Pierre Luminet

Jean-Pierre Luminet (born 3 June 1951) is a French astrophysicist, writer and poet, specialized in black holes and cosmology.

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Jewish culture

Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel.

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Jim Peebles

Phillip James Edwin Peebles (born 1935) is a Canadian-American physicist and theoretical cosmologist who is currently the Albert Einstein Professor Emeritus of Science at Princeton University.

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Jo Dunkley

Joanna Dunkley is an award-winning British astrophysicist and Professor of Physics at Princeton University.

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Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics

The Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Manchester, is among the largest astrophysics groups in the UK.

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Jodrell Bank Observatory

The Jodrell Bank Observatory (originally the Jodrell Bank Experimental Station, then the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories from 1966 to 1999) is a British observatory that hosts a number of radio telescopes, and is part of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Manchester.

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John C. Mather

John Cromwell Mather (born August 7, 1946, Roanoke, Virginia) is an American astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his work on the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE) with George Smoot.

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John Carlstrom

John E. Carlstrom (born 1957) is an American astrophysicist, and Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics, at the University of Chicago.

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John M. Kovac

John Michael Kovac (born 1970) is an American physicist and astronomer.

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John Moffat (physicist)

John W. Moffat (born 24 May 1932) is a Danish-born British-Canadian physicist.

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John Ruhl

John Ruhl is a professor of physics at Case Western Reserve University.

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Joseph Silk

Joseph Ivor Silk FRS (born 3 December 1942) is a British astrophysicist.

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KBC Void

The KBC Void, named after astronomers Ryan Keenan, Amy Barger, and Lennox Cowie who first inferred its existence in 2013, is an immense, comparatively empty region of space that contains the Milky Way itself, the Local Group and much of the Laniakea Supercluster.

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Ken Ham

Kenneth Alfred Ham (born 20 October 1951) is an Australian-born Christian fundamentalist and young Earth creationist living in the United States.

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Kenneth Greisen

Kenneth Ingvard Greisen (24 January 1918 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey – 17 March 2007 in Ithaca, New York) was an American physicist who worked on nuclear physics and the astrophysics of cosmic rays and gamma radiation.

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Lagrangian point

In celestial mechanics, the Lagrangian points (also Lagrange points, L-points, or libration points) are positions in an orbital configuration of two large bodies, wherein a small object, affected only by the gravitational forces from the two larger objects, will maintain its position relative to them.

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Lambda-CDM model

The ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) or Lambda-CDM model is a parametrization of the Big Bang cosmological model in which the universe contains a cosmological constant, denoted by Lambda (Greek Λ), associated with dark energy, and cold dark matter (abbreviated CDM).

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Large deviations of Gaussian random functions

A random function – of either one variable (a random process), or two or more variables (a random field) – is called Gaussian if every finite-dimensional distribution is a multivariate normal distribution.

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Large Millimeter Telescope

The Large Millimetre Telescope (LMT) (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, or GTM) is the world's largest single-aperture telescope in its frequency range, built for observing radio waves in the wave lengths from approximately 0.85 to 4 mm.

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Larry Fleinhardt

Larry Fyrulays, Ph.D., is a fictional character in the CBS crime drama Numb3rs, played by Peter MacNicol.

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Le Sage's theory of gravitation

Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748.

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Licia Verde

Licia Verde (born 1971, Venice, Italy) is an Italian cosmologist and theoretical physicist and currently ICREA Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Barcelona.

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Limits of computation

There are several physical and practical limits to the amount of computation or data storage that can be performed with a given amount of mass, volume, or energy.

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List of academic fields

The following outline is provided as an overview of an topical guide to academic disciplines: An academic discipline or field of study is known as a branch of knowledge.

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List of acronyms: C

(Main list of acronyms).

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List of acronyms: Q

(Main list of acronyms).

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List of agnostics

Listed here are persons who have identified themselves as theologically agnostic.

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List of astronomy acronyms

This is a compilation of initialisms and acronyms commonly used in astronomy.

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List of atheists in science and technology

This is a list of atheists in science and technology.

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List of California Institute of Technology people

The California Institute of Technology has had numerous notable alumni and faculty.

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List of Case Western Reserve University people

This is a list of famous individuals associated with Case Western Reserve University, including students, alumni, and faculty.

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List of cosmic microwave background experiments

This list is a compilation of experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation anisotropies and polarization since the first detection of the CMB by Penzias and Wilson in 1964.

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List of cosmological computation software

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal radiation assumed to be left over from the "Big Bang" of cosmology.

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List of cosmological horizons

A cosmological horizon is a measure of the distance from which one could possibly retrieve information.

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List of discoveries

This article presents a list of discoveries and includes famous observations.

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List of Drunk History episodes

This is a list of episodes for the Comedy Central series Drunk History hosted by Derek Waters.

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List of European Space Agency programs and missions

The European Space Agency (ESA) operates a number of missions, both operational and scientific, including collaborations with other national space administrations such as the Japanese JAXA, the French CNES, the American NASA, and the Chinese CNSA.

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List of experiments

The following is a list of historically important scientific experiments and observations demonstrating something of great scientific interest, typically in an elegant or clever manner.

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List of German Jews

The first Jewish population in the region to be later known as Germany came with the Romans to the city now known as Cologne.

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List of important publications in physics

This is a list of important publications in physics, organized by field.

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List of Jewish Nobel laureates

As of 2017, Nobel PrizesThe Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

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List of largest cosmic structures

This is a list of the largest cosmic structures so far discovered.

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List of mathematical topics in relativity

This is a list of mathematical topics in relativity, by Wikipedia page.

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List of megaprojects

This is a list of megaprojects.

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List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey

This is a List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey and other landmarks of equivalent landmark status in the state.

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List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University

This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University comprehensively shows the Princeton-affiliated individual winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1901.

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List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York

The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

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List of Nobel laureates in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics.

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List of plasma physics articles

This is a list of plasma physics topics.

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List of Princeton University people

This list of notable people associated with Princeton University includes faculty, staff, graduates and former students in the undergraduate program and all graduate programs, and others affiliated with the University.

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List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors

Before Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Conquistadors landed on the island of "Borikén" (Puerto Rico), the Tainos who inhabited the island depended on their astronomical observations for the cultivation of their crops.

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List of radio telescopes

This is a list of radio telescopes - over one hundred - that are or have been used for radio astronomy.

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List of Rice University people

The list of Rice University people includes notable alumni, former students, faculty, and presidents of Rice University.

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List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists

This list of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists includes the famous astronomers, astrophysicists and cosmologists from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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List of space telescopes

This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio.

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List of starships in Stargate

This is a list of fictional starships in the Stargate universe depicted through a series of television shows and three feature-length movies.

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List of Swarthmore College people

The following is a list of notable people associated with Swarthmore College, a private, independent, liberal arts college located in the borough of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.

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List of the most distant astronomical objects

This article documents the most distant astronomical objects so far discovered, and the time periods in which they were so classified.

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List of The Outer Limits (1963 TV series) episodes

This page is a list of the episodes of The Outer Limits, a U.S. science fiction television series originally aired on the ABC television network for two seasons from 1963 to 1965.

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List of timelines

This is a list of timelines currently on Wikipedia.

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List of University of California, Berkeley alumni

This page lists notable alumni and students of the University of California, Berkeley.

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List of University of California, Berkeley faculty

This page lists notable faculty (past and present) of the University of California, Berkeley.

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List of unsolved problems in physics

Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result.

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List of voids

This is a list of voids.

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Llano de Chajnantor Observatory

Llano de Chajnantor Observatory is the name for a group of astronomical observatories located at an altitude of over in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile.

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Lockheed U-2

The Lockheed U-2, nicknamed "Dragon Lady", is an American single-jet engine, ultra-high altitude reconnaissance aircraft operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) and previously flown by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

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Lorentz-violating electrodynamics

Searches for Lorentz violation involving photons are among the best tests of relativity.

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Marc Kamionkowski

Marc Kamionkowski (born 1965) is an American theoretical physicist and currently the William R. Kenan, Jr.

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Martin Rees

Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: (born 23 June 1942) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist.

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Massive compact halo object

A massive astrophysical compact halo object (MACHO) is any kind of astronomical body that might explain the apparent presence of dark matter in galaxy halos.

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Matias Zaldarriaga

Matias Zaldarriaga is an Argentine cosmologist.

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Mauna Loa

Mauna Loa (or; Hawaiian:; Long Mountain) is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi in the Pacific Ocean.

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Mauna Loa Observatory

The Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) is an atmospheric baseline station on Mauna Loa, on the island of Hawaii.

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Mauna Loa Solar Observatory

Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO) is a solar observatory located on the slopes of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii.

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Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

The Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (MPA) is a research institute located in Garching, just north of Munich, Bavaria, Germany.

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Max Tegmark

Max Erik Tegmark (born Max Shapiro 5 May 1967) is a Swedish-American physicist and cosmologist.

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May 1965

The following events occurred in May 1965.

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May 20

No description.

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MBR

MBR may refer to.

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Microwave

Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between and.

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Microwaves (disambiguation)

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter.

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Milky Way

The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System.

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Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array

The Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (MAXIMA) experiment was a balloon-borne experiment funded by the U.S. NSF, NASA and Department of Energy, and operated by an international collaboration headed by the University of California, to measure the fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background.

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Milne model

The Milne model was a special-relativistic cosmological model proposed by Edward Arthur Milne in 1935.

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Minicharged particle

Minicharged particles (or milli-charged particles) are a proposed type of subatomic particle.

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Missing baryon problem

The missing baryon problem is a problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter does not match theoretical predictions.

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MIT Physics Department

The Physics Department at MIT has over 120 faculty members.

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Mobile Anisotropy Telescope

MAT is an experiment to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic microwave background at angular scales of 50.

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Modern searches for Lorentz violation

Modern searches for Lorentz violation are scientific studies that look for deviations from Lorentz invariance or symmetry, a set of fundamental frameworks that underpin modern science and fundamental physics in particular.

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Modified Newtonian dynamics

Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies.

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Moment (physics)

In physics, a moment is an expression involving the product of a distance and a physical quantity, and in this way it accounts for how the physical quantity is located or arranged.

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Motion (physics)

In physics, motion is a change in position of an object over time.

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Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory

Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (MRAO), near Cambridge, is home to a number of large aperture synthesis radio telescopes, including the One-Mile Telescope, 5-km Ryle Telescope, and the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager.

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Mysterium Tremendum

Mysterium Tremendum is an album by the Mickey Hart Band, a musical group led by former Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart.

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Nature

Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe.

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Neutrino

A neutrino (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with half-integer spin) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity.

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Neutrino decoupling

In Big Bang cosmology, neutrino decoupling refers to the epoch at which neutrinos ceased interacting with baryonic matter, and thereby ceased influencing the dynamics of the universe at early times.

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Newtonian gauge

In general relativity, Newtonian gauge is a perturbed form of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker line element.

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Nick Kaiser

Nicholas (Nick) Kaiser (born 15 September 1954) is a British cosmologist.

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Niel Brandt

William Nielsen Brandt (born June 10, 1970; also known as Niel Brandt) is the Verne M. Willaman Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics and a professor of physics at the Pennsylvania State University.

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Nikodem Popławski

Nikodem Janusz Popławski (born March 1, 1975) is a theoretical physicist, most widely noted for the hypothesis that every black hole could be a doorway to another universe and that the universe was formed within a black hole which itself exists in a larger universe.

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Nobel Prize controversies

After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes.

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Noise (signal processing)

In signal processing, noise is a general term for unwanted (and, in general, unknown) modifications that a signal may suffer during capture, storage, transmission, processing, or conversion.

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Noise (video)

Noise, in analog video and television, is a random dot pixel pattern of static displayed when no transmission signal is obtained by the antenna receiver of television sets and other display devices.

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Non-Gaussianity

In physics, a non-Gaussianity is the correction that modifies the expected Gaussian function estimate for the measurement of a physical quantity.

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Non-standard cosmology

A non-standard cosmology is any physical cosmological model of the universe that was, or still is, proposed as an alternative to the then-current standard model of cosmology.

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North West Women's Regional Football League

The North West Women's Regional Football League is at the fifth and sixth levels of the English women's football pyramid, with the seven other Regional Leagues – Eastern, London & SE, Southern, South West, East Mids, West Mids and North East.

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Observable universe

The observable universe is a spherical region of the Universe comprising all matter that can be observed from Earth at the present time, because electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion.

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Observational astronomy

Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical models.

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Observational cosmology

Observational cosmology is the study of the structure, the evolution and the origin of the universe through observation, using instruments such as telescopes and cosmic ray detectors.

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OKEANOS

OKEANOS (Outsized Kite-craft for Exploration and Astronautics in the Outer Solar System) is a proposed mission concept to Jupiter's Trojan asteroids using a hybrid solar sail for propulsion; the sail is covered with thin solar panels to power an ion engine.

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Olbers' paradox

In astrophysics and physical cosmology, Olbers' paradox, named after the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers (1758–1840), also known as the "dark night sky paradox", is the argument that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe.

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Orders of magnitude (frequency)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various frequencies, which is measured in hertz.

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Orders of magnitude (length)

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

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Orders of magnitude (mass)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−40 kg and 1053 kg.

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Orders of magnitude (power)

This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various sources of energy.

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Orders of magnitude (speed)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various speed levels between approximately 2.2 m/s and 3.0 m/s.

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Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude.

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Orders of magnitude (time)

An order of magnitude of time is (usually) a decimal prefix or decimal order-of-magnitude quantity together with a base unit of time, like a microsecond or a million years.

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Outer space

Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.

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Outline of academic disciplines

An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge that is taught and researched as part of higher education.

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Outline of astronomy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy: Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation).

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Owens Valley Radio Observatory

Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) is a radio astronomy observatory located near Big Pine, California (US) in Owens Valley.

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Parallel Worlds (book)

Parallel Worlds: A Journey Through Creation, Higher Dimensions, and the Future of the Cosmos is a popular science book by Michio Kaku first published in 2004.

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Paris Diderot University

Paris Diderot University, also known as Paris 7 (French: Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7)), is a French university located in Paris, France.

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Particle horizon

The particle horizon (also called the cosmological horizon, the comoving horizon (in Dodelson's text), or the cosmic light horizon) is the maximum distance from which particles could have traveled to the observer in the age of the universe.

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Particle physics in cosmology

Particle physics, which deals with the interactions of elementary particles at high energies, is an important component of cosmological models of the early universe, when the universe was dominated by radiation and its average energy density was very high.

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Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel

The Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) is a scientific advisory panel tasked with recommending plans for U.S. investment in particle physics research over the next ten years, on the basis of various funding scenarios.

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Paul Steinhardt

Paul Joseph Steinhardt (born December 25, 1952) is an American theoretical physicist and cosmologist who is currently the Albert Einstein Professor in Science at Princeton University.

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Peter Coles

Peter Coles (born 1963) is a theoretical cosmologist at Cardiff University and Maynooth University.

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Peter Dunsby

Peter Dunsby (born November 12, 1966) is a full professor of gravitation and cosmology and Head of the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics at the University of Cape Town, South Africa.

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Photo-meson

A Photo-meson comes from the word, meson; "An elementary particle that is composed of a quark and an antiquark, such as a kaon or pion.

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Photon epoch

In physical cosmology, the photon epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which photons dominated the energy of the universe.

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Physical cosmology

Physical cosmology is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Picard horn

A Picard horn, also called the Picard topology or Picard model, is one of the oldest known hyperbolic 3-manifolds, first described by Émile Picard in 1884.

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Pion

In particle physics, a pion (or a pi meson, denoted with the Greek letter pi) is any of three subatomic particles:,, and.

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Pioneer anomaly

The Pioneer anomaly or Pioneer effect was the observed deviation from predicted accelerations of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft after they passed about on their trajectories out of the Solar System.

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Planck (spacecraft)

Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013, which mapped the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infra-red frequencies, with high sensitivity and small angular resolution.

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Planck temperature scale

The Planck temperature scale is an absolute temperature scale using natural units.

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Planck units

In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a set of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of five universal physical constants, in such a manner that these five physical constants take on the numerical value of 1 when expressed in terms of these units.

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Planet Nine

Planet Nine is a hypothetical planet in the outer region of the Solar System.

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Plasma cosmology

Plasma cosmology is a non-standard cosmology whose central postulate is that the dynamics of ionized gases and plasmas play important, if not dominant, roles in the physics of the universe beyond the Solar System.

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POLARBEAR

POLARBEAR is a cosmic microwave background polarization experiment located in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile in the Antofagasta Region.

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Polarimetry

Polarimetry is the measurement and interpretation of the polarization of transverse waves, most notably electromagnetic waves, such as radio or light waves.

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Polarization (waves)

Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations.

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Polarization in astronomy

Polarization is an important phenomenon in astronomy.

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Preferred frame

In theoretical physics, a preferred or privileged frame is usually a special hypothetical frame of reference in which the laws of physics might appear to be identifiably different (simpler) from those in other frames.

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Primordial black hole

Primordial black holes are a hypothetical type of black hole that formed soon after the Big Bang.

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Primordial fluctuations

Primordial fluctuations are density variations in the early universe which are considered the seeds of all structure in the universe.

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Principle of relativity

In physics, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the equations describing the laws of physics have the same form in all admissible frames of reference.

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Project Echo

Project Echo was the first passive communications satellite experiment.

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Pyotr Kapitsa

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa or Peter Kapitza (Russian: Пётр Леони́дович Капи́ца, Romanian: Petre Capiţa (– 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate, best known for his work in low-temperature physics.

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QMAP

QMAP is a balloon experiment to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic microwave background.

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QUaD

QUaD, an acronym for QUEST at DASI, was a ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiment at the South Pole.

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Quantum field theory in curved spacetime

In particle physics, quantum field theory in curved spacetime is an extension of standard, Minkowski space quantum field theory to curved spacetime.

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Quantum fluctuation

In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (or vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as explained in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

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Quantum gravity

Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, and where quantum effects cannot be ignored, such as near compact astrophysical objects where the effects of gravity are strong.

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Qubic experiment

QUBIC is a cosmology project to study cosmic inflation by measuring the B-modes of the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).

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QUIET

QUIET is an astronomy experiment to study the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

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QUIJOTE CMB Experiment

The QUIJOTE CMB Experiment is an ongoing experiment started in November 2012, and lead by Rafael Rebolo López, with the goal of characterizing the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and other galactic and extragalactic emission in the frequency range 10 to 40 GHz, at angular scales of 1°.

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Rachel Sussman

Rachel Sussman (born 1975) is an American contemporary artist and photographer based in Brooklyn.

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Radiation

In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.

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Radio astronomy

Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies.

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Radio telescope

A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to receive radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy.

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Rafael Rebolo López

Rafael Rebolo López (born September 12, 1961, in Cartagena, Spain) is a Spanish astrophysicist.

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Rainer K. Sachs

Rainer Kurt "Ray" Sachs (born June 13, 1932) is a German-American computational radiation biologist and astronomer.

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Rainer Weiss

Rainer "Rai" Weiss (born September 29, 1932) is an American physicist, known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics.

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Ralph Asher Alpher

Ralph Asher Alpher (February 3, 1921 – August 12, 2007) was an American cosmologist, who carried out pioneering work in the early 1950s on the Big Bang model, including big bang nucleosynthesis and predictions of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

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Rashid Sunyaev

Rashid Alievich Sunyaev (Рәшит Гали улы Сөнәев, Раши́д Али́евич Сюня́ев; born 1 March 1943 in Tashkent, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian astrophysicist of Tatar descent.

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Recessional velocity

Recessional velocity is the rate at which an astronomical object is moving away, typically from Earth.

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Recombination (cosmology)

In cosmology, recombination refers to the epoch at which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms.

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Redshift

In physics, redshift happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum.

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Redshift survey

In astronomy, a redshift survey is a survey of a section of the sky to measure the redshift of astronomical objects: usually galaxies, but sometimes other objects such as galaxy clusters or quasars.

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Reinventing Gravity

Reinventing Gravity: A Scientist Goes Beyond Einstein is a science text by John W. Moffat, which explains his controversial theory of gravity.

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Reionization

In the field of Big Bang theory, and cosmology, reionization is the process that caused the matter in the universe to reionize after the lapse of the "dark ages".

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RELIKT-1

RELIKT-1 (sometimes RELICT-1 from РЕЛИКТ-1) - a Soviet cosmic microwave background anisotropy experiment on board the Prognoz 9 satellite (launched 1 July 1983) gave upper limits on the large-scale anisotropy.

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Renée Hložek

Renée Hložek (born 15 November 1983) is a South African cosmologist and Professor of Physics at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics in the University of Toronto.

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Rice University

William Marsh Rice University, commonly known as Rice University, is a private research university located on a 300-acre (121 ha) campus in Houston, Texas, United States.

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Richard A. Muller

Richard A. Muller (born January 6, 1944) is an American physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Richard C. Tolman

Richard Chace Tolman (March 4, 1881 – September 5, 1948) was an American mathematical physicist and physical chemist who was an authority on statistical mechanics.

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Richard Davis (astronomer)

Richard John Davis OBE, FRAS (28 June 1949, – 2 May 2016) was a radio astronomer for the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Manchester.

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Rings of Neptune

The rings of Neptune consist primarily of five principal rings and were first discovered (as "arcs") in 1984 in Chile by Patrice Bouchet, Reinhold Häfner and Jean Manfroid at La Silla Observatory (ESO) during an observing program proposed by André Brahic and Bruno Sicardy from Paris Observatory, and at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory by F. Vilas and L.-R. Elicer for a program led by William Hubbard.

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Robert H. Dicke

Robert Henry Dicke (May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American physicist who made important contributions to the fields of astrophysics, atomic physics, cosmology and gravity.

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Robert Herman

Robert Herman (August 29, 1914 – February 13, 1997) was a United States scientist, best known for his work with Ralph Alpher in 1948-50, on estimating the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation from the Big Bang explosion.

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Robert Schwarz (astrophysicist)

Robert Schwarz is an astrophysicist who is now beginning his 14th winter at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station--the 8th winter in a row.

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Robert Woodrow Wilson

Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American astronomer, 1978 Nobel laureate in physics, who with Arno Allan Penzias discovered in 1964 the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB).

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Rod Davies

Rodney Deane Davies CBE FRS (8 January 1930 – 8 November 2015) was a Professor of Radio Astronomy at the University of Manchester.

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Roger Penrose

Sir Roger Penrose (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science.

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Roman Juszkiewicz

Roman Juszkiewicz (9 August 1952 – 28 January 2012) was a Polish astrophysicist whose work concerned fundamental issues of cosmology.

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Ronald N. Bracewell

Ronald Newbold Bracewell AO (22 July 1921 – 12 August 2007) was the Lewis M. Terman Professor of Electrical Engineering of the Space, Telecommunications, and Radioscience Laboratory at Stanford University.

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Rubin–Ford effect

The Rubin–Ford effect is, per Ian Ridpath's astronomical dictionary, an apparent rather than actual "anisotropy in the expansion of the Universe on a scale of around 100 million as revealed by a study of the motions of a sample of spiral galaxies," See also the.

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Rumford Prize

Founded in 1796, the Rumford Prize, awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, is one of the oldest scientific prizes in the United States.

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Ryle Telescope

The Ryle Telescope (named after Martin Ryle, and formerly known as the 5-km Array) was a linear east-west radio telescope array at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory.

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Sachs–Wolfe effect

The Sachs–Wolfe effect, named after Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe, is a property of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), in which photons from the CMB are gravitationally redshifted, causing the CMB spectrum to appear uneven.

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Sarah Bridle

Sarah Louise Bridle is a professor in the Extragalactic astronomy and Cosmology research group in the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, part of the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.

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Saskatoon experiment

Saskatoon was an experiment to measure the anisotropy (directional dependence) of the cosmic microwave background at angular scales of 60.

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Scalar field dark matter

In astrophysics and cosmology scalar field dark matter is a classical, minimally coupled, scalar field postulated to account for the inferred dark matter.

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Scalar–tensor–vector gravity

Scalar–tensor–vector gravity (STVG) is a modified theory of gravity developed by John Moffat, a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario.

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Scale factor (cosmology)

The relative expansion of the universe is parametrized by a dimensionless scale factor a. Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson–Walker scale factor, this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations.

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Scale invariance

In physics, mathematics, statistics, and economics, scale invariance is a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables, are multiplied by a common factor, thus represent a universality.

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Science

R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.

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Shape of the universe

The shape of the universe is the local and global geometry of the universe.

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Shapley Supercluster

The Shapley Supercluster or Shapley Concentration (SCl 124) is the largest concentration of galaxies in our nearby universe that forms a gravitationally interacting unit, thereby pulling itself together instead of expanding with the universe.

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Shiny Joe Ryan

Joseph Michael "Shiny Joe" Ryan (born 23 August 1987, Nenagh, Ireland) is an Australian psychedelic rock musician, singer and songwriter.

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Simons Observatory

The Simons Observatory will be located in the high Atacama Desert in Northern Chile inside the Chajnator Science Preserve, at an altitude of 5,200 meters (17,000 ft).

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Sky Polarization Observatory

The Sky Polarization Observatory (SPOrt) was an Italian instrument planned for launch to the International Space Station in for a planned 2-year mission beginning in 2007.

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Source counts

The source counts distribution of radio-sources from a radio-astronomical survey is the cumulative distribution of the number of sources (N) brighter than a given flux density (S).

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South Pole Telescope

The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10 meter (394 in) diameter telescope located at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica.

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Spherical harmonics

In mathematics and physical science, spherical harmonics are special functions defined on the surface of a sphere.

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Spider (polarimeter)

Spider is a balloon-borne experiment designed to search for primordial gravitational waves imprinted on the cosmic microwave background (CMB).

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Spinning dust

In astronomy, spinning dust is a mechanism proposed to explain anomalous microwave emission from the Milky Way.

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Stacy McGaugh

Stacy McGaugh (born January 11, 1964) is an American astronomer and professor in the Department of Astronomy at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.

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Stargate (device)

A Stargate is an Einstein–Rosen bridge portal device within the Stargate fictional universe that allows practical, rapid travel between two distant locations.

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Stargate Universe

Stargate Universe (often abbreviated as SGU) is a Canadian-American military science fiction television series and part of MGM's ''Stargate'' franchise.

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Starobinsky inflation

Starobinsky inflation is a modification of general relativity in order to explain cosmological inflation.

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Static universe

A static universe, also referred to as a "stationary" or "infinite" or "static infinite" universe, is a cosmological model in which the universe is both spatially infinite and temporally infinite, and space is neither expanding nor contracting.

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Steady State theory

In cosmology, the Steady State theory is an alternative to the Big Bang model of the evolution of our universe.

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Sterile neutrino

Sterile neutrinos (or inert neutrinos) are a hypothetical particle (neutral leptons – neutrinos) that interact only via gravity and do not interact via any of the fundamental interactions of the Standard Model.

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String theory

In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings.

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Structure formation

In physical cosmology, structure formation is the formation of galaxies, galaxy clusters and larger structures from small early density fluctuations.

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Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array

Two instruments known as the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array, or SCUBA, have been used for detecting submillimetre radiation on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii.

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Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.

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Sunyaev–Zel'dovich Array

The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich Array (SZA) in California is an array of eight 3.5 meter telescopes that is now operating as part of the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA).

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Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect

The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect (named after Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov B. Zel'dovich and often abbreviated as the SZ effect) is the distortion of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) through inverse Compton scattering by high energy electrons in galaxy clusters, in which the low energy CMB photons receive an average energy boost during collision with the high energy cluster electrons.

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Temperature

Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.

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Temperature measurement

Temperature measurement, also known as thermometry, describes the process of measuring a current local temperature for immediate or later evaluation.

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Tenerife Experiment

The Tenerife Experiment was a Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiment built by Jodrell Bank of the University of Manchester and in collaboration with the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC).

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Terzan 5

Terzan 5 is a heavily obscured globular cluster belonging to the bulge (the central star concentration) of the Milky Way galaxy.

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Test theories of special relativity

Test theories of special relativity give a mathematical framework for analyzing results of experiments to verify special relativity.

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Tests of general relativity

Tests of general relativity serve to establish observational evidence for the theory of general relativity.

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Texture (cosmology)

In cosmology, a texture is a type of topological defect in the order parameter (typically a scalar field) of a field theory featuring spontaneous symmetry breaking.

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The E and B Experiment

The E and B Experiment (EBEX) will measure the cosmic microwave background radiation of a part of the sky during two sub-orbital (high-altitude) balloon flights.

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The Three Degrees (disambiguation)

The Three Degrees are an American vocal trio.

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Theodosia Burr Alston

Theodosia Burr Alston (June 21, 1783 – approximately January 2 or 3, 1813) was the daughter of U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr and Theodosia Bartow Prevost.

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Theory of relativity

The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity.

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Thermal radiation

Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter.

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Thermodynamic temperature

Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.

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Thermodynamics of the universe

The thermodynamics of the universe is dictated by which form of energy dominates it - relativistic particles which are referred to as radiation, or non-relativistic particles which are referred to as matter.

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Thomas Gold

Thomas Gold (May 22, 1920June 22, 2004) was an Austrian-born astrophysicist, a professor of astronomy at Cornell University, a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of the Royal Society (London).

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Thomson scattering

Thomson scattering is the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle, as described by classical electromagnetism.

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Three-torus model of the universe

The three-torus model is a cosmological model proposed in 1984 by Alexi Starobinski and Yakov B. Zeldovich at the Landau Institute in Moscow.

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Timeline of astronomy

Babylonian astronomers discover an 18.6-year cycle in the rising and setting of the Moon.

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Timeline of cosmological theories

This timeline of cosmological theories and discoveries is a chronological record of the development of humanity's understanding of the cosmos over the last two-plus millennia.

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Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity

Timeline of gravitational physics and general relativity.

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Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure

Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure of the universe.

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Timeline of scientific discoveries

The timeline below shows the date of publication of possible major scientific theories and discoveries, along with the discoverer.

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Timeline of scientific experiments

The timeline below shows the date of publication of major scientific experiments.

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Timeline of the far future

While predictions of the future can never be absolutely certain, present understanding in various scientific fields allows for the prediction of far-future events, if only in the broadest outline.

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Timeline of the formation of the Universe

This is a timeline of the formation and subsequent evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang (13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago) to the present day.

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Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area

This is a timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, events in the nine counties that border on the San Francisco Bay, and the bay itself.

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Timeline of theoretical physics

The Timeline of theoretical physics lists key events by century.

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Timeline of United States discoveries

Timeline of United States discoveries encompasses the breakthroughs of human thought and knowledge of new scientific findings, phenomena, places, things, and what was previously unknown to exist.

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Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

Timeline of neutron stars, pulsars, supernovae, and white dwarfs Note that this list is mainly about the development of knowledge, but also about some supernovae taking place.

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Tired light

Tired light is a class of hypothetical redshift mechanisms that was proposed as an alternative explanation for the redshift-distance relationship.

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TopHat (telescope)

TopHat was a scientific experiment launched from McMurdo Station in January 2001 to measure the cosmic microwave background radiation produced 300,000 years after the Big Bang.

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Topological defect

In mathematics and physics, a topological soliton or a topological defect is a solution of a system of partial differential equations or of a quantum field theory homotopically distinct from the vacuum solution.

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Two-photon physics

Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons.

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Ultimate fate of the universe

The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology, whose theoretical restrictions allow possible scenarios for the evolution and ultimate fate of the universe to be described and evaluated.

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Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray

In astroparticle physics, an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) is a cosmic ray particle with a kinetic energy greater than eV, far beyond both the rest mass and energies typical of other cosmic ray particles.

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Ultra-high-energy gamma ray

Ultra-high-energy gamma rays are gamma rays with photon energies higher than 100 TeV (0.1 PeV).

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Universe

The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.

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University of Maryland, College Park

The University of Maryland, College Park (commonly referred to as the University of Maryland, UMD, or simply Maryland) is a public research university located in the city of College Park in Prince George's County, Maryland, approximately from the northeast border of Washington, D.C. Founded in 1856, the university is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland.

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University of Utah College of Science

The College of Science at the University of Utah is an academic college of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah.

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Uroš Seljak

Uros Seljak (born May 13, 1966 in Nova Gorica) is a Slovenian cosmologist, a professor of astronomy and physics at University of California, Berkeley.

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Vahe Gurzadyan

Vahagn "Vahe" Gurzadyan (Վահագն Գուրզադյան; born November 21, 1955) is an Armenian mathematical physicist and a professor and head of Cosmology Center at Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia, best known for co-writing "Concentric circles in WMAP data may provide evidence of violent pre-Big-Bang activity" paper with his colleague Roger Penrose, and collaborating on Roger Penrose's recent book Cycles of Time.

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Vela Supercluster

The Vela Supercluster (Vela SCl, VSCL) is a massive galactic supercluster about 265.5 megaparsecs (870 million light-years) away within the vicinity of the Zone of Avoidance of the Universe, centered on the constellation Vela.

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Vera Rubin

Vera Florence Cooper Rubin (July 23, 1928 – December 25, 2016) was an American astronomer who pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates.

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Very Small Array

The Very Small Array (VSA) was a 14-element interferometric radio telescope operating between 26 and 36 GHz that is used to study the cosmic microwave background radiation.

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Very-high-energy gamma ray

Very-high-energy gamma ray (VHEGR) denotes gamma radiation with photon energies of 100 GeV to 100 TeV, i.e., 1011 to 1014 electronvolts.

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Viatcheslav Mukhanov

Viatcheslav Fyodorovich Mukhanov (Вячесла́в Фёдорович Муха́нов; born October 2, 1956) is a Soviet/Russian theoretical physicist and cosmologist.

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Virgo Cluster

The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly (16.5 ± 0.1 Mpc) away in the constellation Virgo.

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Void (astronomy)

Cosmic voids are vast spaces between filaments (the largest-scale structures in the universe), which contain very few or no galaxies.

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Walter Gear

Walter K Gear is an astrophysicist, Professor of Physics and Head of the School of Physics and Astronomy at Cardiff University.

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Warrick Couch

Warrick John Couch (born 1954) is an Australian professional astronomer.

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Washington Large Area Time Coincidence Array

The Washington Area Large-scale Time-coincidence Array (WALTA) is a cosmic ray physics experiment run by the University of Washington to investigate ultra high energy cosmic rays (>1019eV).

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Weak gravitational lensing

While the presence of any mass bends the path of light passing near it, this effect rarely produces the giant arcs and multiple images associated with strong gravitational lensing.

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WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey

The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey was a large-scale astronomical redshift survey carried out on the 3.9 metre Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) at the Siding Spring Observatory, New South Wales between August 2006 and January 2011.

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Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), was a spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) – the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang.

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Wonders of the Universe

Wonders of the Universe is a 2011 television series produced by the BBC, Discovery Channel, and Science Channel, hosted by physicist Professor Brian Cox.

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WorldWide Telescope

WorldWide Telescope (WWT) is an open source set of applications, data and cloud services, originally created by Microsoft Research but now an open source project hosted on GitHub.

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Wouthuysen–Field coupling

Wouthuysen–Field coupling, or the Wouthuysen–Field effect, is a mechanism that couples the excitation temperature, also called the spin temperature, of neutral hydrogen to Lyman-alpha radiation.

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XMM Cluster Survey

The XMM Cluster Survey (XCS) is a serendipitous X-ray galaxy cluster survey being conducted using archival data taken by ESA’s XMM-Newton satellite.

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Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich

Yakov Borisovich Zel’dovich (Я́каў Бары́савіч Зяльдо́віч, Я́ков Бори́сович Зельдо́вич; 8 March 1914 – 2 December 1987), also known as YaB, was a Soviet physicist of Belarusian Jewish ethnicity, who is known for his prolific contributions in cosmology and the physics of thermonuclear and hydrodynamical phenomena.

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Ylem

Ylem is a term that was used by George Gamow, his student Ralph Alpher, and their associates in the late 1940s for a hypothetical original substance or condensed state of matter, which became subatomic particles and elements as we understand them today.

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Yun Wang

Yun Wang (born 1964) is a poet and cosmologist.

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Zero-point energy

Zero-point energy (ZPE) or ground state energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have.

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1089 (number)

1089 is the integer after 1088 and before 1090.

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1964

No description.

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1964 in science

The year 1964 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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2003 in science

The year 2003 was an exciting one for new scientific discoveries and technological breakthroughs progress in many scientific fields.

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2007 in science

The year 2007 involved many significant scientific events and discoveries, some of which are listed below.

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2010 in science

The year 2010 involved numerous significant scientific events and discoveries, some of which are listed below.

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2013 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2013, including the discovery of numerous Earthlike exoplanets, the development of viable lab-grown ears, teeth, livers and blood vessels, and the atmospheric entry of the most destructive meteor since 1908.

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2014 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2014, including the first robotic landing on a comet and the first complete stem-cell-assisted recovery from paraplegia.

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21st century

The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era or Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

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3-manifold

In mathematics, a 3-manifold is a space that locally looks like Euclidean 3-dimensional space.

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3K

3K or 3-K may refer to.

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Redirects here:

3K radiation, Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment /SZ, B modes, B-modes, C M B, C. M. B., CMB, CMB Radiation, CMB frame, CMB radiation, CMBR, Cmbe, Cmbr, Cosmic Background Microwave Radiation, Cosmic Microwave Background, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, Cosmic microwave background polarization, Cosmic microwave background radiation, Cosmic microwave radiation, Cosmic power spectrum, Last scattering, Last scattering surface, Microwave background, Microwave background radiation, Noise (Big-bang), Primordial B-mode, Primordial gravitational wave, Relic radiation, Surface of last scattering, Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

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