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Courland

Index Courland

Courland, or Kurzeme (in Latvian; Kurāmō; German and Kurland; Curonia/Couronia; Курляндия; Kuršas; Kurlandia), is one of the historical and cultural regions in western Latvia. [1]

605 relations: -land, Abava Valley, Abdizhamil Karimuly Nurpeisov, Adam Heinrich von Steinau, Adolph Esmit, Adrian Lampsins, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin, Agatha Lovisa de la Myle, Ainaži, Aivars, Aizpute Castle, Aizpute Municipality, Aizupe Manor, Aki the Wealthy, Albert Bach, Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, Albert of Riga, Aleksander Piotr Mohl, Aleksandrs Grīns, Alexander Alexanderovich Lieven, Alexander Bogdanovich Engelhardt, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, Alexander Sauerweid, Alexei Davidov, Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Alfred Isidore Romer, Almāle, Alsunga Castle, Alsunga Municipality, Anšlavs Eglītis, Andrejs Pumpurs, Anna Gyllander, Anna Leopoldovna, Anna of Russia, Ansgar, Anthony Günther, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, Antisemitism in the Russian Empire, Apriķi Manor, Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria, Army Group Courland, Arthur Zimmermann, Arveds Bergs, Auce Castle, August Davidov, Augustus III of Poland, Ēdole Castle, Īvande Manor, Ķemeri, Balande, ..., 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Expand index (555 more) »

-land

The suffix -land which can be found in several countries' name and country subdivisions indicates a toponymy—a land.

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Abava Valley

The Abava Valley is the valley of the Abava River in Talsi, Tukums, and Kuldīga municipalities, Latvia, in the historical Kurzeme region.

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Abdizhamil Karimuly Nurpeisov

Abdizhamil Karimovich Nurpeisov (born October 22, 1924) is the People's writer of Kazakhstan, one of the word-painters who have made great contributions to the Kazakh literature.

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Adam Heinrich von Steinau

Adam Heinrich Graf von Steinau (died 1712) was a Saxon Generalfeldmarschall.

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Adolph Esmit

Adolph Esmit was governor of St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies from 1683 to 1684, and again from 1687 to 1688.

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Adrian Lampsins

Adrian Lampsins, sometimes called Adrien Lampsius, (1598-1673) was the Baron of colonial Tobago, alongside his brother, Cornelius Lampsins.

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Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin

Afanasy Lavrentievich Ordin-Nashchokin (Афанасий Лаврентьевич Ордин-Нащокин) (1605–1680) was one of the most important Russian statesmen of the 17th century.

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Agatha Lovisa de la Myle

Agatha Lovisa de la Myle née Brumengeber or Brunnengräber (30 August 1724 - 1 September 1787), was a Finnish (originally Baltic German) poet and correspondent, "lady of letters".

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Ainaži

Ainaži (pronounced; Heinaste, Haynasch) is a harbour town in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.

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Aivars

Aivars is a Latvian masculine given name.

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Aizpute Castle

Aizpute Castle is a Livonian Order castle in the town of Aizpute in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Aizpute Municipality

Aizpute Municipality (Aizputes novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Aizupe Manor

Aizupe Manor (Aizupes muižas pils) is a manor house built in late classicism style in Vāne parish, Kandava municipality, the historical region of Kurzeme, in Latvia.

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Aki the Wealthy

Aki the Wealthy plays a small but important role in Egil's Saga.

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Albert Bach

Albert Bach (November 29, 1910 – July 22, 2003) was an Austrian soldier, at last in the rank of a Generalmajor, and skier.

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Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia

Albert Frederick (Albrecht Friedrich, Albrecht Fryderyk; 7 May 1553, in Königsberg – 28 August 1618, in Fischhausen, Rybaki) was Duke of Prussia from 1568 until his death.

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Albert of Riga

Albert of Riga or Albert of Livonia (Alberts fon Buksthēvdens; Albert von Buxthoeven; c.1165 – 17 January 1229) was the third Bishop of Riga in Livonia.

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Aleksander Piotr Mohl

Aleksander Piotr Mohl (alt. Alexander), Count, (November 18, 1899 – June 1954) was a Polish military officer, diplomat and intelligence officer.

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Aleksandrs Grīns

Aleksandrs Grīns (1895–1941) was a Latvian writer, translator and army officer.

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Alexander Alexanderovich Lieven

Prince Alexander Alexandrovich Lieven (Александр Александрович Ливен) (7 July 1860 – 23 February 1914) was a vice admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy.

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Alexander Bogdanovich Engelhardt

Alexander Bogdanovich Engelhardt (Александр Богданович Энгельгардт) (1795–1859) was a Russian baron, lieutenant general, and chief of Russian southern military settlements.

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Alexander Danilovich Menshikov

Prince Aleksander Danilovich Menshikov (Алекса́ндр Дани́лович Ме́ншиков; –) was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimus, Prince of the Russian Empire and Duke of Izhora (Duke of Ingria), Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Duke of Cosel.

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Alexander Graf Lambsdorff

Alexander Sebastian Léonce, Baron von der Wenge, Count Lambsdorff (born 5 November 1966), commonly known as Alexander, Count Lambsdorff (Alexander Graf Lambsdorff) is a German politician of the Free Democratic Party of Germany, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

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Alexander Sauerweid

Alexander Sauerweid (Russian: Александр Иванович Зауервейд; 19 February 1783, Kurland - 25 October 1844, Saint Petersburg) was a Baltic German painter who taught battle painting at the Russian Imperial Academy of Arts.

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Alexei Davidov

Alexei Augustovich Davidov (Алексей Августович Давидов) (1867-1940) was a Russian cellist and composer, and also a banker, industrialist, and businessman.

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Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin

Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (Алексе́й Петро́вич Бесту́жев-Рю́мин) (1 June 1693 – 21 April 1768), Chancellor of the Russian Empire, was one of the most influential and successful European diplomats of the 18th century.

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Alfred Isidore Romer

Alfred Isidore Romer, or Alfred Izydor Römer (Belarusian: Альфрэд Ізідор Ромер; 16 May 1832, Vilnius - 24 January 1897, Karalinova, Pastavy Raion) was a Baltic-German/Polish painter, sculptor, printmaker and medallist who worked in what is now Lithuania and Belarus.

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Almāle

Almāle is a village in Alsunga Municipality in the historical region of Courland in Latvia.

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Alsunga Castle

Alsunga Castle (Alsungas pils; Schloss Alschwangen) is a castle in Alsunga village, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Alsunga Municipality

Alsunga Municipality (Alsungas novads) is a municipality in the historical region of Courland in Latvia.

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Anšlavs Eglītis

Anšlavs Eglītis (October 14, 1906 – March 4, 1993) was a Latvian writer, journalist and painter who became a war refugee in 1944.

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Andrejs Pumpurs

Andrejs Pumpurs (on the Courland side of the former Lieljumprava civil parish, now Birzgale parish – in Riga) was a poet who penned the Latvian epic Lāčplēsis (The Bear Slayer, first published in 1888) and a prominent figure in the Young Latvia movement.

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Anna Gyllander

Anna Gyllander (born 1633 – floruit 1659) was a Swedish imposter, who during the reign of King Charles X of Sweden, presented herself to be the abdicated queen Christina of Sweden.

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Anna Leopoldovna

Anna Leopoldovna (А́нна Леопо́льдовна; 18 December 1718 – 19 March 1746), born as Elisabeth Katharina Christine von Mecklenburg-Schwerin and also known as Anna Carlovna (А́нна Ка́рловна), was regent of Russia for a few months in 1740 and 1741 during the minority of her infant son Emperor Ivan VI.

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Anna of Russia

Anna Ioannovna (Анна Иоанновна; –), also spelled Anna Ivanovna and sometimes anglicized as Anne, was regent of the duchy of Courland from 1711 until 1730 and then ruled as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740.

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Ansgar

Saint Ansgar (8 September 801 – 3 February 865), also known as Anskar or Saint Anschar, was a Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen – a northern part of the Kingdom of the East Franks.

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Anthony Günther, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst

Anthony Günther, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (11 November 1653 – 10 December 1714) was a German prince of the House of Ascania.

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Antisemitism in the Russian Empire

Antisemitism in the Russian Empire included numerous pogroms and the designation of the Pale of Settlement, from which Jews were forbidden to migrate into the interior of Russia, unless they converted to the Russian Orthodox state religion.

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Apriķi Manor

Apriķi Manor (Apriķu muižas pils) is a manor house in Laža parish, Aizpute municipality, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria

Rainer Joseph of Austria (30 September 1783 – 16 January 1853) was a Viceroy of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia from 1818 to 1848.

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Army Group Courland

Army Group Courland (Heeresgruppe Kurland) was a German Army Group on the Eastern Front which was created from remnants of the Army Group North, isolated in the Courland Peninsula by the advancing Soviet Army forces during the 1944 Baltic Offensive of the Second World War.

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Arthur Zimmermann

Arthur Zimmermann (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1940) was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire from 22 November 1916 until his resignation on 6 August 1917.

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Arveds Bergs

Arveds Bergs, full name Arveds Kārlis Kristaps Bergs, (born September 13, 1875 Riga, Russian Empire – died December 19, 1941, Chkalov, Soviet Union) was a Latvian lawyer, newspaper editor and politician actively advocating establishing of an independent Latvian state and later, as the leader of National Union, member of Saeima.

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Auce Castle

Auce Castle is a castle in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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August Davidov

August Yulevich Davidov (Август Юльевич Давидов) (December 15, 1823 – December 22, 1885) was a Russian mathematician and engineer, professor at Moscow University, and author of works on differential equations with partial derivatives, definite integrals, and the application of probability theory to statistics, and textbooks on elementary mathematics which were repeatedly reprinted from the 1860s to the 1920s.

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Augustus III of Poland

Augustus III (August III Sas, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1734 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire from 1733 until 1763 where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II).

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Ēdole Castle

Ēdole Castle (Ēdoles pils; Schloß Edwahlen) is a Gothic Revival castle situated on the banks of Ēdole Lake, Ēdole parish, in the historical region of Courland, western Latvia.

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Īvande Manor

Īvande Manor (Īvandes muižas pils), also called Lielīvande Manor (Schloß Groß-Iwanden), is a manor house in Īvande parish in Kuldīga municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Ķemeri

Ķemeri resort (originally Ķemeres, also known as Kemmern) is a part of Jūrmala in Latvia, 44 km from Riga.

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Balande

Balande (also Jaunā māja) is a village in Alsunga Municipality in the historical region of Courland in Latvia.

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Baltic Cross

The Baltic Cross (German: Das Baltenkreuz) was a military decoration of the German Weimar Republic.

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Baltic Germans

The Baltic Germans (Deutsch-Balten or Deutschbalten, later Baltendeutsche) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia.

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Baltic knighthoods

Baltic Noble Corporations of Courland, Livonia, Estonia, and Oesel (Ösel) were medieval fiefdoms formed by German nobles in the 13th century under vassalage to the Teutonic Knights and Denmark in modern Latvia and Estonia.

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Baltic nobility

The Baltic or Baltic German nobility was the privileged social class in the territories of today's Estonia and Latvia.

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Baltic Offensive

The Baltic Offensive, also known as the Baltic Strategic Offensive, denotes the campaign between the northern Fronts of the Red Army and the German Army Group North in the Baltic States during the autumn of 1944.

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Baltic region

The terms Baltic region, Baltic Rim countries (or simply Baltic Rim), and the Baltic Sea countries refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Baltische Landeswehr

The Baltic Landwehr or Baltische Landeswehr ("Baltic Territorial Army") was the name of the unified armed forces of the Couronian and Livonian nobility from 7 December 1918 to 3 July 1919.

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Battle of Birże

The Battle of Biržai was a series of skirmishes during the January Uprising.

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Battle of Czarnowo

The Battle of Czarnowo on the night of 23–24 December 1806 saw troops of the First French Empire under the eye of Emperor Napoleon I launch an evening assault crossing of the Wkra River against Lieutenant General Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy's defending Russian Empire forces.

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Battle of Darsūniškis

The Battle of Darsūniškis took place on March 24, 1702 near the town of Darsūniškis (Polish: Dorsuniszki) during the Swedish invasion of Poland in the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Dunajetz

The Battles of Dunajetz occurred in May 1915 as part of the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive during World War I. They were fought between the Russians (who were camped out along the line of the Dunajec river, the right tributary of the Vistula) and a force led by German General August von Mackensen to push the Russians out of Galicia and Vistula land (what is now Poland).

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Battle of Durbe

The Battle of Durbe (Durbes kauja, Durbės mūšis, Schlacht an der Durbe) was a medieval battle fought near Durbe, east of Liepāja, in present-day Latvia during the Livonian Crusade.

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Battle of Fraustadt

The Battle of Fraustadt was fought on 2 February 1706 (O.S.) / 3 February 1706 (Swedish calendar) / 13 February 1706 (N.S.) between Sweden and Saxony-Poland and their Russian allies near Fraustadt (now Wschowa) in Poland.

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Battle of Gemauerthof

The Battle of Gemauerthof was a battle in the Great Northern War, fought south of Riga, in present-day Latvia in July 1705.

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Battle of Kircholm

The Battle of Kircholm (27 September 1605, or 17 September in the Old Style calendar then in use in Protestant countries) was one of the major battles in the Polish–Swedish War.

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Battle of Memel (1257)

The Battle of Memel was fought between the Samogitians and the Livonian Order in 1257 near Memel (now Klaipėda in Lithuania).

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Battle of Petschora

The Battle of Petschora took place on February 23, 1701 near the village of Pechory, Russia during the second year of the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Poltava

The Battle of Poltava (Slaget vid Poltava; Полта́вская би́тва; Полта́вська би́тва) on 27 June 1709 (8 July, N.S.) was the decisive victory of Peter I of Russia, also known as "the Great," over the Swedish forces under Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, in one of the battles of the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Skuodas

The Battle of Skuodas or Schoden was a medieval battle fought in ca.

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Battle of Tannenberg Line

This is a sub-article to Battle of Narva (1944). The Battle of Tannenberg Line (Die Schlacht um die Tannenbergstellung; Sinimägede lahing; Битва за линию «Танненберг») was a military engagement between the German Army Detachment Narwa and the Soviet Leningrad Front.

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Battle of Warsaw (1705)

The Battle of Warsaw (also known as the Battle of Rakowitz or Rakowiec)Rakowiec later became part of the Ochota district of Warsaw.

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Battle of Wenden (1626)

Battle of Wenden (also known as Battle of Kieś) was a battle fought during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629), between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on December 3, 1626 at Wenden (Cēsis, Kiesia) in present-day Latvia.

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Battles of Wenden (1577–78)

The Battles of Wenden were a series of battles for control of the stronghold of Wenden (Cēsis, Kiesia, Võnnu), in present-day Latvia, fought during the Livonian War in 1577 and 1578.

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Bauska Jewish community

The Bauska Jewish community existed in Bauska from the late 18th century until September 1941.

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Bērzkalni, Alsunga Municipality

Bērzkalni (also Stirnas and Stirnumuiža) is a village in Alsunga Municipality in the historical region of Courland in Latvia.

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Būcmaņciems

Būcmaņciems (also Būcmaņi) is a village in Alsunga Municipality in the historical region of Courland in Latvia.

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Birka

Birka (Birca in medieval sources), on the island of Björkö (literally: "Birch Island") in present-day Sweden, was an important Viking Age trading center which handled goods from Scandinavia and Finland as well as Central and Eastern Europe and the Orient.

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Bishopric of Courland

The Bishopric of Courland (Episcopatus Curoniensis, Low German: Bisdom Curland) was the second smallest (4500 km2) ecclesiastical state in the Livonian Confederation founded in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade.

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Bochum

Bochum (Westphalian: Baukem) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and part of the Arnsberg region.

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Boja Manor

Boja Manor (Boju muižas pils) is a manor house in Kazdanga parish, Aizpute municipality, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Brocēni Municipality

Brocēni Municipality (Brocēnu novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Brothers' Cemetery

The Brothers' Cemetery or Cemetery of the Brethren (Brāļu Kapi), also sometimes referred to in English as the Common Graves or simply as the Military Cemetery, is a military cemetery and national monument in Riga, capital of Latvia.

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Bug Star

The Bug Star, more formerly known as the Bug Star of the Schutztruppe Bug was a paramilitary award of the German Freikorps which was issued in the 1920s.

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Burkhard Christoph von Münnich

Count Burkhard Christoph von Münnich (9 May 1683 – 16 October 1767) (Христофо́р Анто́нович Миних) was a German soldier-engineer who became a field marshal and political figure in the Russian Empire.

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Buttlar family

Buttlar (also Butler, Buttler or Treusch von Buttlar) is the name of an old Upper Franconian-Hessian noble family.

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Campaign of Grodno

The Campaign of Grodno was a plan developed by Johann Patkul and Otto Arnold von Paykull during the Swedish invasion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a part of the Great Northern War.

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Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia

With the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 the Swedish dominions Estonia and Livonia were integrated into the Russian EmpireLuts (2006), p. 159 following their conquest during the Great Northern War.

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Carl Hilpert

Carl Hilpert (12 September 1888 – 1 February 1947) was a German general during World War II.

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Carlos Berg

Carlos Berg (Kārlis Bergs, Karl Berg) or Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Berg (Frīdrihs Vilhelms Kārlis Bergs, Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Berg) (21 March 1843, Courland – 19 January 1902 Buenos Aires) was an Argentinian naturalist and entomologist of Latvian and Baltic German origin.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; –), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader.

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Catholic Church in Latvia

The Roman Catholic Church of Latvia is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.

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Cēre Manor

Cēre Manor (Cēres muižas pils) is a manor house in Cēre parish in Kandava municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Cīrava Palace

Cīrava Palace (Cīravas muižas pils; Schloß Zierau) is located in the village of Cīrava, Cīrava parish, Aizpute municipality, Latvia.

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Charles XIII of Sweden

Charles XIII & II also Carl, Karl XIII (7 October 1748 – 5 February 1818), was King of Sweden (as Charles XIII) from 1809 and King of Norway (as Charles II) from 1814 until his death.

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Christmas Battles

The Christmas Battles (Latvian:Ziemassvētku kaujas; German:Aa-Schlachten; Russian:Митавская операция) were offensive operations of the Russian army and Latvian units during World War I in the area of Jelgava, Latvia, by the Russian 12th Army of the Northern Front.

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Christoph Bernhard von Galen

Christoph Bernhard Freiherr von Galen (12 October 1606, Drensteinfurt – 19 September 1678) was Prince-bishop of Münster.

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Christoph Friedrich von Sacken-Appricken

Christoph Friedrich von Sacken-Appricken was the Regent of Courland from 1740 to 1758, in modern-day Latvia.

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Christoph Hartknoch

Christoph Hartknoch (1644–1687) was a Prussian historian and educator.

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Chronicle of Rivius

The Chronicle of Rivius is a German-language manuscript, often cited by Teodor Narbutt in his nine-volume work on the history of Lithuania and journal articles.

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Coat of arms of Latvia

Coat of arms of Republic of Latvia was officially adopted by the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia on July 15, 1921 and was in official use from August 19, 1921.

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Coat of arms of Russia

The coat of arms of the Russian Federation derives from the earlier coat of arms of the Russian Empire which was abolished with the Russian Revolution in 1917 and restored in 1993 after the constitutional crisis.

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Coats of arms of Europe

This is a list of the national coats of arms or equivalent emblems used by countries and dependent territories in Europe.

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Collaboration with the Axis Powers

Within nations occupied by the Axis Powers in World War II, some citizens and organizations, prompted by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, antisemitism, opportunism, self-defense, or often a combination, knowingly collaborated with the Axis Powers.

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Colonization attempts by Poland

Poland never formally had any colonial territories, however over its history the acquisition of such territories was at times contemplated, but never attempted.

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Commemorative coins of Latvia

The commemorative coins of Latvia are issued by the National Bank of Latvia, headquartered in Riga, Latvia, but minted outside Latvia by.

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Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer

The Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Latin: Congregatio Sanctissimi Redemptoris – C.Ss.R), commonly known as the Redemptorists, is a worldwide congregation of the Catholic Church, dedicated to missionary work and founded by Saint Alphonsus Liguori at Scala, near Amalfi, Italy, for the purpose of labouring among the neglected country people around Naples.

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Constitution of May 3, 1791 (painting)

The Constitution of May 3, 1791 (Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791 roku) is an 1891 Romantic oil painting on canvas by the Polish artist Jan Matejko.

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Cornelius Caroon

Cornelius Caroon was the Governor of New Courland, on Tobago from 1643 to 1650.

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Cornelius Lampsins

Cornelius Lampsins (or van Lampsin, also Corneille Lampsius), was, along with his brother Adrian, the Baron of Tobago from 1662 to 1664.

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Countess Palatine Christiane Henriette of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld

Christiane Henriette of Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (16 November 1725, Ribeauvillé – 11 February 1816, Arolsen) was a Countess of Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld by birth and by marriage a Princess of Waldeck-Pyrmont.

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Courland (disambiguation)

Courland is one of the historical and cultural regions of Latvia.

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Courland Governorate

Courland Governorate, also known as the Province of Courland, Governorate of Kurland (Курля́ндская губерния), and Government of Courland (Kurländisches Gouvernement, Kurzemes guberņa), was one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, that is now part of the Republic of Latvia.

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Courland Peninsula

The Courland Peninsula is the north-western part of Courland.

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Courland Pocket

The Courland Pocket was a group of German forces of Reichskommissariat Ostland on the Courland Peninsula that was cut off and surrounded by the Red Army from July 1944 through May 1945.

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Courlander

Courlander may refer to.

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Couronian colonization

Couronian colonization refers to the colonization efforts of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a vassal of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Crossing of the Düna

The Crossing of the Düna (also known as Battle of Riga) took place during the Great Northern War on July 8 (Julian calendar) / July 9 (Swedish calendar) / July 19 (Gregorian calendar) 1701 near the city of Riga, present-day Latvia.

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Cultural regions of Latvia

Cultural regions of Latvia are several areas within Latvia formally recognised as distinct from the rest of the country.

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Culture of Latvia

The culture of Latvia combines traditional Latvian and Livonian heritage with influences of the country's varied historical heritage.

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Curonian

Curonian may refer to.

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Curonian Kings

Curonian Kings (Kurische Könige; Kuršu ķoniņi) are a Latvian cultural group, originally lesser vassals and free farmers that lived in seven villages between Goldingen (Kuldīga) and Hasenpoth (Aizpute) in Courland.

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Curonians

The Curonians or Kurs (Curonian: Kursi; Kuren; kurši; курши; kuršiai; kuralased; Kurowie) were a Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in what are now the western parts of Latvia and Lithuania from the 5th to the 16th centuries, when they merged with other Baltic tribes.

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Cyprian Kreutz

Baron Cyprian Antonovich von Kreutz (Киприан Антонович Крейц; 10 July 1777 - 13 July 1850) was a general of the Russian Imperial Army known for his service in the Napoleonic Wars and the November Uprising.

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Daina (Latvia)

A daina or tautas dziesma is a traditional form of music or poetry from Latvia.

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Daniel Itzig

Daniel Itzig (also known as Daniel Yoffe 18 March 1723 in Berlin – 17 May 1799 in Potsdam) was a Court Jew of Kings Frederick II the Great and Frederick William II of Prussia.

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Darkness Fell on Gotenhafen

Darkness Fell on Gotenhafen (Nacht fiel über Gotenhafen) is a 1960 German drama film directed by Frank Wisbar.

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David Courlander

David Courlander (September 10, 1866 – June 12, 1961) was a self-taught (“primitive”) artist who painted scenes of everyday American life.

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Demonym

A demonym (δῆμος dẽmos "people, tribe", ὄόνομα ónoma "name") is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place.

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Denmark–Estonia relations

Denmark–Estonia relations are foreign relations between Denmark and Estonia.

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Dienvidstacija

Dienvidstacija (also Alsungas stacija) is a village in Alsunga Municipality in the historical region of Courland in Latvia.

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Dmitry Bagration-Imeretinsky

Prince Dmitry Bagration-Imeretinsky (დიმიტრი გიორგის ძე ბაგრატიონ-იმერეტინსკი) (1799–1845) was a Georgian royal prince (batonishvili) of the royal Bagrationi dynasty of Imereti.

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Dmitry Sipyagin

Dmitry Sergeyevich Sipyagin (Дми́трий Серге́евич Сипя́гин; &ndash) a Russian statesman.

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Dobele District

Dobele District (Dobeles rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in the Courland and Semigallia regions, in the country's centre.

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Dubulti

Dubulti is the administrative center and the oldest part of Jūrmala, Latvia.

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Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ, Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii, Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen, Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste) was a duchy in the Baltic region that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569 to 1726 to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Sejm in 1726, On 28 March 1795, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.

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Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)

The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was briefly a client state of the German Empire.

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Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg

Adolf Friedrich Albrecht Heinrich, Duke of Mecklenburg (German: Adolf Friedrich Albrecht Heinrich, Herzog zu Mecklenburg; 10 October 1873 – 5 August 1969), was a German explorer in Africa, a colonial politician, the elected Duke of the United Baltic Duchy from 5 November to 28 November 1918, and the first president of the National Olympic Committee of West Germany (1949–1951).

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Dunalka Manor

Dunalka Manor is a manor house with surrounding complex of buildings in Dunalka parish, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Dunalka Old Manor

Dunalka Old Manor is a fortified late medieval manor house in Dunalka parish, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Dundaga

Dundaga (Dūoņig) is a village in Courland, Latvia.

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Dundaga Castle

Dundaga Castle is a medieval castle in Dundaga, Latvia, in the Dundaga municipality.

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Dundaga Municipality

Dundaga Municipality (Dundagas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Durbe Municipality

Durbe Municipality (Durbes novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Dursupe Manor

Dursupe Manor is a manor house located in the Talsi municipality, Balgale parish, in the historical region of Courland, western Latvia.

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Dzērve Manor

Dzērve Manor (Dzērves muižas pils), also called Lieldzērve Manor (Schloss Gross-Dserwen), is a manor house in Cīrava parish in Aizpute municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Early Finnish wars

Early Finnish wars are scattered descriptions of conflicts involving Finnish tribes or Finland prior medieval times.

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Edgar Vaalgamaa

Edgar Vaalgamaa (1912 – December 20, 2003) was a Livonian pastor and ethnologist.

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Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz

Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz (23 November 1796 – 12 December 1869) was a German sculptor.

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Eduard Tisse

Eduard Kazimirovich Tisse (Эдуа́рд Казими́рович Тиссэ́, Eduards Tisē; 13 April 1897 – 18 November 1961) was a Soviet cinematographer.

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Eduard Totleben

Eduard Ivanovich Totleben (Эдуа́рд Ива́нович Тотле́бен, sometimes transliterated as Todleben; &ndash) was a Baltic German military engineer and Imperial Russian Army general.

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Eduard von der Ropp

Eduard Michael Johann Maria Baron von der Ropp (1851–1939) was a German-Polish nobleman and Russian Roman Catholic metropolitan archbishop.

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Edvarts Virza

Edvarts Virza (born as Jēkabs Eduards Liekna; December 27, 1883, Salgale parish – March 1, 1940, Riga) was a Latvian writer, poet and translator.

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Egill Skallagrímsson

Egill Skallagrímsson (c. 904c. 995) was a Viking-Age poet, warrior and farmer.

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Elisa von der Recke

Elisa von der Recke (20 May 1754 – 13 April 1833) was a Baltic German writer and poet.

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Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Electress of Brandenburg

Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (19 November 1597 – 26 April 1660) was an Electress consort of Brandenburg as the wife of George William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, and the mother of Frederick William of Brandenburg, the "Great Elector".

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Embūte Castle

The ruins of Embūte Castle are located in Embūte, Latvia (Amboten), in the Embūte parish, Vaiņode municipality, not far from an ancient castle hill erected by Curonians.

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English exonyms

An English exonym is a name in the English language for a place (a toponym), or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage (the endonym).

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Ephraimiten

Ephraimiten were the inferior or fake coins in which part of the silver was replaced with copper.

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Eric Anundsson

Eric Anundsson or Eymundsson (traditionally died 882) was a Swedish king who ruled during the 9th century.

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Ernst Friedrich von Ockel

Ernst Friedrich Ockel (then von Ockel zu Salwitz) Lutheran theologian, writer and politician from the duchy of Courland (Latvia), born 16 November 1742, in Mengeringhausen (Waldeck).

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Ernst-Anton von Krosigk

Ernst-Anton von Krosigk (5 March 1898 – 16 March 1945) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 16th Army.

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Ethnographic Lithuania

Ethnographic Lithuania was an early 20th-century concept that define Lithuanian territories as a significant part of the territories that belonged to Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Lithuanians as all people living on them, regardless of whether those people spoke the Lithuanian language and considered themselves Lithuanian.

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Eurasian lynx

The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized wild cat native to Siberia, Central, Eastern, and Southern Asia, Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.

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Ezere Manor

Ezere Manor (Ezeres muižas pils, Gut Gross-Essern), also called Lielezere Manor, is a manor house in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia near the border with Lithuania.

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Fabian Steinheil

Count Fabian Gotthard von Steinheil (Фадде́й Фёдорович Ште́йнгель, Faddei Fjodorovitš Šteingel; 14 October 1762 – 23 February 1831) was a Russian military officer, and the Governor-General of Finland between 1810 and 1824.

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Fallschirm-Panzergrenadier Division 2 Hermann Göring

Fallschirm-Panzergrenadier-Division 2 "Hermann Göring" was formed on 24 September 1944 in the area of Radom.

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Family of Gediminas

The family of Gediminas is a group of family members of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania (ca. 1275–1341), who interacted in the 14th century.

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Firck Palace

Firck Palace (Firksa muižas pils; Virckshof) is a palace in Talsi in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Fire in the Steppe

Fire in the Steppe (Pan Wołodyjowski; also translated into English as Sir Michael and Colonel Wolodyjowski; literally, Sir Wołodyjowski) is a historical novel by the Polish author Henryk Sienkiewicz, published in 1888.

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Foreign nobility in Norway

Foreign nobility in Norway refers to foreign persons and families of nobility who in past and present have lived in Norway as well as to non-noble Norwegians who have enjoyed foreign noble status.

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Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli

Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (Russian: Франче́ско Бартоломе́о (Варфоломе́й Варфоломеевич) Растрелли) (1700 in Paris, Kingdom of France — 29 April 1771 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russian architect of Italian origin.

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Franz Adam Veichtner

Franz Adam Veichtner, also known as "Feichtner" (baptised 10 February 1741 – 3 March 1822) was a German violinist and composer of the classical era.

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Fraternitas Vanenica

Fraternitas Vanenica is Latvian all-male student fraternity (corporation) which was founded in Munich, Germany on June 20, 1947.

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Frédéric Fiebig

Frédéric Fiebig (1885–1953) was a Latvian-born painter who lived in France.

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Fred Rebell

Fred Rebell (born Kārlis Sproģis; 22 April 1886 – 10 November 1968) was a Latvian born in Ventspils, Courland, Russian Empire (now Latvia), fled to Germany in 1907, and stowed away on a ship to Australia in 1909.

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Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.

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Frederick William Adolf, Prince of Nassau-Siegen

Frederick William Adolf (20 February 1680 – 13 February 1722) was the titular Prince of Nassau-Siegen from 1691 until his death; he actually ruled the principality from 1707.

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Freedom Monument

The Freedom Monument (Brīvības piemineklis) is a memorial located in Riga, Latvia, honouring soldiers killed during the Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920).

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Freikorps in the Baltic

After 1918, the term Freikorps was used for the anti-communist paramilitary organizations that sprang up around the German Empire, including in the Baltic states, as soldiers returned in defeat from World War I. It was one of the many Weimar paramilitary groups active during that time.

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French exonyms

Below is a list of French language exonyms for places in non-French-speaking areas.

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Friedrich Georg von Bunge

Friedrich Georg von Bunge (13 March 1802, Kiev – 9 April 1897, Wiesbaden) was a German legal historian.

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Friedrich Karl Hermann Kruse

Friedrich Karl Hermann Kruse (21 July 1790 – 3 August 1866) was a German historian born in Oldenburg.

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Friedrich Kettler

Friedrich Kettler (Latvian: Frīdrihs Ketlers, 25 November 1569 in Mītava (German: Mitau, now Jelgava) – 17 August 1642) was Duke of Courland and Semigallia (Latvian: Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste, now part of Latvia) from 1587 to 1642.

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Friedrich Martens

Friedrich Fromhold Martens, or Friedrich Fromhold von Martens, also known as Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (Фёдор Фёдорович Мартенс) in Russian and Frédéric Frommhold (de) Martens in French (–) was a diplomat and jurist in service of the Russian Empire who made important contributions to the science of international law.

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Friedrich Meinecke

Friedrich Meinecke (October 20, 1862 – February 6, 1954) was a German historian, with Liberal and anti-semitic views.

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Friedrich von Stuart

Baron Friedrich von Stuart (1761-1842) was a Courland nobleman and landowner.

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Gavriil Golovkin

Count Gavrila (Gavriil) Ivanovich Golovkin (Гаври́ла (Гаврии́л) Ива́нович Голо́вкин) (1660 – 20 January 1734) was a Russian statesman who formally presided over foreign affairs of the Russian Empire from 1706 until his death.

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Gediminas

Gediminas (– December 1341) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1315 or 1316 until his death.

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General der Nachrichtenaufklärung

The GdNA (Oberkommando des Heeres/General der Nachrichtenaufklärung) was the signals intelligence agency of the Wehrmacht, before and during World War II.

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Geography of Latvia

Latvia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform, between Estonia and Lithuania.

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Georg Mancelius

Georg Mancelius otherwise Georgs Mancelis (born 24 June / 4 July 1593 in Grenzhof (now Mežmuiža in Augstkalne Parish), Courland; died 17 March 1654 in Mitau) was a German Baltic Lutheran theologian in what is now Latvia.

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German Instrument of Surrender

The German Instrument of Surrender ended World War II in Europe.

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German occupation of Estonia during World War I

The occupation of Estonia by the German Empire occurred during the later stages of the First World War.

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German occupation of Latvia during World War II

The occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany was completed on July 10, 1941 by Germany's armed forces.

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German town law

The German town law (Deutsches Stadtrecht) or German municipal concerns (Deutsches Städtewesen) was a set of early town privileges based on the Magdeburg rights developed by Otto I. The Magdeburg Law became the inspiration for regional town charters not only in Germany, but also in Central and Eastern Europe who modified it during the Middle Ages.

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Gotthard Kettler

Gotthard von Kettler (also Ketteler, Gotthard Kettler, Herzog von Kurland; 2 February 1517 – 17 May 1587) was the last Master of the Livonian Order and the first Duke of Courland and Semigallia.

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Government of Vladimir Lenin

Under the leadership of Russian communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik Party seized power in the Russian Republic during a coup known as the October Revolution.

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Governor-general

Governor-general (plural governors-general) or governor general (plural governors general), in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm.

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century up to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria.

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Grand Embassy of Peter the Great

The Grand Embassy (translit) was a Russian diplomatic mission to Western Europe in 1697–98 led by Peter the Great.

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Grāveri, Alsunga Municipality

Grāveri is a village in Alsunga Municipality in the historical region of Courland in Latvia.

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Grigori Engelhardt

Grigory Engelhardt (Григорий Григорьевич Энгельгардт) (1759–1834) was a Russian general during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Grobiņa Castle

Grobiņa Castle is a medieval castle located in the town of Grobiņa, Latvia, in western Courland.

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Grobiņa Municipality

Grobiņa Municipality (Grobiņas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Harry Domela

Harry Domela (1905 - after 1978) was a Latvian-born impostor who pretended to be a deposed German crown prince.

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Hassling-Ketling of Elgin

Ketling (Hassling-Ketling of Elgin) was a fictional character in Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel Fire in the Steppe, the third volume of his award-winning The Trilogy.

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Hasso von Manteuffel

Hasso von Manteuffel (14 January 1897 – 24 September 1978) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 5th Panzer Army.

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Henry Salant

Henry Salant (September 13, 1874 – March 17, 1952) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

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Henry Sass

Henry Sass (24 April 1788 – 1844) was an English artist and teacher of painting, who founded an important art school, Sass's Academy (later "Cary's Academy"), in London, to provide training for those seeking to enter the Royal Academy.

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Herman Rosenthal

Herman Rosenthal (October 6, 1843 – 1917) was an American author, editor, and librarian.

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History of Latvia

The history of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in northern Europe.

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History of Lithuania

The history of Lithuania dates back to settlements founded many thousands of years ago, but the first written record of the name for the country dates back to 1009 AD.

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History of Lithuania (1219–95)

The history of Lithuania between 1219 and 1295 concerns the establishment and early history of the first Lithuanian state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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History of Poles in Königsberg

The History of Poles in Königsberg (Polish: Królewiec) goes back to the 14th century.

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History of Riga

The history of Riga, the capital of Latvia, begins as early as the 2nd century with a settlement, the Duna urbs, at a natural harbor not far upriver from the mouth of the Daugava River.

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History of the Jews in 18th-century Poland

The 18th-Century for the Jews of Poland was a tumultuous period as political unrest in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth led to changes in the treatment and behavior of Jews living within its territory.

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History of the Jews in Latvia

The History of the Jews in Latvia dates back to the first Jewish colony established in Piltene in 1571.

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History of the Jews in Russia

Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora; the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world.

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History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)

History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648) covers a period in the history of Poland and Lithuania, before their joint state was subjected to devastating wars in the middle of the 17th century.

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History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764)

History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764) covers a period in the history of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from the time their joint state became the theater of wars and invasions fought on a great scale in the middle of the 17th century, to the time just before the election of Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–1795)

The History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–1795) is concerned with the final decades of existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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HMS Basilisk (1848)

HMS Basilisk was a first-class paddle sloop of the Royal Navy, built at the Woolwich Dockyard and launched on 22 August 1848.

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HMS Cossack (1854)

HMS Cossack was a wooden 20-gun corvette, built at Northfleet and launched on 15 May 1854.

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HMS Falcon (1854)

HMS Falcon was a 17-gun Royal Navy ''Cruizer''-class sloop launched in 1854.

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HMS Tartar (1801)

HMS Tartar was a 32-gun fifth-rate ''Narcissus''-class frigate of the Royal Navy, built at Frindsbury and launched in 1801.

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Horst van Cuyck

Horst van Cuyck (29 July 1939 – 26 June 2014) was a German business consultant.

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House of Yusupov

The Yusupovs (r) were a Russian noble family descended from the monarchs of the Nogai Horde, renowned for their immense wealth, philanthropy and art collections in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Hrœrekr Ringslinger

Hrœrekr Ringslinger or Ringscatterer, Old Norse: Hrærekr slöngvanbaugi, Old Danish: Rørik Slængeborræ or Rørik Slyngebond was a legendary 7th-century king of Zealand or Denmark, who appears in Chronicon Lethrense, Annals of Lund, Gesta Danorum, Sögubrot, Njáls saga, Hversu Noregr byggðist, Skjöldunga saga, and Bjarkarímur.

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Hubert de Beveren

Hubert de Beveren was the Governor of Dutch Tobago from 1662 to 1666.

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Igo (singer)

Rodrigo Fomins better known by the stage name Igo (born 29 June 1962, Liepaja, Latvia) is Latvian singer, poet and composer of rock and other music styles.

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Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.

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Inflanty Voivodeship

The Inflanty Voivodeship (Województwo inflanckie), or Livonian Voivodeship (Livonijos vaivadija), also known as Polish Livonia, was an administrative division and local government in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, since it was formed in the 1620s out of the Wenden Voivodeship and lasted until the First Partition of Poland in 1772.

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Isadore "Ike" Bayles

Isadore "Ike" Bayles (Hebrew: יצחק ביילעס) (February 20, 1876 – May 31, 1956) was an Alaskan businessman and considered one of the founding fathers of Anchorage, Alaska.

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Issai Schur

Issai Schur (January 10, 1875 – January 10, 1941) was a Russian mathematician who worked in Germany for most of his life.

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Italian exonyms

Below is list of Italian language exonyms for places in non-Italian-speaking areas of Europe: In recent years, the use of Italian exonyms for lesser known places has significantly decreased, in favour of the foreign toponym.

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Ivan VI of Russia

Ivan VI Antonovich of Russia (Ioann Antonovich; Иоанн VI; Иоанн Антонович; –) was Emperor of Russia in 1740–41.

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Izmaylovsky Regiment

The Izmaylovsky Regiment (Izmáylovskiy leyb-gvárdii polk) was one of the oldest regiments of the Russian army, a subdivision of the 1st Guards Infantry Division of the Imperial Russian Guard.

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Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz

Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz (23 January 1751, or 12 January in the Julian calendar–4 June 1792, or 24 May in the Julian calendar) was a Baltic German writer of the Sturm und Drang movement.

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Jaunauce Manor

Jaunauce Manor (Jaunauces muižas pils; Schloss Neu-Autz) is a manor house in Jaunauce parish in Saldus municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Jaunmuiža Manor

Jaunmuiža Manor, also called Jaunlutriņi Manor, is a manor house in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Józef Kossakowski (bishop)

Józef Kazimierz Korwin Kossakowski (16 March 1738 – 9 May 1794), of Ślepowron coat of arms, was a Polish noble (szlachcic), bishop of Livonia from 1781, political activist, writer, and supporter of Russian Empire.

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Jānis Balodis

Jānis Balodis (20 February 1881 – 8 August 1965) was an army general, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Latvia (1919–1921), Minister of War (1931–1940) and politician who was one of the principal figures during the Latvian War of Independence and the dictatorship of Kārlis Ulmanis, when he officially was the number two of the regime as the Minister of War, Deputy Prime Minister and Vice President.

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Jeanne de Vietinghoff

Jeanne de Vietinghoff (31 December 1875 – 15 June 1926) was a Belgian writer who published several books on ethical, mystical and religious topics.

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Jelgava Palace

Jelgava Palace (Jelgavas pils) or Mitau Palace is the largest Baroque-style palace in the Baltic states.

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Jewna

Jewna (Еўна, Jaunė, literally, young woman in Lithuanian; died ca. 1344) was daughter of Prince Ivan of Polatsk and wife of Gediminas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1316–1341).

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Johan August Gripenstedt

Baron Johan August Gripenstedt (11 August 1813 – 13 July 1874) was a Swedish businessman and politician.

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Johan von Fircks

Johan von Fircks (died January 3, 1667) was a Danish officer.

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Johann Adam Hiller

Johann Adam Hiller (25 December 1728, Wendisch-Ossig, Saxony – 16 June 1804, Leipzig) was a German composer, conductor and writer on music, regarded as the creator of the Singspiel, an early form of German opera.

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Johann Albrecht Korff

Baron Johann Albrecht von Korff (November 30, 1697 – April 7, 1766) was a Russian diplomat, and was the president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1734–1740).

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Johann August von Starck

Johann August Starck also Stark (28 October 1741 – 3 March 3, 1816) was a prolific author and controversial Königsberg theologian, as well as a widely read political writer now best remembered for arguing that an Illuminati-led conspiracy brought about the French revolution.

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Johann Felsko

Johann Daniel Felsko (Johans Daniels Felsko; 30 October 1813, Riga, Russian Empire — 7 October 1902, Riga, Russian Empire) was an architect, urban planner and the chief architect of Riga for 35 years in the period 1844—79.

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Johann Fischer (composer)

Johann Fischer (1646–1716) was a German violinist, keyboardist and composer of the baroque era.

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Johann Georg Kohl

Johann Georg Kohl (28 April 1808, in Bremen – 28 October 1878) was a German travel writer, historian, and geographer.

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Johann Gerhard König

Johann Gerhard König (29 November 1728 – 26 June 1785) was a Baltic German botanist and physician.

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Johann Heinrich Baumann

Johann Heinrich Baumann (Johans Heinrihs Baumanis; 9 February 1753 – 29 July 1832) was a Baltic German artist who mainly lived and worked in what is today Latvia.

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Johann III Bernoulli

Johann III Bernoulli (also known as Jean; 4 November 1744, Basel – 13 July 1807, Berlin), grandson of Johann Bernoulli, and son of Johann II Bernoulli.

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Johann Martin von Elmpt

Field Marshal Ivan Karpovich Elmpt (Ива́н Ка́рпович Эльмпт, Johann-Martin von Elmpt; 1725) was a military officer of the Russian Empire.

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Johann Steinhauer

Johann Steinhauer (Jānis Šteinhauers, born Jānis Akmeņkalis; 19 January 1705 – 21 February 1779) was a Latvian entrepreneur, social reformer and landowner, who made significant contributions to the Latvian civil rights throughout the 18th century.

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Johann von Mayr

Johann von Mayr (1 May 1716 in Vienna–5 January 1759 in Plauen)His name is also spelled Mayer, Maier, and Meyer.

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Johannes von Guenther

Johannes von Guenther or Johannes von Günther (1886–1973) was a German writer.

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Joseph Baker (Royal Navy officer)

Joseph Baker (1767–1817) was an officer in the Royal Navy, best known for his role in the mapping of the Pacific Northwest Coast of America during the Vancouver Expedition of 1791-1795.

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Joshua Lewinsohn

Joshua Lewinsohn was a Russian teacher and writer.

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Julijans Vaivods

Julijans Vaivods (18 August 1895 in Vārkava, Latgale, Vitebsk Governorate – 24 May 1990 in Riga, Soviet Union) was the Apostolic Administrator of Riga and of Liepāja from 10 November 1964 to his death, and Cardinal Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati from 1983 to his death.

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Juliusz Rómmel

Juliusz Karol Wilhelm Rómmel (3 June 1881 – 8 September 1967) was a Polish military commander, a general of the Polish Army and a member of the civil rights movement.

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Kabile Manor

Kabile Manor (Kabiles muižas pils) is a manor house located in the Kuldīga municipality, Kabile parish, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Kaditz Lime Tree

The lime tree of Kaditz is a natural landmark situated in the churchyard of Emmaus Church in Kaditz, a district of Dresden in Saxony, Germany.

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Kalna Manor

Kalna Manor (Kalnamuiža; Berghof), also called Sieksāte Manor, is a manor house in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Kalnmuiža Manor

Kalnmuiža Manor is a manor house built in Late Classicism style in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Kandava Municipality

Kandava Municipality (Kandavas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Karl Bolle

Rittmeister Karl Bolle, (20 June 1893 – 9 October 1955), Pour le Merite, Military Merit Cross, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Friedrich Order, Iron Cross was a fighter ace with 36 aerial victories during World War I. He became a Jagdstaffel commander during that war, and an advisor to the Luftwaffe during World War II.

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Karl Eduard von Napiersky

Karl Eduard von Napiersky (21 May 1793, Riga – 2 September 1864, Riga) was a Latvian clergyman and historian.

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Karl Ferdinand Abt

Karl Ferdinand Abt (June 9, 1903 in Nieder Ramstadt - late February or early March 1945 in Frauenfeld in Kurland) was a Hessian Nazi politician and former Member of Parliament of the People's State of Hesse in the Weimar Republic.

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Karol Kniaziewicz

Baron Karol Otto Kniaziewicz (4 May 1762 in Assiten, Courland (now Asīte, Latvia) – 9 May 1842 in Paris) was a Polish general and political activist.

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Karol Rómmel

Karol Rómmel (Карл Альфонсович Руммель, Karol von Rummel; 1888–1967) was a Polish and Russian military officer, sportsman and horse rider.

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Kazdanga Palace

Kazdanga Palace is located in the village Kazdanga (Polish and German Katzdangen), Kazdanga parish, Aizpute municipality, Latvia.

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Kārlis Mīlenbahs

Kārlis Mīlenbahs (his surname was formerly also written as Mühlenbach, Mühlenbachs, Mǖlenbachs or Mīlenbachs) (18 January 1853 in Courland – 27 March 1916 in Võru, Estonia) was the first native speaker of Latvian to devote his career to linguistics.

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Kelm Talmud Torah

The Kelm Talmud Torah was a famous yeshiva in pre-holocaust Kelmė, Lithuania.

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Keyserlingk

Keyserlingk is an old noble family from Westphalia.

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Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)

The Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie), also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Regencyjne), was a proposed puppet state of the German Empire during World War I.The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a puppet state by Norman Davies in Europe: A history; by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in A Concise History of Poland; by Piotr J. Wroblel in Chronology of Polish History and Nation and History; and by Raymond Leslie Buell in Poland: Key to Europe ("The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn ").

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Klaipėda

Klaipėda (Samogitian name: Klaipieda, Polish name: Kłajpeda, German name: Memel), is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast.

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Knabenau, von

Knabenau or von Knabenau (also known as Baron von Knabenau) is the name of an ancient Courland nobility, originally from Silesia, and later it spreads in the 16th century in Courland.

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Košrags

Košrags (Livonian: Kuoštrõg) is a populated place in Kolka parish, Dundaga municipality, Latvia on the shore of the Irbe Strait of the Baltic Sea.

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Kokles

Kokle (kūkle; plural: kokles) is a Latvian plucked string instrument (chordophone) belonging to the Baltic box zither family known as the Baltic psaltery along with Lithuanian kanklės, Estonian kannel, Finnish kantele, and Russian gusli.

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Kolka, Latvia

Kolka (Livonian: Kūolka; Russian: "Колка") is a village in Kolka parish, Dundaga municipality, on the tip of Cape Kolka in Courland in Latvia, on the coast of the Gulf of Riga in ancient Livonia.

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Konstantin Danzas

Konstantin Karlovich Danzas (Константи́н Ка́рлович Данза́с) (1801 – February 3, 1870) was a Russian Major General, a friend of Alexander Pushkin, and his second in a duel with d'Anthès.

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Krāslava

Krāslava (Kruoslova, Kreslau, Краслаўка, Krasław, Краслава) is a town and the administrative centre of Krāslava Municipality, in the Latgale region of Latvia.

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Kretinga

Kretinga is a city in Klaipėda County, Lithuania.

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Krevinian dialect

Krevinian, or Krevin, is an extinct dialect of the Votic language, spoken in Latvia until the 1800s.

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Krišjānis Berķis

Krišjānis Berķis (April 26, 1884 in Īslīce parish, Bauska municipality, Courland, modern Latvia – July 29, 1942 in Perm, Russia) was a Latvian general.

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Krišjānis Valdemārs

Krišjānis Valdemārs (in Germanized spelling as Christian Waldemar or Woldemar) (December 2, 1825 at "Vecjunkuri" in the Ārlava parish (now Valdgale parish, Courland, Latvia) – December 7, 1891 in Moscow, Russia) was a writer, editor, educator, politician, lexicographer, folklorist and economist, the spiritual leader of The First Latvian National Awakening and the most prominent member of the Young Latvians movement.

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Kriegsmarine

The Kriegsmarine (literally "War Navy") was the navy of Germany from 1935 to 1945.

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Krystyna Drohojowska

Krystyna (Krzysia) Drohojowska (later Ketling of Elgin) is a fictional character in the novel Fire in the Steppe by Henryk Sienkiewicz.

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Kuldīga

Kuldīga (Goldingen) is a town in western Latvia.

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Kuldīga District

Kuldīga District (Kuldīgas rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in Courland region, in the country's west.

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Kuldīga Municipality

Kuldīga Municipality (Kuldīgas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Kuršas

Kuršas is Lithuanian name for.

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Kuršas (building)

Kuršas was a proposed skyscraper in Gandrališkės, Klaipėda, Lithuania.

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Kurland

Kurland may refer to.

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Kursenieki

The Kuršininkai (Curonians; Kuren; kuršininkai, kuršiai; kursenieki, kurši; Kuronowie pruscy) are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit.

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Kursi

Kursi may refer to.

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Kurt Tucholsky

Kurt Tucholsky (January 9, 1890 – December 21, 1935) was a German-Jewish journalist, satirist, and writer.

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Kurt Versock

Kurt Versock (14 February 1895 – 17 March 1963) was a German general who was awarded the Knight's Cross during World War II.

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Kurzeme

Kurzeme is the Latvian name for Courland, a historical and cultural region of Latvia.

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Laidi Palace

Laidi Palace (Laidu muižas pils) is a palace in Laidi parish in Kuldīga municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Lamiņi Manor

Lamiņi Manor (Lamiņu muižas pils) is a manor house in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Landtag

A Landtag (State Diet) is a representative assembly (parliament) in German-speaking countries with legislative authority and competence over a federated state (Land).

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Latgalians

Latgalians, sometimes also Ancient Latvians (Letti, Lethi, modern; variant translations also include Latgallians, Lettigalls or Lettigallians), were an ancient Baltic tribe.

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Latvia

Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

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Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45

A large number of Latvians resisted the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany.

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Latvian Central Council

The Latvian Central Council (LCC) ('Latvijas Centrālā Padome, LCP') was the pro-independence Latvian resistance movement during World War II from 1943 onwards.

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Latvian Ethnographic Open Air Museum

Latvian Ethnographic Open Air Museum (Latvijas Etnogrāfiskais brīvdabas muzejs) is an open-air museum located just outside Riga, the capital of Latvia, on the lightly wooded shores of Juglas Lake.

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Latvian language

Latvian (latviešu valoda) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.

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Latvian name

Latvian names, like in most European cultures, consist of two main elements: the given name (vārds) followed by family name (uzvārds).

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Latvian partisans

Latvian national partisans were the Latvian national partisans who waged guerrilla warfare against Soviet rule during and after Second World War.

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Latvian Riflemen

Latvian riflemen (Latviešu strēlnieki, Латышские стрелки) were originally a military formation of the Imperial Russian Army assembled starting 1915 in Latvia in order to defend Baltic territories against Germans in World War I. Initially the battalions were formed by volunteers, and from 1916 by conscription among the Latvian population.

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Latvian War of Independence

The Latvian War of Independence (Latvijas brīvības cīņas, literally, "Latvia's freedom struggles"), sometimes called the Latvian War of Liberation (Latvijas atbrīvošanas karš, "War of Latvian Liberation"), was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia, and the signing of the Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty on 11 August 1920.

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Latvians

Latvians (latvieši; lețlizt) are a Baltic ethnic group, native to what is modern-day Latvia and the immediate geographical region.

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Latvijas Skautu un Gaidu Centrālā Organizācija

Latvijas Skautu un Gaidu Centrālā Organizācija, (Latvian Scout and Guide Central Organisation), the primary national Scouting and Guiding organization of Latvia is a member of both the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts and the World Organization of the Scout Movement.

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Lau Church

Lau Church (Lau kyrka) is a medieval Lutheran church on the Swedish island of Gotland, in the Diocese of Visby.

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Lāčplēsis

Lāčplēsis is an epic poem by Andrejs Pumpurs, a Latvian poet, who wrote it between 1872–1887 based on local legends.

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Lev Aronson

Lev Zacharovitch Aronson (Lew Aronson, Lev Aronoff, Lev Aronov, Lev Arnoff, Lew Arnow, Lew Arnoff-Aramon, Lew Arnoff-Aronson) (February 7, 1912 – November 12, 1988) was an Eastern European-American cellist and cello teacher.

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Liège Cathedral

Liège Cathedral, otherwise St.

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Liberation of Jelgava (1919)

The liberation of Jelgava in November 1919 was an operation of the Latvian Army from 15 to 21 November 1919 during the Latvian War of Independence.

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Liederbach am Taunus

Liederbach am Taunus is a town in Hesse, Germany with 8500 inhabitants.

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Liepāja

Liepāja (pronounced) (Libau; see other names) is a city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea.

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Liepāja District

Liepāja District (Liepājas rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in the Courland region, in the country's west.

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Liepāja massacres

The Liepāja massacres were a series of mass executions, many public or semi-public, in and near the city of Liepāja (Libau), on the west coast of Latvia in 1941 after the Nazi occupation of Latvia.

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Liepāja Museum

Liepāja Museum is the largest museum in the historical region of Courland, Latvia and possesses more than 100,000 articles, but in the halls of the museum you can see 1,500 exhibits.

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Lieven

The Lievens (Latvian Līveni; German Liewen) are one of the oldest aristocratic families of Baltic Germans.

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Lilia Estrin Dallin

Lilia Estrin Dallin (1898–1981) (aka Lola Estrin, Paulsen, Lilya Ginzberg) was a prominent member of Trotsky's Paris organization in the 1930s, the wife of the Menshevik David Dallin, and has been suspected of being an NKVD asset because of her association with NKVD agent Mark Zborowski.

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Limitrophe states

Limitrophe states are territories situated on a border or frontier.

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List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions

The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions.

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List of Axis operational codenames in the European Theatre

The list of Axis named operations in the European Theatre represents those military operations that received a codename, predominantly from the Wehrmacht commands.

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List of battles 301–1300

No description.

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List of coupled cousins

This is a list of prominent individuals who have been romantically or maritally coupled with a cousin.

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List of European regions with alternative names

Most regions and provinces of Europe have alternative names in different languages.

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List of female poets

This is a list of female poets organised by the time period in which they were born.

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List of fictional countries by region

This list of fictional countries groups fictional countries and imagined nations together, by the region of the world in which they are supposed to be located.

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List of German exonyms for places in Latvia

This page contains a list of exonyms in German for geographical places in the current and previous territory of Latvia.

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List of German women writers

This is a list of women writers who were born in Germany or whose writings are closely associated with that country.

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List of indigenous peoples

This is a partial list of the world's indigenous / aboriginal / native people.

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List of Lithuanian consorts

The consort (or spouse) of the royal rulers of Lithuania and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was in all cases a woman and nearly all took the title of Grand Duchess.

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List of military operations on the Eastern Front of World War II

This is a list of military operations in Europe on the "Eastern Front".

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List of minor planets named after places

This is a list of minor planets named after places, organized by continent.

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List of palaces

No description.

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List of places named after people

There are a number of places named after famous people.

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List of Polish noble families with the title of Baron

This is a list of Polish noble families with the title of Baron.

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List of Portuguese exonyms

Below is a list of Portuguese language exonyms for places in non-Portuguese-speaking areas of Europe.

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List of shipwrecks in 1761

The List of shipwrecks in 1761 includes some ships sunk, wrecked or otherwise lost during 1761.

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List of shipwrecks in 1801

The list of shipwrecks in 1801 includes some ships sunk, wrecked or otherwise lost during 1801.

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List of shipwrecks in October 1842

The list of shipwrecks in October 1842 includes some ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during October 1842.

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List of shipwrecks in September 1831

The list of shipwrecks in September 1831 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during September 1831.

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List of state leaders in 1746

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1747

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1748

No description.

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List of The Nature of Things episodes

The Nature of Things (also, The Nature of Things with David Suzuki) is a Canadian television series of documentary programs.

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List of women writers

This is a list of notable women writers.

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Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.

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Lithuania–Russia relations

Lithuania–Russia relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between Lithuania and Russia.

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Livonia

Livonia (Līvõmō, Liivimaa, German and Scandinavian languages: Livland, Latvian and Livonija, Inflanty, archaic English Livland, Liwlandia; Liflyandiya) is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

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Livonian Coast

Livonian Coast (Līvõd Rānda, Lībiešu krasts) is a territory of Latvia historically inhabited by Livonian people.

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Livonian cuisine

Livonian cuisine consists of the cuisine of Livonia and the Livonians, and is characterized by the rich use of local foods.

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Livonian language

Livonian (Livonian: līvõ kēļ or rāndakēļ) is a Finnic language.

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Livonian Order

The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237.

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Livonian War

The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia), when the Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of Denmark–Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.

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Livonians

The Livonians, or Livs (Livonian: līvlizt), are a Finnic ethnic group indigenous to northern Latvia and southwestern Estonia.

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Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême

Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the eldest son of Charles X of France and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830.

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Louis XVIII of France

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.

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Ludvig Fabritius

Ludvig (Lodewyck) Fabritius (14 September 1648, Brazil – 6 October 1729, Stockholm) was the Swedish ambassador to Safavid Iran during the reign of King Charles XI (r. 1660–1697) and Charles XII (r. 1697–1718).

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Ludwig von Stieglitz

Ludwig von Stieglitz, Людвиг Штиглиц (December 24, 1779 in Arolsen, Waldeck –, Saint Petersburg) was Jewish Russian commersant and founder of banking house Stieglitz & Company.

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Magnus, Duke of Holstein

Magnus of Denmark or Magnus of Holstein (–) was a Prince of Denmark, Duke of Holstein, and a member of the House of Oldenburg.

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Mamert Stankiewicz

Mamert Stankiewicz (January 22, 1889 – November 26, 1939) was a Polish naval officer of the merchant marine, the commander of Lwów, SS Polonia and finally the captain of the Polish ocean liner MS ''Piłsudski''.

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Margravine Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg (1674–1748)

Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg (5 April 1674 – 22 November 1748), was a Duchess consort of Courland by marriage to Duke Frederick Casimir Kettler of Courland, a Margravine consort of Brandenburg-Bayreuth by marriage to Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, and a Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen by marriage to Ernst Ludwig I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.

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Margravine Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg

Louise Charlotte of Brandenburg (13 September 1617 – 28 August 1676), was a Duchess consort of Courland by marriage to Duke Jacob Kettler of Courland.

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Maria Amalia of Courland

Maria Anna Amalia of Courland (12 June 1653, Mitau – 16 June 1711, Weilmünster) was a German noblewoman.

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Marie Eleonore of Cleves

Duchess Marie Eleonore of Cleves (16 June 1550 – 1 June 1608) was a Duchess consort of Prussia by marriage to Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia.

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Marie Joséphine of Savoy

Marie Joséphine Louise of Savoy (Maria Giuseppina Luigia; 2 September 1753 – 13 November 1810) was a Princess of France and Countess of Provence by marriage to the future King Louis XVIII of France.

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Marie Thérèse of France

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), Madame Royale, was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11).

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Martin Latsis

Martin Ivanovich Lācis (Мартын Иванович Лацис Mārtiņš Lācis, born Jānis Sudrabs) (December 14, 1888 – February 11, 1938) was a Soviet politician, revolutionary and state security high officer from Courland (now Latvia).

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Max Ebert

Max Ebert (4 August 1879, Stendal – 15 November 1929, Berlin) was a German prehistorian known for his studies associated with the Baltic states and South Russia.

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Max Hoffmann

Carl Adolf Maximilian Hoffmann (25 January 1869 – 8 July 1927) was a German military strategist.

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Mārtiņš Peniķis

Mārtiņš Peniķis (1874–1964) was a Latvian general and commander in chief of Latvian Army from 1928 to 1934.

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Meanings of minor planet names: 24001–25000

053 | 24053 Shinichiro || || Shin-ichiro Okumura (born 1965), an astronomer at the Bisei Spacegaurd Center of Japan.

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Merveldt family

Merveldt (also Meerveldt or Merfeld) is the name of a Westphalian noble family, which belongs to the nobility of the Middle Ages.

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Michael Johann von der Borch

Graf Michael Johann von der Borch-Lubeschitz und Borchhoff, Baron von Borchland (Michał Jan Borch, Михаэль Иоганн фон дер Борх, Mihaels fon der Borhs, 20 June 1753 –) was a Baltic German naturalist and writer.

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Michael Reinecke

Michael Franzevich von Reinecke (Михаил Францевич Рейнеке; 10 November 1801 – 16 April 1859), better known as Mikhail Reyneke, was a Russian vice-admiral and hydrographer.

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Military history of Latvia during World War II

After the occupation of Latvia by the USSR in June 1940, much of the previous Latvian army was disbanded and many of its soldiers and officers were arrested and imprisoned or executed.

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Military history of the Russian Empire

The military history of the Russian Empire encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the Russian Empire participated.

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Mindaugas

Mindaugas (Myndowen, Mindowe, Мендог, Міндоўг, c. 1203 – autumn 1263) was the first known Grand Duke of Lithuania and the only King of Lithuania.

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Moonsund Landing Operation

The Moonsund Landing Operation (Моонзундская десантная операция; Lääne-Eesti saarte kaitsmine), also known as the Moonzund landing operation, was an amphibious operation and offensive by the Red Army during World War II, taking place in late 1944.

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Moricsala Nature Reserve

Moricsala Nature Reserve (Moricsalas dabas rezervāts) is a nature reserve in western Latvia (Courland).

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Moss Jernverk

Moss Jernverk (Moss Ironworks) was an ironwork in Moss, Norway.

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Music of Latvia

Traditional Latvian music is often set to traditional poetry called dainas, featuring pre-Christian themes and legends, drone vocal styles and Baltic psaltery.

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MV Wilhelm Gustloff

MV Wilhelm Gustloff was a German military transport ship which was sunk on 30 January 1945 by in the Baltic Sea while evacuating German civilians, German officials and military personnel from Gotenhafen (now Gdynia) as the Red Army advanced.

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Namejs Ring

The Namejs ring (Latvian: Nameja gredzens) is a traditional Latvian ring which represents Latvian independence, friendship and trust, and symbolizes the unity of three ancient Latvian lands – Kurzeme, Latgale and Vidzeme.

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Nature's Valley

Nature's Valley is a holiday resort and small village on the Garden Route along the southern Cape coast of South Africa.

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Nīca Municipality

Nīca Municipality (Nīcas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Nicholas II of Russia

Nicholas II or Nikolai II (r; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas II of Russia in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.

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Nikolai Ilyin

Nikolai Sazontovich Ilyin (also spelled Il'in) (1809–1890) – a Russian retired military officer, writer and religious thinker, in the 1840s founded and led an apocalyptic millenarian movement of Yehowists (Russian: Еговисты), or Yehowists-Ilyinites that has survived in parts of the former Soviet Union up to this day.

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Nogale Manor

Nogale Manor (Nogales muižas pils) is a manor house in Neo-Classicism style in Ārlava parish, in the Talsi municipality of the historical region of Courland, western Latvia.

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Nurmuiža Castle

Nurmuiža Castle is a castle in Lauciene parish, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Ober Ost

Ober Ost is short for Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten, German for "Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East" during World War I. It also has an implied double meaning, as in its own right, "Ober Ost" translates into "Upper East," which describes its geographic region in reference to the German Empire.

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Oeselians

The Oeselians, Osilians, Esths, or Ests were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Oesel or Osilia), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea.

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Olof (I) of Sweden

Olof was king in Sweden when Catholic missionary St.

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On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia

The Declaration "On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia" (Deklarācija par Latvijas Republikas neatkarības atjaunošanu) was adopted on 4 May 1990, by the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR.

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Operation Beowulf

Operation Beowulf refers to two German plans to occupy the islands of Saaremaa, Hiiumaa and Muhu, off the Estonian west coast.

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Operation Doppelkopf

Operation Doppelkopf (Unternehmen Doppelkopf) and the following Operation Cäsar were German counter-offensives on the Eastern Front in the late summer of 1944 in the aftermath of the major Soviet advance in Operation Bagration with the aim of restoring a coherent front between Army Group North and Army Group Centre.

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Operation Jungle

Operation Jungle was a program by the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) early in the Cold War (1948–1955) for the clandestine insertion of intelligence and resistance agents into Poland and the Baltic states.

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Ordensburg

Ordensburgs (plural in German: Ordensburgen, literally: castles of orders) were fortresses built by crusading German military orders during the Middle Ages.

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Order of battle for the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)

The following units and commanders fought in the Battle of Breitenfeld of the Thirty Years War in 1631.

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Oskar Friberg

Oskar Friberg (born 16 August 1919) is the oldest resident of the Estonian island of Vormsi.

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Oskars Kalpaks

Oskars Kalpaks (6 January 1882–6 March 1919) was the commander of 1st Latvian Independent Battalion, also known as "Kalpaks Battalion".

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Osten-Sacken

(von der) Osten-Sacken is a noble family of Baltic Germans.

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Oswald Külpe

Oswald Külpe (3 August 1862 – 30 December 1915) was one of the structural psychologists of the late 19th and early 20th century.

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Oswald Schmiedeberg

Doctor Oswald Schmiedeberg (10 October 1838 – 12 July 1921) was a Baltic German pharmacologist.

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Otto August Rosenberger

Otto August Rosenberger (August 10, 1800 – January 23, 1890) was a Baltic German astronomer from Tukums in Courland.

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Otto Schmidt

Otto Yulyevich Schmidt (Отто Юльевич Шмидт; – September 7, 1956) was a Soviet scientist, mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, academician, Hero of the USSR (27 June 1937), and member of the Communist Party.

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Otto von Below

Otto Ernst Vincent Leo von Below (18 January 1857 – 15 March 1944) was a Prussian general officer in the Imperial German Army during the First World War.

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Parochial mission (Catholicism)

A parish mission or parochial mission is, in the terminology of the Roman Catholic Church, a term applied to certain special pastoral efforts among Catholics.

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Pastende Manor

Pastende Manor (Pastendes muižas pils) is a manor house in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Paul Einhorn

Paul Einhorn (born in Iecava, Latvia, the exact birth date is not known, died in 1655 in Jelgava) was a famous historian of the Latvians and a Lutheran pastor.

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Paul Rohrbach

Paul Rohrbach (29 June 1869 – 19 July 1956) was a German writer, concerned with "world politics." He was born at Irgen manor, Raņķi parish, Skrunda Municipality, Courland, Latvia.

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Paul Schiemann

Paul Schiemann (Pauls Šīmanis; 17 March 1876 – 23 June 1944) was a Baltic German journalist, editor and politician who was known for his commitment to minority rights.

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Paul von Hindenburg

Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, known generally as Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a Generalfeldmarschall and statesman who commanded the German military during the second half of World War I before later being elected President of the Weimar republic in 1925.

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Paul von Lilienfeld

Paul von Lilienfeld (Павел Фёдорович Лилиенфельд-Тоаль Pavel Fedorovich Lilienfeld-Toal) (Paul de Lilienfeld) (1829–1903) was a statesman and social scientist of imperial Russia.

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Pavel Bermondt-Avalov

Pavel Rafalovich Bermon(d)t-Avalov (Avalishvili) (Павел Рафалович Бермон(д)т-Авалов) (4 March 1877 – 27 January 1974) was an Ussuri Cossack and warlord.

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Pavel Medem

Count Pavel Ivanovich Medem (Павел Иванович Медем) (January 9, 1800, Mitava, Courland Governorate - January 10, 1854, Courland) was a Russian diplomat and privy councillor.

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Pāvilosta

Pāvilosta (Paulshafen) is a small port town in Latvia located at the mouth of Saka river in Courland.

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Pāvilosta Municipality

Pāvilosta Municipality (Pāvilostas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Pēteris Dzelzītis

Pēteris Dzelzītis (September 21, 1921 – February 16, 1948) was a Latvian soldier.

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Pelči Palace

Pelči Palace (Pelču muižas pils; Schloss Pelzen) is a palace located in the region of Kurzeme (formerly Courland), in western Latvia.

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Peter Lacy

Count Peter von Lacy, or Pyotr Petrovich Lacy (Пётр Петро́вич Ла́сси), as he was known in Russia (26 September 1678 – 30 April 1751), was one of the most successful Russian imperial commanders before Rumyantsev and Suvorov.

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Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen

Count Peter Alekseyevich Pahlen (Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич Па́лен; German: Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen; 28 July 1745 – 25 February 1826) was a Russian courtier who played a pivotal role in the assassination of Emperor Paul.

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Peter von Bilderling

Baron Peter von Bilderling (born in St Peterburg May 26, 1844 – died in Zapolie September 25, 1900), was an engineer and an officer in the Engineering Corps of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Peucedanum palustre

Peucedanum palustre (milk-parsley) is an almost glabrous biennial plant in the family Apiaceae.

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Philip Osipovich Paulucci

Filippo Paulucci delle Roncole (11 September 1779 – 25 January 1849), also known as Philip Osipovich Paulucci (Филипп Осипович Паулуччи), was an Italian marquis and army officer, later a general at the services of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Russian Empire.

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Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania

Philipp Julius (27 December 1584, Wolgast – 6 February 1625) was duke of Pomerania in the Teilherzogtum Pomerania-Wolgast from 1592 to 1625.

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Philipp von Hellingrath

Philipp von Hellingrath (22 February 1862 – 13 December 1939) was a Bavarian General der Kavallerie and the last War Minister under Ludwig III of Bavaria.

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Pieguļa

Pieguļa was an ancient tradition of grazing common types of horses during night, that existed about until the early 20th century.

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Pierogi

Pierogi (singular pieróg), also known as varenyky, are filled dumplings of Eastern European origin made by wrapping unleavened dough around a savory or sweet filling and cooking in boiling water.

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Piltene

Piltene (Piltyń, Pilten) is a town in northwestern Latvia.

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Piltene Castle

Piltene Castle is a Bishopric of Courland castle in the town of Piltene in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Platon Zubov

Prince (Reichsfürst) Platon Alexandrovich Zubov (Платон Александрович Зубов) was the last of Catherine the Great's favourites and the most powerful man in the Russian Empire during the last years of her reign.

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Polish exonyms

Below is list of Polish language exonyms for places in non-Polish-speaking areas of Europe.

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Polish–Swedish War (1621–25)

The Polish–Swedish War (1621–26) was another war in the series of conflicts between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire (see Polish–Swedish wars).

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Polish–Swedish wars

The Polish–Swedish Wars were a series of wars between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.

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Pope Palace

Pope Palace (Popes muižas pils) is a palace in Pope parish, an administrative unit of the Ventspils municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Germany

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Germany and philatelically related areas.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Latvia

Postal history in the territory that now constitutes Latvia began during the 13th century, when the Archbishopric of Riga was included to the area of postal operations of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and the Hanseatic League.

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Priekule Municipality

Priekule Municipality (Priekules novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland

Prince Frederick Adolf of Sweden (Fredrik Adolf; 18 July 1750 in Drottningholm – 12 December 1803 in Montpellier, France) was a Swedish Prince, youngest son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, a sister of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia.

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Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan

Katharina Friederike Wilhelmine Benigna, Princess of Courland, Duchess of Sagan (born 8 February 1781 in Mitau, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia; died 29 November 1839 in Vienna, Austrian Empire) was a German noble from the ruling family of Courland and Semigallia (today part of Latvia) and a sovereign Duchess of Sagan.

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Provisional Land Council of Latgale

Provisional Land Council of Latgale (Latgalian: Latgolas Pagaidu Zemes Padūme) was created on April 27, 1917 after the democratic February Revolution in Russian Empire.

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Prussian Lithuanians

The Prussian Lithuanians, or Lietuvininkai (singular: Lietuvininkas, plural: Lietuvininkai), are Lithuanians, originally Lithuanian language speakers, who formerly inhabited a territory in northeastern East Prussia called Prussian Lithuania, or Lithuania Minor (Prūsų Lietuva, Mažoji Lietuva, Preußisch-Litauen, Kleinlitauen), instead of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, later, the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuania Major, or Lithuania proper).

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Pyotr Romanovich Bagration

Pyotr Romanovich Bagration (Пётр Рома́нович Багратио́н, პეტრე რომანის (რევაზის) ძე ბაგრატიონი; 24 September 1818 – 17 January 1876), the son of general Prince Roman Bagration, was a Russian-Georgian statesman, general and scientist who invented the first dry galvanic cell.

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Rüdiger von der Goltz

Gustav Adolf Joachim Rüdiger Graf von der Goltz (8 December 1865 – 4 November 1946) was a German army general during the First World War.

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Reģi

Reģi is a village in Alsunga municipality in the historical region of Courland in western Latvia.

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Reģi Manor

Reģi Manor (Reģu muižas pils) is a manor house in the village of Reģi in Alsunga municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Reinhold von Buxhoeveden

Reinhold von Buxhoeveden (died 1557) was bishop of the Bishopric of Saare-Lääne or Ösel–Wiek (Saare-Lääne piiskopkond; Bistum Ösel–Wiek; Low German: Bisdom Ösel–Wiek; contemporary Ecclesia Osiliensis), a semi-independent Roman Catholic prince-bishopric in what is now Saare, Hiiu and Lääne counties of Estonia, from 1532 to 1541.

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Renārs Kaupers

Renārs Kaupers, artistic name Reynard Cowper (born 1 September 1974 in Jelgava) is a Latvian pop singer and songwriter.

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Reuven Dov Dessler

Reuven Dov Dessler (1863–1935) was a rabbinic leader of the Musar movement and the director of the Kelm Talmud Torah from 1918 until 1931.

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Riga Zoo

Riga Zoo is a city-owned zoo in Riga, Latvia.

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Roja Municipality

Roja Municipality (Rojas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Riga

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Riga is an archdiocese administered from the capital city of Riga in Latvia.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vilnius

The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Vilnius (Archidioecesis Vilnensis; Vilniaus arkivyskupija) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Lithuania.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Inflanty

The Diocese of Livonia, later Roman Catholic Diocese of Inflanty was a territorial division of the Roman Catholic Church established in 1186 as the Diocese of Üxküll and promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Riga in 1255.

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Rucava Municipality

Rucava Municipality (Rucavas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Rudbārži Palace

Rudbārži Palace (Rudbāržu muižas pils) is a palace in Rudbārži parish in Skrunda municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Russian 201st Military Base

The 201st Gatchina Twice Red Banner Motor Rifle Division was originally raised twice in World War II as part of the Soviet Union's Red Army and is now part of the Russian Ground Forces.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russian legislative election, 1906

Legislative elections were held in the Russian Empire from 26 March 1906 till 20 April.

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Russian Partition

The Russian Partition (sometimes called Russian Poland) constituted the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were invaded by the Russian Empire in the course of late-18th-century Partitions of Poland.

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Russians in Latvia

Russians have been the largest ethnic minority in Latvia for the last two centuries.

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Rutger von Ascheberg

Count Rutger von Ascheberg (2 June 1621 – 17 April 1693) was a soldier, officer and civil servant in Swedish service, being appointed Lieutenant General in 1670, General in 1674, Field Marshal in 1678, Governor General of the Scanian provinces, in 1680, and Royal Councilor in 1681.

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Saare County

Saare County (Saare maakond), or Saaremaa; (Oesel; Ösel) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.

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Saldus

Saldus (Frauenburg) is a Latvian town located in Courland (Kurzeme) and is the main town in Saldus District.

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Saldus District

Saldus District (Saldus rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in Courland region, in the country's west.

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Saldus Municipality

Saldus Municipality (Saldus novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Sasmaka Manor

Sasmaka Manor (Sasmakas muižas pils) is a manor house located in a park near Lake Sasmaka west coast, near Valdemārpils, Talsi municipality, in the historical region of Courland, western Latvia.

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Saulkrasti

Saulkrasti (Neubad) (in translation from Latvian - Sun shores) is a town in Latvia, which lies on the east coast of Gulf of Riga.

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Scheidemann cabinet

The Scheidemann cabinet (German: Kabinett Scheidemann) was the first democratically elected Reichsregierung of the German Reich.

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Schoeppingk

Schoeppingk (Baron op dem Hamme, genannt von Schoeppingk) is a Baltic German noble family.

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Scipione Piattoli

Scipione Piattoli (10 November 1749 – 12 April 1809) was an Italian Catholic priest—a Piarist—an educator, writer, and political activist, and a major figure of the Enlightenment in Poland.

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Secularization

Secularization (or secularisation) is the transformation of a society from close identification and affiliation with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.

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Semigallia

Semigallia, also spelled Semigalia, (Zemgale; Semgallen; Žiemgala; Semigalia; Zemgāl) is a historical region of Latvia, sometimes also including a part of Lithuania.

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Sergei Varshavsky

Sergei Petrovich Varshavsky (Russian: Сергéй Пeтрóвич Варшáвский, (27 September (O.S. 14 September) 1906, Odessa, the Russian Empire – 17 September 1980, Leningrad, USSR) was a Russian (Soviet) writer and art collector.

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Sergiyev Posad

Sergiyev Posad (p) is a city and the administrative center of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia.

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Shmuel Yitzchak Hillman

Rabbi Shmuel Yitzchak Hillman (July 2, 1868–June 1, 1953) was a renowned Orthodox Jewish Talmudic scholar, Posek and rabbi and served as a Dayan of the London Beth Din.

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Shuvalov

Shuvalov (Шува́лов) is the name of a Russian noble family which, although documented since the 16th century, rose to distinction during the reign of Empress Elizabeth and was elevated to the rank of counts on 5 September 1746.

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Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)

The Signal Intelligence Regiment (Kommandeur der Nachrichtenaufklärung) (abbr. KONA) was the basic element of the field organisation of the German Army (Wehrmacht) signal intelligence organization during World War II.

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Simon E. Jacobsohn

Simon E. Jacobsohn (born December 24, 1839 in Mitau, Kurland, Russian Empire; died October 3, 1902 in Chicago, Illinois, United States) was a Russian-American violinist.

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Skrunda Municipality

Skrunda Municipality (Skrundas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Sleipnir

In Norse mythology, Sleipnir (Old Norse "slippy"Orchard (1997:151). or "the slipper"Kermode (1904:6).) is an eight-legged horse ridden by Odin.

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Sloka, Latvia

Sloka is a residential area and neighbourhood of the city Jūrmala, Latvia.

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Smilo Freiherr von Lüttwitz

Smilo Freiherr von Lüttwitz (23 December 1895 – 19 May 1975) was a German general during World War II and son of Walther von Lüttwitz.

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SMS Elsass

SMS Elsass was the second of five pre-dreadnought battleships of the in the German Imperial Navy.

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Snēpele Palace

Snēpele Palace (Snēpeles muižas pils) is a palace in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Sonya Adler

Sonya ("Sophia") Adler (died 1886), born Sonya Oberlander, early stage name Sonya Michelson, was one of the first women to perform in Yiddish theater in Imperial Russia.

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Sonya Golden Hand

Sofia Ivanovna Blyuvshtein (also spelled as Bluvstein, Bluvsztejn; better known as Sonia the Golden Hand; 1846–1902), was a legendary female con artist who lived in the Russian Empire and was eventually convicted of theft.

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Soviet partisans in Latvia

The Soviet partisans in Latvia were Soviet partisans who were deployed to Latvia and attempted to wage guerrilla warfare against the German armed forces during the German occupation of Latvia.

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Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944

The Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 refers to the military occupation of Latvia by the Soviet Union in 1944.

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Spanish exonyms

The following is a list of Spanish exonyms, that is to say names for places that do not speak Spanish that have been adapted to Spanish spelling rules, or are historic Spanish names for places even if they do not directly reflect a place's current or native name.

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State of the Teutonic Order

The State of the Teutonic Order (Staat des Deutschen Ordens; Civitas Ordinis Theutonici), also called Deutschordensstaat or Ordensstaat in German, was a crusader state formed by the Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades along the Baltic Sea.

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State Partnership Program

The State Partnership Program (SPP) is a joint program of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) and the individual states, territories, and District of Columbia.

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Stende Manor

Stende Manor (Stendes muižas pils), also called Dižstende Manor, is a manor house in Lībagi parish in Talsi municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Subate

Subate (Subačius, Subbath, Subaty), population 964, is a town in Latvia near the border with Lithuania.

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Supreme Privy Council

The Supreme Privy Council of Imperial Russia, founded on 19 February 1726 and operative until 1730, originated as a body of advisors to Empress Catherine I.

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Surnames by country

Surname conventions and laws vary around the world.

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Swedish exonyms

Below is list of Swedish language exonyms for places in non-Swedish-speaking areas of the world.

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Swedish invasion of Russia (1708–1709)

The invasion of Russia by Charles XII of Sweden was a campaign undertaken during the Great Northern War between Sweden and the allied states of Russia, Poland, and Denmark.

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Talsi

Talsi (Tālsa, Talsen) (population 11,371) is a town in Latvia.

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Talsi District

Talsi District (Talsu rajons) was a district of Latvia, located in Courland region, in the country's west.

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Talsi Municipality

Talsi Municipality (Talsu novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Task Force Thiele

Task Force Thiele was an organizational unit of the German Kriegsmarine during World War II.

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Tārgale

Tārgale is a village at the centre of Tārgale parish, Ventspils Municipality, Courland, Latvia.

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Temple Beth-El (Corsicana, Texas)

Temple Beth-El is an historic Moorish Revival synagogue located at 208 South 15th Street in Corsicana, Navarro County, Texas.

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Ten Little Wizards

Ten Little Wizards is a novel by Michael Kurland featuring Randall Garrett's alternate history detective Lord Darcy.

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Territorial evolution of the Caribbean

This is a timeline of the territorial evolution of the Caribbean and nearby areas of North, Central, and South America, listing each change to the internal and external borders of the various countries that make up the region.

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Teutonic Order

The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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The Holocaust in Latvia

The Holocaust in Latvia refers to the war crimes of Nazis and Nazi collaborators victimizing Jews during the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany.

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Theodor Burchardi

Theodor Burchardi (14 May 1892 – 12 August 1983) was an Admiral with the Kriegsmarine during World War II and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.

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Theodor von Rüdiger

Theodor von Rüdiger (Фёдор Васильевич Ридигер; 1783 in Mittau – 11 June 1856 in Saint Petersburg) was a Baltic German military officer in service of the Russian Empire and a general of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Thomas Wale

Thomas Wale was a Cambridgeshire gentleman born at Risby, Suffolk on the 7 September 1701 and died in 1796.

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Tiņģere Manor

Tiņģere Manor (Tiņģeres muižas pils) is a manor house in Īve parish in Talsi municipality in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Timeline of Latvian history

This is a timeline of Latvian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Latvia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II

Below is the timeline of the events of the Eastern Front of World War II, the conflict between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1945.

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Tomasz Wawrzecki

Tomasz Wawrzecki (1753–1816) was a distinguished Polish politician and military commander, a general of the Polish Army.

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Torgny the Lawspeaker

Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker (Old Icelandic: Þorgnýr lögmaðr, Swedish: Torgny Lagman) is the name of one of at least three generations of lawspeakers by the name Þorgnýr, who appear in the Heimskringla by the Icelandic scholar and chieftain Snorri Sturluson, and in the less known Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa and Hróa þáttr heimska.

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Treaty of Labiau

The Treaty of Labiau was a treaty signed between Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg and Charles X Gustav of Sweden on 10 November (O.S.) / 20 November (N.S.) 1656 in Labiau (now Polessk).

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Treaty of Pozvol

The Treaty or Peace of Pozvol, Pasvalys or Pozwol was a peace treaty and an alliance concluded on 5 and 14 September 1557 between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish-Lithuanian union, whereby the former put its territories under Polish-Lithuanian protection.

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Treaty of Radnot

Treaty of Radnot was a treaty signed during the Second Northern War in Radnot in Transylvania (now Iernut in Romania) on 6 December 1656.

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Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)

The Treaty or Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 19 June (OS) or 29 June (NS) 1679 was a peace treaty between France and the Electorate of Brandenburg.

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Treaty of the Three Black Eagles

The Treaty of the Three Black Eagles (because all three signatories used a black eagle as a state symbol, in contrast to the white eagle, a symbol of Poland) or the Treaty of Berlin (where it was signed by Prussia), was a secret treaty between the Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire and Prussia.

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Treaty of Vilnius (1561)

The Treaty of Vilnius or Vilna was concluded on 28 November 1561, during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at Vilnius (Vilna, Wilna, Wilno).

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Treaty of Warsaw (1705)

The Treaty of Warsaw was concluded on 18 November (O.S.) / 28 November 1705 during the Great Northern War.

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Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is a twin island sovereign state that is the southernmost nation of the West Indies in the Caribbean.

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Tsar

Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.

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Tukums

Tukums (Tuckum; Tukāmō) is a town in Latvia.

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Tukums District

Tukums District (Tukuma rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in Courland region, in the country's west.

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Uga Skulme

Uga Skulme (May 20, 1895 – November 6, 1963) was a Latvian painter. Skulme was born in Jēkabpils, Courland. He studied at the Faculty of Law, the St. Petersburg University, in Russia, and the School of Imperial Society for the Fostering of Art (between 1913 and 1914), the Architecture Department at the St.Petersburg Academy of Arts (1914 - 1916) and the Painting Department under K. Petrov-Vodkin. Stylistically he was a Cubist and has been compared to Aleksandra Belcova for his use of the static form, cool range of colours, thin layer of paint and a sheen close to the metal surface with the accent on drawing. Skulme was a member of the Riga Artists Group between 1921 and 1939 and head of the drawing studio at the Rīga People's High School between 1924 and 1927 and a private art studio between 1923 and 1927. He was a professor at the Latvian State Academy of Arts in 1941 and again between 1945 and 1963. In addition to this he was a contributor to the Daugava magazine and the editorial staff member of the Latvian Encyclopedia between 1928 and 1940. Category:1895 births Category:1963 deaths Category:People from Jēkabpils Category:People from Courland Governorate Category:Soviet painters Category:20th-century Latvian painters.

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Ulf Fase

Ulf Fase (died 1247) was the jarl of Sweden c 1221-47.

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Undinė Radzevičiūtė

Undinė Radzevičiūtė is a Lithuanian writer.

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United Baltic Duchy

The proposed United Baltic Duchy, (Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum, Balti Hertsogiriik, Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste) also known as the Grand Duchy of Livonia, was a state proposed by the Baltic German nobility and exiled Russian nobility after the Russian Revolution and German occupation of the Courland, Livonian, and Estonian governorates of the Russian Empire.

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University of Liepāja

The University of Liepāja (Liepājas Universitāte) is a university located in Liepāja, Latvia.

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Uriel Weinreich

Uriel Weinreich (אוריאל ווײַנרײַך Uriel Vaynraykh,; 23 May 1926 – 30 March 1967) was a Polish-American linguist.

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Vaiņode Manor

Vaiņode Manor (Vaiņodes muižas pils) was a manor house in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Vaiņode Municipality

Vaiņode Municipality (Vaiņodes novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Valērijs Agešins

Valērijs Agešins (born June 23, 1972 in Liepāja) is a Latvian politician and lawyer.

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Vandzene Manor

Vandzene Manor (Vandzenes muižas pils) is a manor house in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Vārme Manor

Vārme Manor (Vārmes muižas pils) is a manor house in Vārme parish, Kuldīga municipality, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Vērgale Palace

Vērgale Palace (Vērgales muižas pils) is a palace in Vērgale parish, Pāvilosta municipality, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Veitel Heine Ephraim

Veitel Heine Ephraim (1703 – 16 May 1775 in Berlin) was jeweller to the Prussian Court, an entrepreneur in Potsdam and since 1756 Mintmaster in Prussia and in the Saxony under Frederick the Great.

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Vends (Latvia)

The Vends (Vendi, Венды) were a small tribe that lived in the 12th to 16th centuries in the area around the town of Wenden (now Cēsis) in present-day north-central Latvia.

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Ventspils

Ventspils (see other names) is a town in northwestern Latvia in the historical Courland region of Latvia, and is the sixth largest city in the country.

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Ventspils Castle

Ventspils Castle (Windau) is located in Ventspils, Latvia.

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Ventspils District

The Ventspils District (Ventspils rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in the Courland region, in the country's west.

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Ventspils Municipality

Ventspils Municipality (Ventspils novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia.

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Viking Age

The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) is a period in European history, especially Northern European and Scandinavian history, following the Germanic Iron Age.

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Vizma Belševica

Vizma Belševica (May 30, 1931, Riga – August 6, 2005) was a Latvian poet, writer and translator.

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Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov

Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov (Влади́мир Дми́триевич Набо́ков; 21 July 1870 – 28 March 1922) was a Russian criminologist, journalist, and progressive statesman during the last years of the Russian Empire.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Vladimir of Staritsa

Vladimir Andreyevich (1533 – 9 October 1569) was the last appanage Russian prince.

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Von Hahn

The name von Hahn (German "Hahn" equals the expression of rooster) is a German-Baltic-Russian noble family.

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Von Vladimiroff

The von Vladimiroff (Russian: Владимиров) family are a cadet branch of the von Biron family, the last rulers of the Duchy of Courland and Semigalia (German: Kurland, Latvian: Kurzeme).

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Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)

The Vorontsov Palace (Воронцовський палац; Воронцо́вский дворе́ц) or the Alupka Palace is an historic palace situated at the foot of the Crimean Mountains near the town of Alupka in Crimea.

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Waldeck

Waldeck may refer to.

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Werner Preuss

Leutnant Werner Preuss (21 September 1894 – 6 March 1919), Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross, was a World War I fighter ace credited with 22 victories.

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Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven

Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven (10 November 1899 – 26 July 1944), was a colonel in the High Command of the German Armed Forces (OKW) and a member of the German Resistance (Widerstand) against Adolf Hitler. Loringhoven was a friend of Claus von Stauffenberg, who was the leader of the 20 July Plot to assassinate Hitler in 1944.

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Wilhelm Kettler

Wilhelm Kettler (20 June 1574 – 7 April 1640) was the Duke of Courland, a region of Latvia.

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Wilhelm von Urenbach

Wilhelm von Urenbach was chosen as the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in 1253 in opposition to Grand Master Poppo von Osterna, elected by the majority of the knights.

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Willy Gordon

Willy Gordon (July 2, 1918 – July 12, 2003) was a Swedish-Jewish sculptor and artist.

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World War II by country

Nearly every country in the world participated in World War II, with the exception of a few countries that remained neutral.

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XVI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)

The XVI Army Corps (16th Corps) was a corps in the German Army during World War II.

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Yanka Maur

Yanka Maur (Yanka Mavr), (May 11, 1883 – August 3, 1971) was a famous Belarusian writer.

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Yermolay Gamper

Yermolay Yermolaevich Gamper (German: Hermann Christoph Gamper; 1750 – 13 December 1814) was a Russian major general who fought in the Russo-Turkish Wars and Napoleonic Wars.

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Zaļā Manor

Zaļā Manor (Zaļā muiža) is a manor house in the historical region of Courland, in Latvia.

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Zentene Palace

Zentene Palace (German: Senten) is a palace in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.

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Zeppelin L 30

Zeppelin "L 30" (factory number "LZ 62") was the first R-class "Super Zeppelin" of the German Empire.

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Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI

The Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI was a four-engined German biplane strategic bomber of World War I, and the only Riesenflugzeug ("giant aircraft") design built in any quantity.

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Ziedlejas

Ziedlejas is a village in Alsunga Municipality in the historical region of Courland in Latvia.

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Ziemassvētki

Ziemassvētki, also Ziemsvētki is an annual festival in Latvia which observes the winter solstice and birth of Jesus Christ.

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Zodiac (band)

Zodiac (Zodiak, Зодиа́к, Zodiaks) was a space disco music band that existed in the 1980s in Latvia, then a part of Soviet Union.

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11th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 11th Infantry Division (11. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht during World War II.

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138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade

The 138th Guards Separate Motor Rifle Brigade (138th MRB) is a formation of the Russian Ground Forces.

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14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

The 14th Panzer Division (14.) was an armoured division in the German Army during World War II.

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1658 in Sweden

Events from the year 1658 in Sweden.

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1659 in Sweden

Events from the year 1659 in Sweden.

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1916 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1916.

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1920 in Germany

Events in the year 1920 in Germany.

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1996 World Monuments Watch

The World Monuments Watch is a flagship advocacy program of the New York-based private non-profit organization World Monuments Fund (WMF) and American Express aimed at identifying and preserving the world’s most important endangered cultural landmarks.

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1998 World Monuments Watch

The World Monuments Watch is a flagship advocacy program of the New York-based private non-profit organization World Monuments Fund (WMF) and American Express to call to action and challenge government authorities responsible for important cultural resources to identify sites immediately at risk, and to stimulate public awareness of the tremendous need to preserve and create sustainable uses for significant heritage made by man.

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1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring

The Fallschirm-Panzer-Division 1.

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2 euro commemorative coins

2 commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the eurozone since 2004 as legal tender in all eurozone member states.

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2009 UEFA Regions' Cup

The 2009 UEFA Regions' Cup was the sixth UEFA Regions' Cup.

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215th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The German 215th Infantry Division (215.Infanterie-Division) was a major military unit of the German Army that served in World War II.

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218th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The German 218th Infantry Division (218.Infanterie-Division) was a military unit of the German Army that served in World War II.

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281st Security Division (Wehrmacht)

281st Security Division (281. Sicherungs-Division) was a rear-security division in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany.

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290th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 290th Infantry Division was a German infantry division in World War II.

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2nd Guards Uhlans

The 2nd Guards Uhlan Regiment (Königlich Preußisches 2.) was a cavalry regiment of the Prussian Army formed in 1819 in Potsdam, Prussia, and served as a Guards regiment garrisoned in Berlin.

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3rd Panzer Army

The 3rd Panzer Army (3.) was a German armoured formation during World War II, formed from the 3rd Panzer Group on 1 January 1942.

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4th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

The 4th Panzer Division (4th Tank Division) was an armored division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1938.

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51st Army (Russia)

The 51st Army was a field army of the Red Army that saw action against the Germans in World War II on both the southern and northern sectors of the front.

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5th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

The 5th Panzer Division (5th Tank Division) was an armoured division in the German Army, the Wehrmacht, during World War II, established in 1938.

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853

Year 853 (DCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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Redirects here:

Courlandians, Couronia, Curia (land), Curlandia, Curonia, Kuramaa, Kurlandia, Kurlandija, Kurzeme region.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland

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