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Expand index (831 more) » « Shrink index

A (disambiguation)

A is the first letter of the Latin alphabet.

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Absorption band

According to quantum mechanics, atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energy, or exist in specific states.

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Acetoacetate decarboxylase

Acetoacetate decarboxylase (AAD or ADC) is an enzyme involved in both the ketone body production pathway in humans and other mammals, and solventogenesis in bacteria.

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Acoustic metamaterial

An acoustic metamaterial is a material designed to control, direct, and manipulate sound waves as these might occur in gases, liquids, and solids.

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Actinide

The actinide or actinoid (IUPAC nomenclature) series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium.

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Actinium

Actinium is a chemical element with symbol Ac and atomic number 89.

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Adeno-associated virus

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small virus which infects humans and some other primate species.

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Adenylosuccinate synthase

In molecular biology, Adenylosuccinate synthase (or adenylosuccinate synthetase) is an enzyme that plays an important role in purine biosynthesis, by catalysing the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-dependent conversion of inosine monophosphate (IMP) and aspartic acid to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP.

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Adhesin molecule (immunoglobulin -like)

In molecular biology, the adhesin molecule (immunoglobulin-like) is a protein domain.

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Adsorption

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface.

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Aequorin

Aequorin is a calcium-activated photoprotein isolated from the hydrozoan Aequorea victoria.

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Agge

Agge may refer to.

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Aguilarite

Aguilarite is an uncommon sulfosalt mineral with formula Ag4SeS.

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Airsoft pellets

Airsoft pellets are spherical projectiles used by airsoft guns.

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Ajoite

Ajoite is a hydrated sodium potassium copper aluminium silicate hydroxide mineral.

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Akaganéite

Akaganeite is an iron(III) oxide-hydroxide / chloride mineral with formula: Fe3+O(OH,Cl) e.g.; β-FeO(OH).

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Albion process

The Albion process is an atmospheric leaching process for processing zinc concentrate, refractory copper and refractory gold.

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Albite

Albite is a plagioclase feldspar mineral.

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Alexander Rich

Alexander Rich (November 15, 1924 – April 27, 2015) was an American biologist and biophysicist.

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Alkali metal

The alkali metals are a group (column) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.

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AlkD

AlkD (Alkylpurine glycosylase D) is an enzyme belonging to a family of DNA glycosylases that are involved in DNA repair.

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Allosteric enzyme

Allosteric enzymes are enzymes that change their conformational ensemble upon binding of an effector, which results in an apparent change in binding affinity at a different ligand binding site.

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Allotropes of iron

Iron represents perhaps the best-known example for allotropy in a metal.

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Allotropes of plutonium

Plutonium occurs in a variety of allotropes, even at ambient pressure.

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Alpha amylase inhibitor

In molecular biology, alpha-amylase inhibitor is a protein family which inhibits mammalian alpha-amylases specifically, by forming a tight stoichiometric 1:1 complex with alpha-amylase.

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Alstonite

Alstonite, also known as bromlite, is a low temperature hydrothermal mineral that is a rare double carbonate of calcium and barium with the formula, sometimes with some strontium.

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Aluminium fluoride

Aluminium fluoride (AlF3) is an inorganic compound used primarily in the production of aluminium.

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Aluminium hydride

Aluminium hydride (also known as alane or alumane) is an inorganic compound with the formula AlH3.

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Aluminium magnesium boride

Aluminum magnesium boride or BAM is a chemical compound of aluminium, magnesium and boron.

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Aluminium molybdate

Aluminium molybdate is the chemical compound Al2(MoO4)3.

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Aluminium triacetate

Aluminium triacetate, formally named aluminium acetate, is a chemical compound with composition.

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Amalgam (chemistry)

An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with another metal, which may be a liquid, a soft paste or a solid, depending upon the proportion of mercury.

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Americium

Americium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95.

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Aminopeptidase

Aminopeptidases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of amino acids from the amino terminus (N-terminus) of proteins or peptides.

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Ammonia (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia.

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Ammonium perrhenate

Ammonium perrhenate (APR) is the ammonium salt of perrhenic acid, NH4ReO4.

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Amorphism

An Amorphism, in chemistry, crystallography and, by extension, to other areas of the natural sciences is a substance or feature that lacks an ordered form.

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Amorphous carbon

Amorphous carbon is free, reactive carbon that does not have any crystalline structure (also called diamond-like carbon).

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Amorphous ice

Amorphous ice (non-crystalline ("vitreous") ice) is an amorphous solid form of water.

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Amy Rosenzweig

Amy C. Rosenzweig is a professor of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences at Northwestern University.

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Anglesite

Anglesite is a lead sulfate mineral with the chemical formula PbSO4.

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Anodizing

Anodizing (spelled anodising in British English) is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts.

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Anti-phase domain

An antiphase domain (APD) is a type of crystallographic defect in which the atoms in a region of a crystal are configured in the opposite order to those in the perfect lattice system.

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Antifreeze protein

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria that permit their survival in subzero environments.

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Antiperovskite (structure)

The antiperovskite crystal structure is similar to the perovskite structure that is common in nature.

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Antitaenite

Antitaenite is a meteoritic metal alloy mineral composed of iron and nickel, 20–40% Ni (and traces of other elements) that has a face centered cubic crystal structure.

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Apremilast

Apremilast, brand name Otezla among others, is a medication for the treatment of certain types of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

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Arginine repressor ArgR

In molecular biology, the arginine repressor (ArgR) is a repressor of prokaryotic arginine deiminase pathways.

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Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) is the enzyme that catalyses the transfer of an amidino group from L-arginine to glycine.

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Arnold Kosevich

Arnold M. Kosevich (Арнольд Маркович Косевич Arnoľd Markovič Kosevič, Косевич Kosevyč; July 7, 1928 – October 3, 2006) was a Soviet Ukrainian physicist, known for contributions to the electron theory of metals and the theory of crystals.

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Arthur Lindo Patterson

Arthur Lindo Patterson (23 July 1902, Nelson, New Zealand - 6 November 1966, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a pioneering British X-ray crystallographer.

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ASH1L

ASH1L (also called huASH1, ASH1, ASH1L1, ASH1-like, or KMT2H) is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme encoded by the ASH1L gene located at chromosomal band 1q22.

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Asparagine peptide lyase

Asparagine peptide lyase are one of the seven groups in which proteases, also termed proteolytic enzymes, peptidases, or proteinases, are classified according to their catalytic residue.

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Aspirin

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.

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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.

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Atomic lattice

Atomic lattice may refer to.

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Atomic packing factor

In crystallography, atomic packing factor (APF), packing efficiency or packing fraction is the fraction of volume in a crystal structure that is occupied by constituent particles.

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Atoms in molecules

The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) is a model of molecular and condensed matter electronic systems (such as crystals) in which the principal objects of molecular structure - atoms and bonds - are natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function.

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Austenitic stainless steel

Austenitic stainless steel is a specific type of stainless steel alloy.

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Austinite

Austinite is a member of the adelite-descloizite group, adelite subgroup, the Zn end member of the Cu-Zn series with conichalcite.

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Automorphic

Automorphic in mathematics may apply to.

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Avogadro constant

In chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant (named after scientist Amedeo Avogadro) is the number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole.

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Bacterial cellulose

Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the formula produced by certain types of bacteria.

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Bacteriorhodopsin

Bacteriorhodopsin is a protein used by Archaea, most notably by Halobacteria, a class of the Euryarchaeota.

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Baddeleyite

Baddeleyite is a rare zirconium oxide mineral (ZrO2 or zirconia), occurring in a variety of monoclinic prismatic crystal forms.

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BanLec

BanLec (also BanLec-I or Banana lectin) is a lectin from the jacalin-related lectin family isolated from the fruit of the bananas Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana.

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Barium titanate

Barium titanate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaTiO3.

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Barytocalcite

Barytocalcite is an anhydrous barium calcium carbonate mineral with the chemical formula BaCa(CO3)2.

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Basis

Basis may refer to.

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Batholith

A batholith (from Greek bathos, depth + lithos, rock) is a large mass of intrusive igneous rock (also called plutonic rock), larger than in area, that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust.

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BaZnGa

BaZnGa (barium zinc gallide) is a ternary compound of barium, gallium and zinc that was inspired by the saying "Bazinga!" from Sheldon Cooper on The Big Bang Theory television series.

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Benjamin Hsiao

Benjamin S. Hsiao (born 12 August 1958) is an American materials scientist and educator.

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Bergenite

Bergenite is a rare uranyl phosphate of the more specific phosphuranylite group.

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Beryllium

Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.

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Beryllium borohydride

Beryllium borohydride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Be(BH4)2.

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Beryllium hydride

Beryllium hydride (systematically named poly and beryllium dihydride) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formulan (also writtenn or). This alkaline earth hydride is a colourless solid that is insoluble in solvents that do not decompose it.

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Big five game

In Africa, the big five game animals are the lion, leopard, rhinoceros (both black and white species), elephant, and Cape buffalo.

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Bilbao Crystallographic Server

Bilbao Crystallographic Server is an open access website offering online crystallographic database and programs aimed at analyzing, calculating and visualizing problems of structural and mathematical crystallography, solid state physics and structural chemistry.

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Biomaterial

A biomaterial is any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose - either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic one.

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Biomolecular Object Network Databank

The Biomolecular Object Network Databank is a bioinformatics databank containing information on small molecule and, structures and interactions.

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Biosynthesis of doxorubicin

Doxorubicin (DXR) is a 14-hydroxylated version of daunorubicin, the immediate precursor of DXR in its biosynthetic pathway.

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Bipolaron

In physics, a bipolaron is a type of quasiparticle consisting of two polarons.

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Birefringence

Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light.

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Bismuth bronze

Bismuth bronze or "Bismuth brass" is a copper alloy which typically contains 1-3% bismuth by weight, although some alloys contain over 6% Bi.

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Bismuth germanate

Bismuth germanium oxide or bismuth germanate is an inorganic chemical compound of bismuth, germanium and oxygen.

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Bismuth(III) oxide (data page)

and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on bismuth(III) oxide.

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Blue phase mode LCD

A blue phase mode LCD is a liquid crystal display (LCD) technology that uses highly twisted cholesteric phases in a blue phase.

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Bobfergusonite

Bobfergusonite is a mineral with formula Na2Mn5FeAl(PO4)6.

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Boleite

Boleite is a complex halide mineral with formula: KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62.

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Boric acid

Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid and acidum boricum, is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron, which is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds.

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Born reciprocity

In physics, Born reciprocity, also called reciprocal relativity or Born–Green reciprocity, is a principle set up by theoretical physicist Max Born that calls for a duality-symmetry among space and momentum.

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Boron carbide

Boron carbide (chemical formula approximately B4C) is an extremely hard boron–carbon ceramic, and covalent material used in tank armor, bulletproof vests, engine sabotage powders, as well as numerous industrial applications.

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Boron nitride

Boron nitride is a heat and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN.

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Bragg Institute

The Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering (ACNS), formerly the Bragg Institute, is a landmark neutron and X-ray scattering facility in Australia.

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Braggite

Braggite is a sulfide mineral of platinum, palladium and nickel with chemical formula: (Pt, Pd, Ni)S.

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Brass

Brass is a metallic alloy that is made of copper and zinc.

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Brianyoungite

Brianyoungite is a secondary zinc carbonate mineral.

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Bronopol

Bronopol (INN) is an organic compound that is used as an antimicrobial.

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Brookite

Brookite is the orthorhombic variant of titanium dioxide, TiO2, which occurs in four natural polymorphic forms (minerals with the same composition but different structure).

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Btk-type zinc finger

In molecular biology, the Btk-type zinc finger or Btk motif (BM) is a conserved zinc-binding motif containing conserved cysteines and a histidine that is present in certain eukaryotic signalling proteins.

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Bultfonteinite

Bultfonteinite, originally dutoitspanite, is a pink to colorless mineral with chemical formula Ca2SiO2(OH,F)4.

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Burgers vector

In physics, the Burgers vector, named after Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, is a vector, often denoted as b, that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice.

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Bustamite

Bustamite is a calcium manganese inosilicate (chain silicate) and a member of the wollastonite group.

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Bystrite

Bystrite is a silicate mineral with the formula (Na,K)7Ca(Si6Al6)O24S4.5•(H2O), and a member of the cancrinite mineral group.

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CA1 (gene)

Carbonic anhydrase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CA1 gene.

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Cadmium chloride

Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chlorine, with the formula CdCl2.

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Cadmium iodide

Cadmium iodide, CdI2, is a chemical compound of cadmium and iodine.

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Calcium copper titanate

Calcium copper titanate (also abbreviated CCTO, for calcium copper titanium oxide) is an inorganic compound with the formula CaCu3Ti4O12.

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Calcium disilicide

Calcium disilicide (CaSi2) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of calcium.

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Calcium hydride

Calcium hydride is the chemical compound with the formula CaH2, and is therefore an alkaline earth hydride.

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Californium

Californium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98.

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Californium compounds

Few compounds of californium have been made and studied.

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Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre

The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) is a crystallographic organisation based in Cambridge, England.

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Canavesite

Canavesite, Mg2(HBO3)(CO3)∙5H2O, is a rare carboborate mineral from the abandoned Brosso mine in Italy.

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Carbocatalysis

Carbocatalysis is a form of catalysis that uses heterogeneous carbon materials for the transformation or synthesis of organic or inorganic substrates.

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Carbonate-associated sulfate

The designation of carbonate-associated sulfate (CAS) includes all sulfate species found in association with carbonate minerals, either as inclusions, adsorbed phases, or in distorted sites within the carbonate mineral lattice (Kaplan et al. 1963, Mekhtiyeva 1974, Burdett et al. 1989, Kampschulte et al. 2001, Lyons et al. 2003, Paris et al. 2013, Paris et al. 2014b, Present et al. 2015).

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Carburizing

Carburizing, carburising (chiefly English), or carburization is a heat treatment process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon while the metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-bearing material, such as charcoal or carbon monoxide.

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Carl Hermann

Carl Hermann (17 June 1898 – 12 September 1961) was a German professor of crystallography.

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Carminite

Carminite (PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc) is an anhydrous arsenate mineral containing hydroxyl.

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Caryophyllene

Caryophyllene, or (&minus)-β-caryophyllene, is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many essential oils, especially clove oil, the oil from the stems and flowers of Syzygium aromaticum (cloves), the essential oil of Cannabis sativa, rosemary, and hops.

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Caryopilite

Caryopilite (synonymous with ectropite and ektropite) is a brown-colored mineral with formula (Mn2+,Mg)3Si2O5(OH)4.

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CAT RNA-binding domain

In molecular biology, the CAT RNA-binding domain (Co-AntiTerminator RNA-binding domain) is a protein domain found at the amino terminus of a family of transcriptional antiterminator proteins.

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Cation-anion radius ratio

In condensed matter physics and inorganic chemistry the cation-anion radius ratio (also: radius ratio rule) is the ratio of the ionic radius of the cation to the ionic radius of the anion in a cation-anion compound.

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CeCoIn5

5 | IUPACName.

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Centrosymmetry

In crystallography, a point group which contains an inversion center as one of its symmetry elements is centrosymmetric.

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Ceramic engineering

Ceramic engineering is the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials.

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Cesanite

Cesanite is the end member of the apatite-wilkeite-ellestadite series that substitutes all of apatite's phosphate ions with sulfate ions and balances the difference in charge by replacing several calcium ions with sodium ions.

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Chalcogen

The chalcogens are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table.

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Chalcophyllite

Chalcophyllite is a rare secondary copper arsenate mineral occurring in the oxidized zones of some arsenic-bearing copper deposits.

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Characterization of nanoparticles

The characterization of nanoparticles is a branch of nanometrology that deals with the characterization of physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles.

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Charge carrier

In physics, a charge carrier is a particle free to move, carrying an electric charge, especially the particles that carry electric charges in electrical conductors.

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Charge density wave

A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal.

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Chemical beam epitaxy

Chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) forms an important class of deposition techniques for semiconductor layer systems, especially III-V semiconductor systems.

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Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.

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Chemical database

A chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information.

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Chemical element

A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).

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Chemical substance

A chemical substance, also known as a pure substance, is a form of matter that consists of molecules of the same composition and structure.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.

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Childrenite

Childrenite is a rare hydrated phosphate mineral with elements iron, manganese, aluminium, phosphorus, oxygen and hydrogen.

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Choline acetyltransferase

Choline acetyltransferase (commonly abbreviated as ChAT, but sometimes CAT) is a transferase enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

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Chondrodite

Chondrodite is a nesosilicate mineral with formula (Mg,Fe)5(SiO4)2(F,OH,O)2.

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Chrisstanleyite

Chrisstanleyite, Ag2Pd3Se4, is a selenide mineral that crystallizes in high saline, acidic hydrothermal solution at low temperatures as part of selenide vein inclusions in and alongside calcite veins.

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Chromism

In chemistry, chromism is a process that induces a change, often reversible, in the colors of compounds.

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Chromium pentafluoride

Chromium pentafluoride is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrF5.

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Chromium(III) picolinate

Chromium(III) picolinate (CrPic3) is a chemical compound sold as a nutritional supplement to treat type 2 diabetes and promote weight loss.

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Chrysotile

Chrysotile or white asbestos is the most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in the United StatesOccupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor (2007).

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Circular bacterial chromosome

A circular bacterial chromosome is a bacterial chromosome in the form of a molecule of circular DNA.

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Clathrate compound

A clathrate is a chemical substance consisting of a lattice that traps or contains molecules.

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Clathrate hydrate

Clathrate hydrates, or gas clathrates, gas hydrates, clathrates, hydrates, etc., are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice, in which small non-polar molecules (typically gases) or polar molecules with large hydrophobic moieties are trapped inside "cages" of hydrogen bonded, frozen water molecules.

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Clearcreekite

Clearcreekite is polymorphous with peterbaylissite.

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Clifford H. Stockwell

Clifford Howard Stockwell (September 26, 1897 – April 26, 1987) was a Canadian geologist, who published many scientific papers, reports and memoirs in the fields of Mineralogy, Structural Geology, Petrology, and Stratigraphy.

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Cobalamin biosynthesis

In molecular biology, cobalamin biosynthesis is the synthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12).

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Cobalt

Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.

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Collinsite

Collinsite is a mineral with formula Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)(PO4)2·2H2O.

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Colloidal crystal

A colloidal crystal is an ordered array of colloid particles, analogous to a standard crystal whose repeating subunits are atoms or molecules.

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Commensurability (mathematics)

In mathematics, two non-zero real numbers a and b are said to be commensurable if their ratio is a rational number; otherwise a and b are called incommensurable.

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Complement factor I

Complement factor I, also known as C3b/C4b inactivator, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFI gene.

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Complex metallic alloys

Complex metallic alloys (CMAs) of complex intermetallics (CIMs) are intermetallic compounds characterized by the following structural features.

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Compounds of zinc

Compounds of zinc are chemical compounds containing the element zinc which is a member of the group 12 of the periodic table.

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Conoscopic interference pattern

A conoscopic interference pattern or interference figure is a pattern of birefringent colours crossed by dark bands (or isogyres), which can be produced using a geological petrographic microscope for the purposes of mineral identification and investigation of mineral optical and chemical properties.

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Copernicium

Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112.

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Copper sulfide

Copper sulfides (British English spelling: copper sulphide) describe a family of chemical compounds and minerals with the formula CuxSy.

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Copper(I) fluoride

Copper(I) fluoride or Cuprous fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuF.

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Copper(II) fluoride

Copper(II) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuF2.

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Coprecipitation

In chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT) or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed.

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Cornubite

Cornubite is a rare secondary copper arsenate mineral with formula: Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4.

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Cospin

Cospin is a serine protease inhibitor from the mushroom species Coprinopsis cinerea in the phylum Basidiomycota.

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Coyoteite

Coyoteite is a hydrated sodium iron sulfide mineral.

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Cr23C6 crystal structure

Cr23C6 is the prototypical compound of a common crystal structure, discovered in 1933 as part of the chromium-carbon binary phase diagram.

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Cro repressor family

In molecular biology, the Cro repressor family of proteins includes the bacteriophage lambda Cro repressor.

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Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

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Crystal (software)

CRYSTAL is a quantum chemistry ab initio program, designed primarily for calculations on crystals (3 dimensions), slabs (2 dimensions) and polymers (1 dimension) using translational symmetry, but it can also be used for single molecules.

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Crystal chemistry

Crystal chemistry is the study of the principles of chemistry behind crystals and their use in describing structure-property relations in solids.

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Crystal cluster

A crystal cluster is a group of crystals which formed in an open space environment and exhibit euhedral crystal form determined by their internal crystal structure.

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Crystal engineering

Crystal engineering is the design and synthesis of molecular solid state structures with desired properties, based on an understanding and use of intermolecular interactions.

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Crystal growth

Crystal growth is the process where a pre-existing crystal becomes larger as more molecules or ions add in their positions in the crystal lattice.

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Crystal habit

In mineralogy, crystal habit is the characteristic external shape of an individual crystal or crystal group.

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Crystal momentum

In solid-state physics crystal momentum or quasimomentum is a momentum-like vector associated with electrons in a crystal lattice.

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Crystal optics

Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in anisotropic media, that is, media (such as crystals) in which light behaves differently depending on which direction the light is propagating.

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Crystal structure of boron-rich metal borides

Metals, and specifically rare-earth elements (RE), form numerous chemical complexes with boron.

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Crystal structure prediction

Crystal structure prediction (CSP) is the calculation of the crystal structures of solids from first principles.

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Crystal system

In crystallography, the terms crystal system, crystal family and lattice system each refer to one of several classes of space groups, lattices, point groups or crystals.

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Crystalline (song)

"Crystalline" is a song by Icelandic artist Björk, released as the lead single from her eighth album Biophilia.

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Crystallization

Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.

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Crystallographic axis

Crystallographic axis may refer to a.

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Crystallographic database

A crystallographic database is a database specifically designed to store information about the structure of molecules and crystals.

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Crystallographic defect

Crystalline solids exhibit a periodic crystal structure.

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Crystallographic image processing

Crystallographic image processing (CIP) is traditionally understood as being a set of key steps in the determination of the atomic structure of crystalline matter from high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images obtained in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) that is run in the parallel illumination mode.

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Crystallography

Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids (see crystal structure).

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Cu Y Zeolite

Cu-Y zeolites are derivatives of the faujasite mineral group which in turn is a member of the zeolite family.

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Cubic crystal system

In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube.

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Cubic harmonic

In fields like computational chemistry and solid-state and condensed matter physics the so-called atomic orbitals, or spin-orbitals, as they appear in textbooks on quantum physics, are often partially replaced by cubic harmonics for a number of reasons.

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Cubic honeycomb

The cubic honeycomb or cubic cellulation is the only regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space, made up of cubic cells.

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Cupalite

Cupalite is a rare mineral which is mostly composed of copper and aluminium, but might contain up to several percent of zinc or iron; its chemical structure is therefore described by an approximate formula (Cu,Zn)Al or (Cu,Fe)Al.

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Curium

Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96.

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Curium(III) oxide

Curium(III) oxide is a compound composed of curium and oxygen with the chemical formula.

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Cyanase

In molecular biology, cyanase (also known as cyanate hydratase or cyanate lyase) is an enzyme which catalyses the bicarbonate dependent metabolism of cyanate to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide.

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Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel

Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channels or CNG channels are ion channels that function in response to the binding of cyclic nucleotides.

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Cyclodeaminase domain

In molecular biology, enzymes containing the cyclodeaminase domain function in channeling one-carbon units to the folate pool.

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Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12 (the alkyl is abbreviated Cy).

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Cyrilovite

Cyrilovite (NaFe33+(PO4)2(OH)4·2(H2O)) is a hydrous sodium iron phosphate mineral.

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Darken's equations

In 1948, Lawrence Stamper Darken published an article entitled "Diffusion, Mobility and Their Interrelation through Free Energy in Binary Metallic Systems", in which he derived two equations describing solid-state diffusion in binary solutions.

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Debye frequency

The Debye frequency (Symbol: \omega_ or \omega_D) is a parameter in the Debye model.

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Deformation mechanism

In structural geology, metallurgy and materials science, deformation mechanisms refer to the various mechanisms at the grain scale that are responsible for accommodating large plastic strains in rocks, metals and other materials.

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Delafossite

Delafossite is a copper iron oxide mineral with formula CuFeO2 or Cu1+Fe3+O2.

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Density of states

In solid-state and condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of states per interval of energy at each energy level available to be occupied.

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Development and discovery of SSRI drugs

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or serotonin-specific re-uptake inhibitor (SSRIs), are a class of chemical compounds that have contributed to the major advances as antidepressants where they have revolutionised the treatment of depression and other psychiatric disorders.

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Diamond anvil cell

A diamond anvil cell (DAC) is a high-pressure device used in scientific experiments.

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Diamond cubic

The diamond cubic crystal structure is a repeating pattern of 8 atoms that certain materials may adopt as they solidify.

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Diamond simulant

A diamond simulant, diamond imitation or imitation diamond is an object or material with gemological characteristics similar to those of a diamond.

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Dianin's compound

Dianin's compound (4-p-hydroxyphenyl-2,2,4-trimethylchroman) was first prepared by Aleksandr Dianin in 1914.

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Diethylzinc

Diethylzinc (C2H5)2Zn, or DEZ, is a highly pyrophoric and reactive organozinc compound consisting of a zinc center bound to two ethyl groups.

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Diffraction topography

Diffraction topography (short: "topography") is an quantum beam imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction.

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Diguanylate cyclase

In enzymology, diguanylate cyclase, also known as diguanylate kinase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: 2 Guanosine triphosphate ↔ 2 diphosphate + cyclic di-3',5'-guanylate The substrates of diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) are two molecules of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and the products are two molecules of diphosphate and one molecule of cyclic di-3’,5’-guanylate (cyclic di-GMP).

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Diphtheria toxin

Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria.

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Dirac sea

The Dirac sea is a theoretical model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles with negative energy.

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Direct methods (electron microscopy)

In crystallography, direct methods is a set of techniques used for structure determination using diffraction data and a priori information.

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Discovery and development of direct thrombin inhibitors

Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are a class of anticoagulant drugs that can be used to prevent and treat embolisms and blood clots caused by various diseases.

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Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors

Many major physiological processes depend on regulation of proteolytic enzyme activity and there can be dramatic consequences when equilibrium between an enzyme and its substrates is disturbed.

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Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors

Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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Discovery and development of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes.

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Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ ATPase) and inhibit gastric acid secretion.

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Dislocation

In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure.

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Disodium helide

Disodium helide (Na2He) is a compound of helium and sodium that is stable at high pressures above.

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Disordered Structure Refinement

The Disordered Structure Refinement program, written by Daniel Kratzert, is designed to simplify the modeling of molecular disorder in crystal structures using SHELXL by George M. Sheldrick.

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Djurleite

Djurleite is a copper sulfide mineral of secondary origin with formula Cu31S16 that crystallizes with monoclinic-prismatic symmetry.

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DNA base flipping

DNA base flipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double helix.

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DNA nanotechnology

DNA nanotechnology is the design and manufacture of artificial nucleic acid structures for technological uses.

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Donnayite-(Y)

Donnayite-(Y) is a rare-earth carbonate mineral containing the rare-earth metal yttrium.

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DTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose 3,5-epimerase

In enzymology, a dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose 3,5-epimerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose, and one product, dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose.

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DUTP diphosphatase

In enzymology, a dUTP diphosphatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are dUTP and H2O, whereas its two products are dUMP and diphosphate.

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Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices

Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices is a book in structure theory of crystal lattices, written collaboratively by Max Born and Kun Huang.

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DyP-type peroxidase family

In molecular biology, the DyP-type peroxidase family is a family of haem peroxidase enzymes.

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Dysprosium

Dysprosium is a chemical element with symbol Dy and atomic number 66.

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E1 (HCV)

E1 is one of two subunits of the envelope glycoprotein found in the hepatitis C virus.

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Earth Revealed: Introductory Geology

Earth Revealed: Introductory Geology, originally titled Earth Revealed, is a 26-part video instructional series covering the processes and properties of the physical Earth, with particular attention given to the scientific theories underlying geological principles.

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EGR1

EGR-1 (Early growth response protein 1) also known as Zif268 (zinc finger protein 225) or NGFI-A (nerve growth factor-induced protein A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGR1 gene.

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Einsteinium(III) iodide

Einsteinium triiodide is an iodide of the synthetic actinide einsteinium which has the molecular formula EsI3.

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Elastic and plastic strain

Internal strain within a metal is either elastic or plastic.

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Elasticity (physics)

In physics, elasticity (from Greek ἐλαστός "ductible") is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed.

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Electrical resistivity and conductivity

Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) is a fundamental property that quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current.

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Electrolyte

An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water.

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Electromigration

Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms.

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Electron backscatter diffraction

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a microstructural-crystallographic characterisation technique to study any crystalline or polycrystalline material.

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Electron diffraction

Electron diffraction refers to the wave nature of electrons.

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Electron hole

In physics, chemistry, and electronic engineering, an electron hole (often simply called a hole) is the lack of an electron at a position where one could exist in an atom or atomic lattice.

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Electron paramagnetic resonance

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons.

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Electron-beam welding

Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to two materials to be joined.

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Emission channeling

Emission channeling is an experimental technique for identifying the position of short-lived radioactive atoms in the lattice of a single crystal.

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Empty lattice approximation

The empty lattice approximation is a theoretical electronic band structure model in which the potential is periodic and weak (close to constant).

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Energetically modified cement

Energetically modified cements (EMC) are a class of cementitious materials made from pozzolans (e.g. fly ash, volcanic ash, pozzolana), silica sand, blast furnace slag, or Portland cement (or blends of these ingredients).

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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, EDXS or XEDS), sometimes called energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) or energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample.

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Entropy (statistical thermodynamics)

In classical statistical mechanics, the entropy function earlier introduced by Rudolf Clausius is interpreted as statistical entropy using probability theory.

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Environmental isotopes

The environmental isotopes are a subset of the isotopes, both stable and radioactive, which are the object of isotope geochemistry.

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Epitaxy

Epitaxy refers to the deposition of a crystalline overlayer on a crystalline substrate.

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Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines

Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines is an article published by Nicholas Metropolis, Arianna W. Rosenbluth, Marshall N. Rosenbluth, Augusta H. Teller, and Edward Teller in the Journal of Chemical Physics in 1953.

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Erbium hexaboride

Erbium hexaboride (ErB6) is a rare-earth hexaboride compound, which has a calcium hexaboride crystal structure.

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Eric Mazur

Eric Mazur (born November 14, 1954) is a physicist and educator at Harvard University, and an entrepreneur in technology start-ups for the educational and technology markets.

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Erwin Madelung

Erwin Madelung (18 May 1881 – 1 August 1972) was a German physicist.

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Euhedral and anhedral

Euhedral crystals are those that are well-formed, with sharp, easily recognised faces.

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Europa (moon)

Europa or as Ευρώπη (Jupiter II) is the smallest of the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter, and the sixth-closest to the planet.

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Exoenzyme

An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside of that cell.

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Facet

Facets are flat faces on geometric shapes.

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Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase

Squalene synthase (SQS) or farnesyl-diphosphate:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase is an enzyme localized to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Fasciclin domain

In molecular biology, the fasciclin domain (FAS1 domain) is an extracellular domain of about 140 amino acid residues.

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Fast ion conductor

In materials science, fast ion conductors are solids with highly mobile ions.

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Fatty acid metabolism regulator protein FadR

In molecular biology, the fatty acid metabolism regulator protein FadR, is a bacterial transcription factor.

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Fülöppite

Fülöppite is a rare member of the plagionite group, comprising heteromorphite Pb7Sb8S19, plagionite Pb5Sb8S17 and semseyite Pb9Sb8S21.

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FERM domain

In molecular biology, the FERM domain (F for 4.1 protein, E for ezrin, R for radixin and M for moesin) is a widespread protein module involved in localising proteins to the plasma membrane.

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Fermi gas

A Fermi gas is a phase of matter which is an ensemble of a large number of non-interacting fermions.

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Fermi surface

In condensed matter physics, the Fermi surface is the surface in reciprocal space which separates occupied from unoccupied electron states at zero temperature.

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Ferroelasticity

Ferroelasticity is a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain.

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Ferroelectric RAM

Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM, F-RAM or FRAM) is a random-access memory similar in construction to DRAM but using a ferroelectric layer instead of a dielectric layer to achieve non-volatility.

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Ferroics

Ferroics is the generic name given to the study of ferromagnets, ferroelectrics, and ferroelastics.

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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.

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Fibroblast growth factor

The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.

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Fission track dating

Fission track dating is a radiometric dating technique based on analyses of the damage trails, or tracks, left by fission fragments in certain uranium-bearing minerals and glasses.

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Flow stress

Flow stress is defined as the instantaneous value of stress required to continue plastically deforming the material - to keep the metal flowing.

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Fluor-liddicoatite

Fluor-liddicoatite is a rare member of the tourmaline group of minerals, elbaite subgroup, and the theoretical calcium endmember of the elbaite-fluor-liddicoatite series; the pure end-member has not yet been found in nature.

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Fluorellestadite

Fluorellestadite is a rare nesosilicate of calcium, with sulfate and fluorine, with the chemical formula Ca10(SiO4)3(SO4)3F2.

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Fluoride selective electrode

A fluoride selective electrode is a type of ion selective electrode sensitive to the concentration of the fluoride ion.

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Foam

Foam is a substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.

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Focal adhesion targeting region

In molecular biology, the focal adhesion targeting region is a conserved domain found on focal adhesion kinases.

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Folding@home

Folding@home (FAH or F@h) is a distributed computing project for disease research that simulates protein folding, computational drug design, and other types of molecular dynamics.

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Foldit

Foldit is an online puzzle video game about protein folding.

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Folliculin

Folliculin also known as FLCN, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome protein or FLCN_HUMAN is a protein that in humans is associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome and hereditary spontaneous pneumothorax.

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Formate–tetrahydrofolate ligase

In enzymology, a formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, formate, and tetrahydrofolate, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.

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Formula unit

A formula unit in chemistry is the empirical formula of any ionic or covalent network solid compound used as an independent entity for stoichiometric calculations.

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Formylmethanofuran—tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase

In enzymology, a formylmethanofuran-tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are formylmethanofuran and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin, whereas its two products are methanofuran and 5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin.

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Fractional coordinates

In crystallography, a fractional coordinate system is a coordinate system in which the edges of the unit cell are used as the basic vectors to describe the positions of atomic nuclei.

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Fracture (mineralogy)

In the field of mineralogy, fracture is the texture and shape of a rock's surface formed when a mineral is fractured.

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Franck–Condon principle

The Franck–Condon principle is a rule in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry that explains the intensity of vibronic transitions.

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Frank Kasper phases

Topologically close pack (TCP) phases or Frank-Kasper (FK) phases are one of the largest groups of intermetallic compounds, known for their complex crystallographic structure and physical properties.

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Frederick Parker-Rhodes

Arthur Frederick Parker-Rhodes (21 November 1914 – 2 March 1987) was an English linguist, plant pathologist, computer scientist, mathematician, mystic, and mycologist, who also introduced original theories in physics.

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Freeze-casting

Freeze-casting is a technique that exploits the highly anisotropic solidification behavior of a solvent (generally water) in a well-dispersed slurry to template controllably a directionally porous ceramic.

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Freezing

Freezing, or solidification, is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.

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Freieslebenite

Freieslebenite is a sulfosalt mineral composed of antimony, lead, and silver.

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Frenkel defect

A Frenkel defect or dislocation defect is a type of defect in crystalline solids wherein an atom is displaced from its lattice position to an interstitial site, creating a vacancy at the original site and an interstitial defect at the new location without any changes in chemical properties.

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Fritz Laves

Fritz Henning Emil Paul Berndt Laves (27 February 1906 – 12 August 1978) was a German crystallographer who served as the president of the German Mineralogical Society from 1956 to 1958.

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G-quadruplex

In molecular biology, G-quadruplex secondary structures are formed in nucleic acids by sequences that are rich in guanine.

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GABRB3

Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB3 gene.

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Galena

Galena, also called lead glance, is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide.

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Galfenol

In materials science, galfenol is the general term for an alloy of iron and gallium.

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Galling

Galling is a form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces.

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Gallium

Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31.

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Gallium halides

There are three sets of gallium halides, the trihalides where gallium has oxidation state +3, the intermediate halides containing gallium in oxidation states +1, +2 and +3 and some unstable monohalides, where gallium has oxidation state +1.

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Gallium(III) telluride

Gallium(III) telluride (Ga2Te3) is a chemical compound classified as a metal telluride.

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Garnierite

Garnierite is a general name for a green nickel ore which is found in pockets and veins within weathered and serpentinized ultramafic rocks.

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Gemology

Gemology or gemmology is the science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materials.

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Geology

Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.

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Geomathematics

Geomathematics or Mathematical Geophysics is the application of mathematical intuition to solve problems in Geophysics.

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Geopolymer

Geopolymers are inorganic, typically ceramic, materials that form long-range, covalently bonded, non-crystalline (amorphous) networks.

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Gibbsite

Gibbsite, Al(OH)3, is one of the mineral forms of aluminium hydroxide.

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Gladstone–Dale relation

The Gladstone–Dale relation (J. H. Gladstone and T. P. Dale, 1864) is a mathematical relation used for optical analysis of liquids, the determination of composition from optical measurements.

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Glass

Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.

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Glide plane

In geometry and crystallography, a glide plane (or transflection) is a symmetry operation describing how a reflection in a plane, followed by a translation parallel with that plane, may leave the crystal unchanged.

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Glossary of chemistry terms

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of fuel cell terms

The Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry.

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GLRX5

Glutaredoxin 5, also known as GLRX5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GLRX5 gene located on chromosome 14.

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Glucocerebrosidase

β-Glucocerebrosidase (also called acid β-glucosidase, D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, or GCase) is an enzyme with glucosylceramidase activity that is needed to cleave, by hydrolysis, the beta-glucosidic linkage of the chemical glucocerebroside, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism that is abundant in cell membranes (particularly skin cells).

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GntR-like bacterial transcription factors

In molecular biology, the GntR-like bacterial transcription factors are a family of transcription factors.

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Gold(III) fluoride

Gold(III) fluoride,, is an orange solid that sublimes at 300 °C.

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Goniometer

A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position.

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Grain boundary strengthening

Grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size.

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Graphene

Graphene is a semi-metal with a small overlap between the valence and the conduction bands (zero bandgap material).

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GRE Physics Test

The GRE physics test is an examination administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS).

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Green rust

Green rust is a generic name for various green crystalline chemical compounds containing iron(II) and iron(III) cations, the hydroxide anion, and another anion such as carbonate, chloride, or sulfate, in a layered double hydroxide structure.

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Group 12 element

Group 12, by modern IUPAC numbering, is a group of chemical elements in the periodic table.

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Group III pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases

In molecular biology, group III pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases are a family of bacterial enzymes comprising ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase.

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Group theory

In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups.

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Guanidinium chloride

Guanidinium chloride or guanidine hydrochloride, usually abbreviated GuHCl and sometimes GdnHCl or GdmCl, is the hydrochloride salt of guanidine.

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Guy Dodson

(George) Guy Dodson FRS FMedSci (13 January 1937 – 24 December 2012), was a biochemist who specialised in protein crystallography at the University of York.

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H. Douglas Keith

Dr.

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Haemolymph juvenile hormone-binding protein

In molecular biology, the haemolymph juvenile hormone-binding protein (JHPB) family of proteins consists of several insect specific haemolymph juvenile hormone binding proteins.

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Hafnium

Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72.

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Halogen bond

A halogen bond occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity.

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Halorhodopsin

Halorhodopsin is a light-gated ion pump, specific for chloride ions, found in archaea, known as halobacteria.

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Hammerhead ribozyme

The hammerhead ribozyme is an RNA motif that catalyzes reversible cleavage and ligation reactions at a specific site within an RNA molecule.

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Hapticity

Hapticity is the coordination of a ligand to a metal center via an uninterrupted and contiguous series of atoms.

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Hauyne

Hauyne, haüyne, hauynite or haüynite is a tectosilicate mineral with sulfate, with endmember formula Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4).

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Health impact of asbestos

All types of asbestos fibers are known to cause serious health hazards in humans.

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Heat transfer physics

Heat transfer physics describes the kinetics of energy storage, transport, and energy transformation by principal energy carriers: phonons (lattice vibration waves), electrons, fluid particles, and photons.

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Helium compounds

Helium is the most unreactive element, so it was commonly believed that helium compounds do not exist at all.

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HEPN domain

In molecular biology, the HEPN domain (higher eukaryotes and prokaryotes nucleotide-binding domain) is a region of approximately 110 amino acids found in the C terminus of sacsin, a chaperonin implicated in an early-onset neurodegenerative disease in human, and in many bacterial and archaea proteins.

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Hermann–Mauguin notation

In geometry, Hermann–Mauguin notation is used to represent the symmetry elements in point groups, plane groups and space groups.

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Herpesvirus glycoprotein B

Herpesvirus glycoprotein B is a viral glycoprotein that is involved in the viral cell entry of Herpes simplex virus (HSV).

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Hexagonal crystal family

In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families, which includes 2 crystal systems (hexagonal and trigonal) and 2 lattice systems (hexagonal and rhombohedral).

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Hexagonite

No description.

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Hexamethylbenzene

Hexamethylbenzene, also known as mellitene, is a hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C12H18 and the condensed structural formula C6(CH3)6.

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Hexamolybdenum

Hexamolybdenum, is a molybdenum dominant alloy discovered during a nanomineralogy investigation of the Allende meteorite. Hexamolybdenum was discovered in a small ultrarefractory inclusion within the Allende meteorite. This inclusion has been named ACM-1. Hexamolybdenum is hexagonal, with a calculated density of 11.90 g/cm3. The new mineral was found along with allendeite. These minerals, are believed to demonstrate conditions during the early stages of the Solar System, as is the case with many CV3 carbonaceous chondrites such as the Allende meteorite. Hexamolybdenum lies on a continuum of high-temperature alloys that are found in meteorites and allows a link between osmium, ruthenium, and iron rich meteoritic alloys. The name hexamolybdenum refers to the crystal symmetry (primitive hexagonal) and the molybdenum rich composition. The Allende meteorite fell in 1969 near Pueblito de Allende, Chihuahua, Mexico.

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High entropy alloys

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are substances that are constructed with equal or nearly equal quantities of five or more metals.

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High-temperature superconductivity

High-temperature superconductors (abbreviated high-Tc or HTS) are materials that behave as superconductors at unusually high temperatures.

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Histidine phosphotransfer domain

Histidine phosphotransfer domains and histidine phosphotransferases (both often abbreviated HPt) are protein domains involved in the "phosphorelay" form of two-component regulatory systems.

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History of metamaterials

The history of metamaterials begins with artificial dielectrics in microwave engineering as it developed just after World War II.

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Homing endonuclease

The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins.

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Hopper crystal

Synthetic bismuth crystal A hopper crystal is a form of crystal, defined by its "hoppered" shape.

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Hsp90

Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) is a chaperone protein that assists other proteins to fold properly, stabilizes proteins against heat stress, and aids in protein degradation.

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Hubbard model

The Hubbard model is an approximate model used, especially in solid-state physics, to describe the transition between conducting and insulating systems.

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Huemulite

Huemulite is a mineral with formula Na4Mg(V10O28)·24H2O that is yellow to orange in color.

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Hume-Rothery rules

The Hume-Rothery rules, named after William Hume-Rothery, are a set of basic rules that describe the conditions under which an element could dissolve in a metal, forming a solid solution.

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Hydration number

The hydration number, or solvation number of a compound is defined as the average number of molecules bound to the compound more strongly (by 13.3 kcal/mol or more) than they are bound to other water molecules.

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Hydrodesulfurization

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils.

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Hydrogen bond

A hydrogen bond is a partially electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen (H) which is bound to a more electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and another adjacent atom bearing a lone pair of electrons.

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Hydrokenoelsmoreite

Hydrokenoelsmoreite is a hydrous tungsten oxide mineral with formula □2W2O6(H2O).

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Hydrophobic concrete

Hydrophobic concrete is concrete that repels water.

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Hydrophobic silica

Hydrophobic silica is a form of silicon dioxide (commonly known as silica) that has hydrophobic groups chemically bonded to the surface.

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Hydroxide

Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−.

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Hypothetical types of biochemistry

Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry speculated to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time.

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Ice

Ice is water frozen into a solid state.

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Ice core

An ice core is a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet or a high mountain glacier.

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Ice crystals

Ice crystals are solid ice exhibiting atomic ordering on various length scales and include hexagonal columns, hexagonal plates, dendritic crystals, and diamond dust.

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Ice Ih

Photograph showing details of an ice cube under magnification. Ice Ih is the form of ice commonly seen on Earth. Phase space of ice Ih with respect to other ice phases. Ice Ih (pronounced: ice one h, also known as ice-phase-one) is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary ice, or frozen water.

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Ilmenite

Ilmenite, also known as Manaccanite, is a titanium-iron oxide mineral with the idealized formula.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of chemistry articles

Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

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Index of physics articles (C)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Indium antimonide

Indium antimonide (InSb) is a crystalline compound made from the elements indium (In) and antimony (Sb).

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Indium phosphide

Indium phosphide (InP) is a binary semiconductor composed of indium and phosphorus.

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Inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry deals with the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds.

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Inorganic Crystal Structure Database

ICSD (standing for Inorganic Crystal Structure Database) is a database of inorganic crystal structure data.

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Insulin

Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.

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Integrated circuit

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.

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Intergranular fracture

In certain materials and under certain conditions, the boundaries between the grains are the weakest regions in the material.

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Interhalogen

An interhalogen compound is a molecule which contains two or more different halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine) and no atoms of elements from any other group.

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Interstitial defect

Interstitials defects are a variety of crystallographic defects where atoms assume a normally unoccupied site in the crystal structure.

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Ion beam analysis

Ion beam analysis ("IBA") is an important family of modern analytical techniques involving the use of MeV ion beams to probe the composition and obtain elemental depth profiles in the near-surface layer of solids.

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Ion beam mixing

Ion beam mixing is the atomic intermixing and alloying that can occur at the interface separating two different materials during ion irradiation.

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Ion implantation

Ion implantation is low-temperature process by which ions of one element are accelerated into a solid target, thereby changing the physical, chemical, or electrical properties of the target.

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Ion selective electrode

An ion-selective electrode (ISE), also known as a specific ion electrode (SIE), is a transducer (or sensor) that converts the activity of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electrical potential.

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Ionic atmosphere

Ionic Atmosphere is a concept employed in Debye-Hückel theory which explains the conductivity behaviour of solutions.

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Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.

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Ionic compound

In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding.

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Ionic conductivity (solid state)

Ionic conduction (denoted by -lambda) is the movement of an ion from one site to another through defects in the crystal lattice of a solid or aqueous solution.

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Ionic radius

Ionic radius, rion, is the radius of an atom's ion in ionic crystals structure.

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Iridium hexafluoride

Iridium hexafluoride, also iridium(VI) fluoride, (IrF6) is a compound of iridium and fluorine and one of the seventeen known binary hexafluorides.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Iron dependent repressor

In molecular biology, the iron dependent repressors are a family of bacterial and archaeal transcriptional repressors.

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Iron–hydrogen alloy

Iron–hydrogen alloy, also known as iron hydride, is an alloy of iron and hydrogen and other elements.

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Iron–nickel clusters

Figure 1: Closed triangulated polyhedra. (a) Tetrahedron (Td), (b) Trigonal bipyramid (D3h). (c) Octahedron (Oh). (d) Pentagonal bipyramid (D5d). (e) Capped octahedron (Cs). (f) Octadecahedron (C2r) Iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) clusters are metal clusters consisting of iron and nickel, i.e. Fe–Ni structures displaying polyhedral frameworks held together by two or more metal–metal bonds per metal atom, where the metal atoms are located at the vertices of closed, triangulated polyhedra.

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Isomorphism (crystallography)

In crystallography crystals are described as isomorphous if they are closely similar in shape.

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Isostructural

Isostructural chemical compounds have similar chemical structures.

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James E. Boyd (scientist)

James Emory "Jim" Boyd (July 18, 1906 – February 18, 1998) was an American physicist, mathematician, and academic administrator.

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Janus particles

Janus particles are special types of nanoparticles whose surfaces have two or more distinct physical properties.

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Jerome Karle

Jerome Karle (born Jerome Karfunkle; June 18, 1918 – June 6, 2013) was an American physical chemist.

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Jog (dislocations)

Jog describes the turns of a dislocation line inside a crystal structure.

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John Desmond Bernal

John Desmond Bernal (10 May 1901 – 15 September 1971) was an Irish scientist who pioneered the use of X-ray crystallography in molecular biology.

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John J. Gilman

Jack Gilman (born John Joseph Gilman, December 22, 1925, Green Bay, Wisconsin – September 10, 2009, Los Angeles, California) was a world-renowned material scientist in the field of mechanical properties of solids.

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June 1918

The following events occurred in June 1918.

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Junitoite

Junitoite is a mineral with formula CaZn2Si2O7·H2O.

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Kamacite

Kamacite is an alloy of iron and nickel, which is found on Earth only in meteorites.

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Köttigite

Köttigite is a rare hydrated zinc arsenate which was discovered in 1849 and named by James Dwight Dana in 1850 in honour of Otto Friedrich Köttig (1824 - 1892), a German chemist from Schneeberg, Saxony, who made the first chemical analysis of the mineral.

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Keating model

In physics, The Keating Model is a model that theoretical physicist Patrick N. Keating introduced in 1966 to describe forces induced on neighboring atoms when one atom moves in a solid.

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Khatyrkite

Khatyrkite is a rare mineral which is mostly composed of copper and aluminium, but may contain up to about 15% of zinc or iron.

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Khinite

Khinite is a rare tellurate mineral with the formula Pb2+Cu2+3TeO6(OH)2 It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and has a bottle-green colour.

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Kinetic Monte Carlo

The kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method is a Monte Carlo method computer simulation intended to simulate the time evolution of some processes occurring in nature.

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Kröger–Vink notation

Kröger–Vink notation is a set of conventions that are used to describe electric charge and lattice position for point defect species in crystals.

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Krogmann's salt

Krogmann's salt is a mixed-valence square planar coordination complex of platinum and cyanide bonded through linear platinum metal chains, sometimes described as molecular wires.

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Krypton

Krypton (from translit "the hidden one") is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36.

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Kuna Crest Granodiorite

Kuna Crest Granodiorite (also called Granodiorite of Glen Aulin),"Structure of the Sentinel Granodiorite, Yosemite National Park, Califo" by Joseph M. Petsche:, accessdate: March 21, 2017 is found, in Yosemite National Park, United States.

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Kutnohorite

Kutnohorite is a rare calcium manganese carbonate mineral with magnesium and iron that is a member of the dolomite group.

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Kyropoulos process

The Kyropoulos process is a method of bulk crystal growth used to obtain single crystals.

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Langite

Langite is a rare hydrated copper sulfate mineral, with hydroxyl, found almost exclusively in druses of small crystals.

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Lanthanum aluminate

Lanthanum aluminate is an inorganic compound with the formula LaAlO3, often abbreviated as LAO.

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Lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface

The interface between lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is a notable materials interface because it exhibits properties not found in its constituent materials.

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Laser-heated pedestal growth

Laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) or laser floating zone (LFZ) is a crystal growth technique.

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Lattice (group)

In geometry and group theory, a lattice in \mathbbR^n is a subgroup of the additive group \mathbb^n which is isomorphic to the additive group \mathbbZ^n, and which spans the real vector space \mathbb^n.

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Lattice constant

The lattice constant, or lattice parameter, refers to the physical dimension of unit cells in a crystal lattice.

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Lattice diffusion coefficient

Lattice diffusion (also called bulk or volume diffusion) refers to atomic diffusion within a crystalline lattice.

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Lattice model (physics)

In physics, a lattice model is a physical model that is defined on a lattice, as opposed to the continuum of space or spacetime.

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Lavendulan

Lavendulan is an uncommon copper arsenate mineral, known for its characteristic intense electric blue colour.

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Laves graph

In geometry and crystallography, the Laves graph is an infinite cubic symmetric graph.

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Lawrence Bragg

Sir William Lawrence Bragg, (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of Bragg's law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure.

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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is an American federal research facility in Livermore, California, United States, founded by the University of California, Berkeley in 1952.

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Lazarus effect

The Lazarus effect refers to semiconductor detectors; when these are used in harsh radiation environments, defects begin to appear in the semiconductor crystal lattice as atoms become displaced because of the interaction with the high-energy traversing particles.

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Lüders band

Lüders bands, also known as "slip bands" or "stretcher-strain marks," are localized bands of plastic deformation in metals experiencing tensile stresses, common to low-carbon steels and certain Al-Mg alloys.

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Lead glass

Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass.

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Lead(II) chloride (data page)

and save the page --> This page provides supplementary chemical data on lead(II) chloride.

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Lead(II) nitrate

Lead(II) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Pb(NO3)2.

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Leadhillite

Leadhillite is a lead sulfate carbonate hydroxide mineral, often associated with anglesite.

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Lechatelierite

Lechatelierite is silica glass, amorphous SiO2, non-crystalline mineraloid.

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Lectin

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, macromolecules that are highly specific for sugar moieties of other molecules.

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Leifite

Leifite is a rare tectosilicate.

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Leonite

Leonite is a hydrated double sulfate of magnesium and potassium.

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Lepidocrocite

Lepidocrocite (γ-FeO(OH)), also called esmeraldite or hydrohematite, is an iron oxide-hydroxide mineral.

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Leslie Orgel

Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS (12 January 1927 – 27 October 2007) was a British chemist.

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Leucine-rich repeat receptor like protein kinase PEPR1

PEP Receptor 1 (PEPR 1) and its homologous PEP Receptor 2 (PEPR 2) are plant cell membrane localized Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase that play critical roles in plant innate immunity.

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Line group

A line group is a mathematical way of describing symmetries associated with moving along a line.

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Linezolid

Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics.

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Linus Pauling

Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, educator, and husband of American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling.

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Lipoprotein lipase

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase.

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Liquid crystal

Liquid crystals (LCs) are matter in a state which has properties between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals.

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List of agnostics

Listed here are persons who have identified themselves as theologically agnostic.

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List of English inventions and discoveries

English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England (that is, someone born in England - including to non-English parents - or born abroad with at least one English parent and who had the majority of their education or career in England).

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List of examples of lengths

This is a list of examples of lengths, in metres in order to give an understanding of lengths.

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List of Jewish atheists and agnostics

Based on Jewish law's emphasis on matrilineal descent, even religiously conservative Orthodox Jewish authorities would accept an atheist born to a Jewish mother as fully Jewish.

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List of mineralogists

The following is a list of notable mineralogists and other people who made notable contributions to mineralogy.

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List of minerals (complete)

Mineralogy is an active science in which minerals are discovered or recognised on a regular basis.

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List of National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees

The National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF) inductees includes over 500 inventors spanning three centuries of lifetimes.

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List of Nobel laureates affiliated with University College London

University College London (UCL) is one of the two founding colleges of the University of London.

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List of Nobel laureates in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics.

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Lithium aluminium hydride

Lithium aluminium hydride, commonly abbreviated to LAH, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiAlH4.

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Lithium iron phosphate

Lithium iron phosphate, also known as LFP, is an inorganic compound with the formula.

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Lithium molybdenum purple bronze

Lithium molybdenum purple bronze is a chemical compound with formula, that is, a mixed oxide of molybdenum and lithium.

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Lithium niobate

Lithium niobate is a compound of niobium, lithium, and oxygen.

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Lithium-ion battery

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.

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Living polymerization

In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been removed.

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Lonsdaleite

Lonsdaleite (named in honour of Kathleen Lonsdale), also called hexagonal diamond in reference to the crystal structure, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice.

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Lorence G. Collins

Lorence Gene "Larry" Collins, born November 19, 1931, in Vernon, Kansas is an American petrologist, best known for his extensive research on metasomatism.

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Low-energy ion scattering

Low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS), sometimes referred to simply as ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used to characterize the chemical and structural makeup of materials.

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Low-temperature polycrystalline silicon

Low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) is polycrystalline silicon that has been synthesized at relatively low temperatures (~650 °C and lower) compared to in traditional methods (above 900 °C).

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LSAT (oxide)

LSAT is the most common name for the inorganic compound lanthanum aluminate - strontium aluminium tantalate, which has the chemical formula (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2TaAlO6)0.7 or its less common alternative: (La0.18Sr0.82)(Al0.59Ta0.41)O3.

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Lubaloy C41100

C41100 Lubaloy is a wrought copper alloy that is composed mainly of copper and zinc.

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Lycopene (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on lycopene.

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Lysergic acid diethylamide

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects, which may include altered awareness of one's surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and images that seem real though they are not.

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M. Amin Arnaout

M.

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Madelung constant

The Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges.

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Magnesiohastingsite

Magnesiohastingsite is a calcium-containing amphibole and a member of the hornblende group.

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Magnesiopascoite

Magnesiopascoite is a bright orange mineral with formula Ca2Mg(V10O28)·16H2O.

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Magnesium aluminide

Magnesium aluminide is an intermetallic compound of magnesium and aluminium.

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Magnetic structure

The term magnetic structure of a material pertains to the ordered arrangement of magnetic spins, typically within an ordered crystallographic lattice.

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Magnetocrystalline anisotropy

In physics, a ferromagnetic material is said to have magnetocrystalline anisotropy if it takes more energy to magnetize it in certain directions than in others.

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Malachite

Malachite is a copper carbonate hydroxide mineral, with the formula Cu2CO3(OH)2.

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Malaria antigen detection tests

Malaria antigen detection tests are a group of commercially available rapid diagnostic tests of the rapid antigen test type that allow quick diagnosis of malaria by people who are not otherwise skilled in traditional laboratory techniques for diagnosing malaria or in situations where such equipment is not available.

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Manganese dioxide

Manganese(IV) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula.

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Marcasite

The mineral marcasite, sometimes called white iron pyrite, is iron sulfide (FeS2) with orthorhombic crystal structure.

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Marine pharmacognosy

''Halichondria'' produces the eribulin ('''Halaven''') precursor halichondrin B For many years, traditional Western pharmacognosy focused on the investigation and identification of medically important plants and animals in the terrestrial environment, although many marine organisms were used in Traditional Chinese Medicine.

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Martensitic stainless steel

Martensitic stainless steel is a specific type of stainless steel alloy.

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Material properties of diamond

Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic.

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Matrix isolation

Matrix isolation is an experimental technique used in chemistry and physics which generally involves a material being trapped within an unreactive matrix.

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Measuring instrument

A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity.

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Medium Energy Ion Scattering Facility

MEIS - The Medium Energy Ion Scattering is an STFC facility based at The University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England.

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Megaphone (molecule)

Megaphone is a cytotoxic neolignan obtained from Aniba megaphylla, a flowering plant of Laurel family which gave the compound its name.

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Meitnerium

Meitnerium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Mt and atomic number 109.

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Mendipite

Mendipite is a rare mineral that was named in 1939 for the locality where it is found, the Mendip Hills in Somerset, England.

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Mercury sulfide

Mercury sulfide, mercuric sulfide, mercury sulphide, or mercury(II) sulfide is a chemical compound composed of the chemical elements mercury and sulfur.

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Mercury(I) chloride

Mercury(I) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula Hg2Cl2.

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Mercury(II) fulminate

Mercury(II) fulminate, or Hg(CNO)2, is a primary explosive.

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Metal

A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.

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Metallic bonding

Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons (in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions.

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Metallography

Metallography is the study of the physical structure and components of metals, by using microscopy.

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Metalloid

A metalloid is any chemical element which has properties in between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them.

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Metamaterial cloaking

Metamaterial cloaking is the usage of metamaterials in an invisibility cloak.

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Metamictization

Metamictization (sometimes called metamiction) is a natural process resulting in the gradual and ultimately complete destruction of a mineral's crystal structure, leaving the mineral amorphous.

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Metamorphism

Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic texture (distinct arrangement of minerals) in pre-existing rocks (protoliths), without the protolith melting into liquid magma (a solid-state change).

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Metastability

In physics, metastability is a stable state of a dynamical system other than the system's state of least energy.

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Metatorbernite

Metatorbernite (or meta-torbernite) is a radioactive phosphate mineral, and is a dehydration pseudomorph of torbernite.

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Methane clathrate

Methane clathrate (CH4·5.75H2O) or (4CH4·23H2O), also called methane hydrate, hydromethane, methane ice, fire ice, natural gas hydrate, or gas hydrate, is a solid clathrate compound (more specifically, a clathrate hydrate) in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice.

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Microcrystalline wax

Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process.

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Micromagnetics

Micromagnetics is a field of physics dealing with the prediction of magnetic behaviors at sub-micrometer length scales.

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Micropipe

A micropipe, also called a micropore, microtube, capillary defect or pinhole defect, is a crystallographic defect in a single crystal substrate.

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Microstructure

Microstructure is the very small scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by a microscope above 25× magnification.

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Miller index

Miller indices form a notation system in crystallography for planes in crystal (Bravais) lattices.

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Mineral

A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.

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Mineral hydration

Mineral hydration is an inorganic chemical reaction where water is added to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, usually called a hydrate.

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Mineralogy

Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.

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Misorientation

Misorientation is the difference in crystallographic orientation between two crystallites in a polycrystalline material.

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Modeling of polymer crystals

Polymer crystals have different properties than simple atomic crystals.

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Moiré pattern

In mathematics, physics, and art, a moiré pattern or moiré fringes are large-scale interference patterns that can be produced when an opaque ruled pattern with transparent gaps is overlaid on another similar pattern.

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Molar volume

The molar volume, symbol Vm, is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound) at a given temperature and pressure.

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Molecular gyroscope

Molecular gyroscopes are chemical compounds or supramolecular complexes containing a rotor that moves freely relative to a stator, and therefore act as gyroscopes.

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Molecular replacement

Molecular replacement (or MR) is a method of solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography.

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Molecular solid

A molecular solid is a solid consisting of discrete molecules.

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Molecule

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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Molybdenum disilicide

Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2, or molybdenum silicide), an intermetallic compound, a silicide of molybdenum, is a refractory ceramic with primary use in heating elements.

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Molybdenum ditelluride

Molybdenum(IV) telluride, molybdenum ditelluride or just molybdenum telluride is a compound of molybdenum and tellurium with formula MoTe2, corresponding to a mass percentage of 27.32% molybdenum and 72.68% tellurium.

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Molybdenum hexafluoride

Molybdenum hexafluoride, also molybdenum(VI) fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula MoF6.

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Monazite geochronology

Monazite geochronology is a dating technique to study geological history using the mineral monazite.

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Monoclinic crystal system

In crystallography, the monoclinic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems.

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Monocrystalline silicon

Monocrystalline silicon (also called "single-crystal silicon", "single-crystal Si", "mono c-Si", or mono-Si) is the base material for silicon chips used in virtually all electronic equipment today.

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Monopotassium phosphate

Monopotassium phosphate, MKP, (also potassium dihydrogenphosphate, KDP, or monobasic potassium phosphate),, is a soluble salt of potassium and the dihydrogen phosphate ion which is used as a fertilizer, a food additive and a fungicide.

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Moritz Ludwig Frankenheim

Moritz Ludwig Frankenheim (June 29, 1801 – January 14, 1869) was a German physicist, geographer, and crystallographer.

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Mosesite

Mosesite is a very rare mineral found in few locations.

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Mottramite

Mottramite is an orthorhombic anhydrous vanadate hydroxide mineral, PbCu(VO4)(OH), at the copper end of the descloizite subgroup.

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Mu-metal

Mu-metal is a nickel–iron soft ferromagnetic alloy with very high permeability, which is used for shielding sensitive electronic equipment against static or low-frequency magnetic fields.

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Multiple isomorphous replacement

Multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) is historically the most common approach to solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography studies of proteins.

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Multipole density formalism

The Multipole Density Formalism (also referred to as Hansen-Coppens Formalism) is an X-ray crystallography method of electron density modelling proposed by Niels K. Hansen and Philip Coppens in 1978.

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Muntz metal

Muntz metal is a form of alpha-beta brass with about 60% copper, 40% zinc and a trace of iron.

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Muon spin spectroscopy

Muon spin spectroscopy is an experimental technique based on the implantation of spin-polarized muons in matter and on the detection of the influence of the atomic, molecular or crystalline surroundings on their spin motion.

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N-vector model

In statistical mechanics, the n-vector model or O(n) model is a simple system of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice.

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Nano flake

In a general meaning a nanoflake is a flake (that is, an uneven piece of material with one dimension substantially smaller than the other two) with at least one nanometric dimension (that is, between 1 and 100 nm).

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Nanobacterium

Nanobacterium (pl. nanobacteria) is the unit or member name of a proposed class of living organisms, specifically cell-walled microorganisms with a size much smaller than the generally accepted lower limit for life (about 200 nm for bacteria, like mycoplasma).

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Nanomesh

The nanomesh is a new inorganic nanostructured two-dimensional material, similar to graphene.

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Nanoruler

A nanoruler is a ruler of tiny proportions, made of a silicon crystal lattice structure.

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Native element minerals

Native element minerals are those elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure.

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Nearly free electron model

In solid-state physics, the nearly free electron model (or NFE model) is a quantum mechanical model of physical properties of electrons that can move almost freely through the crystal lattice of a solid.

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Negative-index metamaterial

Negative-index metamaterial or negative-index material (NIM) is a metamaterial whose refractive index for an electromagnetic wave has a negative value over some frequency range.

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Neodymium magnet

A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB, NIB or Neo magnet), the most widely used type of rare-earth magnet, is a permanent magnet made from an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron to form the Nd2Fe14B tetragonal crystalline structure.

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Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate

Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4) is a crystalline material formed by adding neodymium ions to yttrium orthovanadate.

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Nepheline

Not to be confused with Nephrite. Nepheline, also called nephelite (from Greek: νεφέλη, "cloud"), is a feldspathoid: a silica-undersaturated aluminosilicate, Na3KAl4Si4O16, that occurs in intrusive and volcanic rocks with low silica, and in their associated pegmatites.

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Neptunium

Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93.

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Neutron interferometer

In physics, a neutron interferometer is an interferometer capable of diffracting neutrons, allowing the wave-like nature of neutrons, and other related phenomena, to be explored.

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Nicolas Steno

Nicolas Steno (Niels Steensen; Latinized to Nicolaus Stenonis or Nicolaus Stenonius; 1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686 – Aber, James S. 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2012.) was a Danish scientist, a pioneer in both anatomy and geology who became a Catholic bishop in his later years.

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Nitrogen clathrate

Nitrogen clathrate or nitrogen hydrate is a clathrate consisting of ice with regular crystalline cavities that contain nitrogen molecules.

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Noble gas (data page)

This page provides supplementary data about the noble gases, which were excluded from the main article to conserve space and preserve focus.

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Non-neutral plasmas

A non-neutral plasma is a plasma for which the total charge is sufficiently different from zero, so that the electric field created by the un-neutralized charge plays an important or even dominant role in the plasma dynamics.

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Non-thermal microwave effect

Non-thermal microwave effects or specific microwave effects have been posited in order to explain unusual observations in microwave chemistry.

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Nonlinear optics

Nonlinear optics (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behavior of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light.

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November 1915

The following events occurred in November 1915.

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Nowotny phase

In inorganic chemistry, a Nowotny chimney ladder phase (NCL phase) is a particular intermetallic crystal structure found with certain binary compounds.

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Nuclear fuel

Nuclear fuel is a substance that is used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography

Nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography (NMR crystallography) is a method which utilizes primarily NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure of solid materials on the atomic scale.

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Nucleic acid tertiary structure

Nucleic acid tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a nucleic acid polymer.

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Nucleoside-phosphate kinase

In enzymology, a nucleoside-phosphate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and nucleoside monophosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and nucleoside diphosphate.

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Nucleosome

A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.

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Ocular dominance column

Ocular dominance columns are stripes of neurons in the visual cortex of certain mammals (including humans) that respond preferentially to input from one eye or the other.

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Off-center ions

Off-center ions in crystals are substitutional impurity ions whose equilibrium position is shifted away from the regular lattice site.

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Olfactory marker protein

In molecular biology, olfactory marker protein is a protein involved in signal transduction.

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Ooid

Ooids are small (commonly ≤2 mm in diameter), spheroidal, "coated" (layered) sedimentary grains, usually composed of calcium carbonate, but sometimes made up of iron- or phosphate-based minerals.

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Opal

Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica (SiO2·nH2O); its water content may range from 3 to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6 and 10%.

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Optical fiber

An optical fiber or optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.

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Order and disorder

In physics, the terms order and disorder designate the presence or absence of some symmetry or correlation in a many-particle system.

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Orders of magnitude (length)

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

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Organic photorefractive materials

Organic photorefractive materials are materials that exhibit a temporary change in refractive index when exposed to light.

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Organotrifluoroborate

Organotrifluoroborates are organoboron compounds that contain an anion with the general formula −. They can be thought of as protected boronic acids, or as adducts of carbanions and boron trifluoride.

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Orpiment

Orpiment is a deep orange-yellow colored arsenic sulfide mineral with formula.

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Orthorhombic crystal system

In crystallography, the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems.

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Osmium hexafluoride

Osmium hexafluoride, also osmium(VI) fluoride, (OsF6) is a compound of osmium and fluorine, and one of the seventeen known binary hexafluorides.

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Osumilite

Osumilite is a very rare potassium-sodium-iron-magnesium-aluminium silicate mineral.

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Outline of geophysics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geophysics: Geophysics – the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods.

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Outline of physical science

Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.

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Oxohalide

Molecular oxohalides (oxyhalides) are a group of chemical compounds in which both oxygen and halogen atoms are attached to another chemical element A in a single molecule.

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Pake doublet

A Pake Doublet is a characteristic line shape seen in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.

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Palladium(II) fluoride

Palladium(II) fluoride, also known as palladium difluoride, is the chemical compound of palladium and fluorine with the formula PdF2.

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Palladium(II,IV) fluoride

Palladium(II,IV) fluoride, also known as palladium trifluoride, is a chemical compound of palladium and fluorine.

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Panethite

Panethite (Na,Ca)2(Mg,Fe)2(PO4)2 is a rare phosphate mineral that was only found in one meteorite on Earth.

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Paramelaconite

Paramelaconite is a rare, black-colored copper oxide mineral with formula Cu21+Cu22+O3 (or Cu4O3).

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Parisite-(Ce)

Parisite is a rare mineral consisting of cerium, lanthanum and calcium fluoro-carbonate, Ca(Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2.

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Particle in a one-dimensional lattice

In quantum mechanics, the particle in a one-dimensional lattice is a problem that occurs in the model of a periodic crystal lattice.

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Pascoite

Pascoite is a mineral with formula Ca3V10O28·17H2O that is red-orange to yellow in color.

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Patterns in nature

Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world.

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Pauling's rules

Pauling's rules are five rules published by Linus Pauling in 1929 for predicting and rationalizing the crystal structures of ionic compounds.

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Pearceite

Pearceite is one of the four so-called "ruby silvers", pearceite Cu(Ag,Cu)6Ag9As2S11, pyrargyrite Ag3SbS3, proustite Ag3AsS3 and miargyrite AgSbS2.

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Pearson symbol

The Pearson symbol, or Pearson notation, is used in crystallography as a means of describing a crystal structure, and was originated by W.B. Pearson.

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Peierls stress

Peierls stress is the force (first discovered by Rudolf Peierls and modified by Frank Nabarro) needed to move a dislocation within a plane of atoms in the unit cell.

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Penrose tiling

A Penrose tiling is an example of non-periodic tiling generated by an aperiodic set of prototiles.

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Periclase

Periclase is a magnesium mineral that occurs naturally in contact metamorphic rocks and is a major component of most basic refractory bricks.

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Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex

The peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex (PCP or PerCP) is a soluble molecular complex consisting of the peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein bound to peridinin, chlorophyll, and lipids.

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Periodic graph (crystallography)

In crystallography, a periodic graph or crystal net is a three-dimensional periodic graph, i.e., a three-dimensional Euclidean graph whose vertices or nodes are points in three-dimensional Euclidean space, and whose edges (or bonds or spacers) are line segments connecting pairs of vertices, periodic in three linearly independent axial directions.

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Periodic poling

Periodic poling is a formation of layers with alternate orientation in a birefringent material.

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Periodic table (crystal structure)

For elements that are solid at standard temperature and pressure the table gives the crystalline structure of the most thermodynamically stable form(s) in those conditions.

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Perovskite

Perovskite (pronunciation) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (Ca Ti O3).

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Perovskite (structure)

A perovskite is any material with the same type of crystal structure as calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3), known as the perovskite structure, or XIIA2+VIB4+X2−3 with the oxygen in the edge centers.

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Perovskite solar cell

A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.

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Phase problem

In physics, the phase problem is the problem of loss of information concerning the phase that can occur when making a physical measurement.

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Phase-contrast imaging

Phase-contrast imaging is a method of imaging that has a range of different applications.

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Phonon

In physics, a phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, like solids and some liquids.

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Phosphate conversion coating

Phosphate coatings are used on steel parts for corrosion resistance, lubricity, or as a foundation for subsequent coatings or painting.

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Phosphate minerals

Phosphate minerals are those minerals that contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO43−) anion along with the freely substituting arsenate (AsO43−) and vanadate (VO43−).

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Phosphodiesterase 2

The PDE2 (phosphodiesterase 2) enzyme is one of 21 different phosphodiesterases (PDE) found in mammals.

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Phosphodiesterase 3

PDE3 is a phosphodiesterase.

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Photostimulated luminescence

Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) is the release of stored energy within a phosphor by stimulation with visible light, to produce a luminescent signal.

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Phycocyanin

Phycocyanin is a pigment-protein complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, along with allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin.

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Physical organic chemistry

Physical organic chemistry, a term coined by Louis Hammett in 1940, refers to a discipline of organic chemistry that focuses on the relationship between chemical structures and reactivity, in particular, applying experimental tools of physical chemistry to the study of organic molecules.

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Phytohaemagglutinin

Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a lectin found in plants, especially certain legumes.

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Piezoelectricity

Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress.

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PilZ domain

The PilZ protein family is named after the type IV pilus control protein first identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, expressed as part of the pil operon.

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PIM2 (gene)

Serine/threonine-protein kinase Pim-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIM2.

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Pimelite

Pimelite was discredited as a mineral species by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) in 2006, in an article which suggests that “pimelite” specimens are probably willemseite (which is approved), or kerolite (which is also discredited).

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Planar deformation features

Planar deformation features, or PDFs, are optically recognizable microscopic features in grains of silicate minerals (usually quartz or feldspar), consisting of very narrow planes of glassy material arranged in parallel sets that have distinct orientations with respect to the grain's crystal structure.

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Planck constant

The Planck constant (denoted, also called Planck's constant) is a physical constant that is the quantum of action, central in quantum mechanics.

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Platensimycin

Platensimycin, a metabolite of Streptomyces platensis, which is an excellent example of a unique structural class of natural antibiotics, has been demonstrated to be a breakthrough in recent antibiotic research due to its unique functional pattern and significant antibacterial activity.

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Platinum nanoparticle

Platinum nanoparticles are usually in the form of a suspension or colloid of nanoparticles of platinum in a fluid, usually water.

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Platinum(IV) chloride

Platinum(IV) chloride is the inorganic compound of platinum and chlorine with the empirical formula PtCl4.

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Platonic solid

In three-dimensional space, a Platonic solid is a regular, convex polyhedron.

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Plutonium

Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

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Pnictogen

A pnictogen is one of the chemical elements in group 15 of the periodic table.

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Polarization density

In classical electromagnetism, polarization density (or electric polarization, or simply polarization) is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced electric dipole moments in a dielectric material.

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Polaron

A polaron is a quasiparticle used in condensed matter physics to understand the interactions between electrons and atoms in a solid material.

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Polonium dichloride

Polonium dichloride is a chemical compound of the radioactive metalloid polonium and chlorine.

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Polonium dioxide

Polonium dioxide (also known as polonium(IV) oxide) is a chemical compound with the formula PoO2.

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Polycrystalline silicon

Polycrystalline silicon, also called polysilicon or poly-Si, is a high purity, polycrystalline form of silicon, used as a raw material by the solar photovoltaic and electronics industry.

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Polyethylene

Polyethylene or polythene (abbreviated PE; IUPAC name polyethene or poly(ethylene)) is the most common plastic.

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Polymorphism (materials science)

In materials science, polymorphism is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure.

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Position and momentum space

In physics and geometry, there are two closely related vector spaces, usually three-dimensional but in general could be any finite number of dimensions.

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Post-transition metal

Post-transition metals are a set of metallic elements in the periodic table located between the transition metals to their left, and the metalloids to their right.

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Potassium chloride

Potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine.

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Potassium hydrogenoxalate

Potassium hydrogenoxalate, also known as potassium bioxalate, is a salt with formula KHC2O4 or K+·HO2C-CO2−.

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Potassium hydroxide

Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH, and is commonly called caustic potash.

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Potassium titanyl phosphate

Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO4) or KTP is a nonlinear optical material which is commonly used for frequency doubling diode pumped solid-state lasers such as Nd:YAG and other neodymium-doped lasers.

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Potts model

In statistical mechanics, the Potts model, a generalization of the Ising model, is a model of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice.

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Powder diffraction

Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials.

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Powellite

Powellite is a calcium molybdate mineral with formula CaMoO4.

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Praseodymium (III,IV) oxide

Praseodymium (III,IV) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Pr6O11 that is insoluble in water.

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Precession electron diffraction

Precession electron diffraction (PED) is a specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

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Precipitation hardening

Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels and stainless steels.

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Preferential alignment

The preferential alignment is a criterion of an orientation of a molecule or atom.

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Primitive cell

In geometry, crystallography, mineralogy, and solid state physics, a primitive cell is a minimum volume cell (a unit cell) corresponding to a single lattice point of a structure with discrete translational symmetry.

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Principal axis

Principal axis may refer to.

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Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals

can be broadly divided into metals, metalloids and nonmetals according to their shared physical and chemical properties.

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Protactinium

Protactinium (formerly protoactinium) is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91.

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Protein contact map

A protein contact map represents the distance between all possible amino acid residue pairs of a three-dimensional protein structure using a binary two-dimensional matrix.

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Pseudocapacitance

Pseudocapacitance is the electrochemical storage of electricity in an electrochemical capacitor (Pseudocapacitor).

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Pt-barrel

The PT-barrel, is a novel protein fold that was discovered in the crystal structure of the prenyltransferase, Orf2 from Streptomyces sp.

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Pyrargyrite

Pyrargyrite is a sulfosalt mineral consisting of silver sulfantimonide, Ag3SbS3.

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Pyridine

Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N.

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Pyrite

The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron(II) disulfide).

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Pyroelectricity

Pyroelectricity (from the Greek pyr, fire, and electricity) is the property of certain crystals which are naturally electrically polarized and as a result contain large electric fields.

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Pyromorphite

Pyromorphite is a mineral species composed of lead chlorophosphate: Pb5(PO4)3Cl, sometimes occurring in sufficient abundance to be mined as an ore of lead.

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Pyrrhotite

Pyrrhotite is an iron sulfide mineral with the formula Fe(1-x)S (x.

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Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase

Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase is an enzyme in the family of transferases that catalyzes the chemical reaction This enzyme has been studied primarily in plants, but it has been studied in some bacteria as well.

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Quantum tunneling of water

The quantum tunneling of water occurs when water molecules in nanochannels exhibit quantum tunneling behavior that smears out the positions of the hydrogen atoms into a pair of corrugated rings.

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Quasiparticle

In physics, quasiparticles and collective excitations (which are closely related) are emergent phenomena that occur when a microscopically complicated system such as a solid behaves as if it contained different weakly interacting particles in free space.

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Quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase

In enzymology, a quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are quercetin and O2, whereas its 3 products are 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate, CO, and H+.

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Quincunx

A quincunx is a geometric pattern consisting of five points arranged in a cross, with four of them forming a square or rectangle and a fifth at its center.

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Quorum sensing

In biology, quorum sensing is the ability to detect and to respond to cell population density by gene regulation.

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R-Phase

The R-phase is a phase found in nitinol, a shape-memory alloy.

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Rab GDP dissociation inhibitors

In molecular biology, the Rab GDP dissociation inhibitors (Rab GDIs) constitute a family of small GTPases that serve a regulatory role in vesicular membrane traffic.

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Racemic crystallography

Racemic protein crystallography is a recently developed technique of structural biology, in which crystals of a protein molecule are grown from a mixture of an ordinary chiral protein molecule and its mirror image; where ordinary protein molecules made of 'left-handed' L-amino acids can be produced in bacteria, yeast, or other cellular expression systems, the mirror image molecule requires chemical synthesis from 'right-handed' D-amino acids.

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Radiohalo

Radiohalos or pleochroic halos are microscopic, spherical shells of discolouration within minerals such as biotite that occur in granite and other igneous rocks.

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Radium dials

Radium dials are watch, clock and other instrument dials painted with radioluminescent paint containing radium-226.

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Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy (named after Indian physicist Sir C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system.

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Rapidcreekite

Rapidcreekite is a rare mineral with formula Ca2(SO4)(CO3)·4H2O.

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Rare-earth magnet

Rare-earth magnets are strong permanent magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements.

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Recrystallization (chemistry)

In chemistry, recrystallization is a technique used to purify chemicals.

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René Just Haüy

René Just Haüy FRS MWS FRSE (28 February 1743 – 3 June 1822) was a French priest and mineralogist, commonly styled the Abbé Haüy after he was made an honorary canon of Notre Dame.

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Residual stress

Residual stresses are stresses that remain in a solid material after the original cause of the stresses has been removed.

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Resolution (electron density)

Resolution in terms of electron density is a measure of the resolvability in the electron density map of a molecule.

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Reversibly assembled cellular composite materials

Reversibly assembled cellular composite materials (RCCM) are three-dimensional lattices of modular structures that can be partially disassembled to enable repairs or other modifications.

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Rhenium hexafluoride

Rhenium hexafluoride, also rhenium(VI) fluoride, (ReF6) is a compound of rhenium and fluorine and one of the seventeen known binary hexafluorides.

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Rhenium trioxide

Rhenium trioxide or rhenium(VI) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ReO3.

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Rhinoceros

A rhinoceros, commonly abbreviated to rhino, is one of any five extant species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae, as well as any of the numerous extinct species.

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Rhombic dodecahedron

In geometry, the rhombic dodecahedron is a convex polyhedron with 12 congruent rhombic faces.

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Rhomboid protease

The rhomboid proteases are a family of enzymes that exist in almost all species.

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Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), also known as ribosomal natural products, are a diverse class of natural products of ribosomal origin.

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RNA polymerase I

RNA polymerase 1 (also known as Pol I) is, in higher eukaryotes, the polymerase that only transcribes ribosomal RNA (but not 5S rRNA, which is synthesized by RNA polymerase III), a type of RNA that accounts for over 50% of the total RNA synthesized in a cell.

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Romanèchite

Romanèchite ((Ba,H2O)2(Mn+4,Mn+3)5O10) is the primary constituent of psilomelane, which is a mixture of minerals.

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Roscoelite

Roscoelite is a green mineral from the mica group that contains vanadium.

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Rustum Roy

Rustum Roy (July 3, 1924 – August 26, 2010) was a physicist, born in India, who became a professor at Pennsylvania State University and was a leader in materials research.

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Ruthenium hexafluoride

Ruthenium hexafluoride, also ruthenium(VI) fluoride (RuF6), is a compound of ruthenium and fluorine and one of the seventeen known binary hexafluorides.

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Ryoo Ryong

Ryoo Ryong FRSC (born 1957) is a professor of chemistry at KAIST in Daejeon, South Korea.

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Salt dome

A salt dome is a type of structural dome formed when a thick bed of evaporite minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir.

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Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether

Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether (2-O-methoxymethylsalvinorin B) is a semi-synthetic analogue of the natural product salvinorin A used in scientific research.

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Sapphire

Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide.

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Scandium chloride

Scandium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula ScCl3.

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Scandium(III) sulfide

Scandium(III) sulfide is a chemical compound of scandium and sulfur with the chemical formula Sc2S3.

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Scanning tunneling spectroscopy

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), an extension of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), is used to provide information about the density of electrons in a sample as a function of their energy.

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Scolecite

Scolecite is a tectosilicate mineral belonging to the zeolite group; it is a hydrated calcium silicate, CaAl2Si3O10·3H2O.

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Sea anemone cytotoxic protein

In molecular biology, the sea anemone cytotoxic proteins are lethal pore-forming peptides and proteins, known collectively as cytolysins or actinoporins.

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Seamanite

Seamanite, named for discoverer Arthur E. Seaman, is a rare manganese boron phosphate mineral with formula Mn3(PO4)(OH)2.

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Seed crystal

A seed crystal is a small piece of single crystal or polycrystal material from which a large crystal of typically the same material is to be grown in a laboratory.

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Selective laser sintering

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique that uses a laser as the power source to sinter powdered material (typically nylon/polyamide), aiming the laser automatically at points in space defined by a 3D model, binding the material together to create a solid structure.

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Selenite (mineral)

Selenite, satin spar, desert rose, and gypsum flower are four varieties of the mineral gypsum; all four varieties show obvious crystalline structure.

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Selenium tetrachloride

Selenium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound composed with the formula SeCl4.

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Self-healing material

Self-healing materials are artificial or synthetically-created substances that have the built-in ability to automatically repair damage to themselves without any external diagnosis of the problem or human intervention.

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Self-organization

Self-organization, also called (in the social sciences) spontaneous order, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system.

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Self-organization in cybernetics

Self-organization, a process where some form of overall order arises out of the local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system, was discovered in cybernetics by William Ross Ashby in 1947.

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Semiconductor

A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor – such as copper, gold etc.

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Serpentine subgroup

The serpentine subgroup (part of the kaolinite-serpentine group) are greenish, brownish, or spotted minerals commonly found in serpentinite rocks.

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Shi Yigong

Shi Yigong (born May 1967) is a Chinese biophysicist in the field of protein X-ray crystallography and is the Dean of School of Life Sciences of Tsinghua University.

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Shock metamorphism

Shock metamorphism or impact metamorphism describes the effects of shock-wave related deformation and heating during impact events.

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Silicon carbide

Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum, is a semiconductor containing silicon and carbon.

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Silt

Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay, whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar.

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Silver iodide

Silver iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula AgI. The compound is a bright yellow solid, but samples almost always contain impurities of metallic silver that give a gray coloration. The silver contamination arises because AgI is highly photosensitive. This property is exploited in silver-based photography. Silver iodide is also used as an antiseptic and in cloud seeding.

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Silver subfluoride

Silver Subfluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula Ag2F.

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Single crystal

A single crystal or monocrystalline solid is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries.

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Single-photon avalanche diode

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a solid-state photodetector in which a photon-generated carrier (via the internal photoelectric effect) can trigger a short-duration but relatively large avalanche current.

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Skutterudite

Named after the city of Skotterud, Norway, Skutterudite is a cobalt arsenide mineral containing variable amounts of nickel and iron substituting for cobalt with a general formula: CoAs3.

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Snowflake

A snowflake is a single ice crystal that has achieved a sufficient size, and may have amalgamated with others, then falls through the Earth's atmosphere as snow.

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Sodium hydride

Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula NaH.

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Sodium percarbonate

Sodium percarbonate is a chemical substance with formula.

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Sodium tartrate

Sodium tartrate (Na2C4H4O6) is used as an emulsifier and a binding agent in food products such as jellies, margarine, and sausage casings.

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Solid

Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma).

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Solid oxygen

Solid oxygen forms at normal atmospheric pressure at a temperature below 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F).

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Solid solution

A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or more solutes in a solvent.

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Solid solution strengthening

Solid solution strengthening is a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal.

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Solid-state physics

Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy.

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Soliton

In mathematics and physics, a soliton is a self-reinforcing solitary wave packet that maintains its shape while it propagates at a constant velocity.

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Space group

In mathematics, physics and chemistry, a space group is the symmetry group of a configuration in space, usually in three dimensions.

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Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

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Spin glass

A spin glass is a disordered magnet, where the magnetic spins of the component atoms (the orientation of the north and south magnetic poles in three-dimensional space) are not aligned in a regular pattern. The term "glass" comes from an analogy between the magnetic disorder in a spin glass and the positional disorder of a conventional, chemical glass, e.g., a window glass. In window glass or any amorphous solid the atomic bond structure is highly irregular; in contrast, a crystal has a uniform pattern of atomic bonds. In ferromagnetic solid, magnetic spins all align in the same direction; this would be analogous to a crystal. The individual atomic bonds in a spin glass are a mixture of roughly equal numbers of ferromagnetic bonds (where neighbors have the same orientation) and antiferromagnetic bonds (where neighbors have exactly the opposite orientation: north and south poles are flipped 180 degrees). These patterns of aligned and misaligned atomic magnets create what are known as frustrated interactions - distortions in the geometry of atomic bonds compared to what would be seen in a regular, fully aligned solid. They may also create situations where more than one geometric arrangement of atoms is stable. Spin glasses and the complex internal structures that arise within them are termed "metastable" because they are "stuck" in stable configurations other than the lowest-energy configuration (which would be aligned and ferromagnetic). The mathematical complexity of these structures is difficult but fruitful to study experimentally or in simulations, with applications to artificial neural networks in computer science, in addition to physics, chemistry, and materials science.

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Spontaneous emission

Spontaneous emission is the process in which a quantum mechanical system (such as an atom, molecule or subatomic particle) transitions from an excited energy state to a lower energy state (e.g., its ground state) and emits a quantum in the form of a photon.

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Spontaneous fission

Spontaneous fission (SF) is a form of radioactive decay that is found only in very heavy chemical elements.

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Spontaneous order

Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos.

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Stacking-fault energy

The stacking-fault energy (SFE) is a materials property on a very small scale.

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Stainless steel

In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable (inoxidizable), is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass.

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Standard molar entropy

In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance under a standard state (not STP).

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Standing wave

In physics, a standing wave – also known as a stationary wave – is a wave which oscillates in time but whose peak amplitude profile does not move in space.

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State of matter

In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.

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Stephanite

Stephanite is a silver antimony sulfosalt mineral with formula: Ag5SbS4 It is composed of 68.8% silver, and sometimes is of importance as an ore of this metal.

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Stilbite

Stilbite is the name of a series of tectosilicate minerals of the zeolite group.

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Stopping power (particle radiation)

Stopping power in nuclear physics is defined as the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle energy.

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Stress (mechanics)

In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material.

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Strontianite

Strontianite (SrCO3) is an important raw material for the extraction of strontium.

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Strontium aluminate

Strontium aluminate (SRA, SrAl, 24) is a solid odorless, nonflammable, pale yellow, monoclinic crystalline powder, heavier than water.

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Strontium bromide

Strontium bromide is a chemical compound with a formula SrBr2.

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Structure

Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.

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Structure (disambiguation)

The structure of a thing is how the parts of it relate to each other, how it is "assembled".

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Structure factor

In condensed matter physics and crystallography, the static structure factor (or structure factor for short) is a mathematical description of how a material scatters incident radiation.

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Succinate dehydrogenase

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory Complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes.

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Superantigen

Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release.

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Supercell (crystal)

In solid-state physics and crystallography, a crystal structure is described by a unit cell.

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Superionic water

Superionic water is a phase of water under extreme heat and pressure which has properties of both a solid and a liquid, which is supported by some experimental evidence.

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Superlens

A superlens, or super lens, is a lens which uses metamaterials to go beyond the diffraction limit.

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Surface phonon

In solid state physics, a surface phonon is the quantum of a lattice vibration mode associated with a solid surface.

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Surface properties of transition metal oxides

Transition metal oxides are compounds composed of oxygen atoms bound to transition metals.

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Surface reconstruction

Surface reconstruction refers to the process by which atoms at the surface of a crystal assume a different structure than that of the bulk.

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Surface science

Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces.

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Synroc

Synroc, a portmanteau of "synthetic rock", is a means of safely storing radioactive waste.

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Synthetic diamond

A synthetic diamond (also known as an artificial diamond, cultured diamond, or cultivated diamond) is diamond produced in an artificial process, as opposed to natural diamonds, which are created by geological processes.

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TAF11

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 11 also known as TAFII28, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF11 gene.

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Talmessite

Talmessite is a hydrated calcium magnesium arsenate, often with significant amounts of cobalt or nickel.

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Tantalum(IV) sulfide

Tantalum(IV) sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula TaS2.

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Taranakite

Taranakite is a hydrated alkali iron-aluminium phosphate mineral with chemical formula3(3+)5(PO4)2(HPO4)6·18H2O.

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Tarbuttite

Tarbuttite is a rare phosphate mineral with formula Zn2(PO4)(OH).

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Technetium

Technetium is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43.

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Technetium hexafluoride

Technetium hexafluoride or technetium(VI) fluoride (TcF6) is a yellow inorganic compound with a low melting point.

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Terahertz metamaterial

A terahertz metamaterial is a class of composite metamaterials designed to interact at terahertz (THz) frequencies.

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TeraView

TeraView Limited, or TeraView, is a company that designs terahertz imaging and spectroscopy instruments and equipment for measurement and evaluation of pharmaceutical tablets, nanomaterials, ceramics and composites, integrated circuit chips and more.

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Terbium

Terbium is a chemical element with symbol Tb and atomic number 65.

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Ternary compound

In inorganic chemistry, a ternary compound is a compound containing three different elements.

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Tetradymite

Tetradymite is a mineral consisting of bismuth, tellurium and sulfide, Bi2Te2S, also known as telluric bismuth.

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Tetragonal crystal system

In crystallography, the tetragonal crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems.

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Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride

Tetraphenylphosphonium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula (C6H5)4PCl, abbreviated Ph4PCl or PPh4Cl.

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The Andromeda Strain

The Andromeda Strain is a 1969 techno-thriller novel by Michael Crichton documenting the efforts of a team of scientists investigating the outbreak of a deadly extraterrestrial microorganism in Arizona.

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The Net (substance)

The Net, in alchemy, is an alloy of copper and iron, whose crystal structure induces a network pattern on its surface.

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Thermal ellipsoid

Thermal ellipsoids, more formally termed atomic displacement parameters, are ellipsoids used in crystallography to indicate the magnitudes and directions of the thermal vibration of atoms in crystal structures.

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Thermal history coating

A thermal history coating (THC) is a robust coating containing various non-toxic chemical compounds whose crystal structures irreversibly change at high temperatures.

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Thermodynamic temperature

Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.

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Thermodynamics of nanostructures

As the devices continue to shrink further into the sub-100 nm range following the trend predicted by Moore’s law, the topic of thermal properties and transport in such nanoscale devices becomes increasingly important.

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Thermoelectric materials

Thermoelectric materials show the thermoelectric effect in a strong or convenient form.

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Thermoplastic olefin

Thermoplastic olefin (TPO), thermoplastic polyolefin or olefinic thermoplastic elastomers refer to polymer/filler blends usually consisting of some fraction of a thermoplastic, an elastomer or rubber, and usually a filler.

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Tight binding

In solid-state physics, the tight-binding model (or TB model) is an approach to the calculation of electronic band structure using an approximate set of wave functions based upon superposition of wave functions for isolated atoms located at each atomic site.

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Timeline of the discovery and classification of minerals

Georgius Agricola is considered the 'father of mineralogy'.

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Tin

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

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Tincalconite

Tincalconite is a hydrous sodium borate mineral closely related to borax, and is a secondary mineral that forms as a dehydration product of borax.

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Tissue transglutaminase

Tissue transglutaminase (abbreviated as tTG or TG2) is a 78-kDa, calcium-dependent enzyme of the protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferases family (or simply transglutaminase family).

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Titanium carbide

Titanium carbide, TiC, is an extremely hard (Mohs 9–9.5) refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide.

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Titanium nitride

Titanium nitride (sometimes known as tinite) is an extremely hard ceramic material, often used as a coating on titanium alloys, steel, carbide, and aluminium components to improve the substrate's surface properties.

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Togaviridae

Togaviridae is a family of viruses.

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Tom Blundell

Sir Thomas Leon "Tom" Blundell, (born 7 July 1942) is a British biochemist, structural biologist, and science administrator.

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Tooth whitening

Tooth whitening (termed tooth bleaching when utilising bleach), is either the restoration of a natural tooth shade or whitening beyond the natural shade.

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Topological order

In physics, topological order is a kind of order in the zero-temperature phase of matter (also known as quantum matter).

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Tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone

Tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) is a protease inhibitor.

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TP53BP2

Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) also known as Bcl2-binding protein (Bbp) and tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 2 (p53BP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53BP2 gene.

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Transgranular fracture

A transgranular fracture is a fracture that follows the edges of lattices in a granular material, ignoring the grains in the individual lattices.

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Triclinic crystal system

Triclinic (a ≠ b ≠ c and α ≠ β ≠ γ) In crystallography, the triclinic (or anorthic) crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems.

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Trihexagonal tiling

In geometry, the trihexagonal tiling is one of 11 uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons.

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Trona

Trona (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate, also sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate, Na2CO3•NaHCO3•2H2O) is a non-marine evaporite mineral.

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Truncated octahedron

In geometry, the truncated octahedron is an Archimedean solid.

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Tschermakite

The endmember hornblende tschermakite (☐Ca2(Mg3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2) is a calcium rich monoclinic amphibole mineral.

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Tsumcorite

Tsumcorite is a rare hydrated lead arsenate mineral that was discovered in 1971, and reported by Geier, Kautz and Muller.

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Tsumebite

Tsumebite is a rare phosphate mineral named in 1912 after the locality where it was first found, the Tsumeb mine in Namibia, well known to mineral collectors for the wide range of minerals found there.

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Tuperssuatsiaite

Tuperssuatsiaite is a rare clay mineral found in Greenland, Namibia and Brazil.

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Twinwall plastic

Twin-wall plastic, specifically twin-wall polycarbonate, is an extruded multi-wall polymer product created for applications where its strength, thermally insulative properties, and moderate cost are ideal.

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U4 spliceosomal RNA

The U4 small nuclear Ribo-Nucleic Acid (U4 snRNA) is a non-coding RNA component of the major or U2-dependent spliceosome – a eukaryotic molecular machine involved in the splicing of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).

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Ukichiro Nakaya

was a Japanese physicist and science essayist known for his work in glaciology and low-temperature sciences.

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Ultra-high-temperature ceramics

Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are a class of refractory ceramics that offer excellent stability at temperatures exceeding 2000 °C being investigated as possible thermal protection system (TPS) materials, coatings for materials subjected to high temperatures, and bulk materials for heating elements.

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Uniaxial crystal

Uniaxial crystals are transmissive optical elements in which the refractive index of one crystal axis is different from the other two crystal axes (i.e. ni ≠ nj.

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Upconverting nanoparticles

Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are nanoscale particles (1–100 nm) that exhibit photon upconversion.

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UPd2Al3

UPd2Al3 is a heavy-fermion superconductor with a hexagonal crystal structure and critical temperature Tc.

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Uranium hexachloride

Uranium hexachloride is an inorganic chemical compound of uranium in the +6 oxidation state.

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Uranium hydride

Uranium hydride, also called uranium trihydride (UH3), is an inorganic compound and a hydride of uranium.

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Uranium nitride

Uranium nitride refers to a family of several ceramic materials: uranium mononitride (UN), uranium sesquinitride (U2N3) and uranium dinitride (UN2).

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Uranium pentafluoride

Uranium pentafluoride is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula UF5.

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Uranium tetrachloride

Uranium tetrachloride (UCl4) is compound of uranium in oxidation state +4.

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Uranium trioxide

Uranium trioxide (UO3), also called uranyl oxide, uranium(VI) oxide, and uranic oxide, is the hexavalent oxide of uranium.

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Uranium(III) iodide

Uranium triiodide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula UI3.

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Uranium–lead dating

Uranium–lead dating, abbreviated U–Pb dating, is one of the oldestBoltwood, B.B., 1907, On the ultimate disintegration products of the radio-active elements.

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Urea extraction crystallization

The urea extraction crystallization is a process for separating linear paraffins (n-paraffins, n-alkanes) from hydrocarbon mixtures through the formation of urea-n-paraffin-clathrates.

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Utility fog

Utility fog (coined by Dr. John Storrs Hall in 1993) is a hypothetical collection of tiny robots that can replicate a physical structure.

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Vacancy defect

In crystallography, a vacancy is a type of point defect in a crystal.

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Valence (chemistry)

In chemistry, the valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules.

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Vanadinite

Vanadinite is a mineral belonging to the apatite group of phosphates, with the chemical formula Pb5(VO4)3Cl.

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Vanadium oxide

Vanadium oxide may refer to.

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Vauxite

Vauxite is a phosphate mineral with the chemical formula Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·6(H2O).

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Vegard's law

In materials science and metallurgy, Vegard's law is the empirical heuristic that the lattice parameter of a solid solution of two constituents is approximately equal to a rule of mixtures of the two constituents' lattice parameters at the same temperature: \mathit_.

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Verneuil process

The Verneuil process, also called flame fusion, was the first commercially successful method of manufacturing synthetic gemstones, developed in the late 1800s by the French chemist Auguste Verneuil.

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Vesicular monoamine transporter 1

Vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) also known as chromaffin granule amine transporter (CGAT) or solute carrier family 18 member 1 (SLC18A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A1 gene.

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Vivianite

Vivianite is a hydrated iron phosphate mineral found in a number of geological environments.

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Vlasovite

Vlasovite is a rare inosilicate (chain silicate) mineral with sodium and zirconium, with the chemical formula Na2ZrSi4O11.

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VPS25

Vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS25 gene.

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Wafer (electronics)

A wafer, also called a slice or substrate, is a thin slice of semiconductor material, such as a crystalline silicon, used in electronics for the fabrication of integrated circuits and in photovoltaics for conventional, wafer-based solar cells.

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Water of crystallization

In chemistry, water of crystallization or water of hydration or crystallization water is water molecules that are present inside crystals.

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Weaire–Phelan structure

In geometry, the Weaire–Phelan structure is a complex 3-dimensional structure representing an idealised foam of equal-sized bubbles.

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Weissite

Weissite is a telluride mineral consisting of copper telluride (Cu2−xTe).

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Welding

Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

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Whiteite

Whiteite is a rare hydrated phosphate mineral, with hydroxyl.

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Widgiemoolthalite

Widgiemoolthalite is a rare hydrated nickel(II) carbonate mineral with the chemical formula.

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Wigner effect

The Wigner effect (named for its discoverer, Eugene Wigner), also known as the discomposition effect or Wigner's Disease, is the dislocation of atoms in a solid caused by neutron radiation.

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Wigner–Seitz cell

The Wigner–Seitz cell, named after Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz, is a type of Voronoi cell used in the study of crystalline material in solid-state physics.

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William Henry Bragg

Sir William Henry Bragg (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman who uniquelyThis is still a unique accomplishment, because no other parent-child combination has yet shared a Nobel Prize (in any field).

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Wollastonite

Wollastonite is a calcium inosilicate mineral (CaSiO3) that may contain small amounts of iron, magnesium, and manganese substituting for calcium.

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Woodhouseite

Woodhouseite belongs to the beudantite group AB3(XO4)(SO4)(OH)6 where A.

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Woodward effect

The Woodward effect, also referred to as a Mach effect, is part of a hypothesis proposed by James F. Woodward in 1990.

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Work hardening

Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the strengthening of a metal or polymer by plastic deformation.

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Wulfenite

Wulfenite is a lead molybdate mineral with the formula PbMoO4.

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Wurtzite

Wurtzite is a zinc iron sulfide mineral ((Zn,Fe)S) a less frequently encountered mineral form of sphalerite.

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Wurtzite crystal structure

General hexagonal crystal structure The wurtzite crystal structure, named after the mineral wurtzite, is a crystal structure for various binary compounds.

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X-ray absorption spectroscopy

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used technique for determining the local geometric and/or electronic structure of matter.

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X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.

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X-ray scattering techniques

X-ray scattering techniques are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystal structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films.

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Xenomorph (geology)

A xenomorph (also: allotriomorph) is a mineral that did not develop its otherwise typical external crystal form because of late crystallization between earlier formed crystals.

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Xenon

Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54.

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XStream Systems

XStream Systems Inc.

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Y RNA

Y RNAs are small non-coding RNAs.

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YbBiPt

YbBiPt (ytterbium-bismuth-platinum; also named YbPtBi) is an intermetallic material which at low temperatures exhibits an extremely high value of specific heat, which is a characteristic of heavy-fermion behavior.

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YceI protein domain

In molecular biology, Yce-I protein domain is a putative periplasmic protein.

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YchF-GTPase C terminal protein domain

In molecular biology, this protein domain is found at the C terminus of the GTP-binding protein, YchF-GTPase found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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Ye'elimite

Ye'elimite is the naturally occurring form of calcium sulfoaluminate, Ca4(AlO2)6SO4.

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YInMn Blue

YInMn Blue (for yttrium, indium, manganese) is an inorganic blue pigment that was accidentally discovered by Professor Mas Subramanian and his then graduate student Andrew E. Smith at Oregon State University in 2009.

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Ytterbium

Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70.

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Yttrium orthovanadate

Yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) is a transparent crystal.

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Yuksporite

Yuksporite is a rare inosilicate mineral with double width, unbranched chains, and the complicated chemical formula K4(Ca,Na)14Sr2Mn(Ti,Nb)4(O,OH)4(Si6O17)2(Si2O7)3(H2O,OH)3.

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Yuri Osipyan

Yuri Andreevich Osipyan (Юрий Андреевич Осипьян; February 15, 1931 – September 10, 2008) was a Soviet, Russian-Armenian physicist who worked in the field of solid state physics.

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Z-DNA

Z-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA.

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Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published in English.

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Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published in English.

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Zhang Youshang

Zhang Youshang (born November 1925) is a Chinese biochemist, a professor and former Vice President of the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride is the name of chemical compounds with the formula ZnCl2 and its hydrates.

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Zinc telluride

Zinc telluride is a binary chemical compound with the formula ZnTe.

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Zircon

Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates.

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Zirconium carbide

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools.

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Zirconium diboride

Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) is a highly covalent refractory ceramic material with a hexagonal crystal structure.

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Zirconium dioxide

Zirconium dioxide, sometimes known as zirconia (not to be confused with zircon), is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium.

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Zirconium nitrate

Zirconium nitrate is a volatile anhydrous transition metal nitrate of zirconium with formula Zr(NO3)4.

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1915 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1915 in the United Kingdom.

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2,4-Dinitroanisole

2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is a low sensitivity explosive organic compound.

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6

6 (six) is the natural number following 5 and preceding 7.

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9931 Herbhauptman

9931 Herbhauptman, provisional designation, is a stony Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter.

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Assymetric unit, Asymmetric unit, Basal Plane, Basal plane, Basis (crystal structure), Crystal Structure, Crystal axis, Crystal lattice structure, Crystal lattices, Crystal pattern, Crystal structure of a mineral, Crystal structures, Crystal symmetry, Crystalline lattice, Crystalline structure, Crystallographic lattice, Crystallographic structure, Crystallographic system, Lattice structure, Mineral structure, Mineral structures, Principal axis (crystallography), Space lattice, Types of crystals, Unit Cell, Unit cell, Unit cell length.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure