Communication

787 relations: $1,000 genome, ABI Solid Sequencing, ABO blood group system, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Acianthera, Acne, Acute myeloid leukemia, Adenovirus serotype 14, Aerodramus, African bush elephant, Agilent Technologies, Ailuridae, Alignment-free sequence analysis, Aliivibrio fischeri, Allan Maxam, Allan Wilson, Allele-specific oligonucleotide, Amanita bisporigera, Amphiprion barberi, Amplicon, Analytical chemistry, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Anopheles sinensis, Antagonistic Coevolution, Anthony Zador, Apoprogoninae, Apple, Applera, Applied Biosystems, Archaeogenetics, Archaeogenetics of the Near East, Archaeoparasitology, Archaeorhizomycetes, Articulata hypothesis, Artificial gene synthesis, Asparagales, Asper Biogene, Aspergillus ustus, Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities, ATAC-seq, August 1918, Ayoxxa Biosystems, Azotobacter salinestris, Ötzi, Bacteria, Bacterial artificial chromosome, Bacterial phylodynamics, Bactrian camel, Baeomyces rufus, ..., Banksia idiogenes, Banksia ionthocarpa, Banksia splendida, Banksia subulata, Basques, Bayesian tool for methylation analysis, Baylor College of Medicine, Beatrice B. Magee, Bellevue College, Benstonea, Binning (metagenomics), Bio-MEMS, BioCompute Object, BioDiscovery, Biogen, Bioinformatics, Biomolecular engineering, BioSD, Biostatistics, BioUML, Bisulfite sequencing, Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships, Blue, Bluefin trevally, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brachiopod, Bradshaw rock paintings, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, BRAIN Initiative, Breakage-fusion-bridge cycle, Broad Institute, Brugia malayi, Brush-furred mouse, Bryology, Burrows–Wheeler transform, Calostoma cinnabarinum, Cancer Genome Anatomy Project, Cancer genome sequencing, Candidate division, Cannabis, Cap analysis gene expression, Capillary electrophoresis, Carl Linnaeus, Carlson curve, Carrot yellow-leaf virus, Cassava mosaic virus, Cassette mutagenesis, Caucasian race, Cave bear, Ccdc78, Cell-free fetal DNA, Central dogma of molecular biology, Centre for Applied Genomics, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, Centre for Genomic Research (Liverpool), Champions Oncology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Chem-seq, Chemiluminescence, Chicken, Chimeric RNA, ChIP-exo, ChIP-sequencing, ChiRP-Seq, Chloroplast, Chloroplast DNA, Christine Kenneally, Chromosome, Chromosome jumping, Chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene, Cichlid, Circulating tumor DNA, Cladistics, Cladogram, Clavaria, CLC bio, CLIP, Cloning, Colin Skinner, Colony picker, Combined bisulfite restriction analysis, Common myna, Comparative anatomy, Comparative genomics, Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, Complex traits, Compression of Genomic Re-Sequencing Data, Compugen (Israeli company), Computational science, Computomics, Conservation genetics, Contig, Convolvulaceae, Copy-number variation, Cornell University, Cotylidia, Coverage (genetics), Crocodilia, Cryptomarasmius, Cryptomonas, Cryptosporidium muris, Culex quinquefasciatus, Cupriavidus necator, CUT&RUN sequencing, Cyanobacteria, Cyanophora paradoxa, Cyphelloid fungi, Cystic fibrosis, Daedaleopsis, Dall's porpoise, David Klenerman, David Wendell, De novo transcriptome assembly, Deamination, Delitto perfetto, Denaturation (biochemistry), Denaturation mapping, Dendriscocaulon, Denisovan, Desmond Fitzgerald (professor), Diamondoid, Dideoxynucleotide, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Digital polymerase chain reaction, Digital transcriptome subtraction, Dinochelus, Directionality (molecular biology), DNA, DNA binding site, DNA computing, DNA database, DNA digital data storage, DNA encryption, DNA extraction, DNA field-effect transistor, DNA footprinting, DNA methylation, DNA nanoball sequencing, DNA phenotyping, DNA polymerase, DNA sequencer, DNA sequencing theory, DNA synthesis, DNA-encoded chemical library, DNAnexus, DNASTAR, Dognapping, Dolan DNA Learning Center, Domestication of animals, Douglas Prasher, DRIP-seq, Dromedary, Droplet-based microfluidics, Dryandra ser. Aphragma, Dryandra ser. Armatae, Dryandra ser. Capitellatae, Dryandra ser. Floribundae, Dryandra ser. Ilicinae, Dryandra ser. Niveae, Dryandra ser. Plumosae, Dryandra subg. Diplophragma, Dryandra subg. Dryandra, Duplex sequencing, DuPont Central Research, Earth Microbiome Project, East African lion, Edico Genome, Edmund Mach Foundation, Edward DeLong, Elective genetic and genomic testing, Electropherogram, Emberger syndrome, Endometrial cancer, Enhancer (genetics), Environmental DNA, Epitranscriptome, Epitranscriptomic sequencing, Erycina pusilla, Escherichia coli O104:H4, Estrogen insensitivity syndrome, European hare, European Nucleotide Archive, Evania appendigaster, Evolution, Evolution of snake venom, Evolution of the wolf, Exome sequencing, Exon trapping, FAIRE-Seq, Family Tree DNA, FANTOM, Festuca, FGED Society, FlexGen, Fluorescent in situ sequencing, Foldit, Folliculin, Forensic entomology and the law, Fossil, Foundation Medicine, Francis Crick Institute, Franklin's ground squirrel, Frederick Sanger, Functional cloning, Functional genomics, Fungus, Fusion gene, Gaga (plant), Galearctus avulsus, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, GATA2 deficiency, Gel electrophoresis, Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids, Gene, Gene delivery, Gene knockout, Gene map, Gene polymorphism, Gene prediction, Gene sequencing, GeneDx, GenePattern, Genetic analysis, Genetic engineering, Genetic engineering techniques, Genetic genealogy, Genetic sequencing, Genetic testing, Genetics, Genome architecture mapping, Genome evolution, Genome project, Genomic Standards Consortium, Genomics, Genomics of domestication, Genoscope, Genotype, Genotyping, Genotyping by sequencing, Geobiology, George M. Church, Georgios Magklaras, Gerald M. Rubin, Giant otter, Gigantism, GISAID, Glenn Close, Glossary of biology, Glossary of genetics, Gough moorhen, Gracillariidae, Granulosa cell tumour, Grapevine red blotch disease, Gray mouse lemur, Hadropithecus, Haplogroup K1a1b1a (mtDNA), Haplotype, Hedylidae, Helicobacter pylori, Heliconius heurippa, Helix (company), Heng Li, Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I, Heteroteuthis dispar, HHV Infected Cell Polypeptide 0, High Resolution Melt, High throughput biology, HindIII, History of biology, History of chemistry, History of electrophoresis, History of molecular evolution, History of plant systematics, HLA-B81, Hoatzin, Hoffmann-La Roche, Horse, Horse genome, HTK (software), HTS, Human evolution, Human genome, Human Genome Structural Variation, Human variability, Humanized antibody, Humpback whale, Hunter syndrome, Hybrid genome assembly, Hydnellum concrescens, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, Ice Bucket Challenge, Identity by descent, IKBKAP, Illumina (company), Illumina dye sequencing, Immune repertoire, Immunoprecipitation, Imputation (genetics), In silico, Index of genetics articles, Index of molecular biology articles, Infections associated with diseases, Initial acquisition of microbiota, Initiator protein, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Singapore), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Integromics, Ion semiconductor sequencing, IPlant Collaborative, Isozyme, J. Craig Venter Institute, Jacqui Horswell, Jaguar, Jay Shendure, Jean Weissenbach, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, John Quackenbush, Joint Genome Institute, Jonathan Kinlay, Journal of Endocrinology, Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, Julian Parkhill, Jumping library, Jurassic World Evolution, K-mer, Kangaroo, Karl Kjer, Kathleen Rubins, Kent's Cavern 4 (KC4) Maxilla, Killer whale, Kirsa Jensen case, Kompetitive allele specific PCR, Korean Bioinformation Center, L-Ribonucleic acid aptamer, Ladeana Hillier, LdrD-RdlD toxin-antitoxin system, Leiden Open Variation Database, Leishmania donovani, Leptoxis ampla, LIANTI, Lilac witches'-broom, Lilioid monocots, Lipid bilayer, List of Armillaria species, List of biochemists, List of British innovations and discoveries, List of Coprinopsis species, List of discoveries, List of English inventions and discoveries, List of events in NHGRI history, List of examples of convergent evolution, List of file formats, List of genetic genealogy topics, List of geneticists, List of Google April Fools' Day jokes, List of Jewish Nobel laureates, List of life sciences, List of mammals of Montana, List of mammals of Wyoming, List of model organisms, List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry, List of non-marine molluscs of Turkey, List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools, Lloyd M. Smith, Logology (science of science), Long non-coding RNA, Lophophora, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Luidia, LUX, MA plot, Macrogen, Magnolia, Magnus Manske, Malacidin, Malpuech facial clefting syndrome, Mammals of Glacier National Park (U.S.), Mammals of Olympic National Park, Manganese peroxidase, Mark Pallen, Mary-Claire King, Massimiliano Di Ventra, Massive parallel sequencing, Massively parallel signature sequencing, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, Maxam–Gilbert sequencing, Medical genetics, Medical microbiology, Merkel cell polyomavirus, METAGENassist, Metagonimiasis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, MethBase, Michael Katze, Michigan Medicine, Microbead (research), Microbial biogeography, Microfluidic whole genome haplotyping, Microfluidics in chemical biology, Microheteroplasmy, MicroRNA sequencing, Microsatellite, Microsystem, Model organism, Molecular Biology Core Facilities, Molecular cloning, Molecular diagnostics, Molecular evolution, Molecular Inversion Probe, Molecular paleontology, Molecular pathology, Molecular phylogenetics, Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, Morelia tracyae, Mostafa Ronaghi, Mothur, MtDNA control region, Multilocus sequence typing, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b, Multiplexing, Mutation, Mutational signatures, MutationTaster, Mycobacterium elephantis, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycoplasma genitalium, Myogenesis, N-gram, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Nature versus nurture, Neanderthal genome project, Nearest neighbor search, Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution, Necrobiome, Nepenthes bicalcarata, Neurogenomics, Neurospora crassa, New England Biolabs, New Forest pony, New Guinea crocodile, New York Genome Center, Newborn screening, NGS, NGSmethDB, Non-helical models of DNA structure, North American jaguar, Notocitellus, NPAS2, Nuclear organization, Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll, Nucleic acid, Nucleic acid hybridization, Nucleic acid methods, Nucleic acid thermodynamics, NuGEN Technologies, Nutrigenomics, Nutritious Rice for the World, Objections to evolution, Odontomachus bauri, Oligonucleotide, Oligonucleotide synthesis, Oligotyping (sequencing), OncoDNA, Oncogene, Oncogenomics, Opuntia, Oragene, Origin of the domestic dog, Otospermophilus, Outline of biochemistry, Outline of genetics, Pacific Biosciences, Paired-end tag, Paleodemography, Pandanaceae, Pandinus imperator toxin (Pi4), Pantoea agglomerans, PAR-CLIP, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, Paralepista, Pardis Sabeti, Passiflora, Pathogenomics, Pauline Mele, PCO Imaging, Peak calling, Periannan Senapathy, Perkinsus marinus, Perovskia atriplicifolia, Personal Genome Project, Personalized medicine, Pesticide degradation, Phage display, Phi X 174, Phialemonium curvatum, Philip Palmer Green, Philippine Genome Center, PhIP-Seq, Phoma clematidina, Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, Photobacterium profundum, Photon counting, Phred base calling, Phred quality score, Phylogenesis, Phylogeny of Malacostraca, Phylogeography, Phylotypic stage, Physiomics, Phytoplasma, Picotiter plate, Pieter Baas, Piwi-interacting RNA, Plant evolution, Plant genetics, Plant genome assembly, Plasmidome, Plastisphere, Pollen DNA barcoding, Polony (biology), Polymerase chain reaction, Polymicrogyria, Polyploid, Polyura, Population history of Egypt, Populus, Populus sect. Tacamahaca, Populus trichocarpa, Positional Sequencing, Potential applications of graphene, PrecisionFDA, Preston Estep, Primer (molecular biology), Project MinE, Promoter activity, Promoter bashing, Propionispira raffinosivorans, Protein sequencing, Protein Structure Initiative, Protulophila, Pseudogene, Psilocybe allenii, Psophodes, PTPN11, Public Genomics, Pyrosequencing, Quantified self, Quantitative trait locus, R (programming language), Rafael Irizarry (scientist), Rapid amplification of cDNA ends, Rare biosphere, Rare-cutter enzyme, Ray Wu, Read (biology), Recurrent evolution, Red wolf, Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, Reference genome, René Thomas (biologist), Restriction digest, Restriction enzyme, Restriction map, Restriction site associated DNA markers, Rhinovirus, Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides, Richard F. Heck, RNA immunoprecipitation chip, RNA spike-in, RNA-Seq, Roche Applied Science, Root microbiome, Royal tern, Russ Prize, Russula, Saccharomycotina, Sadeg Faris, Saiphos equalis, Salvia divinorum, SAM (file format), SAMtools, Sanfilippo syndrome, Sanger sequencing, Sartidia perrieri, Satish Chandra Maheshwari, Schistosoma, Science and technology in China, Scleractinia, Sea ice microbial communities, Sea otter, Seafood mislabelling, Second Genome, Selection and amplification binding assay, Sematuridae, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Sepp Hochreiter, Sequence (disambiguation), Sequence analysis, Sequence assembly, Sequence Read Archive, Sequencing by ligation, Serial analysis of gene expression, Sewage, Shankar Balasubramanian, Shope papilloma virus, Shotgun sequencing, Sickle cell-beta thalassemia, Simone Warner, Single cell epigenomics, Single cell sequencing, Single molecule real time sequencing, Single-cell analysis, Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing, Single-cell transcriptomics, Single-molecule magnetic sequencing, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Sira barbet, Site-directed mutagenesis, SLITRK1 (gene), SnoRNA prediction software, SNP genotyping, SNV calling from NGS data, Soda lake, Sodium bisulfite, Sokoke, Solid phase sequencing, Soulton Hall, South American jaguar, SpaceX CRS-9, Spanish toothcarp, Spatial transcriptomics, Stable-isotope probing, StackStorm, Steven Salzberg, Stewart Blusson, Strand Life Sciences, Streptococcus iniae, Structural variation, Subcloning, Subfossil, Sumatran tiger, Surveyor nuclease assay, Synteny, Synthetic biology, Synthetic Genomics (company), Systems biology, Tandem mass spectrometry, Tanpopo (mission), Taq polymerase, Tarnished plant bug, Tay–Sachs disease, TCP-seq, Tenrec, Tephritidae, Terry Speed, The Cancer Genome Atlas, The Singularity Is Near, Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus, Thermus aquaticus, Third-generation sequencing, Thogotovirus, Thomae's function, TIARA (database), Timeline of biology and organic chemistry, TopHat (bioinformatics), Toxgnostics, Transcriptome, Translational bioinformatics, Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing, Travelling salesman problem, Tree model, Tremella foliacea, Treponema socranskii, Trichosporon, Trichosporon beigelii, Trimethylglycine, Trisomy 16, Trk receptor, Tropomyosin, Tropomyosin receptor kinase A, Tsukuba Botanical Garden, Tute Genomics, Two-hybrid screening, Ultraviolet, Unique molecular identifier, University of Scranton buildings and landmarks, Urera, Urocitellus, Urodidae, Usher syndrome, Vampirococcus, Variable number tandem repeat, Variant Call Format, Variant of uncertain significance, Variant surface glycoprotein, Velvet assembler, Vibrio anguillarum, Viral phylodynamics, Virology, Viscum minimum, Von Hippel–Lindau disease, Waddlia, Walter Gilbert, War on Cancer, Washington University in St. Louis, Waxy corn, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Western culture, Whole genome bisulfite sequencing, Whole genome sequencing, Willoughby D. Miller, Wilson–Turner syndrome, Windover Archeological Site, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, Women in space, Woodpecker, XDNA, Xerospermophilus, Xiaoliang Sunney Xie, Xinsheng Sean Ling, Xyloplax medusiformis, Y chromosome microdeletion, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Youth smoking, ZCCHC18, Zero-mode waveguide, 1000 Genomes Project, 1000 Plant Genomes Project, 100K Genome Project, 2 base encoding, 2006 in science, 2010, 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, 2012 in science, 20th century in science, 454 Life Sciences. Expand index (737 more) » « Shrink index

$1,000 genome

The $1,000 genome refers to an era of predictive and personalized medicine during which the cost of fully sequencing an individual's genome is roughly USD $1,000.

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ABI Solid Sequencing

SOLiD (Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection) is a next-generation DNA sequencing technology developed by Life Technologies and has been commercially available since 2006.

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ABO blood group system

The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes.

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Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, formerly the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is the oldest natural science research institution and museum in the Americas.

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Achromobacter xylosoxidans

Achromobacter xylosoxidans (formerly Alcaligenes xylosoxidans) is a Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase and catalase-positive, motile bacterium with peritrichous flagella, from the genus Achromobacter.

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Acianthera

Acianthera is a genus of orchids native to the tropical parts of the Western Hemisphere, especially Brazil.

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Acne

Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin.

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Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cells.

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Adenovirus serotype 14

Adenovirus serotype 14 (Ad14) is a serovar of adenovirus which, unlike other adenovirus serovars, is known to cause potentially fatal adenovirus infections.

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Aerodramus

Aerodramus is a genus of small, dark, cave-nesting birds in the Collocaliini tribe of the swift family.

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African bush elephant

The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), also known as the African savanna elephant, is the larger of the two species of African elephants, and the largest living terrestrial animal.

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Agilent Technologies

Agilent Technologies is an American public research, development and manufacturing company established in 1999 as a spin-off from Hewlett-Packard.

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Ailuridae

Ailuridae is a family in the mammal order Carnivora.

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Alignment-free sequence analysis

In bioinformatics, alignment-free sequence analysis approaches to molecular sequence and structure data provide alternatives over alignment-based approaches.

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Aliivibrio fischeri

Aliivibrio fischeri is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments.

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Allan Maxam

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Allan Wilson

Allan Charles Wilson (18 October 1934 – 21 July 1991) was a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, a pioneer in the use of molecular approaches to understand evolutionary change and reconstruct phylogenies, and a revolutionary contributor to the study of human evolution.

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Allele-specific oligonucleotide

An allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a short piece of synthetic DNA complementary to the sequence of a variable target DNA.

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Amanita bisporigera

Amanita bisporigera is a deadly poisonous species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae.

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Amphiprion barberi

Amphiprion barberi, is a species of anemonefish that is found in the western Pacific Ocean..

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Amplicon

In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA or RNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events.

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Analytical chemistry

Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods used to separate, identify, and quantify matter.

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Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an intersex condition in which there is a partial or complete inability of many cells in the affected genetic male to respond to androgenic hormones.

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Anopheles sinensis

Anopheles sinensis is a species of mosquito that transmits malaria as well as lymphatic filariasis.

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Antagonistic Coevolution

Sexual antagonistic co-evolution is the relationship between males and females where sexual morphology changes over time to counteract the opposite's sex traits to achieve the maximum reproductive success.

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Anthony Zador

Anthony M. Zador is an American neuroscientist and the Alle Davis Harris Professor of Biology and Chair of Neuroscience at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

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Apoprogoninae

Apoprogoninae is a subfamily of the moth family Sematuridae, represented by a single specieshttp://www.planetposter.de/schmetterlinge-w/schmetterling/afrika/200px-Apoprogenes-hesperistis.JPG from Swaziland, South Africa.

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Apple

An apple is a sweet, edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus pumila).

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Applera

Applera Corporation of Norwalk, Connecticut, at #874 on the 2007 Fortune 1000 list, was one of the largest international biotechnology companies based in the United States.

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Applied Biosystems

Applied Biosystems is one of the various brands under the Life Technologies brand of Thermo Fisher Scientific corporation.

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Archaeogenetics

Archaeogenetics is the study of ancient DNA using various molecular genetic methods and DNA resources.

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Archaeogenetics of the Near East

The archaeogenetics of the Near East is the study of the genetics of past human populations (archaeogenetics) in the Ancient Near East using DNA from ancient remains.

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Archaeoparasitology

Archaeoparasitology, a multi-disciplinary field within paleopathology, is the study of parasites in archaeological contexts.

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Archaeorhizomycetes

Archaeorhizomycetes is an class of fungi in the subdivision Taphrinomycotina of the Ascomycota.

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Articulata hypothesis

The Articulata hypothesis is the grouping in a higher taxon of animals with segmented bodies, consisting of Annelida and Panarthropoda.

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Artificial gene synthesis

Artificial gene synthesis, sometimes known as DNA printing is a method in synthetic biology that is used to create artificial genes in the laboratory.

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Asparagales

Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web.

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Asper Biogene

Asper Biogene is a genetic testing company, based in Tartu, Estonia, established in 1999.

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Aspergillus ustus

Aspergillus ustus is a microfungus and member of the division Ascomycota.

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Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities

The Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities is dedicated to advancing core and research biotechnology laboratories through research, communication, and education.

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ATAC-seq

ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) is a technique used in molecular biology to study chromatin accessibility.

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August 1918

The following events occurred in August 1918.

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Ayoxxa Biosystems

Ayoxxa Biosystems (stylized in its logo as AYOXXA) is a biotechnology company founded in 2010 in Singapore, and headquartered in Germany.

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Azotobacter salinestris

Azotobacter salinestris is a Gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing bacterium; its specific name, salinestris, comes from the Latin words salinus meaning saline and estris which means "living in".

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Ötzi

Ötzi (also called the Iceman, the Similaun Man, the Man from Hauslabjoch, the Tyrolean Iceman, and the Hauslabjoch mummy) is a nickname given to the well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived between 3400 and 3100 BCE.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.

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Bacterial artificial chromosome

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli.

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Bacterial phylodynamics

Bacterial phylodynamics is the study of immunology, epidemiology, and phylogenetics of bacterial pathogens to better understand the evolutionary role of these pathogens.

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Bactrian camel

The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is a large, even-toed ungulate native to the steppes of Central Asia.

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Baeomyces rufus

Baeomyces rufus, commonly known as the brown beret lichen, is a fruticose lichen belonging to the cap lichen family, Baeomycetaceae.

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Banksia idiogenes

Banksia idiogenes is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

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Banksia ionthocarpa

Banksia ionthocarpa is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

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Banksia splendida

Banksia splendida, commonly known as Shaggy Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

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Banksia subulata

Banksia subulata, commonly known as Awled Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

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Basques

No description.

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Bayesian tool for methylation analysis

Bayesian tool for methylation analysis, also known as BATMAN, is a statistical tool for analyzing methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) profiles.

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Baylor College of Medicine

Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), located in the Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas, US, is a health sciences university.

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Beatrice B. Magee

Beatrice B. "Bebe" Magee is an American biochemist and geneticist with expertise in molecular mycology and fungal genetics.

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Bellevue College

Bellevue College is a public institution of higher education located in Bellevue, Washington, a city on the Eastside of Lake Washington, near Seattle.

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Benstonea

Benstonea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Pandanaceae.

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Binning (metagenomics)

In metagenomics, binning is the process of grouping reads or contigs and assigning them to operational taxonomic units.

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Bio-MEMS

Bio-MEMS is an abbreviation for biomedical (or biological) microelectromechanical systems.

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BioCompute Object

The BioCompute Object (BCO) Project is a community-driven initiative to build a framework for standardizing and sharing computations and analyses generated from High-throughput sequencing (HTS), also referred to as next-generation sequencing (NGS) or massively parallel sequencing (MPS).

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BioDiscovery

BioDiscovery is a scientific software company based in El Segundo, California, focused on genetic research and genomic analysis.

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Biogen

Biogen, Inc. (previously known as Biogen Idec) is an American multinational biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, specializing in the discovery, development, and delivery of therapies for the treatment of neurodegenerative, hematologic, and autoimmune diseases to patients worldwide.

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Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data.

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Biomolecular engineering

Biomolecular engineering is the application of engineering principles and practices to the purposeful manipulation of molecules of biological origin.

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BioSD

The BioSample Database (BioSD) is a database at European Bioinformatics Institute for the information about the biological samples used in sequencing.

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Biostatistics

Biostatistics is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.

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BioUML

BioUML is an open-source software platform for the analysis of data from omics sciences research and other advanced computational biology developed by scientists from the Institute of Systems Biology in Novosibirsk, Russia.

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Bisulfite sequencing

Bisulfite sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA to determine its pattern of methylation.

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Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships

Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships (BDPs) were established as part of a $350 million gift by Michael Bloomberg, JHU Class of 1964, to Johns Hopkins University in 2013.

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Blue

Blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments in painting and traditional colour theory, as well as in the RGB colour model.

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Bluefin trevally

The bluefin trevally, Caranx melampygus (also known as the bluefin jack, bluefin kingfish, bluefinned crevalle, blue ulua, omilu and spotted trevally), is a species of large, widely distributed marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae.

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Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class of the genus Borrelia.

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Brachiopod

Brachiopods, phylum Brachiopoda, are a group of lophotrochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs.

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Bradshaw rock paintings

Bradshaw rock paintings, Bradshaw rock art, Bradshaw figures or The Bradshaws, are terms used to describe one of the two major regional traditions of rock art found in the north-west Kimberley region of Western Australia.

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Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a species of legume-root nodulating, microsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

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BRAIN Initiative

The White House BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies), is a collaborative, public-private research initiative announced by the Obama administration on April 2, 2013, with the goal of supporting the development and application of innovative technologies that can create a dynamic understanding of brain function.

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Breakage-fusion-bridge cycle

Breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle (also breakage-rejoining-bridge cycle) is a mechanism of chromosomal instability, discovered by Barbara McClintock in the late 1930s.

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Broad Institute

The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, often referred to as the Broad Institute, is a biomedical and genomic research center located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

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Brugia malayi

Brugia malayi is a nematode (roundworm), one of the three causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans.

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Brush-furred mouse

The brush-furred mice, genus Lophuromys are a group of rodents found in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Bryology

Bryology (from Greek bryon, a moss, a liverwort) is the branch of botany concerned with the scientific study of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts).

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Burrows–Wheeler transform

The Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT, also called block-sorting compression) rearranges a character string into runs of similar characters.

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Calostoma cinnabarinum

Calostoma cinnabarinum is a species of gasteroid fungus in the family Sclerodermataceae, and is the type species of the genus Calostoma.

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Cancer Genome Anatomy Project

The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP), created by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 1997 and introduced by Al Gore, is an online database on normal, pre-cancerous and cancerous genomes.

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Cancer genome sequencing

Cancer genome sequencing is the whole genome sequencing of a single, homogeneous or heterogeneous group of cancer cells.

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Candidate division

A candidate division, candidate phylum or candidate division-level is a lineage of prokaryotic organisms for which until recently no cultured representatives have been found, but evidence of the existence of the clade has been obtained by 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis of environmental samples.

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Cannabis

Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae.

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Cap analysis gene expression

Cap analysis gene expression (CAGE) is a gene expression technique used in molecular biology to produce a snapshot of the 5′ end of the messenger RNA population in a biological sample.

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Capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a family of electrokinetic separation methods performed in submillimeter diameter capillaries and in micro- and nanofluidic channels.

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Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.

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Carlson curve

The Carlson curve is a term to describe the rate of DNA sequencing or cost per sequenced base as a function of time.

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Carrot yellow-leaf virus

The carrot yellow-leaf virus (CYLV) infects carrots, particularly the carrot root cells.

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Cassava mosaic virus

African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), and South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV) are distinct species of circular single-stranded DNA viruses that are whitefly-transmitted and primarily infect cassava plants.

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Cassette mutagenesis

Cassette mutagenesis is a type of site-directed mutagenesis that uses a short, double-stranded oligonucleotide sequence (gene cassette) to replace a fragment of target DNA.

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Caucasian race

The Caucasian race (also Caucasoid or Europid) is a grouping of human beings historically regarded as a biological taxon, which, depending on which of the historical race classifications used, have usually included some or all of the ancient and modern populations of Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia, Central Asia and South Asia.

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Cave bear

The cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) was a species of bear that lived in Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene and became extinct about 24,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum.

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Ccdc78

Coiled-coil domain-containing 78 (CCDC78) is a protein in humans encoded by the CCDC78 gene.

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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA which circulates freely in the maternal blood.

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Central dogma of molecular biology

The central dogma of molecular biology is an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system.

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Centre for Applied Genomics

The Centre for Applied Genomics is a genome centre in the Research Institute of The Hospital for Sick Children, and is affiliated with the University of Toronto.

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Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms

The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP) is an initiative of the Indian Department of Biotechnology to develop tools that could be used by researchers from the industry and from public institutions.

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Centre for Genomic Research (Liverpool)

The Centre for Genomic Research (CGR) (Liverpool) is located on the University of Liverpool Campus, and was established by the Medical Research Council in partnership with the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).

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Champions Oncology

Champions Oncology is an American technology company that develops mouse avatars.

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Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University is a public funded agricultural university located at Hisar in the Indian state of Haryana.

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Chem-seq

Chem-seq is a technique that is used to map genome-wide interactions between small molecules and their protein targets in the chromatin of eukaryotic cell nuclei.

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Chemiluminescence

Chemiluminescence (also chemoluminescence) is the emission of light (luminescence), as the result of a chemical reaction.

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Chicken

The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.

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Chimeric RNA

Chimeric RNA, sometimes referred to as a fusion transcript, is composed of exons from two or more different genes and have the potential to encode novel proteins.

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ChIP-exo

ChIP-exo is a chromatin immunoprecipitation based method for mapping the locations at which a protein of interest (transcription factor) binds to the genome.

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ChIP-sequencing

ChIP-sequencing, also known as ChIP-seq, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA.

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ChiRP-Seq

ChiRP-Seq (Chromatin Isolation by RNA purification) is a high-throughput sequencing method to discover regions of the genome which are bound by a specific RNA (or by a ribonucleoprotein containing the RNA of interest).

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Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.

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Chloroplast DNA

Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as cpDNA.

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Christine Kenneally

Christine Kenneally (born in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian-American journalist who writes on science, language and culture.

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Chromosome

A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.

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Chromosome jumping

Chromosome jumping is a tool of molecular biology that is used in the physical mapping of genomes.

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Chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene

Chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene is a rare autosomal recessive enteropathy that was first described in 1968.

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Cichlid

Cichlids are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Perciformes.

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Circulating tumor DNA

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is tumor-derived fragmented DNA in the bloodstream that is not associated with cells.

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Cladistics

Cladistics (from Greek κλάδος, cládos, i.e., "branch") is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on the most recent common ancestor.

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Cladogram

A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.

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Clavaria

Clavaria is a genus of fungi in the family Clavariaceae.

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CLC bio

CLC bio is a bioinformatics software company headquartered in Aarhus, Denmark, and with offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Tokyo, Taipei and Delhi.

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CLIP

CLIP (cross-linking immunoprecipitation) is a method used in molecular biology that combines UV cross-linking with immunoprecipitation in order to analyse protein interactions with RNA or to precisely locate RNA modifications (e.g. m6A).

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Cloning

Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially.

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Colin Skinner

Dr.

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Colony picker

A colony picker is an instrument used to automatically identify microbial colonies growing on a solid media, pick them and duplicate them either onto solid or liquid media.

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Combined bisulfite restriction analysis

Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis (or COBRA) is a molecular biology technique that allows for the sensitive quantification of DNA methylation levels at a specific genomic locus on a DNA sequence in a small sample of genomic DNA.

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Common myna

The common myna or Indian myna (Acridotheres tristis), sometimes spelled mynah, is a member of the family Sturnidae (starlings and mynas) native to Asia.

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Comparative anatomy

Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

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Comparative genomics

Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which the genomic features of different organisms are compared.

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Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is a condition that results in the complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens.

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Complex traits

Complex traits, also known as quantitative traits, are traits that do not behave according to simple Mendelian inheritance laws.

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Compression of Genomic Re-Sequencing Data

High-throughput sequencing technologies have led to a dramatic decline of genome sequencing costs and to an astonishingly rapid accumulation of genomic data.

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Compugen (Israeli company)

Compugen Ltd.

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Computational science

Computational science (also scientific computing or scientific computation (SC)) is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field that uses advanced computing capabilities to understand and solve complex problems.

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Computomics

Computomics is a biotechnology company co-founded by Detlef Weigel and MEGAN author Daniel Huson.

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Conservation genetics

Conservation genetics is an interdisciplinary subfield of Population Genetics that aims to understand the dynamics of genes in populations principally to avoid extinction.

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Contig

A contig (from contiguous) is a set of overlapping DNA segments that together represent a consensus region of DNA.

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Convolvulaceae

Convolvulaceae, known commonly as the bindweed or morning glory family, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species of mostly herbaceous vines, but also trees, shrubs and herbs.

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Copy-number variation

Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which sections of the genome are repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals in the human population.

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Cornell University

Cornell University is a private and statutory Ivy League research university located in Ithaca, New York.

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Cotylidia

Cotylidia is a fungal genus characterized by small to moderately sized, white to palely yet brightly colored, stalked, fan-shaped to funnel-shaped fruit bodies with a smooth to wrinkled hymenium, tissues composed of monomitic hyphae, basidia producing smooth, nonamyloid spores, the absence of clamp connections, and bearing projecting cylindrical, thin-walled, hymenial cystidia.

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Coverage (genetics)

Coverage (or depth) in DNA sequencing is the number of unique reads that include a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence.

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Crocodilia

Crocodilia (or Crocodylia) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic archosaurian reptiles, known as crocodilians.

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Cryptomarasmius

Cryptomarasmius is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae.

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Cryptomonas

Cryptomonas is the name-giving genus of the Cryptomonads established by German biologist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1831.

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Cryptosporidium muris

Cryptosporidium muris is a species of coccidium, first isolated from the gastric glands of the common mouse.

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Culex quinquefasciatus

Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (originally named Culex fatigans), commonly known as the southern house mosquito, is a medium-sized mosquito found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

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Cupriavidus necator

Cupriavidus necator is a Gram-negative soil bacterium of the class Betaproteobacteria.

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CUT&RUN sequencing

CUT&RUN-sequencing, also known as Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA.

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Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.

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Cyanophora paradoxa

Cyanophora paradoxa is a freshwater species of Glaucophyte that is used as a model organism.

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Cyphelloid fungi

The cyphelloid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota that have disc-, tube-, or cup-shaped basidiocarps (fruit bodies), resembling species of discomycetes (or "cup fungi") in the Ascomycota.

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Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.

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Daedaleopsis

Daedaleopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae.

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Dall's porpoise

Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) is a species of porpoise found only in the North Pacific.

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David Klenerman

David Klenerman is a British biophysical chemist and a professor of biophysical chemistry at the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge.

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David Wendell

David Wendell is an associate professor at the University of Cincinnati.

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De novo transcriptome assembly

De novo transcriptome assembly is the de novo sequence assembly method of creating a transcriptome without the aid of a reference genome.

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Deamination

Deamination is the removal of an amine group from a protein molecule.

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Delitto perfetto

Delitto perfetto is a genetic technique for in vivo site-directed mutagenesis in yeast.

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Denaturation (biochemistry)

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.

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Denaturation mapping

Denaturation Mapping is a form of optical mapping, first described in 1966.

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Dendriscocaulon

Dendriscocaulon is a taxonomic name that has been used for a genus of fruticose lichen (shrubby form lichen) with a cyanobacteria as the photobiont partner of the fungus.

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Denisovan

The Denisovans or Denisova hominins) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo.

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Desmond Fitzgerald (professor)

Desmond Fitzgerald (born 30 October 1953) On 6 October 2016, Fitzgerald was announced as the President-elect of University of Limerick.

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Diamondoid

In chemistry, diamondoids are variants of the carbon cage molecule known as adamantane (C10H16), the smallest unit cage structure of the diamond crystal lattice.

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Dideoxynucleotide

Dideoxynucleotides are chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase, used in the Sanger method for DNA sequencing.

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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL or DLBL) is a cancer of B cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies.

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Digital polymerase chain reaction

Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids strands including DNA, cDNA or RNA.

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Digital transcriptome subtraction

Digital transcriptome subtraction (DTS) is a bioinformatics method to detect the presence of novel pathogen transcripts through computational removal of the host sequences.

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Dinochelus

Dinochelus ausubeli is a small deep sea lobster discovered in 2007 in the Philippines during the Census of Marine Life and described in 2010 in the new genus Dinochelus,elongated, and bear many long teeth on the inner surface.

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Directionality (molecular biology)

Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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DNA binding site

DNA binding sites are a type of binding site found in DNA where other molecules may bind.

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DNA computing

DNA computing is a branch of computing which uses DNA, biochemistry, and molecular biology hardware, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies.

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DNA database

A DNA database or DNA databank is a database of DNA profiles which can be used in the analysis of genetic diseases, genetic fingerprinting for criminology, or genetic genealogy.

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DNA digital data storage

DNA digital data storage refers to any process to store digital data in the base sequence of DNA using commercially available oligonucleotide synthesis machines for storage and DNA sequencing machines for retrieval.

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DNA encryption

DNA encryption is the process of hiding or perplexing genetic information by a computational method in order to improve genetic privacy in DNA sequencing processes.

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DNA extraction

DNA isolation is a process of purification of DNA from sample using a combination of physical and chemical methods.

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DNA field-effect transistor

A DNA field-effect transistor (DNAFET) is a field-effect transistor which uses the field-effect due to the partial charges of DNA molecules to function as a biosensor.

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DNA footprinting

DNA footprinting is a method of investigating the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins in vitro.

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DNA methylation

DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.

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DNA nanoball sequencing

DNA nanoball sequencing is a high throughput sequencing technology that is used to determine the entire genomic sequence of an organism.

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DNA phenotyping

DNA phenotyping (noing) is the process of predicting an organism’s phenotype using only genetic information collected from genotyping or DNA sequencing.

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DNA polymerase

DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.

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DNA sequencer

A DNA sequencer is a scientific instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process.

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DNA sequencing theory

DNA sequencing theory is the broad body of work that attempts to lay analytical foundations for determining the order of specific nucleotides in a sequence of DNA, otherwise known as DNA sequencing.

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DNA synthesis

DNA synthesis is the natural or artificial creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules.

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DNA-encoded chemical library

DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DEL) is a technology for the synthesis and screening on unprecedented scale of collections of small molecule compounds.

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DNAnexus

DNAnexus is an American company that provides a cloud-based data analysis and management platform for DNA sequence data.

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DNASTAR

DNASTAR is a global bioinformatics software company incorporated in 1984 that is headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin.

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Dognapping

Dognapping is the crime of taking a dog from its owner with the intention of demanding a ransom.

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Dolan DNA Learning Center

The DNA Learning Center (DNALC) is a genetics learning center affiliated with the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, in Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

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Domestication of animals

The domestication of animals is the mutual relationship between animals and the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction.

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Douglas Prasher

Douglas C. Prasher (born August 1951) is an American molecular biologist.

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DRIP-seq

DRIP-seq (DRIP-sequencing) is a technology for genome-wide profiling of a type of DNA-RNA hybrid called an "R-loop".

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Dromedary

The dromedary, also called the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), is a large, even-toed ungulate with one hump on its back.

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Droplet-based microfluidics

Droplet-based microfluidics manipulate discrete volumes of fluids in immiscible phases with low Reynolds number and laminar flow regimes.

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Dryandra ser. Aphragma

Dryandra ser.

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Dryandra ser. Armatae

Dryandra ser.

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Dryandra ser. Capitellatae

Dryandra ser.

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Dryandra ser. Floribundae

Dryandra ser.

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Dryandra ser. Ilicinae

Dryandra ser.

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Dryandra ser. Niveae

Dryandra ser.

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Dryandra ser. Plumosae

Dryandra ser.

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Dryandra subg. Diplophragma

Dryandra subg.

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Dryandra subg. Dryandra

Dryandra subg.

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Duplex sequencing

Duplex sequencing is a library preparation and analysis method for next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms that employs random tagging of double stranded DNA to detect mutations with higher accuracy and lower error rate.

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DuPont Central Research

In 1957, the research organization of the Chemicals Department of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company was renamed Central Research Department, beginning the history of the premier scientific organization within DuPont and one of the foremost industrial laboratories devoted to basic science.

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Earth Microbiome Project

The Earth Microbiome Project (EMP) is an initiative to collect natural samples and to analyze the microbial community around the globe.

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East African lion

The East African lion (Panthera leo melanochaita) occurs in East Africa, but is regionally extinct in Djibouti and Eritrea.

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Edico Genome

Edico Genome is a company based in San Diego, California that sells a product for processing DNA sequencing data.

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Edmund Mach Foundation

The Edmund Mach Foundation, formerly the Istituto Agrario di San Michele all’Adige (IASMA), is an agrarian institution and wine academy located in Trentino in north-east Italy.

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Edward DeLong

Edward Francis DeLong is a marine microbiologist and professor in the Department of Oceanography at the University of Hawaii, Manoa, and is considered a pioneer in the field of metagenomics.

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Elective genetic and genomic testing

Elective genetic and genomic testing are DNA tests performed for an individual who does not have an indication for testing.

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Electropherogram

An electropherogram (or electrophorogram) is a record or chart produced when electrophoresis is used in an analytical technique, primarily in the fields of molecular biology or biochemistry.

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Emberger syndrome

The Emberger syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant, genetic disorder caused by familial or sporadic inactivating mutations in one of the two parental GATA2 genes.

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Endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb).

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Enhancer (genetics)

In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.

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Environmental DNA

Environmental DNA or eDNA is DNA that is collected from a variety of environmental samples such as soil, seawater, or even air rather than directly sampled from an individual organism.

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Epitranscriptome

Within the field of molecular biology, the epitranscriptome includes all the biochemical modifications of the RNA (the transcriptome) within a cell.

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Epitranscriptomic sequencing

In epitranscriptomic sequencing, most methods focus on either (1) enrichment and purification of the modified RNA molecules before running on the RNA sequencer, or (2) improving or modifying bioinformatics analysis pipelines to call the modification peaks.

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Erycina pusilla

Erycina pusilla is a species of flowering plants, which is a tiny orchid with an overall size of 2.5 to 3.5 cm from the orchid family, Orchidaceae.

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Escherichia coli O104:H4

Escherichia coli O104:H4 is an enteroaggregative ''Escherichia coli'' strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli, and the cause of the 2011 ''Escherichia coli'' O104:H4 outbreak.

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Estrogen insensitivity syndrome

Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS), or estrogen resistance, is a form of congenital estrogen deficiency or hypoestrogenism which is caused by a defective estrogen receptor (ER) – specifically, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) – that results in an inability of estrogen to mediate its biological effects in the body.

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European hare

The European hare (Lepus europaeus), also known as the brown hare, is a species of hare native to Europe and parts of Asia.

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European Nucleotide Archive

The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) is a repository providing free and unrestricted access to annotated DNA and RNA sequences.

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Evania appendigaster

Evania appendigaster is a species of wasp in the family Evaniidae, the ensign wasps.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolution of snake venom

Venom in snakes and some lizards is a form of saliva that has been modified into venom over its evolutionary history.

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Evolution of the wolf

The evolution of the wolf occurred over a geologic time scale of 800 thousand years, transforming the first Middle Pleistocene wolf specimen that is recognized as being morphologically similar to Canis lupus into today's dog, dingo and gray wolf.

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Exome sequencing

Exome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding genes in a genome (known as the exome).

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Exon trapping

Exon trapping is a molecular biology technique to identify potential exons in a fragment of eukaryote DNA of unknown intron-exon structure.

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FAIRE-Seq

FAIRE-Seq (Formaldehyde-Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements) is a method in molecular biology used for determining the sequences of DNA regions in the genome associated with regulatory activity.

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Family Tree DNA

Family Tree DNA is a division of Gene by Gene, a commercial genetic testing company based in Houston, Texas.

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FANTOM

FANTOM (Functional Annotation of the Mouse/Mammalian Genome) is an international research consortium first established in 2000 as part of the RIKEN research institute in Japan.

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Festuca

Festuca (fescue) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the grass family, Poaceae (subfamily Pooideae).

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FGED Society

The Functional GEnomics Data Society (FGED) (formerly known as the MGED Society) is a non-profit, volunteer-run international organization of biologists, computer scientists, and data analysts that aims to facilitate biological and biomedical discovery through data integration.

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FlexGen

FlexGen is a biotechnology company based in Leiden, Netherlands.

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Fluorescent in situ sequencing

Fluorescent in situ sequencing (FISSEQ) is a method of sequencing a cells's RNA while it remains in tissue or culture using next-generation sequencing.

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Foldit

Foldit is an online puzzle video game about protein folding.

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Folliculin

Folliculin also known as FLCN, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome protein or FLCN_HUMAN is a protein that in humans is associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome and hereditary spontaneous pneumothorax.

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Forensic entomology and the law

Forensic entomology deals with the collection of arthropodic evidence and its application, and through a series of tests and previously set of rules, general admissibility of said evidence is determined.

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Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

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Foundation Medicine

Foundation Medicine, Inc. is a public American company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts which develops, manufactures and sells genomic analysis diagnostics for solid and circulating cancers.

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Francis Crick Institute

The Francis Crick Institute (formerly the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation) is a biomedical research centre in London, which opened in 2016.

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Franklin's ground squirrel

Franklin's ground squirrel (Poliocitellus franklinii) is a species of squirrel native to North America, and the only member of the genus Poliocitellus.

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Frederick Sanger

Frederick Sanger (13 August 1918 – 19 November 2013) was a British biochemist who twice won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, one of only two people to have done so in the same category (the other is John Bardeen in physics), the fourth person overall with two Nobel Prizes, and the third person overall with two Nobel Prizes in the sciences.

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Functional cloning

Functional cloning is a molecular cloning technique that relies on prior knowledge of the encoded protein’s sequence or function for gene identification.

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Functional genomics

Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data given by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing) to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Fusion gene

A fusion gene is a hybrid gene formed from two previously separate genes.

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Gaga (plant)

Gaga (gaga lipfern) is a genus of 19 species of ferns in the family Pteridaceae named after American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga.

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Galearctus avulsus

Galearctus avulsus is a species of slipper lobster that lives around New Caledonia.

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Garvan Institute of Medical Research

The Garvan Institute of Medical Research is an Australian biomedical research institute located in, Sydney, New South Wales.

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Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract.

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GATA2 deficiency

GATA2 deficiency (also termed GATA2 haploinsufficiency or GATA2 deficiency syndrome) is a recently defined grouping of several disorders caused by common defect, viz., familial or sporadic inactivating mutations in one of the two parental GATA2 genes.

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Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.

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Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids

Nucleic acid electrophoresis is an analytical technique used to separate DNA or RNA fragments by size and reactivity.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Gene delivery

Gene delivery is the process of introducing foreign genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, into host cells.

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Gene knockout

A gene knockout (abbreviation: KO) is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ("knocked out" of the organism).

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Gene map

Gene maps help describe the spatial arrangement of genes on a chromosome.

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Gene polymorphism

A gene is said to be polymorphic if more than one allele occupies that gene’s locus within a population.

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Gene prediction

In computational biology, gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes.

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Gene sequencing

Gene Sequencing may refer to.

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GeneDx

GeneDx is genetic testing company that was founded in 2000 by two scientists from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Drs.

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GenePattern

GenePattern is a freely available computational biology open-source software package originally created and developed at the Broad Institute for the analysis of genomic data.

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Genetic analysis

Genetic analysis is the overall process of studying and researching in fields of science that involve genetics and molecular biology.

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Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

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Genetic engineering techniques

Genetic engineering has involved to encompass multiple techniques.

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Genetic genealogy

Genetic genealogy is the use of DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogical methods to infer relationships between individuals and find ancestors.

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Genetic sequencing

Genetic Sequencing may refer to.

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Genetic testing

Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, allows the determination of bloodlines and the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

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Genome architecture mapping

In molecular biology, genome architecture mapping (GAM) is a cryosectioning method to map colocalized DNA regions in a ligation independent manner.

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Genome evolution

Genome evolution is the process by which a genome changes in structure (sequence) or size over time.

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Genome project

Genome projects are scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism (be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, a bacterium, an archaean, a protist or a virus) and to annotate protein-coding genes and other important genome-encoded features.

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Genomic Standards Consortium

The Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) is an initiative working towards richer descriptions of our collection of genomes, metagenomes and marker genes.

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Genomics

Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.

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Genomics of domestication

Domesticated species and the human populations that domesticate them are typified by a mutualistic relationship of interdependence, in which humans have over thousands of years modified the genomics of domesticated species.

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Genoscope

The French National Sequencing Center (Genoscope) was created in 1996 in Évry, France.

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Genotype

The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an organism or individual, which determines one of its characteristics (phenotype).

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Genotyping

Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up (genotype) of an individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using biological assays and comparing it to another individual's sequence or a reference sequence.

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Genotyping by sequencing

In the field of genetic sequencing, genotyping by sequencing, also called GBS, is a method to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in order to perform genotyping studies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

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Geobiology

Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere.

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George M. Church

George McDonald Church (born August 28, 1954) is an American geneticist, molecular engineer, and chemist.

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Georgios Magklaras

Georgios (George) V. Magklaras (born in Agrinio, Greece) (Greek: Γεώργιος Μαγκλάρας) is a computer scientist working as a Senior Computer Systems Engineer at the University of Oslo, in Norway.

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Gerald M. Rubin

Gerald Mayer Rubin (born 1950) is an American biologist, notable for pioneering the use of transposable P elements in genetics, and for leading the public project to sequence the Drosophila melanogaster genome.

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Giant otter

The giant otter or giant river otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) is a South American carnivorous mammal.

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Gigantism

Gigantism, also known as giantism (from Greek γίγας gigas, "giant", plural γίγαντες gigantes), is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average.

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GISAID

The GISAID Initiative is widely credited for successfully enabling the rapid sharing of influenza virus data through a unique sharing mechanism, that was recognized for its importance to global health by all G20 health ministers in 2017.

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Glenn Close

Glenda Veronica Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress, singer and film producer.

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Glossary of biology

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of genetics

This is a glossary of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of genetics and related disciplines in biology.

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Gough moorhen

The Gough moorhen (Gallinula comeri) is a medium-sized, almost flightless bird that is similar to the common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), but is smaller, stockier, and has shorter wings.

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Gracillariidae

Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.

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Granulosa cell tumour

Granulosa cell tumours (or granulosa-theca cell tumours or folliculoma) are tumours that arise from granulosa cells.

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Grapevine red blotch disease

Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD), also known simply as red blotch, is a viral disease of grapevine.

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Gray mouse lemur

The gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), grey mouse lemur or lesser mouse lemur, is a small lemur, a type of strepsirrhine primate, found only on the island of Madagascar.

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Hadropithecus

Hadropithecus is a medium-sized, extinct genus of lemur, or strepsirrhine primate, from Madagascar that includes a single species, Hadropithecus stenognathus.

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Haplogroup K1a1b1a (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup K1a1b1a is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplotype

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.

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Hedylidae

Hedylidae, the "American moth-butterflies", is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera, representing the superfamily Hedyloidea.

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Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium usually found in the stomach.

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Heliconius heurippa

Heliconius heurippa is a butterfly of the genus Heliconius that is believed by some scientists to be a separate species from—but a hybrid of—the species Heliconius cydno and Heliconius melpomene, making H. heurippa an example of hybrid speciation.

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Helix (company)

Helix is an American consumer genomics company.

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Heng Li

Heng Li is a Chinese bioinformatics research scientist currently working at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts with David Reich and David Altshuler.

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Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN I) or hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSN I) is a group of autosomal dominant inherited neurological diseases that affect the peripheral nervous system particularly on the sensory and autonomic functions.

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Heteroteuthis dispar

Heteroteuthis dispar, also known as the odd bobtail, is a small deep water squid found in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

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HHV Infected Cell Polypeptide 0

Human Herpes Virus (HHV) Infected Cell Polypeptide 0 (ICP0) is a protein, encoded by the DNA of herpes viruses.

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High Resolution Melt

High Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis is a powerful technique in molecular biology for the detection of mutations, polymorphisms and epigenetic differences in double-stranded DNA samples.

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High throughput biology

High throughput cell biology is the use of automation equipment with classical cell biology techniques to address biological questions that are otherwise unattainable using conventional methods.

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HindIII

HindIII (pronounced "Hin D Three") is a type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenzae that cleaves the DNA palindromic sequence AAGCTT in the presence of the cofactor Mg2+ via hydrolysis.

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History of biology

The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times.

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History of chemistry

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.

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History of electrophoresis

The history of electrophoresis begins in earnest with the work of Arne Tiselius in the 1931, and new separation processes and chemical analysis techniques based on electrophoresis continue to be developed into the 21st century.

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History of molecular evolution

The history of molecular evolution starts in the early 20th century with "comparative biochemistry", but the field of molecular evolution came into its own in the 1960s and 1970s, following the rise of molecular biology.

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History of plant systematics

The history of plant systematics—the biological classification of plants—stretches from the work of ancient Greek to modern evolutionary biologists.

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HLA-B81

HLA-B81 (B81) is an HLA–B serotype.

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Hoatzin

The hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin), also known as the reptile bird, skunk bird, stinkbird, or Canje pheasant, is a species of tropical bird found in swamps, riparian forests, and mangroves of the Amazon and the Orinoco basins in South America.

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Hoffmann-La Roche

F.

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Horse

The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''.

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Horse genome

The horse genome was first sequenced in 2006.

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HTK (software)

HTK (Hidden Markov Model Toolkit) is a proprietary software toolkit for handling HMMs.

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HTS

HTS may refer to.

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Human evolution

Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates – in particular genus Homo – and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes.

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Human genome

The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.

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Human Genome Structural Variation

Structural variation in the human genome is operationally defined as genomic alterations, varying between individuals, that involve DNA segments larger than 1 kilo base (kb), and could be either microscopic or submicroscopic.

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Human variability

Human variability, or human variation, is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings.

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Humanized antibody

Humanized antibodies are antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to increase their similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans.

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Humpback whale

The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is a species of baleen whale.

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Hunter syndrome

Hunter syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S).

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Hybrid genome assembly

In bioinformatics, hybrid genome assembly refers to utilizing various sequencing technologies to achieve the task of assembling a genome from fragmented, sequenced DNA resulting from shotgun sequencing.

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Hydnellum concrescens

Hydnellum concrescens is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the zoned hydnellum or zoned tooth fungus.

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Hydrogenobacter thermophilus

Hydrogenobacter thermophilus is an extremely thermophilic, straight rod (bacillus) bacterium.

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Ice Bucket Challenge

The Ice Bucket Challenge, sometimes called the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, is an activity involving the dumping of a bucket of ice and water over a person's head, either by another person or self-administered, to promote awareness of the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as motor neurone disease and in the US as Lou Gehrig's disease) and encourage donations to research.

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Identity by descent

A DNA segment is identical by state (IBS) in two or more individuals if they have identical nucleotide sequences in this segment.

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IKBKAP

IKBKAP (inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase complex-associated protein) is a human gene encoding the IKAP protein, which is ubiquitously expressed at varying levels in all tissue types, including brain cells.

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Illumina (company)

Illumina, Inc. is an American company incorporated in April 1998 that develops, manufactures and markets integrated systems for the analysis of genetic variation and biological function.

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Illumina dye sequencing

Illumina dye sequencing is a technique used to determine the series of base pairs in DNA, also known as DNA sequencing.

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Immune repertoire

The immune repertoire, is defined as, the number of different sub-types an organism's immune system makes, of any of the 6 key types of protein, either immunoglobulin or T cell receptor.

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Immunoprecipitation

Immunoprecipitation (IP) is the technique of precipitating a protein antigen out of solution using an antibody that specifically binds to that particular protein.

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Imputation (genetics)

Imputation in genetics refers to the statistical inference of unobserved genotypes.

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In silico

In silico (literally cod Latin for "in silicon", alluding to the mass use of silicon for semiconductor computer chips) is an expression used to mean "performed on computer or via computer simulation." The phrase was coined in 1989 as an allusion to the Latin phrases in vivo, in vitro, and in situ, which are commonly used in biology (see also systems biology) and refer to experiments done in living organisms, outside living organisms, and where they are found in nature, respectively.

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Index of genetics articles

Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.

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Index of molecular biology articles

This is a list of topics in molecular biology.

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Infections associated with diseases

Infections associated with diseases are those that are associated with possible infectious etiologies, that meet the requirements of Koch's postulates.

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Initial acquisition of microbiota

The initial acquisition of microbiota is the formation of an organism's microbiota immediately before and after birth.

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Initiator protein

The initiator proteins are the protein that recognize a specific DNA sequence within the origin of replication.

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Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Singapore)

The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Abbreviation: IMCB; Chinese: 分子和生物細胞学研究院) was launched on 23 January 1985.

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Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência

The Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) is an international centre for biological and biomedical research and graduate training.

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Integromics

Integromics is a global bioinformatics company headquartered in Granada, Spain, with a second office in Madrid and subsidiaries in the US and UK and distributors in 10 countries.

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Ion semiconductor sequencing

Ion semiconductor sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the detection of hydrogen ions that are released during the polymerization of DNA.

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IPlant Collaborative

The iPlant Collaborative is a virtual organization created by a cooperative agreement funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) to create cyberinfrastructure for the plant sciences (botany).

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Isozyme

Isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as multiple forms of enzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction.

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J. Craig Venter Institute

The J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) is a non-profit genomics research institute founded by J. Craig Venter, Ph.D. in October 2006.

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Jacqui Horswell

Jacqui Horswell is an English-born New Zealand scientist who works at the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR).

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Jaguar

The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a wild cat species and the only extant member of the genus Panthera native to the Americas.

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Jay Shendure

Jay Shendure is an American scientist and human geneticist at the University of Washington.

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Jean Weissenbach

Jean Weissenbach (born 13 February 1946) is the current director of the Genoscope.

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John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics

The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (HIHG) was established at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in January 2007 to discover the genetic influences on human health and apply this knowledge to medical practice.

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John Quackenbush

John Quackenbush (born January 4, 1962) is an American computational biologist and genome scientist.

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Joint Genome Institute

The U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), currently located in Walnut Creek, California, was created in 1997 to unite the expertise and resources in genome mapping, DNA sequencing, technology development, and information sciences pioneered at the DOE genome centers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).

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Jonathan Kinlay

Jonathan Kinlay is a quantitative researcher and hedge fund manager.

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Journal of Endocrinology

The Journal of Endocrinology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original research articles, reviews and commentaries.

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Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

The Journal of Molecular Endocrinology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published eight times per year.

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Julian Parkhill

Julian Parkhill (born 1964) FRS is a Head of Pathogen Genomics at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and an Honorary Professor of Microbial Genomics at the University of Cambridge.

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Jumping library

Jumping libraries or junction-fragment libraries are collections of genomic DNA fragments generated by chromosome jumping.

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Jurassic World Evolution

Jurassic World Evolution is a business simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments.

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K-mer

The term k-mer typically refers to all the possible substrings of length k that are contained in a string.

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Kangaroo

The kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning "large foot").

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Karl Kjer

Karl M. Kjer (born November 19, 1959) is an American entomologist, taxonomist, and molecular biologist.

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Kathleen Rubins

Kathleen Hallisey "Kate" Rubins (born October 14, 1978) is a NASA astronaut.

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Kent's Cavern 4 (KC4) Maxilla

The Kents Cavern 4 maxilla is a human fossil, consisting of a right canine, third premolar, and first molar as well as the bone holding them together including a small piece of palate.

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Killer whale

| status.

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Kirsa Jensen case

Kirsa Jensen (born 15 December 1968) was a 14-year-old girl who lived in Napier, New Zealand when she disappeared on 1 September 1983 while riding her horse, Commodore.

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Kompetitive allele specific PCR

Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) is a homogenous, fluorescence-based genotyping variant of polymerase chain reaction.

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Korean Bioinformation Center

The Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC) is the Korean national research centre in bioinformatics, based in Daejeon, South Korea.

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L-Ribonucleic acid aptamer

An L-ribonucleic acid aptamer (L-RNA aptamer, trade name Spiegelmer) is an RNA-like molecule built from L-ribose units.

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Ladeana Hillier

Ladeana Hillier is a biomedical engineer and computational biologist.

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LdrD-RdlD toxin-antitoxin system

RdlD RNA (regulator detected in LDR-D) is a family of small non-coding RNAs which repress the protein LdrD in a type I toxin-antitoxin system.

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Leiden Open Variation Database

The Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD) is a free, flexible web-based open source database developed in the Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands, designed to collect and display variants in the DNA sequence.

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Leishmania donovani

Leishmania donovani is a species of intracellular parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania, a group of haemoflagellate kinetoplastids that cause the disease leishmaniasis.

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Leptoxis ampla

Leptoxis ampla, common name the round rocksnail, is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pleuroceridae.

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LIANTI

Linear Amplification via Transposon Insertion (LIANTI) is a linear whole genome amplification (WGA) method.

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Lilac witches'-broom

Lilac witches’-broom (LWB) is a disease of lilacs caused by the Phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini.

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Lilioid monocots

Lilioid monocots (lilioids, liliid monocots, petaloid monocots, petaloid lilioid monocots) is an informal name used for a grade (grouping of taxa with common characteristics) of five monocot orders (Petrosaviales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales and Asparagales) in which the majority of species have flowers with relatively large, coloured tepals.

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Lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.

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List of Armillaria species

Armillaria is a genus of fungi commonly known as honey mushrooms.

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List of biochemists

Articles about notable biochemists include: Note that the definition of biochemist is fairly loose here, and noted chemical biologists, biophysicists and others are included.

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List of British innovations and discoveries

The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including predecessor states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom.

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List of Coprinopsis species

The following is a list of the species of the genus Coprinopsis in the family Psathyrellaceae.

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List of discoveries

This article presents a list of discoveries and includes famous observations.

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List of English inventions and discoveries

English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England (that is, someone born in England - including to non-English parents - or born abroad with at least one English parent and who had the majority of their education or career in England).

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List of events in NHGRI history

Important events in the history of the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health.

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List of examples of convergent evolution

Convergent evolution — the repeated evolution of similar traits in multiple lineages which all ancestrally lack the trait — is rife in nature, as illustrated by the examples below.

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List of file formats

This is a list of file formats used by computers, organized by type.

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List of genetic genealogy topics

This is a list of genetic genealogy topics.

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List of geneticists

This is a list of people who have made notable contributions to genetics.

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List of Google April Fools' Day jokes

Google frequently inserts jokes and hoaxes into its products on April Fools' Day, which takes place on April 1.

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List of Jewish Nobel laureates

As of 2017, Nobel PrizesThe Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

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List of life sciences

The life sciences or biological sciences comprise the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life and organisms – such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings – as well as related considerations like bioethics.

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List of mammals of Montana

There are at least 19 large mammal and 96 small mammal species known to occur in Montana.

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List of mammals of Wyoming

There are at least 18 large mammal and 103 small mammal species known to occur in Wyoming.

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List of model organisms

This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research.

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List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.

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List of non-marine molluscs of Turkey

The non-marine molluscs of the country of Turkey are a part of the molluscan fauna of Turkey.

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List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools

RNA-Seq is a technique that allows transcriptome studies (see also Transcriptomics technologies) based on next-generation sequencing technologies.

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Lloyd M. Smith

Lloyd M. Smith PhD.

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Logology (science of science)

Logology ("the science of science") is the study of all aspects of science and of its practitioners—aspects philosophical, biological, psychological, societal, historical, political, institutional, financial.

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Long non-coding RNA

Long non-coding RNAs (long ncRNAs, lncRNA) are defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein.

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Lophophora

Lophophora is a genus of spineless, button-like cacti native to Texas from Presidio county (Big Bend National Park) south right along the Rio Grande river to Starr County, Texas.

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Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos or LANL for short) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory initially organized during World War II for the design of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project.

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Luidia

Luidia is a genus of starfish in the family Luidiidae (Sladen, 1889) in which it is the only genus.

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LUX

LUX or Phytoclock1 (PCL1) is a gene that codes for LUX ARRHYTHMO, a protein necessary for circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis thaliana.

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MA plot

An MA plot is an application of a Bland–Altman plot for visual representation of genomic data.

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Macrogen

Macrogen, Inc. is a South Korea public biotechnology company.

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Magnolia

Magnolia is a large genus of about 210The number of species in the genus Magnolia depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up.

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Magnus Manske

Heinrich Magnus Manske (born 24 May 1974) is a senior staff scientist at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Cambridge, UK and a software developer of one of the first versions of the MediaWiki software.

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Malacidin

Malacidins are a class of chemicals made by bacteria found in soil that can kill Gram-positive bacteria.

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Malpuech facial clefting syndrome

Malpuech facial clefting syndrome, also called Malpuech syndrome or Gypsy type facial clefting syndrome, is a rare congenital syndrome.

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Mammals of Glacier National Park (U.S.)

There are at least 14 large mammal and 50 small mammal species known to occur in Glacier National Park.

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Mammals of Olympic National Park

There are at least 9 large terrestrial mammal, 50 small mammal and 14 marine mammal species known to occur in Olympic National Park.

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Manganese peroxidase

In enzymology, a manganese peroxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are Mn(II), H+, and H2O2, whereas its two products are Mn(III) and H2O.

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Mark Pallen

Mark J. Pallen is a Research Leader at the Quadram Institute and Professor of Microbial Genomics at the University of East Anglia.

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Mary-Claire King

Mary-Claire King (born February 27, 1946) is an American human geneticist.

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Massimiliano Di Ventra

Massimiliano Di Ventra is an American Italian theoretical physicist who has made several contributions to Condensed-Matter Physics, especially transport properties of nanoscale systems, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of many-body systems, DNA sequencing by tunneling, memristors, memcapacitors, and meminductors.

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Massive parallel sequencing

Massive parallel sequencing or massively parallel sequencing is any of several high-throughput approaches to DNA sequencing using the concept of massively parallel processing; it is also called next-generation sequencing (NGS) or second-generation sequencing.

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Massively parallel signature sequencing

Massive parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) is a procedure that is used to identify and quantify mRNA transcripts, resulting in data similar to serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), although it employs a series of biochemical and sequencing steps that are substantially different.

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Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation.

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Maxam–Gilbert sequencing

Maxam–Gilbert sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing developed by Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert in 1976–1977.

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Medical genetics

Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders.

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Medical microbiology

Medical microbiology, the large subset of microbiology that is applied to medicine, is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

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Merkel cell polyomavirus

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) was first described in January 2008 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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METAGENassist

METAGENassist is a freely available web server for comparative metagenomic analysis.

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Metagonimiasis

Metagonimiasis is a disease caused by an intestinal trematode, most commonly Metagonimus yokagawai, but sometimes by M. takashii or M. miyatai.

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Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, the dawn redwood, is a fast-growing, endangered deciduous conifer, the sole living species of the genus Metasequoia, one of three species in the subfamily Sequoioideae.

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MethBase

MethBase is a database of DNA methylation data derived from next-generation sequencing data.

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Michael Katze

Michael Katze is an American microbiologist.

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Michigan Medicine

Michigan Medicine, formerly the University of Michigan Health System (UMHS), is the wholly owned academic medical center of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

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Microbead (research)

Microbeads are uniform polymer particles, typically 0.5 to 500 micrometres in diameter.

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Microbial biogeography

Microbial biogeography is a subset of biogeography, a field that concerns the distribution of organisms across space and time.

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Microfluidic whole genome haplotyping

Microfluidic whole genome haplotyping is a technique for the physical separation of individual chromosomes from a metaphase cell followed by direct resolution of the haplotype for each allele.

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Microfluidics in chemical biology

Microfluidics in chemical biology is the application of microfluidics in the study of chemical biology.

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Microheteroplasmy

In biology, microheteroplasmy is a form of heteroplasmy, a type of mutational damage to mitochondrial DNA.

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MicroRNA sequencing

MicroRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq), a type of RNA-Seq, is the use of next-generation sequencing or massively parallel high-throughput DNA sequencing to sequence microRNAs, also called miRNAs.

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Microsatellite

A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from 1–6 or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times.

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Microsystem

Microsystem is the name commonly used in Europe to describe the same technology which goes under the name MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) in the US.

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Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Molecular Biology Core Facilities

This is an example of a molecular biology core developed in an academic institution over the past 35 years.

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Molecular cloning

Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.

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Molecular diagnostics

Molecular diagnostics is a collection of techniques used to analyse biological markers in the genome and proteomethe individual's genetic code and how their cells express their genes as proteinsby applying molecular biology to medical testing.

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Molecular evolution

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations.

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Molecular Inversion Probe

Molecular Inversion Probe (MIP) belongs to the class of Capture by Circularization molecular techniques for performing genomic partitioning, a process through which one captures and enriches specific regions of the genome.

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Molecular paleontology

Molecular paleontology refers to the recovery and analysis of DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, and their diagenetic products from ancient human, animal, and plant remains.

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Molecular pathology

Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids.

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Molecular phylogenetics

Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominately in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.

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Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

"Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" was the first article published to describe the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA, using X-ray diffraction and the mathematics of a helix transform.

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Morelia tracyae

Morelia tracyae, the Halmahera python, is a species of python found only on the Indonesian island of Halmahera.

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Mostafa Ronaghi

Mostafa Ronaghi (مصطفی رونقی) (born 1968) is an Iranian molecular biologist, specializing in DNA sequencing methodology.

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Mothur

mothur is an open source software package for bioinformatics data processing.

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MtDNA control region

The mtDNA control region is an area of the mitochondrial genome which is non-coding DNA.

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Multilocus sequence typing

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci.

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (also known as "MEN2B", "Mucosal neuromata with endocrine tumors", "Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3", and "Wagenmann–Froboese syndrome") is a genetic disease that causes multiple tumors on the mouth, eyes, and endocrine glands.

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Multiplexing

In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (sometimes contracted to muxing) is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.

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Mutational signatures

Mutational signatures (also known as "Alexandrov signatures") are characteristic combinations of mutation types arising from specific mutagenesis processes such as DNA replication infidelity, exogenous and endogenous genotoxins exposures, defective DNA repair pathways and DNA enzymatic editing.

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MutationTaster

MutationTaster is a free web-based application to evaluate DNA sequence variants for their disease-causing potential.

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Mycobacterium elephantis

Mycobacterium elephantis, a bacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae, was discovered and isolated from a deceased elephant near India and may be linked to respiratory dysfunction.

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Mycobacterium ulcerans

Mycobacterium ulcerans is a slow-growing mycobacterium that classically infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, giving rise to indolent nonulcerated (nodules, plaques) and ulcerated lesions.

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Mycoplasma genitalium

Mycoplasma genitalium, commonly known as Mgen, is a sexually transmitted, small and pathogenic bacterium that lives on the ciliated epithelial cells of the urinary and genital tracts in humans.

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Myogenesis

Myogenesis is the formation of muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development.

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N-gram

In the fields of computational linguistics and probability, an n-gram is a contiguous sequence of n items from a given sample of text or speech.

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National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation

The National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation is a facility for advanced research providing expertise in DNA sequencing and environmental and forensic DNA sampling.

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Nature versus nurture

The nature versus nurture debate involves whether human behaviour is determined by the environment, either prenatal or during a person's life, or by a person's genes.

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Neanderthal genome project

The Neanderthal genome project is an effort of a group of scientists to sequence the Neanderthal genome, founded in July 2006.

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Nearest neighbor search

Nearest neighbor search (NNS), as a form of proximity search, is the optimization problem of finding the point in a given set that is closest (or most similar) to a given point.

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Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution

The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution is a modification of the neutral theory of molecular evolution that accounts for the fact that not all mutations are either so deleterious such that they can be ignored, or else neutral.

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Necrobiome

The necrobiome is the community of organisms associated with a decaying corpse as described in 2013 by Benbow et al.

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Nepenthes bicalcarata

Nepenthes bicalcarata (or; Latin: bi "two", calcaratus "spur"), also known as the fanged pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996.

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Neurogenomics

Neurogenomics is the study of how the genome of an organism influences the development and function of its nervous system.

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Neurospora crassa

Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota.

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New England Biolabs

New England Biolabs (NEB) produces and supplies recombinant and native enzyme reagents for the life science research, as well as providing solutions supporting genome editing, synthetic biology and next-generation sequencing.

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New Forest pony

The New Forest pony is one of the recognised mountain and moorland or native pony breeds of the British Isles.

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New Guinea crocodile

The New Guinea crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae) is a small species of crocodile found on the island of New Guinea where there are two geographically isolated populations to the north and south of the mountain ridge that runs along the centre of the island.

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New York Genome Center

The New York Genome Center (NYGC) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit biomedical research organization in New York, New York.

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Newborn screening

Newborn screening is a public health program of screening in infants shortly after birth for a list of conditions that are treatable, but not clinically evident in the newborn period.

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NGS

NGS may refer to.

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NGSmethDB

NGSmethDB is a database of methylation data derived from next-generation sequencing data.

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Non-helical models of DNA structure

In the history of molecular biology, non-helical or "side-by-side" models of DNA were proposed in the 1970s as a challenge to the standard double-helical model.

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North American jaguar

The North American jaguar is a population of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in North America.

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Notocitellus

Notocitellus is a genus of ground squirrels, containing two species.

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NPAS2

Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) also known as member of PAS protein 4 (MOP4) is a transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS2 gene.

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Nuclear organization

Nuclear organization refers to the spatial distribution of chromatin within a cell nucleus.

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Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll

The nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll program was a series of 23 nuclear devices detonated by the United States between 1946 and 1958 at seven test sites on the reef itself, on the sea, in the air and underwater.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.

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Nucleic acid hybridization

In molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA.

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Nucleic acid methods

Nucleic acid methods are the techniques used to study nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.

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Nucleic acid thermodynamics

Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA).

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NuGEN Technologies

NuGEN Technologies, Inc. is a US based biotech company located in San Carlos, California, founded in 2000 by Nurith Kurn.

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Nutrigenomics

Nutrigenomics is a branch of nutritional genomics and is the study of the effects of foods and food constituents on gene expression.

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Nutritious Rice for the World

Nutritious Rice for the World is a World Community Grid research project in the field of agronomy led by the Samudrala Computational Biology Research Group at the University of Washington.

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Objections to evolution

Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century.

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Odontomachus bauri

Odontomachus bauri is a species of ponerinae ant known as trap jaw ants.

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Oligonucleotide

Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules, oligomers, that have a wide range of applications in genetic testing, research, and forensics.

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Oligonucleotide synthesis

Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure (sequence).

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Oligotyping (sequencing)

Oligotyping is the process of correcting DNA sequence measured during the process of DNA sequencing based on frequency data of related sequences across related samples.

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OncoDNA

OncoDNA is a Belgium-based company founded in December 2012 focusing on precision medicine in oncology.

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Oncogene

An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.

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Oncogenomics

Oncogenomics is a sub-field of genomics that characterizes cancer-associated genes.

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Opuntia

Opuntia, commonly called prickly pear, is a genus in the cactus family, Cactaceae.

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Oragene

Oragene is the trade name for DNA Genotek’s non-invasive DNA self-collection kit.

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Origin of the domestic dog

The origin of the domestic dog is not clear.

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Otospermophilus

Otospermophilus is a genus of ground squirrels in the family Sciuridae, containing three species.

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Outline of biochemistry

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biochemistry: Biochemistry – study of chemical processes in living organisms, including living matter.

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Outline of genetics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to genetics: Genetics – science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.

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Pacific Biosciences

Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. is a biotechnology company founded in 2004 that develops and manufactures systems for gene sequencing and some novel real time biological observation.

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Paired-end tag

Paired-end tags (PET) (sometimes "Paired-End diTags", or simply "ditags") are the short sequences at the 5’ and 3’ ends of a DNA fragment which are unique enough that they (theoretically) exist together only once in a genome, therefore making the sequence of the DNA in between them available upon search (if full-genome sequence data is available) or upon further sequencing (since tag sites are unique enough to serve as primer annealing sites).

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Paleodemography

Paleodemography is the study of human demography in antiquity and prehistory.

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Pandanaceae

Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, from West Africa through the Pacific.

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Pandinus imperator toxin (Pi4)

Pi4 (α-KTx 6.4) is a short toxin from the scorpion Pandinus imperator that blocks specific potassium channels.

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Pantoea agglomerans

Pantoea agglomerans is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae.

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PAR-CLIP

PAR-CLIP (photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation) is a biochemical method for identifying the binding sites of cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes (miRNPs).

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Parachlamydia acanthamoebae

Parachlamydia acanthamoebae are bacterium that fall into the category of host-associated microorganisms.

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Paralepista

Paralepista is a genus of mushrooms in family Tricholomataceae.

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Pardis Sabeti

Pardis C. Sabeti (پردیس ثابتی) (born December 25, 1975 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian-American computational biologist, medical geneticist and evolutionary geneticist, who developed a bioinformatic statistical method which identifies sections of the genome that have been subject to natural selection and an algorithm which explains the effects of genetics on the evolution of disease.

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Passiflora

Passiflora, known also as the passion flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 550 species of flowering plants, the type genus of the family Passifloraceae.

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Pathogenomics

Pathogen infections are among the leading causes of infirmity and mortality among humans and other animals in the world.

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Pauline Mele

Associate Professor Pauline M. Mele was born on 25 January 1963 in Traralgon, Victoria.

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PCO Imaging

PCO Imaging (PCO AG) is a developer and manufacturer of camera systems for scientific and industrial applications.

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Peak calling

Peak calling is a computational method used to identify areas in a genome that have been enriched with aligned reads as a consequence of performing a ChIP-sequencing or MeDIP-seq experiment.

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Periannan Senapathy

Periannan Senapathy is a molecular biologist, geneticist, author and entrepreneur.

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Perkinsus marinus

Perkinsus marinus is a species of alveolates belonging to the phylum Perkinsozoa.

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Perovskia atriplicifolia

Perovskia atriplicifolia, commonly called Russian sage, is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant and subshrub.

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Personal Genome Project

The Personal Genome Project (PGP) is a long term, large cohort study which aims to sequence and publicize the complete genomes and medical records of 100,000 volunteers, in order to enable research into personal genomics and personalized medicine.

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Personalized medicine

Personalized medicine, also termed precision medicine, is a medical procedure that separates patients into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease.

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Pesticide degradation

Pesticide degradation is the process by which a pesticide is transformed into a benign substance that is environmentally compatible with the site to which it was applied.

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Phage display

Phage display is a laboratory technique for the study of protein–protein, protein–peptide, and protein–DNA interactions that uses bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to connect proteins with the genetic information that encodes them.

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Phi X 174

The phi X 174 (or ΦX174) bacteriophage is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus and the first DNA-based genome to be sequenced.

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Phialemonium curvatum

Phialemonium curvatum is a pathogenic fungus in the phylum Ascomycota.

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Philip Palmer Green

Philip Palmer Green is a theoretical and computational biologist noted for developing important algorithms and procedures used in Gene mapping and DNA sequencing.

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Philippine Genome Center

The Philippine Genome Center (PGC) is a multi-disciplinary research facility in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines which specializes in genomics.

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PhIP-Seq

Phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-Seq) is method that combines barcoded DNA high-throughput sequencing and proteomics to determine the levels of binding of antibodies to epitopes.

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Phoma clematidina

Phoma clematidina is a fungal plant pathogen and the most common cause of the disease clematis wilt affecting large-flowered varieties of Clematis.

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Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (abbreviated PEMT) is a transferase enzyme which converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the liver.

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Photobacterium profundum

Photobacterium profundum is a deep sea Gammaproteobacterium, belonging to the family Vibrionaceae and genus Photobacterium.

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Photon counting

Photon counting is a technique in which individual photons are counted using some single-photon detector (SPD).

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Phred base calling

Phred base-calling is a computer program for identifying a base (nucleobase) sequence from a fluorescence "trace" data generated by an automated DNA sequencer that uses electrophoresis and 4-fluorescent dye method.

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Phred quality score

A Phred quality score is a measure of the quality of the identification of the nucleobases generated by automated DNA sequencing.

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Phylogenesis

Phylogenesis (from Greek φῦλον phylon "tribe" + γένεσις genesis "origin") is the biological process by which a taxon (of any rank) appears.

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Phylogeny of Malacostraca

Although the class Malacostraca is united by a number of well-defined and documented features, which were recognised a century ago by William Thomas Calman in 1904, the phylogenetic relationship (the evolutionary tree) of the orders which compose this class is unclear due to the vast diversity present in their morphology.

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Phylogeography

Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of individuals.

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Phylotypic stage

The phylotypic stage is the most conserved stage of embryogenesis between species within a phylum.

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Physiomics

Physiomics is a systematic study of physiome in biology.

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Phytoplasma

Phytoplasmas are obligate bacterial parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission.

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Picotiter plate

A picotiter plate is a flat plate with multiple wells used as small test tubes.

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Pieter Baas

Pieter Baas (born 28 April 1944) is a Dutch botanist.

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Piwi-interacting RNA

Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells.

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Plant evolution

Plant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants.

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Plant genetics

Plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in Plants.

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Plant genome assembly

A plant genome assembly represents the complete genomic sequence of a plant species, which is assembled into chromosomes and other organelles by using DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragments that are obtained from different types of sequencing technology.

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Plasmidome

An environment's plasmidome refers to the plasmids present in it.

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Plastisphere

Plastisphere is a term used to refer to ecosystems that have evolved to live in human-made plastic environments.

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Pollen DNA barcoding

Pollen DNA barcoding is the process of identifying pollen donor plant species through the amplification and sequencing of specific, conserved regions of plant DNA.

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Polony (biology)

Polony is a contraction of "polymerase colony," a small colony of DNA.

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Polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

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Polymicrogyria

Polymicrogyria (PMG) is a condition that affects the development of the human brain by multiple small gyri (microgyri) creating excessive folding of the brain leading to an abnormally thick cortex.

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Polyploid

Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

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Polyura

Polyura is a subgenus of butterflies also referred to as Nawab butterfliesBillberg, 1820; Enum.

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Population history of Egypt

Egypt has a long and involved demographic history.

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Populus

Populus is a genus of 25–35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere.

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Populus sect. Tacamahaca

The balsam poplars — also known as Populus sect.

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Populus trichocarpa

Populus trichocarpa, the black cottonwood, western balsam-poplar or California poplar, is a deciduous broadleaf tree species native to western North America.

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Positional Sequencing

Positional Sequencing is a method of sequencing DNA that simultaneously generates information about both identity and location of nucleotide sequences.

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Potential applications of graphene

Potential graphene applications include lightweight, thin, flexible, yet incredibly lightweight to, electric/photonics circuits, solar cells, and various medical, chemical and industrial processes enhanced or enabled by the use of new graphene materials.

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PrecisionFDA

PrecisionFDA (stylized precisionFDA) is a cloud-based next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) data platform developed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

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Preston Estep

Preston W. Estep III (also known as Pete Estep) is an American biologist and science and technology advocate.

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Primer (molecular biology)

A primer is a short strand of RNA or DNA (generally about 18-22 bases) that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

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Project MinE

Project MinE is an independent large scale whole genome research project that has been initiated by 2 patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and started on June 21, being World ALS day 2013.

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Promoter activity

Promoter activity is a term that encompasses several meanings around the process of gene expression from regulatory sequences —promoters and enhancers.

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Promoter bashing

Promoter bashing is a technique used in molecular biology to identify how certain regions of a DNA strand, commonly promoters, affect the transcription of downstream genes.

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Propionispira raffinosivorans

Propionispira raffinosivorans is a motile, obligate anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria.

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Protein sequencing

Protein sequencing is the practical process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide.

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Protein Structure Initiative

The Protein Structure Initiative (PSI) was a USA based project that aimed at accelerating discovery in structural genomics and contribute to understanding biological function.

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Protulophila

Protulophila is a genus of symbiotic or commensal colonial Hydrozoa, known from very small hydroids.

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Pseudogene

Pseudogenes are segments of DNA that are related to real genes.

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Psilocybe allenii

Psilocybe allenii is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae.

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Psophodes

Psophodes is a genus of four, or possibly five, species of songbirds endemic to Australia, known as whipbirds and wedgebills.

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PTPN11

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D (PTP-1D), SHP-2, or protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTP-2C) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN11 gene.

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Public Genomics

Public genomics is a genomics branch that was initiated by public organizations such as governments, discontrol centers, and the UN.

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Pyrosequencing

Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase.

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Quantified self

Quantified self, also known as lifelogging, is a specific movement by Gary Wolf and Kevin Kelly from Wired magazine, which began in 2007 and tries to incorporate technology into data acquisition on aspects of a person's daily life.

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Quantitative trait locus

A quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a section of DNA (the locus) which correlates with variation in a phenotype (the quantitative trait).

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R (programming language)

R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

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Rafael Irizarry (scientist)

Rafael Irizarry is a professor of biostatistics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and professor of biostatistics and computational biology at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute.

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Rapid amplification of cDNA ends

Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) is a technique used in molecular biology to obtain the full length sequence of an RNA transcript found within a cell.

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Rare biosphere

Rare biosphere refers to diverse rare species of bacteria, adapted to environmental conditions that are not common today.

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Rare-cutter enzyme

A rare-cutter enzyme is a restriction enzyme with a recognition sequence which occurs only rarely in a genome.

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Ray Wu

Ray Jui Wu (14 August 1928 – 10 February 2008) was a Chinese-born American biologist and educator.

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Read (biology)

In DNA sequencing, a read is an inferred sequence of base pairs (or base pair probabilities) corresponding to all or part of a single DNA fragment.

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Recurrent evolution

Recurrent evolution is the repeated evolution of a particular character.

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Red wolf

The red wolf (Canis lupus rufus or Canis rufus) also known as the Florida black wolf or Mississippi Valley wolf,Glover, A. (1942),, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp.

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Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing

Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) is an efficient and high-throughput technique for analyzing the genome-wide methylation profiles on a single nucleotide level.

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Reference genome

A reference genome (also known as a reference assembly) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a representative example of a species' set of genes.

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René Thomas (biologist)

René Thomas (14 May 1928 (Ixelles) - 9 January 2017 (Rixensart) was a Belgian scientist. From DNA biochemistry and biophysics to genetics, mathematical biology, and finally to dynamical systems, the research path of René Thomas is at the same time diverse, rich and coherent. He devoted his life to the deciphering of key logical principles at the basis of the behaviour of biological systems, and more generally to the generation of complex dynamical behaviour. Professor and Laboratory head at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, René Thomas trained and inspired several generations of researchers.

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Restriction digest

A restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing.

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Restriction enzyme

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites.

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Restriction map

A restriction map is a map of known restriction sites within a sequence of DNA.

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Restriction site associated DNA markers

Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers are a type of genetic marker which are useful for association mapping, QTL-mapping, population genetics, ecological genetics and evolution.

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Rhinovirus

The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold.

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Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), also known as ribosomal natural products, are a diverse class of natural products of ribosomal origin.

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Richard F. Heck

Richard Frederick Heck (August 15, 1931 – October 10, 2015) was an American chemist noted for the discovery and development of the Heck reaction, which uses palladium to catalyze organic chemical reactions that couple aryl halides with alkenes.

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RNA immunoprecipitation chip

A RNA immunoprecipitation chip (RIP-Chip) is immunoprecipitation of an RNA-binding protein coupled to reverse transcription and a microarray.

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RNA spike-in

An RNA spike-in is an RNA transcript of known sequence and quantity used to calibrate measurements in RNA hybridization assays, such as DNA microarray experiments, RT-qPCR, and RNA-Seq.

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RNA-Seq

RNA-Seq (RNA sequencing), also called whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (WTSS), uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) to reveal the presence and quantity of RNA in a biological sample at a given moment.

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Roche Applied Science

Roche Applied Science is a global business entity in the biotechnology sector that produces reagents and systems for life sciences research, with an emphasis on molecular genetics and cell biology research needs.

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Root microbiome

The root microbiome is the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots.

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Royal tern

The royal tern (Thalasseus maximus) is a tern in the family Laridae.

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Russ Prize

The Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize is an American national and international award established by the United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in October 1999 in Athens, Ohio.

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Russula

Around 750 worldwide species of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms compose the genus Russula.

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Saccharomycotina

Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota in the Kingdom Fungi.

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Sadeg Faris

Sadeg M. Faris, Ph.D. is an engineer and entrepreneur.

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Saiphos equalis

Saiphos equalis, commonly known as the yellow-bellied three-toed skink or simply three-toed skink, is a species of burrowing skink found in eastern Australia.

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Salvia divinorum

Salvia divinorum (also known as sage of the diviners, ska maría pastora, seer's sage, yerba de la pastora or simply salvia) is a plant species with transient psychoactive properties when its leaves are consumed by chewing, smoking or as a tea.

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SAM (file format)

Sequence Alignment Map (SAM) is a text-based format for storing biological sequences aligned to a reference sequence developed by Heng Li and Bob Handsaker et al.

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SAMtools

SAMtools is a set of utilities for interacting with and post-processing short DNA sequence read alignments in the SAM (Sequence Alignment/Map), BAM (Binary Alignment/Map) and CRAM formats, written by Heng Li.

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Sanfilippo syndrome

Sanfilippo syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis III (MPS-III) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease.

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Sanger sequencing

Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing first commercialized by Applied Biosystems, based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.

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Sartidia perrieri

Sartidia perrieri is a grass species endemic to Madagascar, known from only one collected individual and now considered extinct.

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Satish Chandra Maheshwari

Satish Chandra Maheshwari (born 1933) is an Indian botanist and a former professor at School of Life Sciences of Jaipur National University and at the University of Delhi.

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Schistosoma

Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes, commonly known as blood flukes.

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Science and technology in China

Science and technology have developed rapidly in China during the 1990s to 2010s.

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Scleractinia

Scleractinia, also called stony corals or hard corals, are marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria that build themselves a hard skeleton.

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Sea ice microbial communities

Sea ice microbial communities (SIMCO) refer to groups of microorganisms living within and at the interfaces of sea ice at the poles.

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Sea otter

The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean.

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Seafood mislabelling

Seafood species can be mislabelled in misleading ways.

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Second Genome

Second Genome is a venture capital funded, life sciences research company based in South San Francisco.

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Selection and amplification binding assay

Selection and amplification binding assay (SAAB) is a molecular biology technique typically used to find the DNA binding site for proteins.

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Sematuridae

Sematuridae is a family of moths in the lepidopteran order that contains two subfamilies (Minet and Scoble, 1999).

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Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior

The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior is a research institute of the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA).

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Sepp Hochreiter

Sepp Hochreiter (born Josef Hochreiter in 1967) is a German computer scientist.

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Sequence (disambiguation)

Sequence (mathematics) is an ordered list of elements.

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Sequence analysis

In bioinformatics, sequence analysis is the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution.

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Sequence assembly

In bioinformatics, sequence assembly refers to aligning and merging fragments from a longer DNA sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence.

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Sequence Read Archive

The Sequence Read Archive (SRA, previously known as the Short Read Archive) is a bioinformatics database that provides a public repository for DNA sequencing data, especially the "short reads" generated by High-throughput sequencing, which are typically less than 1,000 base pairs in length.

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Sequencing by ligation

Sequencing by ligation is a DNA sequencing method that uses the enzyme DNA ligase to identify the nucleotide present at a given position in a DNA sequence.

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Serial analysis of gene expression

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a transcriptomic technique used by molecular biologists to produce a snapshot of the messenger RNA population in a sample of interest in the form of small tags that correspond to fragments of those transcripts.

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Sewage

Sewage (or domestic wastewater or municipal wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced from a community of people.

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Shankar Balasubramanian

Sir Shankar Balasubramanian (born 30 September 1966) is an Indian-born British chemist and Herchel Smith Professor of Medicinal Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry the University of Cambridge,.

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Shope papilloma virus

The Shope papilloma virus (SPV), also known as cottontail rabbit papilloma virus (CRPV) or Kappapapillomavirus 2, is a papillomavirus which infects certain leporids, causing keratinous carcinomas resembling horns, typically on or near the animal’s head.

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Shotgun sequencing

In genetics, shotgun sequencing is a method used for sequencing long DNA strands.

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Sickle cell-beta thalassemia

Sickle cell-beta thalassemia (Sickle cell-β thalassemia) is an inherited blood disorder.

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Simone Warner

Simone Warner is an Australian scientist, a microbiology researcher.

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Single cell epigenomics

Single cell epigenomics is the study of epigenomics (the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell) in individual cells by single cell sequencing.

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Single cell sequencing

Single cell sequencing examines the sequence information from individual cells with optimized next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, providing a higher resolution of cellular differences and a better understanding of the function of an individual cell in the context of its microenvironment.

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Single molecule real time sequencing

Single molecule real time sequencing (SMRT) is a parallelized single molecule DNA sequencing method.

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Single-cell analysis

In the field of cellular biology, single-cell analysis is the study of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics at the single cell level.

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Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing

Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing, or strand-seq, is a technique for the selective sequencing of a daughter cell’s parental template strands.

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Single-cell transcriptomics

Single-cell transcriptomics examines the gene expression level of individual cells in a given population by simultaneously measuring the messenger RNA (mRNA) concentration of hundreds to thousands of genes.

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Single-molecule magnetic sequencing

Magnetic sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing method in development.

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Single-nucleotide polymorphism

A single-nucleotide polymorphism, often abbreviated to SNP (plural), is a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population (e.g. > 1%).

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Sira barbet

The Sira barbet (Capito fitzpatricki) is a bird inhabiting the remote eastern Andes of Ucayali Department, Peru, that was discovered on a 2008 expedition.

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Site-directed mutagenesis

Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.

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SLITRK1 (gene)

SLITRK1 ("SLIT and NTRK-like family, member 1") is a human gene that codes for a transmembrane and signalling protein that is part of the SLITRK gene family, which is responsible for synapse regulation and presynaptic differentiation in the brain.

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SnoRNA prediction software

The small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) represent an abundant group of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in eukaryotes.

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SNP genotyping

SNP genotyping is the measurement of genetic variations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between members of a species.

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SNV calling from NGS data

SNV calling from NGS data refers to a range of methods for identifying the existence of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) from the results of next generation sequencing (NGS) experiments.

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Soda lake

A soda lake or alkaline lake is a lake on the strongly alkaline side of neutrality, typically with a pH value between 9 and 12.

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Sodium bisulfite

Sodium bisulfite (or sodium bisulphite) (sodium hydrogen sulfite) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaHSO3.

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Sokoke

The Sokoke (or Sokoke Forest Cat in long form, and formerly the African Shorthair) is natural breed of domestic cat, developed and standardised, beginning in the late 1970s, from the feral khadzonzo landrace of eastern, coastal Kenya.

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Solid phase sequencing

The principle of solid phase DNA sequencing was described in 1989 based on binding of biotinylated DNA to streptavidin coated magnetic beads and elution of one DNA strands selectively using alkali.

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Soulton Hall

Soulton Hall is a country house in Shropshire, England, located two miles east of the town of Wem, on the B5065.

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South American jaguar

The South American jaguar is a population of the jaguar in South America.

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SpaceX CRS-9

SpaceX CRS-9, also known as SpX-9, is a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station which launched on 18 July 2016.

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Spanish toothcarp

The Spanish toothcarp (Aphanius iberus), also known as the Spanish pupfish or Iberian killifish, is a small, endemic species of fish in the family Cyprinodontidae.

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Spatial transcriptomics

Spatial transcriptomics is a technology used to spatially resolve RNA-seq data, and thereby all mRNAs, in individual tissue sections.

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Stable-isotope probing

Stable-isotope probing (SIP) is a technique in microbial ecology for tracing fluxes of nutrients in biogeochemical cycling by microorganisms.

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StackStorm

StackStorm (abbreviation: ST2) is an OpenSource event-driven platform for runbook automation.

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Steven Salzberg

Steven Lloyd Salzberg (born 1960) is an American computational biologist and computer scientist who is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science, and Biostatistics at Johns Hopkins University.

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Stewart Blusson

Stewart Lynn "Stu" Blusson, (born 1939) is a Canadian geologist, helicopter pilot, businessman and philanthropist.

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Strand Life Sciences

Strand Life Sciences, formerly Strand Genomics, is a Bengaluru, India-based in silico technology company.

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Streptococcus iniae

Streptococcus iniae is a species of Gram-positive, sphere-shaped bacterium belonging to the genus Streptococcus.

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Structural variation

Structural variation (also genomic structural variation) is the variation in structure of an organism's chromosome.

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Subcloning

In molecular biology, subcloning is a technique used to move a particular DNA sequence from a parent vector to a destination vector.

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Subfossil

A subfossil (as opposed to a fossil) is a bone or other part of an organism that has not fully fossilized.

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Sumatran tiger

The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) is a tiger population that lives in the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

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Surveyor nuclease assay

Surveyor nuclease assay is an enzyme mismatch cleavage assay used to detect single base mismatches or small insertions or deletions (indels).

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Synteny

In classical genetics, synteny describes the physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within an individual or species.

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Synthetic biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering.

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Synthetic Genomics (company)

Synthetic Genomics Inc. (SGI), is a private company located in La Jolla, California that is focused on the field of synthetic biology.

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Systems biology

Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems.

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Tandem mass spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, involves multiple steps of mass spectrometry selection, with some form of fragmentation occurring in between the stages.

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Tanpopo (mission)

The Tanpopo mission is an orbital astrobiology experiment investigating the potential interplanetary transfer of life, organic compounds, and possible terrestrial particles in the low Earth orbit.

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Taq polymerase

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al.

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Tarnished plant bug

The tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris, is a species of plant-feeding insect in the family Miridae.

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Tay–Sachs disease

Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.

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TCP-seq

Translation complex profile sequencing (TCP-seq) is a molecular biology method for obtaining snapshots of momentary distribution of protein synthesis complexes along messenger RNA (mRNA) chains.

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Tenrec

A tenrec is any species of mammal within the family Tenrecidae, found on Madagascar and in parts of the African mainland.

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Tephritidae

The Tephritidae are one of two fly families referred to as fruit flies, the other family being the Drosophilidae.

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Terry Speed

Terence Paul "Terry" Speed (born 14 March 1943), FAA FRS is an Australian statistician.

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The Cancer Genome Atlas

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is a project, begun in 2005, to catalogue genetic mutations responsible for cancer, using genome sequencing and bioinformatics.

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The Singularity Is Near

The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology is a 2005 non-fiction book about artificial intelligence and the future of humanity by inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil.

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Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus

Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) is a single-stranded RNA murine cardiovirus from the family Picornaviridae.

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Thermus aquaticus

Thermus aquaticus is a species of bacteria that can tolerate high temperatures, one of several thermophilic bacteria that belong to the Deinococcus–Thermus group.

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Third-generation sequencing

Third-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development.

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Thogotovirus

Thogotovirus is a genus of enveloped RNA viruses, one of seven genera in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae.

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Thomae's function

Thomae's function, named after Carl Johannes Thomae, has many names: the popcorn function, the raindrop function, the countable cloud function, the modified Dirichlet function, the ruler function, the Riemann function, or the Stars over Babylon (John Horton Conway's name).

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TIARA (database)

The Integrated Archive of Short-Read and Array (TIARA) database contains personal genomic information obtained from next generation sequencing techniques and ultra-high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization.

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Timeline of biology and organic chemistry

Significant events in biology and organic chemistry.

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TopHat (bioinformatics)

TopHat is a bioinformatic sequence analysis package tool for fast and high throughput alignment of shotgun cDNA sequencing reads generated by transcriptomics technologies (e.g. RNA-Seq) using Bowtie first and then mapping to a reference genome to discover RNA splice sites de novo.

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Toxgnostics

Toxgnostics is part of Personalized medicine as it describes the guiding principles for the discovery of pharmacogenomic biomarker tests, also referred to as companion diagnostic tests, which identify if an individual patient is likely to suffer severe drug toxicity from treatment with a specific therapeutic agent.

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Transcriptome

The transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules in one cell or a population of cells.

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Translational bioinformatics

Translational bioinformatics (TBI) is an emerging field in the study of health informatics, focused on the convergence of molecular bioinformatics, biostatistics, statistical genetics and clinical informatics.

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Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing

Transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing technology that uses transmission electron microscopy techniques.

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Travelling salesman problem

The travelling salesman problem (TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city and returns to the origin city?" It is an NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization, important in operations research and theoretical computer science.

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Tree model

In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species.

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Tremella foliacea

Tremella foliacea is a species of fungus producing brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies).

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Treponema socranskii

Treponema socranskii was isolated from gum swabs of people with periodontitis and clinically-induced periodontitis.

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Trichosporon

Trichosporon is a genus of anamorphic fungi in the family Trichosporonaceae.

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Trichosporon beigelii

Trichosporon beigelii is a species of fungus in the family Trichosporonaceae.

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Trimethylglycine

Trimethylglycine (TMG) is an amino acid derivative that occurs in plants.

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Trisomy 16

Trisomy 16 is a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 copies of chromosome 16 rather than two.

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Trk receptor

Trk receptors are a family of tyrosine kinases that regulates synaptic strength and plasticity in the mammalian nervous system.

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Tropomyosin

Tropomyosin is a two-stranded alpha-helical coiled coil protein found in cell cytoskeletons.

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Tropomyosin receptor kinase A

Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), also known as high affinity nerve growth factor receptor, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1, or TRK1-transforming tyrosine kinase protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTRK1 gene.

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Tsukuba Botanical Garden

The is a major botanical garden near the University of Tsukuba at 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

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Tute Genomics

Tute Genomics is a genomics startup that provides a cloud-based web application for rapid and accurate annotation of human genomic data.

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Two-hybrid screening

Two-hybrid screening (originally known as yeast two-hybrid system or Y2H) is a molecular biology technique used to discover protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and protein–DNA interactions by testing for physical interactions (such as binding) between two proteins or a single protein and a DNA molecule, respectively.

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Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.

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Unique molecular identifier

Unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) are short sequences or "barcodes" added to each read in some next generation sequencing protocols.

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University of Scranton buildings and landmarks

The University of Scranton’s 58-acre hillside campus is located in the heart of Scranton, a community of 75,000 within a greater metropolitan area of 750,000 people, located in northeast Pennsylvania.

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Urera

Urera is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae.

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Urocitellus

Urocitellus is a genus of ground squirrels.

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Urodidae

Urodidae or "false burnet moths" is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order, representing its own superfamily, Urodoidea, with three genera, one of which, Wockia, occurs in Europe.

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Usher syndrome

Usher syndrome, also known as Hallgren syndrome, Usher-Hallgren syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa-dysacusis syndrome, or dystrophia retinae dysacusis syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in any one of at least 11 genes resulting in a combination of hearing loss and visual impairment.

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Vampirococcus

Vampirococcus is an informally described genus of ovoid Gram-negative bacteria, but the exact phylogeny remains to be determined.

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Variable number tandem repeat

A variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) is a location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat.

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Variant Call Format

The Variant Call Format (VCF) specifies the format of a text file used in bioinformatics for storing gene sequence variations.

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Variant of uncertain significance

A variant of uncertain (or unknown) significance (VUS) is an allele, or variant form of a gene, which has been identified through genetic testing, but whose significance to the function or health of an organism is not known.

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Variant surface glycoprotein

Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is a ~60kDa protein which densely packs the cell surface of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.

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Velvet assembler

Velvet is an algorithm package that has been designed to deal with de novo genome assembly and short read sequencing alignments.

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Vibrio anguillarum

Vibrio anguillarum is a species of Gram-negative bacteria with a curved-rod shape and one polar flagellum.

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Viral phylodynamics

Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.

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Virology

Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents.

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Viscum minimum

Viscum minimum is a species of mistletoe in the family Santalaceae.

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Von Hippel–Lindau disease

von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL), also known as Familial cerebello retinal angiomatosis, is a rare genetic disorder with multisystem involvement.

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Waddlia

Waddlia is a genus of bacteria in its own family, Waddliaceae.

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Walter Gilbert

Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American biochemist, physicist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate.

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War on Cancer

The War on Cancer refers to the effort to find a cure for cancer by increased research to improve the understanding of cancer biology and the development of more effective cancer treatments, such as targeted drug therapies.

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Washington University in St. Louis

Washington University in St.

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Waxy corn

Waxy corn (maize) was found in China in 1909.

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Wellcome Sanger Institute

The Wellcome Sanger Institute, previously known as The Sanger Centre and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, is a non-profit British genomics and genetics research institute, primarily funded by the Wellcome Trust.

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Western culture

Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.

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Whole genome bisulfite sequencing

Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), is a next-generation sequencing technology used to determine the DNA methylation status of single cytosines by treating the DNA with sodium bisulfite before sequencing.

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Whole genome sequencing

Whole genome sequencing (also known as WGS, full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing) is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time.

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Willoughby D. Miller

Willoughby Dayton Miller (1853–1907) was an American dentist and the first oral microbiologist.

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Wilson–Turner syndrome

Wilson-Turner syndrome (WTS), also known as mental retardation X linked syndromic 6 (MRXS6), and mental retardation X linked with gynecomastia and obesity is a congenital condition characterized by intellectual disability and associated with childhood-onset obesity.

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Windover Archeological Site

The Windover Archeological Site is an Early Archaic (6000 to 5000 BC) archaeological site and National Historic Landmark in Brevard County near Titusville, Florida, USA, on the central east coast of the state.

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Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive disease characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), immune deficiency, and bloody diarrhea (secondary to the thrombocytopenia).

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Women in space

Women of many nationalities have worked in space.

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Woodpecker

Woodpeckers are part of the family Picidae, a group of near-passerine birds that also consist of piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers.

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XDNA

xDNA (also known as expanded DNA or benzo-homologated DNA) is a size-expanded nucleotide system synthesized from the fusion of a benzene ring and one of the four natural bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

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Xerospermophilus

Xerospermophilus is a genus of ground squirrels in the family Sciuridae, containing four species.

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Xiaoliang Sunney Xie

Professor Xiaoliang Sunney Xie (born 1962 in Beijing, China) is considered a founding father of single-molecule biophysical chemistry and single-molecule enzymology.

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Xinsheng Sean Ling

Xinsheng Sean Ling (born February 15, 1964) is a Chinese-American physicist and Professor of Physics at Brown University.

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Xyloplax medusiformis

Xyloplax medusiformis is a sea daisy, a member of an unusual group of marine taxa belonging to the phylum Echinodermata.

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Y chromosome microdeletion

Y chromosome microdeletion (YCM) is a family of genetic disorders caused by missing gene(s) in the Y chromosome.

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Yamashina Institute for Ornithology

The is a non-profit scientific research organization in Japan, specializing in ornithology studies.

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Youth smoking

Smoking among youth and adolescents is an issue that affects countries worldwide.

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ZCCHC18

Zinc finger CCHC-type containing 18 (ZCCHC18) is a protein that in humans is encoded by ZCCHC18 gene.

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Zero-mode waveguide

A zero-mode waveguide is an optical waveguide that guides light energy into a volume that is small in all dimensions compared to the wavelength of the light.

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1000 Genomes Project

The 1000 Genomes Project (abbreviated as 1KGP), launched in January 2008, was an international research effort to establish by far the most detailed catalogue of human genetic variation.

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1000 Plant Genomes Project

Announced in 2008, shortly after the human 1000 Genomes Project, the 1000 Plant Genomes Project is another, similar highly large-scale genomics endeavour to take advantage of the speed and efficiency of next-generation DNA sequencing.

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100K Genome Project

The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012 by Bart Weimer (UC Davis) as an academic, public, and private partnership.

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2 base encoding

2 Base Encoding, also called SOLiD (sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection), is a next-generation sequencing technology developed by Applied Biosystems and has been commercially available since 2008.

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2006 in science

The year 2006 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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2010

2010 was designated as.

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2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

A novel strain of ''Escherichia coli'' O104:H4 bacteria caused a serious outbreak of foodborne illness focused in northern Germany in May through June 2011.

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2012 in science

The year 2012 involved many significant scientific events and discoveries, including the first orbital rendezvous by a commercial spacecraft, the discovery of a particle highly similar to the long-sought Higgs boson, and the near-eradication of guinea worm disease.

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20th century in science

Science advanced dramatically during the 20th century.

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454 Life Sciences

454 Life Sciences was a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut that specialized in high-throughput DNA sequencing.

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Redirects here:

Automated DNA sequencing, Base sequence analysis, Big Dye Terminator, DNA Sequencing, DNA sampling, Dideoxy sequencing, Dna sequencing, Dye terminator sequencing, Finished dna sequence, Gene sequencer, Genome Sequencer, Genomic sequencing, High throughput sequencing, High-throughput sequencing, Next Generation Sequencing, Next gen sequencing, Next generation sequencing, Next-Generation Sequencing, Next-gen sequencing, Next-generation sequencing, Sanger DNA Sequencing, Sanger's method, Sequencing DNA, Sequencing Technologies, Sequencing technology, Single-molecule sequencing, Working draft dna sequence.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing

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This is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams. It's free to use and each article or document can be downloaded. It's a tool, resource or reference for study, research, education, learning or teaching, that can be used by teachers, educators, pupils or students; for the academic world: for school, primary, secondary, high school, middle, technical degree, college, university, undergraduate, master's or doctoral degrees; for papers, reports, projects, ideas, documentation, surveys, summaries, or thesis. Here is the definition, explanation, description, or the meaning of each significant on which you need information, and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Catalan, Czech, Hebrew, Danish, Finnish, Indonesian, Norwegian, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Greek, Bulgarian, Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Filipino, Latvian, Estonian and Slovenian. More languages soon.

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