Communication

609 relations: A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain, A History of the Corruptions of Christianity, A Letter to Lord Ellenborough, A Secular Age, Abrahamites, Acceptance of evolution by religious groups, Adolphus Sterne, Adoniram Judson, Afro-Brazilians, Afterlife, Age of Enlightenment, Agnostic theism, Ahiman Rezon, Alatrism, Albanian Americans, Alexander Hamilton, All Religions are One, Allison Cameron, Alphonse de Lamartine, American Enlightenment, American philosophy, American Unitarian Conference, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, Anacalypsis, Anarchism and religion, Annals of the Twenty-Ninth Century, Anne Royall, Antediluvian, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, Anthony Collins, Anthony Haswell (printer), Anti-Catholicism, Antireligion, Anton Tomaž Linhart, Antony Flew, Apollonius of Tyana, Apologetics, Apostasy in Islam, Argentine Constitution of 1853, Argument from consciousness, Argument from inconsistent revelations, Ariosophy, Arno Schmidt, Arthur Ashley Sykes, Atheism, Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief, Atlantic Revolutions, Attributes of God in Christianity, Auchencairn, August Strindberg, ..., Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Bad Religion, Barnaby Bernard Lintot, Baron d'Holbach, Benito Juárez, Benjamin Darrow, Benjamin Franklin, Bertrand Barère, Biblical criticism, Biblical unitarianism, Blasphemy Act 1697, Boyle Lectures, Brahmo, Brazilians, Caleb Fleming, Camille Saint-Saëns, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Candide, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Catherine Shuvalova, Catholic Church in the Netherlands, Catholic teachings on heresy, Cayetano Ripoll, Ceremonial deism, Charles Blount (deist), Charles Chilton Moore, Charles Christian Hennell, Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin's education, Charles Gildon, Charles Hartshorne, Charles Jennens, Charles Leslie (nonjuror), Charles Lyell, Charles Spurgeon, Christian apologetics, Christian atheism, Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry, Christian humanism, Christian Thomasius, Christianity in the United States, Christianity not Mysterious, Christopher Alexander, Clockmaker, Clockwork universe, Colombians, Colonial colleges, Confederate States of America, Confucianism, Confucius, Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney, Cosmological argument, Counter-Enlightenment, Creation–evolution controversy, Creationism, Creativity (religion), Creator deity, Criticism of atheism, Criticism of religion, Cult of Reason, Cult of the Supreme Being, Cultural Christian, Daniel Waterland, David Hume, David Walker (abolitionist), David Williams (philosopher), De Veritate, De Vrije Gedachte, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Definition of religion, Deism, Deism (disambiguation), Deism in England and France in the 18th century, Deistic evolution, Deity, Denis Diderot, Derzhavin's ode to God, Deus, Deus otiosus, Discworld gods, Divine retribution, Dmitri Mendeleev, Dystheism, E. O. Wilson, Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Hickeringill, Edmund Ludlow, Edward Aspinwall, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, Edward John Carnell, Edward Stillingfleet, Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma, Egotheism, Elias Hicks, Elihu Palmer, Elisha Payne, Elizabeth Johnson (theologian), Estonian Americans, Estonian Argentines, Ethan Allen, Ethical movement, Evangelicalism in the United States, Existence of God, Ezekiel Polk, Faction (Planescape), Fareed Zakaria, Fate of the unlearned, Felix Adler (professor), Ferenc Kazinczy, Fertilisation of Orchids, Fideism, First Great Awakening, First Unitarian Church of Chicago, Francis Gastrell, Franz Samuel Karpe, Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, Freemasonry, Freethought, French Revolution, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Gaius Octavian (Rome character), Gangraena, George Baron, George Beattie (poet), George Berkeley, George Herbert, George Keith (missionary), George Sweigert, George Washington, Georgia (U.S. state), Gerald Schroeder, Gideon Ouseley, Giovanni Amendola, Giovanni Nicotera, Giuseppe Bottai, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Global intellectual history, Glossary of philosophy, Glossary of spirituality terms, God, God becomes the Universe, Golden Age, Gordon Forlong, Gospel of Barnabas, Gottgläubig, Gottlieb Mittelberger, Greg Bear, Gregory Paul of Brzeziny, Growth of religion, Guido von List, Hamburg Temple disputes, Hannah More, Haskalah, Hawaii, Heinrich Paulus, Henrik Wergeland, Henry George, Henry Hetherington, Henry Sacheverell, Herbert Spencer, Heresy in Christianity, Hermann Samuel Reimarus, Hermeticism, History of atheism, History of Christian theology, History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance, History of Christianity in the United States, History of France, History of Freemasonry in Belgium, History of philosophy in Poland, History of religion in the United States, History of science and technology in China, History of theology, History of Unitarianism, History of Western civilization, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Horace Holley (minister), Humanism, Humanist Manifesto II, Humanum genus, Humphrey Prideaux, Humphry Davy, Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil, Hypatia, Ian Anderson, Ian Ramsey, Identity of Junius, Ietsism, Imitation of God, Index of philosophy articles (D–H), Index of philosophy of religion articles, Index of religion-related articles, Infidel, Inquisition, Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion, Intelligent design, Internal consistency of the Bible, Invention, Iranian philosophy, Irreligion, Irreligion in Africa, Irreligion in Australia, Irreligion in Brazil, Irreligion in Canada, Irreligion in Croatia, Irreligion in Latin America, Irreligion in Mexico, Irreligion in New Zealand, Irreligion in Russia, Irreligion in Singapore, Irreligion in Sri Lanka, Irreligion in the United States, Irreligion in Turkey, Isaac Crewdson, Isaac Newton, Isabel Paterson, Ishvara, Islamic studies by author (non-Muslim or academic), István Agh, Italo Balbo, Ivan Pnin, Jacob de Castro Sarmento, Jacob Ilive, Jacques Ellul, Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Pierre Brissot, Jakob Abbadie, James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, James Foster (Baptist minister), James Hutton, James K. Polk, James Madison, James Purves (minister), James Watt, Jean Bodin, Jean Meslier, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jefferson Bible, Jerusalem (Mendelssohn), Jesus in Islam, Jim Herrick, Joan of Arc (poem), Johann Georg Walch, Johannes Ronge, John Adams, John Chubb (artist), John Cleland, John Hildrop, John Jackson (controversialist), John Leland (Presbyterian), John Marshall, John Martin (painter), John Russell, Viscount Amberley, John Soane, John T. Biggers, Jonathan Edwards (theologian), Jorge Batlle, José Rizal, Joseph Ames (author), Joseph Andrews, Joseph Barker (minister), Joseph Butler, Joseph Fouché, Joseph Hallett III, Joseph Johnson (publisher), Jules Verne, Kurdish population, Kurds, L'Ingénu, Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875, Léon Ollé-Laprune, Leap of faith, Lebanese Australians, Leonardo Sciascia, Letters on the English, Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy, Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, Liberal Christianity, Life stance, List of agnostics, List of book-burning incidents, List of countries by irreligion, List of deists, List of former atheists and agnostics, List of Freemasons (A–D), List of French people, List of nature deities, List of Old Etonians born before the 18th century, List of philosophies, List of religions and spiritual traditions, List of religious ideas in science fiction, List of schools of philosophy, List of United States Presidential firsts, List of Warrior Nun Areala characters, London Corresponding Society, Lorenzo Dow, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron, Lucilio Vanini, Ludvig Holberg, Lumières, Marie Huber, Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles, Mark Akenside, Mark Twain, Mason & Dixon, Mason–Dixon line, Matthew Hamont, Matthew Tindal, Max Planck, Maximilien Robespierre, Melchior Meyr, Memoirs of the Twentieth Century, Merryland, Messiah (Handel), Meyer Löw Schomberg, Michael Arnheim, Michael Crichton, Middle Eastern Americans, Miracles of Jesus, Misotheism, Monism, Monotheism, Moral syncretism, Moralistic therapeutic deism, Moritz Carrière, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life, Napoleon, Nathaniel Lardner, Natural evil, Natural religion, Natural theology, Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Naturalism (philosophy), Naturalistic pantheism, Nature worship, Nature's God, Negative and positive atheism, Neil Armstrong, Neology, Neutrality (philosophy), New Atheism, Newton (Blake), Nicodemite, Nicolas Tindal, Noble savage, Nontheism, Nontheistic religion, Oceania, Octagon Chapel, Liverpool, Ofspring Blackall, Omnipotence paradox, Orientalism in early modern France, Orthodox Churchman's Magazine, Outline of Christian theology, Outline of philosophy, Outline of religion, Outline of theology, Pandeism, Pandeism in Asia, Panentheism, Pantheism, Pantheism controversy, Papal ban of Freemasonry, Pascal's Wager, Paul the Apostle, Personal god, Pessimism, Peter Annet, Peter Browne (theologian), Philip Skelton, Philosophes, Philosophical theism, Philosophical Thoughts, Pierre-Louis Bentabole, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne, Polydeism, Post-monotheism, Principled Distance, Principles of Nature, Protestant Irish nationalists, Protestantism, Randolfo Pacciardi, Reconstructionist Judaism, Reform Judaism, Relations between the Catholic Church and the state, Relationship between religion and science, Religio Laici, Religion, Religion and mythology, Religion in Belgium, Religion in Canada, Religion in France, Religion in Mali, Religion in Nazi Germany, Religion in the Netherlands, Religion in the Republic of Ireland, Religion in the United States, Religion in Turkey, Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States, Religious affiliations of Vice Presidents of the United States, Religious disaffiliation, Religious skepticism, Religious syncretism, Religious thought of Edmund Burke, Religious views of Abraham Lincoln, Religious views of Charles Darwin, Religious views of George Washington, Religious views of Isaac Newton, Religious views of Thomas Jefferson, René Descartes, Restoration Movement, Resurrection of the dead, Revelation, Revival of 1800, Richard Bentley, Richard Blackmore, Richard Carlile, Richard Carrier, Richard Willis (bishop), Robert Boyle, Robert Edmond Grant, Robert G. Ingersoll, Robert Owen, Robert Raymond, 1st Baron Raymond, Robert Wedderburn (radical), Roman Dmowski, Ronald Plasterk, Rowland Detrosier, Russians in Venezuela, Safdar Ali, Samuel Bourn the Younger, Samuel Chandler, Samuel Clarke, Scientific method and religion, Scottish Americans, Scottish diaspora, Second Great Awakening, Secular ethics, Secular humanism, Secularism, Seth Warner, Sexed up, Sidney Poitier, Sigmund Zois, Simon Grynaeus, Sir Thomas Blount, 1st Baronet, Slavic Native Faith, Soame Jenyns, Society of Jesus, Spanish and Portuguese Jews, Spanish Inquisition, Spensonia, Spinozism, Spiritual but not religious, Stateless nation, Stepanos Nazarian, Supernatural, Supreme Being, Sylvain Maréchal, Teleological argument, The Age of Reason, The American Crisis, The American Democrat, The Christian Virtuoso, The Divine Legation of Moses, The Faiths of the Founding Fathers, The God of the Machine, The Guardian of Education, The Religion of Nature Delineated, The Story of God with Morgan Freeman, Theism, Theistic evolution, Theistic rationalism, Theistic Satanism, Theodore Augustine Mann, Theophilanthropy, Theophilos Kairis, There is No Natural Religion, Thirteen Colonies, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Chubb, Thomas Church (priest), Thomas Davison, Thomas Edison, Thomas Halyburton, Thomas Hardy, Thomas Hinde, Thomas Hodgskin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Morgan (deist), Thomas O'Brien (bishop), Thomas Paine, Thomas Rundle, Thomas S. Hinde, Thomas Sherlock, Thomas Woolston, Thomas Young (American revolutionary), Tiger JK, Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924), Timeline of Western philosophers, Tiriel (character), Tiriel (poem), Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Traian Herseni, Transitional fossil, Treatise of the Three Impostors, Tupac Shakur, Tyndall, Unitarian Universalism, Unitarianism, United States, Universalism, Uriel da Costa, Valentin Ernst Löscher, Venezuelans, Vermont copper, Victor Gomoiu, Victor Hugo, Vincent Bugliosi, Voltaire, Walt Whitman, Walter Kohn, Warren H. Carroll, Watchmaker analogy, White Brazilians, Who is a Jew?, Why People Believe Weird Things, Wicca, Will of God, William Coward, William Devonshire Saull, William Hogarth, William Lane Craig, William Miller (preacher), William Molineux, William Paley, William Pitt Smith, William Stephens (minister), William Stukeley, William Warburton, William Whiston, William White (bishop of Pennsylvania), William Wollaston, William Wotton, Wolfgang Pauli, Wotansvolk, Yaakov Malkin, Zachariah Mudge (priest), Zoroaster, 1692 in literature, 1693 in literature, 1705 in literature, 2 + 2 = 5. Expand index (559 more) » « Shrink index

A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain

A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain is a philosophical pamphlet by Benjamin Franklin, published in London in 1725 in response to The Religion of Nature Delineated.

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A History of the Corruptions of Christianity

A History of the Corruptions of Christianity, published by Joseph Johnson in 1782, was the fourth part of 18th-century Dissenting minister Joseph Priestley's Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion (1772–74).

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A Letter to Lord Ellenborough

"A Letter to Lord Ellenborough" is a pamphlet written in 1812 by Percy Bysshe Shelley in defence of Daniel Isaac Eaton.

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A Secular Age

A Secular Age is a book written by the philosopher Charles Taylor which was published in 2007 by Harvard University Press on the basis of Taylor's earlier Gifford Lectures (Edinburgh 1998–1999).

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Abrahamites

The Abrahamites (also Nový Bydžov-Israelites) were a sect of deists in Bohemia in the 18th century, who professed to be followers of the pre-circumcised Abraham.

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Acceptance of evolution by religious groups

Although biological evolution has been vocally opposed by some religious groups, many other groups accept the scientific position, sometimes with additions to allow for theological considerations.

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Adolphus Sterne

Nicholas Adolphus Sterne (April 5, 1801 – March 27, 1852) served three terms in the Texas House of Representatives and one term in the Texas State Senate.

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Adoniram Judson

Adoniram Judson, Jr. (August 9, 1788 – April 12, 1850) was an American Congregationalist and later Baptist missionary, who served in Burma for almost forty years.

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Afro-Brazilians

Afro-Brazilians (afro-brasileiros) are Brazilian people who have African ancestry.

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Afterlife

Afterlife (also referred to as life after death or the hereafter) is the belief that an essential part of an individual's identity or the stream of consciousness continues to manifest after the death of the physical body.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".

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Agnostic theism

Agnostic theism, agnostotheism or agnostitheism is the philosophical view that encompasses both theism and agnosticism.

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Ahiman Rezon

The Book of Constitutions of this Grand Lodge or Ahiman Rezon (אֲחִימָן רְזוֹן) was a constitution written by Laurence Dermott for the Antient Grand Lodge of England which was formed in 1751.

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Alatrism

Alatrism or alatry (Greek: from the privative ἀ- + λατρεία (latreia).

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Albanian Americans

American Albanians (singular: Shqiptar i Amerikes / plural: Shqiptaret e Amerikes) are Americans of full or partial Albanian ancestry.

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Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757July 12, 1804) was a statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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All Religions are One

All Religions are One is a series of philosophical aphorisms by William Blake, written in 1788.

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Allison Cameron

Allison Cameron, M.D., is a fictional character on the Fox medical drama House, portrayed by American actress Jennifer Morrison.

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Alphonse de Lamartine

Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine, Knight of Pratz (21 October 179028 February 1869), was a French writer, poet and politician who was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic and the continuation of the Tricolore as the flag of France.

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American Enlightenment

The American Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American colonies in the 17th to 18th century, which led to the American Revolution, and the creation of the American Republic.

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American philosophy

American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States.

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American Unitarian Conference

The American Unitarian Conference (AUC) is a religious organization and a missionary and publication society which serves the needs of individual Unitarian believers.

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An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity

An Argument to Prove that the Abolishing of Christianity in England May, as Things Now Stand Today, be Attended with Some Inconveniences, and Perhaps not Produce Those Many Good Effects Proposed Thereby, commonly referred to as An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, is a satirical essay by Jonathan Swift defending Christianity, and in particular, Anglicanism, against contemporary assaults by its various opponents, including freethinkers, deists, Antitrinitarians, atheists, Socinians, and other so-called "Dissenters." The essay was written in 1712 and, as was common at the time, was distributed widely as a pamphlet.

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Anacalypsis

Anacalypsis (full title: Anacalypsis: An Attempt to Draw Aside the Veil of the Saitic Isis or an Inquiry into the Origin of Languages, Nations and Religions) is a lengthy two-volume treatise written by religious historian Godfrey Higgins, and published after his death in 1836.

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Anarchism and religion

Anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of or vehemently opposed to organized religion.

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Annals of the Twenty-Ninth Century

Annals of the Twenty-Ninth Century: or, The Autobiography of the Tenth President of the World-Republic is a science fiction novel written by Andrew Blair, and published anonymously in 1874.

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Anne Royall

Anne Royall (June 11, 1769 – October 1, 1854) was a travel writer, newspaper editor, and, by some accounts, the first professional woman journalist in the United States.

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Antediluvian

The Antediluvian (alternatively Pre-Diluvian or Pre-Flood, or even Tertiary) period (meaning "before the deluge") is the time period referred to in the Bible between the fall of humans and the Noachian Deluge (the Genesis Flood) in the biblical cosmology.

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Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury Bt (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was an English politician, philosopher and writer.

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Anthony Collins

Anthony Collins (21 June 1676 O.S.13 December 1729 O.S.) was an English philosopher, and a proponent of deism.

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Anthony Haswell (printer)

Anthony Haswell (6 April 1756 – 26 May 1816) was an English immigrant to New England, where he became a newspaper, almanac, and book publisher, the Postmaster General of Vermont and one of the Jeffersonian printers imprisoned under the Sedition Act of 1798.

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Anti-Catholicism

Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics or opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy and its adherents.

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Antireligion

Antireligion is opposition to religion of any kind.

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Anton Tomaž Linhart

Anton Tomaž Linhart (11 December 1756 – 14/15 July 1795) was a Carniolan playwright and historian, best known as the author of the first comedy and theatrical play in general in Slovene, Županova Micka (Micka, the Mayor's Daughter).

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Antony Flew

Antony Garrard Newton Flew (11 February 1923 – 8 April 2010) was an English philosopher.

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Apollonius of Tyana

Apollonius of Tyana (Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Τυανεύς; c. 15 – c. 100 AD), sometimes also called Apollonios of Tyana, was a Greek Neopythagorean philosopher from the town of Tyana in the Roman province of Cappadocia in Anatolia.

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Apologetics

Apologetics (from Greek ἀπολογία, "speaking in defense") is the religious discipline of defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse.

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Apostasy in Islam

Apostasy in Islam (ردة or ارتداد) is commonly defined as the conscious abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word or through deed.

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Argentine Constitution of 1853

The Argentine Constitution of 1853 is the current constitution of Argentina approved by provincial governments except Buenos Aires Province, who remained separate from the Argentine Confederation until 1859.

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Argument from consciousness

The argument from consciousness is an argument for the existence of God based on consciousness.

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Argument from inconsistent revelations

The argument from inconsistent revelations, also known as the avoiding the wrong hell problem, is an argument against the existence of God.

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Ariosophy

Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an esoteric nature, pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels respectively, in Austria between 1890 and 1930.

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Arno Schmidt

Arno Schmidt (18 January 1914 – 3 June 1979) was a German author and translator.

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Arthur Ashley Sykes

Arthur Ashley Sykes (1684–1756) was an Anglican religious writer, known as an inveterate controversialist.

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Atheism

Atheism is, in the broadest sense, the absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief

Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief, known in the United States as A Brief History of Disbelief, is a 2004 television documentary series written and presented by Jonathan Miller for the BBC and tracing the history of atheism.

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Atlantic Revolutions

The Atlantic Revolutions were a revolutionary wave in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

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Attributes of God in Christianity

The attributes of God are specific characteristics of God discussed in Christian theology.

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Auchencairn

Auchencairn is a village in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland.

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August Strindberg

Johan August Strindberg (22 January 184914 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter.

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Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (15 April 1772 – 19 June 1844) was a French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition".

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Bad Religion

Bad Religion is an American punk rock band that formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1980.

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Barnaby Bernard Lintot

Barnaby Bernard Lintot ("Lintott" before 1724, usually referred to as "Bernard" and very rarely as "Bernaby") (1 December 16759 February 1736), English publisher, was born at Southwater, Sussex, and started business as a publisher in London about 1698.

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Baron d'Holbach

Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach, was a French-German author, philosopher, encyclopedist and prominent figure in the French Enlightenment.

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Benito Juárez

Benito Pablo Juárez García (21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) was a Mexican lawyer and liberal politician of Zapotec origin from Oaxaca.

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Benjamin Darrow

Benjamin Darrow (born 14 November 1868) was a lawyer, politician and author.

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Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Bertrand Barère

Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (10 September 175513 January 1841) was a French politician, freemason, journalist, and one of the most prominent members of the National Convention during the French Revolution.

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Biblical criticism

Biblical criticism is a philosophical and methodological approach to studying the Bible, using neutral non-sectarian judgment, that grew out of the scientific thinking of the Age of Reason (1700–1789).

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Biblical unitarianism

Biblical Unitarianism is a term describing the key doctrines of nontrinitarian Christians who affirm the Bible as their sole authority, and from it base their beliefs that God the Father is a singular being, the only one God, and that Jesus Christ is God’s son, but not divine.

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Blasphemy Act 1697

The Blasphemy Act 1697 (9 Will 3 c 35) was an Act of the Parliament of England.

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Boyle Lectures

The Boyle Lectures were named after Robert Boyle, son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, and a prominent natural philosopher of the 17th century.

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Brahmo

A Bengali Brahmo or the traditional Bengali elites are Bengal's upper class.

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Brazilians

Brazilians (brasileiros in Portuguese) are citizens of Brazil.

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Caleb Fleming

Caleb Fleming, D.D. (4 November 1698 – 21 July 1779) was an English dissenting minister and Polemicist.

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Camille Saint-Saëns

Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (9 October 183516 December 1921) was a French composer, organist, conductor and pianist of the Romantic era.

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Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (10 August 1810 – 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour, was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.

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Candide

Candide, ou l'Optimisme, is a French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment.

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Carl Friedrich Gauss

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß; Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields, including algebra, analysis, astronomy, differential geometry, electrostatics, geodesy, geophysics, magnetic fields, matrix theory, mechanics, number theory, optics and statistics.

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Catherine Shuvalova

Countess Catherine Shuvalova, (born Catherine Saltykova on 23 June 1743 - died on 13 October 1816, Rome) - was the daughter of Field Marshal Earl Pyotr Saltykov, Empress Catherine II's Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia, confidant of Platon Zubov and Ober-Hofmeisterin of the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden).

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Catholic Church in the Netherlands

The Catholic Church in the Netherlands (Rooms-katholiek kerkgenootschap in Nederland), is part of the worldwide Catholic Church under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. Its primate is the Metropolitan Archbishop of Utrecht, currently Willem Jacobus Eijk since 2008. Currently, Roman Catholicism is the single largest religion of the Netherlands, forming some 11.7% of the Dutch people in 2015, based on indepth interviewing, down from 40% in the 1960s. Although the number of Catholics in the Netherlands has decreased significantly in recent decades, the Catholic Church remains today the largest religious group in the Netherlands. Once known as a Protestant country, Catholicism surpassed Protestantism after the first world war, and in 2012 the Netherlands was only 10% Dutch Protestant (down from 60% in the early 20th century; defections primarily due to rising unaffiliation that started to occur two decennia earlier than in Dutch Roman Catholicism). There are an estimated 3.882 million Catholics registered (2015) by the Catholic Church in the Netherlands, 22.9% of the population), retrieved 9 Jan 2015 down from more than 40% in 1970's. The Catholic Church in the Netherlands has suffered an official membership loss of 650,000 members between 2003 (4,532,000 pers. / 27.9% overall population) and 2015 (3,882,000 pers. / 22.9% overall population), The number of people registered as Catholic in the Netherlands continues to decrease, roughly by half a percent annually. North Brabant and Limburg have been historically the most Roman Catholic parts of the Netherlands, and Roman Catholicism and some of its traditions now form a cultural identity rather than a religious identity for people there. The vast majority of the Roman Catholic population is now largely irreligious in practice (in line with the rest of the Dutch population). Research among self-identified Roman Catholics in the Netherlands in 2007 showed that only 27% could be regarded as theist; 55% as ietsist, deist, or agnostic; and 17% as atheist.God in Nederland' (1996-2006), by Ronald Meester, G. Dekker, In 2015 only 13% of self-identified Dutch Catholics believe in the existence of heaven, 17% in a personal God and fewer than half believe that Jesus was the Son of God or sent by God. Sunday church attendance by Roman Catholics has decreased in recent decades to less than 200,000 or 1.2% of the Dutch population in 2006. More recent numbers for Sunday church attendance have not been published (with the exception of the Diocese of Roermond), although press releases have mentioned a further decline since 2006. In December 2011 a report was published by Wim Deetman, a former Dutch minister of education, detailing widespread child abuse within the Catholic Church in the Netherlands. 1,800 instances of abuse "by clergy or volunteers within Dutch Catholic dioceses" were reported to have occurred since 1945. A planned visit of Pope Francis to the Netherlands was blocked by cardinal Wim Eijk in 2014, allegedly because of the feared lack of interest for the Pope among the Dutch public.

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Catholic teachings on heresy

In the Roman Catholic Church, heresy has a very specific meaning.

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Cayetano Ripoll

Cayetano Ripoll (allegedly from Solsona 1778 – Valencia 26 July 1826) was a schoolmaster in Valencia, Spain, who was executed for allegedly teaching deist principles.

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Ceremonial deism

Ceremonial deism is a legal term used in the United States for nominally religious statements and practices deemed to be merely ritual and non-religious through long customary usage.

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Charles Blount (deist)

Charles Blount (27 April 1654 – August 1693) was an English deist and philosopher who published several anonymous essays critical of the existing English order.

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Charles Chilton Moore

Charles Chilton Moore (December 20, 1837 – February 7, 1906) was an American atheist, and the editor of the Blue Grass Blade, one of the United States' first newspapers promoting atheism.

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Charles Christian Hennell

Charles Christian Hennell (30 March 1809 – 2 September 1850) was an English merchant, known as a Christian apologist for his work An Inquiry concerning the Origin of Christianity.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

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Charles Darwin's education

Charles Darwin's education gave him a foundation in the doctrine of Creation prevalent throughout the West at the time, as well as knowledge of medicine and theology.

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Charles Gildon

Charles Gildon (c. 1665 – 1 January 1724), was an English hack writer who was, by turns, a translator, biographer, essayist, playwright, poet, author of fictional letters, fabulist, short story author, and critic.

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Charles Hartshorne

Charles Hartshorne (June 5, 1897 – October 9, 2000) was an American philosopher who concentrated primarily on the philosophy of religion and metaphysics.

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Charles Jennens

Charles Jennens (1700 – 20 November 1773) was an English landowner and patron of the arts.

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Charles Leslie (nonjuror)

Charles Leslie (July 1650 – 13 April 1722) was an Anglican nonjuring divine.

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Charles Lyell

Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who popularised the revolutionary work of James Hutton.

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Charles Spurgeon

Charles Haddon Spurgeon (19 June 1834 – 31 January 1892) was an English Particular Baptist preacher.

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Christian apologetics

Christian apologetics (ἀπολογία, "verbal defence, speech in defence") is a branch of Christian theology that attempts to defend Christianity against objections.

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Christian atheism

Christian atheism is a form of cultural Christianity and a system of ethics which draws its beliefs and practices from the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as recorded in the Gospels of the New Testament and other sources while rejecting the supernatural claims of Christianity at large.

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Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry

While many Christian denominations take no stance on or openly acknowledge and allow Freemasonry, some are outwardly opposed to it, and either discourage or outright prohibit their members from joining the fraternity.

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Christian humanism

Christian humanism is a philosophy that combines Christian ethics and humanist principles.

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Christian Thomasius

Christian Thomasius (1 January 1655 – 23 September 1728) was a German jurist and philosopher.

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Christianity in the United States

Christianity is the most adhered to religion in the United States, with 75% of polled American adults identifying themselves as Christian in 2015.

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Christianity not Mysterious

Christianity not Mysterious is a 1696 book by the radical thinker John Toland.

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Christopher Alexander

Christopher Wolfgang Alexander (born 4 October 1936 in Vienna, Austria) is a widely influential architect and design theorist, and currently emeritus professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Clockmaker

A clockmaker is an artisan who makes and/or repairs clocks.

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Clockwork universe

In the history of science, the clockwork universe compares the universe to a mechanical clock.

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Colombians

Colombians (colombianos in Spanish), are citizens of Colombia.

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Colonial colleges

The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the Thirteen Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolution.

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Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865.

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Confucianism

Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life.

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Confucius

Confucius (551–479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.

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Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney

Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney (3 February 175725 April 1820) was a French philosopher, abolitionist, historian, orientalist, and politician.

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Cosmological argument

In natural theology and philosophy, a cosmological argument is an argument in which the existence of a unique being, generally seen as some kind of god, is deduced or inferred from facts or alleged facts concerning causation, change, motion, contingency, or finitude in respect of the universe as a whole or processes within it.

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Counter-Enlightenment

The Counter-Enlightenment was a term that some 20th-century commentators have used to describe multiple strains of thought that arose in the late-18th and early-19th centuries in opposition to the 18th-century Enlightenment.

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Creation–evolution controversy

The creation–evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs. evolution debate or the origins debate) involves an ongoing, recurring cultural, political, and theological dispute about the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and of other life.

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Creationism

Creationism is the religious belief that the universe and life originated "from specific acts of divine creation",Gunn 2004, p. 9, "The Concise Oxford Dictionary says that creationism is 'the belief that the universe and living organisms originated from specific acts of divine creation.'" as opposed to the scientific conclusion that they came about through natural processes.

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Creativity (religion)

Creativity (formerly known as The Church of the Creator and World Church of the Creator) is a pantheistic white separatist, white supremacist, antisemitic, anti-Christian religion which has been classified as a Neo-Nazi hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.

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Creator deity

A creator deity or creator god (often called the Creator) is a deity or god responsible for the creation of the Earth, world, and universe in human mythology.

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Criticism of atheism

Criticism of atheism is criticism of the concepts, validity, or impact of atheism, including associated political and social implications.

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Criticism of religion

Criticism of religion is criticism of the ideas, the truth, or the practice of religion, including its political and social implications.

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Cult of Reason

The Cult of Reason (Culte de la Raison) was France's first established state-sponsored atheistic religion, intended as a replacement for Roman Catholicism during the French Revolution.

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Cult of the Supreme Being

The Cult of the Supreme Being (Culte de l'Être suprême) was a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution.

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Cultural Christian

Cultural Christians are referred to those deists, pantheists, agnostics, atheists, and antitheists who are not Christians but adhere to Christian values and appreciate Christian culture.

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Daniel Waterland

Daniel Cosgrove Waterland (14 February 1683 – 23 December 1740) was an English theologian.

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David Hume

David Hume (born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.

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David Walker (abolitionist)

David Walker (September 28, 1796August 6, 1830) was an African-American abolitionist, writer and anti-slavery activist.

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David Williams (philosopher)

David Williams (1738 – 29 June 1816), was a Welsh philosopher of the Enlightenment period.

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De Veritate

De Veritate, prout distinguitur a revelatione, a verisimili, a possibili, et a falso is the major work of Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury.

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De Vrije Gedachte

Vrijdenkersvereniging De Vrije Gedachte (DVG) (English: Freethinkers association The Free Thought), is a Dutch atheist–humanist association of freethinkers.

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Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

The dechristianization of France during the French Revolution is a conventional description of the results of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France between the start of the French Revolution in 1789 and the Concordat of 1801, forming the basis of the later and less radical laïcité policies.

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Definition of religion

The definition of religion is a controversial subject in religious studies with scholars failing to agree on any one definition.

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Deism

Deism (or; derived from Latin "deus" meaning "god") is a philosophical belief that posits that God exists and is ultimately responsible for the creation of the universe, but does not interfere directly with the created world.

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Deism (disambiguation)

Deism is the philosophical doctrine in which it is understood that God can be found only through the exercise of reason, and does not intervene in the Universe.

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Deism in England and France in the 18th century

Deism, the religious attitude typical of the Enlightenment, especially in France and England, holds that the only way the existence of God can be proven is to combine the application of reason with observation of the world.

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Deistic evolution

Deistic evolution is a position in the origins debate which involves accepting the scientific evidence for evolution and age of the universe whilst advocating the view that a deistic God created the universe but has not interfered since.

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Deity

A deity is a supernatural being considered divine or sacred.

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Denis Diderot

Denis Diderot (5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

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Derzhavin's ode to God

God (Russian title: Бог Bog; finished 1784) is a poem by Gavrila Derzhavin.

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Deus

Deus is Latin for "god" or "deity".

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Deus otiosus

In theology, a deus otiosus or "idle god" is a creator god who largely retires from the world and is no longer involved in its daily operation, a central tenet of Deism.

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Discworld gods

The Discworld gods are the fictional deities from Terry Pratchett's Discworld series of fantasy novels.

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Divine retribution

Divine retribution is supernatural punishment of a person, a group of people, or everyone by a deity in response to some action.

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Dmitri Mendeleev

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (a; 8 February 18342 February 1907 O.S. 27 January 183420 January 1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor.

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Dystheism

Dystheism (from Greek δυσ- dys-, "bad" and θεός theos, "god"), is the belief that a god, goddess, or singular God is not wholly good (eutheism) as is commonly believed (such as in the monotheistic religions of Christianity and Judaism), and is possibly evil.

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E. O. Wilson

Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929), usually cited as E. O. Wilson, is an American biologist, researcher, theorist, naturalist and author.

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Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, was involved in politics from his early adult years.

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Edmund Hickeringill

Edmund Hickeringill (1631–1708) was an English churchman who lived during the period of the Commonwealth and the Restoration.

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Edmund Ludlow

Edmund Ludlow (c. 1617–1692) was an English parliamentarian, best known for his involvement in the execution of Charles I, and for his Memoirs, which were published posthumously in a rewritten form and which have become a major source for historians of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.

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Edward Aspinwall

Edward Aspinwall, D.D. (died 1732), was an English polemical divine.

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Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury

Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (or Chirbury) KB (3 March 1582 – 20 August 1648) was an Anglo-Welsh soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and religious philosopher of the Kingdom of England.

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Edward John Carnell

Edward John Carnell (28 June 1919 – 25 April 1967) was a prominent Christian theologian and apologist, was an ordained Baptist pastor, and served as President of Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California.

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Edward Stillingfleet

Edward Stillingfleet (17 April 1635 – 27 March 1699) was a British theologian and scholar.

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Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma

Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma (Frisian form: Eeltsje Hiddes Halbertsma, pron. (the r is silent); Dutch form: Eeltje Hiddes Halbertsma, pron.) (Grou, October 8, 1797 – there, March 22, 1858), was a Dutch Frisian writer, poet and physician, and the youngest of the Halbertsma Brothers.

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Egotheism

Egotheism is deification of the self, or the view that the idea of God is nothing more than a conception of the self.

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Elias Hicks

Elias Hicks (March 19, 1748 – February 27, 1830) was a traveling Quaker minister from Long Island, New York.

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Elihu Palmer

Elihu Palmer (1764 – April 7, 1806) was an author and advocate of deism in the early days of the United States.

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Elisha Payne

Elisha Payne (7 March 1731 - 20 July 1807) was a prominent businessman and political figure in the states of New Hampshire and Vermont following the events of the American Revolution.

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Elizabeth Johnson (theologian)

Elizabeth A. Johnson (born December 6, 1941) is a Roman Catholic feminist theologian.

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Estonian Americans

Estonian Americans (Ameerika eestlased) are Americans who are of Estonian ancestry, mainly descendants of people who left Estonia before and especially during World War II.

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Estonian Argentines

Estonian Argentines (Argentina eestlased) are Argentine citizens of Estonian descent or Estonia-born people who emigrated to Argentina.

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Ethan Allen

Ethan Allen (Allen's date of birth is made confusing by calendrical differences caused by the conversion between the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The first change offsets the date by 11 days. The second is that, at the time of Allen's birth, the New Year began on March 25. As a result, while his birth is officially recorded as happening on January 10, 1737, conversions due to these changes make the date in the modern calendar January 21, 1738. Adjusting for the movement of the New Year to January changes the year to 1738; adjusting for the Gregorian calendar changes the date from January 10 to 21. See Jellison, p. 2 and Hall (1895), p. 5. – February 12, 1789) was a farmer, businessman, land speculator, philosopher, writer, lay theologian, and American Revolutionary War patriot, and politician.

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Ethical movement

The Ethical movement, also referred to as the Ethical Culture movement, Ethical Humanism or simply Ethical Culture, is an ethical, educational, and religious movement that is usually traced back to Felix Adler (1851–1933).

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Evangelicalism in the United States

In the United States, evangelicalism is an umbrella group of Protestant Christians who believe in the necessity of being born again, emphasize the importance of evangelism, and affirm traditional Protestant teachings on the authority and the historicity of the Bible.

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Existence of God

The existence of God is a subject of debate in the philosophy of religion and popular culture.

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Ezekiel Polk

Ezekiel Polk (December 7, 1747 – August 31, 1824), American soldier, pioneer and grandfather of President James Knox Polk, was the next youngest of five boys and three girls born to William Polk and Margaret Taylor Polk of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, near present-day Carlisle.

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Faction (Planescape)

The Factions are fictional philosophically based power groups in the Planescape campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

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Fareed Zakaria

Fareed Rafiq Zakaria (born January 20, 1964) is an Indian-American journalist and author.

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Fate of the unlearned

The fate of the unlearned, also known as the destiny of the unevangelized, is an eschatological question about the ultimate destiny of people who have not been exposed to a particular theology or doctrine and thus have no opportunity to embrace it.

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Felix Adler (professor)

Felix Adler (August 13, 1851 – April 24, 1933) was a German American professor of political and social ethics, rationalist, influential lecturer on euthanasia, religious leader and social reformer who founded the Ethical Culture movement.

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Ferenc Kazinczy

Ferenc Kazinczy (archaically English: Francis Kazinczy, October 27, 1759 – August 23, 1831) was a Hungarian author, poet, translator, neologist, the most indefatigable agent in the regeneration of the Hungarian language and literature at the turn of the 19th century.

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Fertilisation of Orchids

Fertilisation of Orchids is a book by English naturalist Charles Darwin published on 15 May 1862 under the full explanatory title On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing.

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Fideism

Fideism is an epistemological theory which maintains that faith is independent of reason, or that reason and faith are hostile to each other and faith is superior at arriving at particular truths (see natural theology).

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First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening (sometimes Great Awakening) or the Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its Thirteen Colonies between the 1730s and 1740s.

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First Unitarian Church of Chicago

The First Unitarian Church of Chicago is a Unitarian Universalist ("UU") church in Chicago, Illinois.

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Francis Gastrell

Francis Gastrell (10 May 1662 – 24 November 1725) was Bishop of Chester and a writer on deism.

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Franz Samuel Karpe

Franz Samuel Karpe, Franc Samuel Karpe, František Samuel Karpe (November 17, 1747 - September 4, 1806) was a Slovenian philosopher and rector of University of Olomouc.

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Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn

Friedrich Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (October 26, 1809 in Mansfeld, Germany – April 24, 1864 in Lembang, Bandung, West Java), was a German-Dutch botanist and geologist.

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Freemasonry

Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.

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Freethought

Freethought (or "free thought") is a philosophical viewpoint which holds that positions regarding truth should be formed on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism, rather than authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.

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Gabriele D'Annunzio

General Gabriele D'Annunzio, Prince of Montenevoso, Duke of Gallese (12 March 1863 – 1 March 1938), sometimes spelled d'Annunzio, was an Italian writer, poet, journalist, playwright and soldier during World War I. He occupied a prominent place in Italian literature from 1889 to 1910 and later political life from 1914 to 1924.

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Gaius Octavian (Rome character)

Gaius Octavian is a character in the HBO/BBC2 original television series Rome, played by Max Pirkis as a child in season one and the beginning of season two, and in the rest of the second season he is played by Simon Woods.

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Gangraena

Gangraena is a book by English puritan clergyman Thomas Edwards, published in 1646.

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George Baron

George Baron (died June 18, 1818) was a mathematician who emigrated from Northumberland, England to Hallowell, Maine in the United States, thereafter moving to New York.

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George Beattie (poet)

George Beattie (18 September 1786 – 29 September 1823) was a Scottish poet.

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George Berkeley

George Berkeley (12 March 168514 January 1753) — known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne) — was an Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others).

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George Herbert

George Herbert (3 April 1593 – 1 March 1633) was a Welsh-born poet, orator, and priest of the Church of England.

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George Keith (missionary)

George Keith (1638/9 – 27 March 1716) was a Scottish missionary.

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George Sweigert

George H. Sweigert (1920–1999) is widely credited as the first inventor to hold a patent for the invention of the cordless telephone.

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George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732 –, 1799), known as the "Father of His Country," was an American soldier and statesman who served from 1789 to 1797 as the first President of the United States.

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Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia is a state in the Southeastern United States.

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Gerald Schroeder

Gerald Lawrence Schroeder is an Orthodox Jewish physicist, author, lecturer and teacher at College of Jewish Studies Aish HaTorah's Discovery Seminar, Essentials and Fellowships programs and Executive Learning Center, who focuses on what he perceives to be an inherent relationship between science and spirituality.

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Gideon Ouseley

Gideon Ouseley (February 24, 1762 – May 13, 1839) was born into an Anglican gentry family in Dunmore, County Galway.

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Giovanni Amendola

Giovanni Amendola (15 April 1882 in Naples – 7 April 1926 in Cannes) was an Italian journalist and politician, noted as an opponent of Fascism.

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Giovanni Nicotera

Giovanni Nicotera (9 September 1828 – 13 June 1894) was an Italian patriot and politician.

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Giuseppe Bottai

Giuseppe Bottai (3 September 1895 – 9 January 1959) was an Italian journalist, and member of the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi; 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, politician and nationalist. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland" along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi has been called the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in Brazil, Uruguay and Europe. He personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the Italian unification. Garibaldi was appointed general by the provisional government of Milan in 1848, General of the Roman Republic in 1849 by the Minister of War, and led the Expedition of the Thousand on behalf and with the consent of Victor Emmanuel II. His last military campaign took place during the Franco-Prussian War as commander of the Army of the Vosges. Garibaldi was very popular in Italy and abroad, aided by exceptional international media coverage at the time. Many of the greatest intellectuals of his time, such as Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, and George Sand, showered him with admiration. The United Kingdom and the United States helped him a great deal, offering him financial and military support in difficult circumstances. In the popular telling of his story, he is associated with the red shirts worn by his volunteers, the Garibaldini, in lieu of a uniform.

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Global intellectual history

Global intellectual history is the history of thought in the world across the span of human history, from the invention of writing to the present.

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Glossary of philosophy

A glossary of terms used in philosophy.

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Glossary of spirituality terms

This is a glossary of spirituality-related terms.

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God

In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.

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God becomes the Universe

The belief that God became the Universe is a theological doctrine that has been developed several times historically, and holds that the creator of the universe actually became the universe.

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Golden Age

The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology, particularly the Works and Days of Hesiod, and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five Ages, Gold being the first and the one during which the Golden Race of humanity (chrýseon génos) lived.

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Gordon Forlong

Gordon Forlong (14 February 1819 – 30 August 1908) was a Scottish-born New Zealand evangelist.

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Gospel of Barnabas

The Gospel of Barnabas is a book depicting the life of Jesus, which claims to be by the biblical Barnabas who in this work is one of the twelve apostles.

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Gottgläubig

In Nazi Germany, Gottgläubig (literally: "Believers in God"), was a Nazi religious movement of those who had officially left Christian churches, but kept their faith in a higher power or divine creator.

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Gottlieb Mittelberger

Gottlieb Mittelberger (1714 – 1758) was a German author, schoolmaster, organist, and Lutheran pastor.

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Greg Bear

Gregory Dale "Greg" Bear (born August 20, 1951) is an American writer and illustrator best known for science fiction.

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Gregory Paul of Brzeziny

Grzegorz Paweł z Brzezin (English: Gregory Paul of Brzeziny, Latin: Gregorius Paulus Brzezinensis) (1525–1591), was a Socinian (Unitarian) writer and theologian, one of the principal creators and propagators of radical wing of the Polish Brethren, and author of several of the first theological works in Polish, which helped to the development of literary Polish.

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Growth of religion

Growth of religion is the spread of religions and the increase of religious adherents around the world.

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Guido von List

Guido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List (5 October 1848 – 17 May 1919), was an Austrian occultist, journalist, playwright, and novelist.

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Hamburg Temple disputes

The Hamburg Temple disputes (Hamburger Tempelstreite) were the two controversies which erupted around the Israelite Temple in Hamburg, the first permanent Reform synagogue, which elicited fierce protests from Orthodox rabbis.

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Hannah More

Hannah More (2 February 1745 – 7 September 1833) was an English religious writer and philanthropist, remembered as a poet and playwright in the circle of Johnson, Reynolds and Garrick, as a writer on moral and religious subjects, and as a practical philanthropist.

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Haskalah

The Haskalah, often termed Jewish Enlightenment (השכלה; literally, "wisdom", "erudition", Yiddish pronunciation Heskole) was an intellectual movement among the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, with certain influence on those in Western Europe and the Muslim world.

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Hawaii

Hawaii (Hawaii) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States, having received statehood on August 21, 1959.

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Heinrich Paulus

Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus (1 September 1761 – 10 August 1851) was a German theologian and critic of the Bible.

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Henrik Wergeland

Henrik Arnold Thaulow Wergeland (17 June 1808 – 12 July 1845) was a Norwegian writer, most celebrated for his poetry but also a prolific playwright, polemicist, historian, and linguist.

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Henry George

Henry George (September 2, 1839 – October 29, 1897) was an American political economist and journalist.

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Henry Hetherington

Henry Hetherington (17 June 1792 – 23 August 1849) was a leading British Chartist.

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Henry Sacheverell

Henry Sacheverell (8 February 1674 – 5 June 1724) was an English High Church Anglican clergyman who achieved nationwide fame in 1709 after preaching an incendiary 5 November sermon.

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Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.

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Heresy in Christianity

When heresy is used today with reference to Christianity, it denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faithJ.D Douglas (ed).

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Hermann Samuel Reimarus

Hermann Samuel Reimarus (22 December 1694, Hamburg – 1 March 1768, Hamburg), was a German philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment who is remembered for his Deism, the doctrine that human reason can arrive at a knowledge of God and ethics from a study of nature and our own internal reality, thus eliminating the need for religions based on revelation.

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Hermeticism

Hermeticism, also called Hermetism, is a religious, philosophical, and esoteric tradition based primarily upon writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice Great").

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History of atheism

Atheism (derived from the Ancient Greek ἄθεος atheos meaning "without gods; godless; secular; denying or disdaining the gods, especially officially sanctioned gods") is the absence or rejection of the belief that deities exist.

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History of Christian theology

The doctrine of the Trinity, considered the core of Christian theology by Trinitarians, is the result of continuous exploration by the church of the biblical data, thrashed out in debate and treatises, eventually formulated at the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325 in a way they believe is consistent with the biblical witness, and further refined in later councils and writings.

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History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance

This article gives a historical overview of Christian positions on Persecution of Christians, persecutions by Christians, religious persecution and toleration.

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History of Christianity in the United States

Christianity was introduced to North America as it was colonized by Europeans beginning in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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History of France

The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.

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History of Freemasonry in Belgium

The history of Freemasonry in Belgium reflects the many influences on what is now Belgium from the neighbouring states.

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History of philosophy in Poland

The history of philosophy in Poland parallels the evolution of philosophy in Europe in general.

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History of religion in the United States

The religious history of the United States began with European settlers.

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History of science and technology in China

Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.

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History of theology

This is an overview of the history of theology in Greek thought and its relationship with Abrahamic religions.

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History of Unitarianism

Unitarianism, as a Christian denominational family of churches, was first defined in Poland-Lithuania and Transylvania in the late 16th century.

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History of Western civilization

Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.

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Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau

Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Count of Mirabeau (9 March 17492 April 1791) was a leader of the early stages of the French Revolution.

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Horace Holley (minister)

Horace Holley (February 13, 1781 – July 31, 1827) was an American Unitarian minister and president of Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky.

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Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition.

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Humanist Manifesto II

The second Humanist Manifesto was written in 1973 by humanists Paul Kurtz and Edwin H. Wilson, and was intended to update the previous ''Humanist Manifesto'' (1933).

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Humanum genus

Humanum genus is a papal encyclical promulgated on 20 April 1884 by Pope Leo XIII.

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Humphrey Prideaux

Humphrey Prideaux (3 May 1648 – 1 November 1724) was an English churchman and orientalist, Dean of Norwich from 1702.

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Humphry Davy

Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet (17 December 177829 May 1829) was a Cornish chemist and inventor, who is best remembered today for isolating, using electricity, a series of elements for the first time: potassium and sodium in 1807 and calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron the following year, as well as discovering the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine.

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Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil

Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil, CRSP (20 June 1718 – 12 August 1802) was an Italian theologian, bishop and cardinal, who was a significant figure in the response of the papacy to the assault on the Catholic Church by the upheavals caused by the French Revolution.

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Hypatia

Hypatia (born 350–370; died 415 AD) was a Hellenistic Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Ian Anderson

Ian Scott Anderson (born 10 August 1947) is a British musician, singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist best known for his work as the lead vocalist, flautist and acoustic guitarist of British rock band Jethro Tull.

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Ian Ramsey

Ian Thomas Ramsey (31 January 1915 – 6 October 1972) was a British Anglican bishop and academic.

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Identity of Junius

Junius was the pseudonym of a writer who contributed a series of political letters critical of the government of King George III to the Public Advertiser, from 21 January 1769 to 21 January 1772 as well as several other London newspapers such as the London Evening Post.

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Ietsism

Ietsism (ietsisme – "somethingism") is an unspecified belief in an undetermined transcendent reality.

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Imitation of God

Imitation of God (imitatio Dei) is the religious precept of Man finding salvation by attempting to realize his concept of supreme being.

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Index of philosophy articles (D–H)

No description.

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Index of philosophy of religion articles

This is a list of articles in philosophy of religion.

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Index of religion-related articles

Many Wikipedia articles on religious topics are not yet listed on this page.

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Infidel

Infidel (literally "unfaithful") is a term used in certain religions for those accused of unbelief in the central tenets of their own religion, for members of another religion, or for the irreligious.

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Inquisition

The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat public heresy committed by baptized Christians.

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Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion

The Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion, written by 18th-century English Dissenting minister and polymath Joseph Priestley, is a three-volume work designed for religious education published by Joseph Johnson between 1772 and 1774.

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Intelligent design

Intelligent design (ID) is a religious argument for the existence of God, presented by its proponents as "an evidence-based scientific theory about life's origins",Numbers 2006, p. 373; " captured headlines for its bold attempt to rewrite the basic rules of science and its claim to have found indisputable evidence of a God-like being.

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Internal consistency of the Bible

The question of the internal consistency of the Bible concerns the coherence and textual integrity of the biblical scriptures.

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Invention

An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process.

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Iranian philosophy

Iranian philosophy (Persian:فلسفه ایرانی) or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were considerably influenced by Zarathustra's teachings.

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Irreligion

Irreligion (adjective form: non-religious or irreligious) is the absence, indifference, rejection of, or hostility towards religion.

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Irreligion in Africa

Irreligion in Africa, encompassing also atheism in Africa, as well as agnosticism, secular humanism, and general secularism, has been estimated at over tens of millions in various polls.

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Irreligion in Australia

Atheism, agnosticism, deism, scepticism, freethought, secular humanism or general secularism are increasing in Australia.

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Irreligion in Brazil

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Irreligion in Canada

Irreligion is common throughout all provinces and territories of Canada.

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Irreligion in Croatia

Irreligion in Croatia refers in its narrowest sense to agnosticism, atheism, secular humanism, and general secularism of at least 300.000 non-religious Croatian citizens.

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Irreligion in Latin America

Irreligion in Latin America refers to various types of irreligion, including atheism, agnosticism, deism, secular humanism, secularism and non-religious.

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Irreligion in Mexico

Irreligion in Mexico refers to atheism, deism, religious skepticism, secularism, and secular humanism in Mexican society, which was a confessional state after independence from Imperial Spain.

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Irreligion in New Zealand

Irreligion in New Zealand refers to atheism, agnosticism, deism, religious scepticism and secular humanism in New Zealand society.

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Irreligion in Russia

Irreligion was official state policy during the Soviet Union and was rigorously enforced.

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Irreligion in Singapore

As of 2010, 17% of Singaporeans have no religious affiliation.

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Irreligion in Sri Lanka

Irreligion in Sri Lanka may refer to atheism, agnosticism, deism, religious skepticism, secular humanism or general secularist attitudes in Sri Lanka.

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Irreligion in the United States

Surveys show that Americans without a religious affiliation (which include 'nothing particular', agnostic, atheist) range around 21%, 23%, 25%, 31%, 34% and 21% of the population, with 'nothing in particulars' making up the majority of this demographic.

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Irreligion in Turkey

Irreligion in Turkey is uncommon.

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Isaac Crewdson

Isaac Crewdson (6 June 1780 – 8 May 1844) was a minister of the Quaker meeting at Hardshaw East, Manchester.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution.

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Isabel Paterson

Isabel Paterson (January 22, 1886 – January 10, 1961) was a Canadian-American journalist, novelist, political philosopher, and a leading literary and cultural critic of her day.

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Ishvara

Ishvara (Sanskrit: ईश्वर, IAST: Īśvara) is a concept in Hinduism, with a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism.

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Islamic studies by author (non-Muslim or academic)

Included are prominent authors who have made studies concerning Islam, the religion and its civilization, and the culture of Muslim peoples.

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István Agh

István Agh (1709, Sepsiszentkirály, Hungary (now Ilieni, Romania) – 22 January 1786, Kolozsvár, Hungary (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania)) was a Hungarian Unitarian bishop in Transylvania.

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Italo Balbo

Italo Balbo (Ferrara, 6 June 1896 – Tobruk, 28 June 1940) was an Italian Blackshirt (Camicie Nere, or CCNN) leader who served as Italy's Marshal of the Air Force (Maresciallo dell'Aria), Governor-General of Libya, Commander-in-Chief of Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or ASI), and the "heir apparent" to Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

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Ivan Pnin

Ivan Petrovich Pnin (Иван Петрович Пнин; 1773–1805) was a Russian poet and political writer.

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Jacob de Castro Sarmento

Jacob Henriques de Castro Sarmento (1692 in Bragança, Portugal – 14 September 1762 in London) was a Portuguese estrangeirado, physician, naturalist, poet and Deist.

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Jacob Ilive

Jacob Ilive (1705–1763) was an English type-founder, printer and author.

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Jacques Ellul

Jacques Ellul (January 6, 1912 – May 19, 1994) was a French philosopher, sociologist, lay theologian, and professor who was a noted Christian anarchist.

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Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne

Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (23 April 17563 June 1819), also known as Jean Nicolas, was a French personality of the Revolutionary period.

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Jacques Pierre Brissot

Jacques Pierre Brissot (15 January 1754 – 31 October 1793), who assumed the name of de Warville (an English version of "d'Ouarville", a hamlet in the village of Lèves where his father owned property), was a leading member of the Girondist movement during the French Revolution and founder of the abolitionist Société des Amis des Noirs.

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Jakob Abbadie

Jakob Abbadie (25 September 1727), also known as Jacques or James Abbadie, was a French Protestant minister and writer.

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James Burnett, Lord Monboddo

James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (baptised 25 October 1714; died 26 May 1799), was a Scottish judge, scholar of linguistic evolution, philosopher and deist.

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James Foster (Baptist minister)

James Foster (6 September 1697, Exeter – 5 November 1753, Pinners' Hall, Middlesex) was an English Baptist minister.

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James Hutton

James Hutton (3 June 1726 – 26 March 1797) was a Scottish geologist, physician, chemical manufacturer, naturalist, and experimental agriculturalist.

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James K. Polk

James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was an American politician who served as the 11th President of the United States (1845–1849).

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James Madison

James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817.

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James Purves (minister)

James Purves (1734–1795) was a Scottish universalist minister.

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James Watt

James Watt (30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.

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Jean Bodin

Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse.

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Jean Meslier

Jean Meslier (also Mellier; 15 June 1664 – 17 June 1729), was a French Catholic priest (abbé) who was discovered, upon his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay promoting atheism.

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist.

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Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai

Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai (12 June 1760 – 25 August 1797) was a French novelist, playwright, journalist, politician, and diplomat.

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Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel

Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel (1 September 1727 – 13 April 1794) was a French Roman Catholic cleric and politician of the Revolution.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer.

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Jefferson Bible

The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, commonly referred to as the Jefferson Bible, refers to one of two religious works constructed by Thomas Jefferson.

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Jerusalem (Mendelssohn)

Jerusalem, or on Religious Power and Judaism (Jerusalem oder über religiöse Macht und Judentum) is a book written by Moses Mendelssohn, which was first published in 1783 – the same year, when the Prussian officer Christian Wilhelm von Dohm published the second part of his Mémoire Concerning the amelioration of the civil status of the Jews.

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Jesus in Islam

In Islam, ʿĪsā ibn Maryam (lit), or Jesus, is understood to be the penultimate prophet and messenger of God (Allah) and al-Masih, the Arabic term for Messiah (Christ), sent to guide the Children of Israel with a new revelation: al-Injīl (Arabic for "the gospel").

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Jim Herrick

Jim Herrick (born 1944) is a British Humanist and secularist.

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Joan of Arc (poem)

Joan of Arc is a 1796 epic poem composed by Robert Southey.

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Johann Georg Walch

Johann Georg Walch (June 17, 1693 – January 13, 1775) was a German Lutheran theologian.

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Johannes Ronge

Johannes Ronge (16 October 1813 – 26 October 1887) was the principal founder of the New Catholics.

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John Adams

John Adams (October 30 [O.S. October 19] 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the first Vice President (1789–1797) and second President of the United States (1797–1801).

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John Chubb (artist)

John Chubb (1746-1818) was an amateur artist from Bridgwater in the English county of Somerset.

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John Cleland

John Cleland (baptised 24 September 1709 – 23 January 1789) was an English novelist best known as the author of Fanny Hill: or, the Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure.

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John Hildrop

John Hildrop (1682–1756) was an English cleric, known as a religious writer and essayist.

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John Jackson (controversialist)

John Jackson (1686–1763) was an English clergyman, known as a controversial theological writer.

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John Leland (Presbyterian)

John Leland (1691–1766) was an English Presbyterian minister and author of theological works.

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John Marshall

John James Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American politician and the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835.

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John Martin (painter)

John Martin (19 July 1789 – 17 February 1854) was an English Romantic painter, engraver and illustrator.

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John Russell, Viscount Amberley

John Russell, Viscount Amberley (10 December 1842 – 9 January 1876), was a British politician and writer.

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John Soane

Sir John Soane (né Soan; 10 September 1753 – 20 January 1837) was an English architect who specialised in the Neo-Classical style.

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John T. Biggers

John Thomas Biggers (April 13, 1924 – January 25, 2001) was an African-American muralist who came to prominence after the Harlem Renaissance and toward the end of World War II.

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Jonathan Edwards (theologian)

Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was an American revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Congregationalist Protestant theologian.

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Jorge Batlle

Jorge Luis Batlle Ibáñez (Batlle locally or; 25 October 1927 – 24 October 2016) was a Uruguayan politician and lawyer, and a member of the Colorado Party.

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José Rizal

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, widely known as José Rizal (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896), was a Filipino nationalist and polymath during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines.

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Joseph Ames (author)

Joseph Ames (23 January 1689 – 7 October 1759) was an English bibliographer and antiquary.

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Joseph Andrews

Joseph Andrews, or The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his Friend Mr.

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Joseph Barker (minister)

Joseph Barker (11 May 1806 – 15 September 1875) was an English preacher, author, and controversialist.

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Joseph Butler

Joseph Butler (18 May 1692 – 16 June 1752) was an English bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher.

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Joseph Fouché

Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d'Otrante, 1st Comte Fouché (21 May 1759 – 25 December 1820) was a French statesman and Minister of Police under First Consul Bonaparte, who later became Emperor Napoleon.

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Joseph Hallett III

Joseph Hallett III (c.1691–1744) was an English nonconformist minister and author.

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Joseph Johnson (publisher)

Joseph Johnson (15 November 1738 – 20 December 1809) was an influential 18th-century London bookseller and publisher.

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Jules Verne

Jules Gabriel Verne (Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet, and playwright.

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Kurdish population

The Kurdish people live in the historical Kurdistan region, which today is split between Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. The estimated population is 35 million. A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has Kurdish populations of 14.5 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan and adjacent regions. Recent emigration has resulted in a Kurdish diaspora of about 1.5 million people, about half of them in Germany. A special case are the Kurdish populations in the Transcaucasus and Central Asia, displaced there mostly in the time of the Russian Empire, who underwent independent developments for more than a century and have developed an ethnic identity in their own right. This group's population was estimated at close to 0.4 million in 1990.

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Kurds

The Kurds (rtl, Kurd) or the Kurdish people (rtl, Gelî kurd), are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan).

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L'Ingénu

L'Ingénu is a satirical novella by the French writer Voltaire, published in 1767.

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Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875

The Lausanne Congress of 1875 was a historic effort of eleven Supreme Councils to review and reform the Grand Constitutions of the Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite of 1786.

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Léon Ollé-Laprune

Léon Ollé-Laprune (25 June 1839 – 19 February 1898) was a French Catholic philosopher.

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Leap of faith

A leap of faith, in its most commonly used meaning, is the act of believing in or accepting something outside the boundaries of reason.

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Lebanese Australians

Lebanese Australians refers to citizens or permanent residents of Australia of Lebanese ancestry.

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Leonardo Sciascia

Leonardo Sciascia (8 January 1921 – 20 November 1989) was an Italian writer, novelist, essayist, playwright, and politician.

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Letters on the English

Letters on the English (or Letters Concerning the English Nation; French: Lettres philosophiques) is a series of essays written by Voltaire based on his experiences living in England between 1726 and 1729 (though from 1707 the country was part of the Kingdom of Great Britain).

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Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy

Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy (L'Espion Turc) is an eight-volume collection of fictional letters claiming to have been written by an Ottoman spy named "Mahmut", in the French court of Louis XIV.

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Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark

Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796) is a personal travel narrative by the eighteenth-century British feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft.

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Liberal Christianity

Liberal Christianity, also known as liberal theology, covers diverse philosophically and biblically informed religious movements and ideas within Christianity from the late 18th century onward.

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Life stance

A person's life stance, or lifestance, is their relation with what they accept as being of ultimate importance.

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List of agnostics

Listed here are persons who have identified themselves as theologically agnostic.

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List of book-burning incidents

Notable book burnings have taken place throughout history.

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List of countries by irreligion

Irreligion, which may include deism, agnosticism, ignosticism, anti-religion, atheism, skepticism, ietsism, spiritual but not religious, freethought, anti-theism, apatheism, non-belief, pandeism, secular humanism, non-religious theism, pantheism and panentheism, varies in the different countries around the world.

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List of deists

This is a partial list of people who have been categorized as deists, the belief in a deity based on natural religion only, or belief in religious truths discovered by people through a process of reasoning, independent of any revelation through scripture or prophets.

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List of former atheists and agnostics

For lists of atheists who converted to Christianity, Islam, or Judaism see the following links.

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List of Freemasons (A–D)

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List of French people

French people of note include.

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List of nature deities

In nature worship, a nature deity is a deity in charge of forces of nature such as water deity, vegetation deity, sky deity, solar deity, fire deity or any other naturally occurring phenomena such as mountains, trees, or volcanoes.

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List of Old Etonians born before the 18th century

The following notable old boys of Eton College were born in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.

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List of philosophies

Philosophies: particular schools of thought, styles of philosophy, or descriptions of philosophical ideas attributed to a particular group or culture - listed in alphabetical order.

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List of religions and spiritual traditions

Religion is a collection of cultural systems, beliefs and world views that establishes symbols relating humanity to spirituality and, often, to moral values.

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List of religious ideas in science fiction

Science fiction will sometimes address the topic of religion.

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List of schools of philosophy

No description.

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List of United States Presidential firsts

This list lists achievements and distinctions of various Presidents of the United States.

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List of Warrior Nun Areala characters

The characters within the Warrior Nun Areala comic series are well developed.

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London Corresponding Society

The London Corresponding Society (LCS) was a British Radical organisation, with a membership consisting primarily of artisans, tradesmen, and shopkeepers.

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Lorenzo Dow

Lorenzo Dow (October 16, 1777February 2, 1834) was an eccentric itinerant American evangelist, said to have preached to more people than any other preacher of his era.

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Louis Antoine de Saint-Just

Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just (25 August 176728 July 1794) was a military and political leader during the French Revolution.

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Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux

Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux (24 August 1753 – 24 March 1824) was a deputy to the National Convention during the French Revolution.

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Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron

Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron (17 August 1754 – 15 July 1802) was a French politician, journalist, representative to the National Assembly, and a representative on mission during the French Revolution.

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Lucilio Vanini

Homage to Giulio Cesare Vanini at the place of his death. Lucilio Vanini (15859 February 1619), who, in his works, styled himself Giulio Cesare Vanini, was an Italian philosopher, physician and free-thinker, who was one of the first significant representatives of intellectual libertinism.

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Ludvig Holberg

Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg (3 December 1684 – 28 January 1754) was a writer, essayist, philosopher, historian and playwright born in Bergen, Norway, during the time of the Dano-Norwegian dual monarchy.

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Lumières

The Lumières (literally in English: Enlighteners) was a cultural, philosophical, literary and intellectual movement of the second half of the 18th century, originating in France and spreading throughout Europe.

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Marie Huber

Marie Huber (4 March 1695 – 13 June 1753) was a Genevan writer on theology and related subjects, as well as a translator and editor, at a time when it was rare for a female writer to write about theology.

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Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles

Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (20 September 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a French judge and politician who took part in the French Revolution.

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Mark Akenside

Mark Akenside (9 November 1721 – 23 June 1770) was an English poet and physician.

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Mark Twain

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer.

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Mason & Dixon

Mason & Dixon is a postmodernist novel by U.S. author Thomas Pynchon published in 1997.

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Mason–Dixon line

The Mason–Dixon line, also called the Mason and Dixon line or Mason's and Dixon's line, was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the resolution of a border dispute involving Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware in Colonial America.

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Matthew Hamont

Matthew Hamont (died 20 May 1579) was a Norfolk ploughwright, accused of heresy, who was burnt at the stake in Norwich Castle by the Church of England.

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Matthew Tindal

Matthew Tindal (1657 – 16 August 1733) was an eminent English deist author.

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Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, FRS (23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

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Maximilien Robespierre

Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, as well as one of the best known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.

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Melchior Meyr

Melchior Meyr (June 28, 1810 in Wallerstein-Ehringen – April 22, 1871 in Munich) was a German poet, novelist and philosopher.

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Memoirs of the Twentieth Century

Memoirs of the Twentieth Century is an early work of speculative fiction by Irish writer Samuel Madden.

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Merryland

The Merryland books were a genre of English 17th and 18th century erotic fiction in which the female body was described in terms of a topographical metaphor derived from a pun on Maryland.

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Messiah (Handel)

Messiah (HWV 56) is an English-language oratorio composed in 1741 by George Frideric Handel, with a scriptural text compiled by Charles Jennens from the King James Bible, and from the version of the Psalms included with the Book of Common Prayer.

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Meyer Löw Schomberg

Meyer Löw Schomberg (1690, Vetzburg aka Fetzburg, Württemberg, Germany – 4 March 1761, his house in Fenchurch Street, London) was a German-Jewish physician who moved to London and had a successful business there.

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Michael Arnheim

Michael Thomas Walter Arnheim (also known as "Doctor Mike"; born 24 March 1944) is a practising London Barrister, Sometime Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, and author.

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Michael Crichton

John Michael Crichton (October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author, screenwriter, film director and producer best known for his work in the science fiction, thriller, and medical fiction genres.

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Middle Eastern Americans

Middle Eastern Americans are Americans with ancestry or citizenship from the Middle East.

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Miracles of Jesus

The miracles of Jesus are the supernatural deeds attributed to Jesus in Christian and Islamic texts.

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Misotheism

Misotheism is the "hatred of God" or "hatred of the gods" (from the Greek adjective μισόθεος "hating the gods", a compound of μῖσος "hatred" and θεός "god").

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Monism

Monism attributes oneness or singleness (Greek: μόνος) to a concept e.g., existence.

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Monotheism

Monotheism has been defined as the belief in the existence of only one god that created the world, is all-powerful and intervenes in the world.

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Moral syncretism

Moral syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory moral beliefs, often while melding the ethical practices of various schools of thought.

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Moralistic therapeutic deism

Moralistic therapeutic deism (MTD) is a term that was first introduced in the book Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers (2005) by sociologists Christian Smith and Melinda Lundquist Denton.

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Moritz Carrière

Moritz Carrière (5 March 1817 – 19 January 1895) was a German philosopher and historian.

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life

The achievements, personality, and personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (a posteriori – 10 November 1938) born to Ali Rıza Efendi and Zübeyde Hanım have been the subject of numerous studies.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Nathaniel Lardner

Nathaniel Lardner (6 June 1684 – 24 July 1768) was an English theologian.

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Natural evil

Natural evil is evil for which “no non-divine agent can be held morally responsible for its occurrence.” By contrast, moral evil is “caused by human activity.” The existence of natural evil challenges belief in the omnibenevolence or the omnipotence of deities and the existence of deities including God.

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Natural religion

Natural religion most frequently means the "religion of nature", in which God, the soul, spirits, and all objects of the supernatural are considered as part of nature and not separate from it.

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Natural theology

Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology that provides arguments for the existence of God based on reason and ordinary experience of nature.

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Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity

Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity is an 1802 work of Christian apologetics and philosophy of religion by the English clergyman William Paley (July 1743 – 25 May 1805).

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Naturalism (philosophy)

In philosophy, naturalism is the "idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces operate in the world." Adherents of naturalism (i.e., naturalists) assert that natural laws are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of the natural universe, that the changing universe at every stage is a product of these laws.

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Naturalistic pantheism

Naturalistic pantheism is a kind of pantheism.

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Nature worship

Nature worship is any of a variety of religious, spiritual and devotional practices that focus on the worship of the nature spirits considered to be behind the natural phenomena visible throughout nature.

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Nature's God

Nature's God may refer to.

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Negative and positive atheism

Negative atheism, also called weak atheism and soft atheism, is any type of atheism where a person does not believe in the existence of any deities but does not explicitly assert that there are none.

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Neil Armstrong

Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon.

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Neology

Neology is the coining of new words, from the Greek root (Neo-: new, and Logos-: the word).

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Neutrality (philosophy)

Neutrality is the tendency not to side in a conflict (physical or ideological), which may not suggest neutral parties do not have a side or are not a side themselves.

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New Atheism

New Atheism is a term coined in 2006 by the agnostic journalist Gary Wolf to describe the positions promoted by some atheists of the twenty-first century.

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Newton (Blake)

Newton is a monotype by the English poet, painter and printmaker William Blake first completed in 1795, but reworked and reprinted in 1805.

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Nicodemite

A nicodemite, usually a term of disparagement, is a person who is suspected of public misrepresentation of their actual religious beliefs by exhibiting false appearance and concealing true beliefs.

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Nicolas Tindal

Nicolas Tindal (1687 – 27 June 1774) was the translator and continuer of the History of England by Paul de Rapin.

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Noble savage

A noble savage is a literary stock character who embodies the concept of the indigene, outsider, wild human, an "other" who has not been "corrupted" by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness.

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Nontheism

Nontheism or non-theism is a range of both religious and nonreligious attitudes characterized by the absence of espoused belief in a God or gods.

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Nontheistic religion

Nontheistic religions are traditions of thought within a religious context—some otherwise aligned with theism, others not—in which nontheism informs religious beliefs or practices.

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Oceania

Oceania is a geographic region comprising Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and Australasia.

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Octagon Chapel, Liverpool

The Octagon Chapel, Liverpool, was a nonconformist church in Liverpool, England, opened in 1763.

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Ofspring Blackall

Ofspring Blackall (26 April 1655 (baptised) – 29 November 1716), Bishop of Exeter and religious controversialist, was born in London.

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Omnipotence paradox

The omnipotence paradox is a family of paradoxes that arise with some understandings of the term 'omnipotent'.

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Orientalism in early modern France

Orientalism in early modern France refers to the interaction of pre-modern France with the Orient, and especially the cultural, scientific, artistic and intellectual impact of these interactions, ranging from the academic field of Oriental studies to Orientalism in fashions in the decorative arts.

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Orthodox Churchman's Magazine

The Orthodox Churchman's Magazine was an English High Church monthly, appearing from 1801 to 1808.

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Outline of Christian theology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Christian theology: Christian theology is the study of God and His Word from a Christian point of view.

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Outline of philosophy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to philosophy: Philosophy – study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

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Outline of religion

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to religion: Religion – organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence.

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Outline of theology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to theology: Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.

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Pandeism

Pandeism (or pan-deism) is a theological doctrine first delineated in the 18th century which combines aspects of pantheism with aspects of deism.

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Pandeism in Asia

Pandeism (or pan-deism), a theological doctrine which combines aspects of pantheism into deism, and holds that the creator deity became the universe and ceased to exist as a separate and conscious entity, has been noted by various authors to encompass many religious beliefs found in Asia, with examples primarily being drawn from India and China.

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Panentheism

Panentheism (meaning "all-in-God", from the Ancient Greek πᾶν pân, "all", ἐν en, "in" and Θεός Theós, "God") is the belief that the divine pervades and interpenetrates every part of the universe and also extends beyond time and space.

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Pantheism

Pantheism is the belief that reality is identical with divinity, or that all-things compose an all-encompassing, immanent god.

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Pantheism controversy

The pantheism controversy (Pantheismusstreit) was an event in German cultural history that lasted between 1785–1789 which had an effect throughout Europe.

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Papal ban of Freemasonry

The Catholic Church first prohibited Catholics from membership in Masonic organizations and other secret societies in 1738.

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Pascal's Wager

Pascal's Wager is an argument in philosophy presented by the seventeenth-century French philosopher, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal (1623–62).

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Paul the Apostle

Paul the Apostle (Paulus; translit, ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; c. 5 – c. 64 or 67), commonly known as Saint Paul and also known by his Jewish name Saul of Tarsus (translit; Saũlos Tarseús), was an apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of the Christ to the first century world.

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Personal god

A personal god is a deity who can be related to as a person instead of as an impersonal force, such as the Absolute, "the All", or the "Ground of Being".

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Pessimism

Pessimism is a mental attitude.

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Peter Annet

Peter Annet (169318 January 1769) was an English deist and early freethinker.

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Peter Browne (theologian)

Peter Browne (– 27 August 1735) was an Irish Anglican priest and bishop of Cork and Ross.

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Philip Skelton

Philip Skelton (1707–1787) was an Irish Protestant clergyman and writer.

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Philosophes

The philosophes (French for "philosophers") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment.

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Philosophical theism

Philosophical theism is the belief that a deity exists (or must exist) independent of the teaching or revelation of any particular religion.

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Philosophical Thoughts

Philosophical Thoughts (Pensées philosophiques) is a 1746 book composed by Denis Diderot; it was his first original work.

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Pierre-Louis Bentabole

Pierre Louis Bentabole (or Bentabolle) was a revolutionary Frenchman, born in Landau Haut Rhin on 4 June 1756 and died in Paris on 22 April 1798.

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Pierre-Simon Laplace

Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar whose work was important to the development of mathematics, statistics, physics and astronomy.

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Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne

The Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne (English title: Poem on the Lisbon Disaster) is a poem in French composed by Voltaire as a response to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.

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Polydeism

Polydeism (from Greek πολλοί ('poloi'), meaning 'many', and Latin deus meaning god) is a polytheistic form of deism encompassing the belief that the universe was the collective creation of multiple gods, each of whom created a piece of the universe or multiverse and then ceased to intervene in its evolution.

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Post-monotheism

In the philosophy of religion and theology, post-monotheism (from Greek μόνος "one" and θεός "god," with the Latin prefix "post-" as in "after" or "beyond") is a term covering a range of different meanings that nonetheless share concern for the status of faith and religious experience in the modern or post-modern era.

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Principled Distance

Principled Distance is a new model of secularism given by Rajeev Bhargava.

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Principles of Nature

Principles of Nature, also known as The Principles of Nature, or A Development of the Moral Causes of Happiness and Misery among the Human Species, was a work written in 1801 by Elihu Palmer.

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Protestant Irish nationalists

Protestant Irish nationalists are adherents of Protestantism in Ireland who also support Irish nationalism.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.

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Randolfo Pacciardi

Randolfo Pacciardi (1 January 1899 – 14 April 1991) was an Italian politician, a member of the Italian Republican Party (PRI).

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Reconstructionist Judaism

Reconstructionist Judaism is a modern Jewish movement that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization and is based on the conceptions developed by Mordecai Kaplan (1881–1983).

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Reform Judaism

Reform Judaism (also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism) is a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of the faith, the superiority of its ethical aspects to the ceremonial ones, and a belief in a continuous revelation not centered on the theophany at Mount Sinai.

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Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

The relations between the Catholic Church and the state have been constantly evolving with various forms of government, some of them controversial in retrospect.

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Relationship between religion and science

Various aspects of the relationship between religion and science have been addressed by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others.

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Religio Laici

Religio Laici, Or A Layman's Faith (1682) is a poem by John Dryden, published as a premise to his subsequent The Hind and the Panther (1687), a final outcome of his conversion to Roman Catholicism.

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Religion

Religion may be defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.

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Religion and mythology

Religion and mythology differ in scope but have overlapping aspects.

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Religion in Belgium

Religion in Belgium is diversified, with Christianity, in particular the Catholic Church, representing the largest community, though it has experienced a significant decline since the 1980s (when it was the religion of over 70% of the population).

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Religion in Canada

Religion in Canada encompasses a wide range of groups and beliefs.

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Religion in France

Religion in France can attribute its diversity to the country's adherence to Freedom of religion and freedom of thought, as guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

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Religion in Mali

An estimated 90 percent of Malians are Muslim, mostly Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence influenced with Sufism.

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Religion in Nazi Germany

In 1933, prior to the annexation of Austria into Germany, the population of Germany was approximately 67% Protestant and 33% Catholic; while the Jewish population was less than 1%.

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Religion in the Netherlands

Religion in the Netherlands was predominantly Christianity between the 10th and until the late 20th century; in the mid-20th century roughly 60% of the population was still Protestant and 40% was Catholic.

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Religion in the Republic of Ireland

The predominant religion in the Republic of Ireland is Christianity, with the largest church being the Roman Catholic Church.

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Religion in the United States

Religion in the United States is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices.

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Religion in Turkey

Islam is the largest religion in Turkey according to the state, with 99.8% of the population being automatically registered by the state as Muslim, for anyone whose parents are not of any other officially recognised religion.

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Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States

The religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States can affect their electability, shape their stances on policy matters and their visions of society and also how they want to lead it.

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Religious affiliations of Vice Presidents of the United States

The following is a list of religious affiliations of Vice Presidents of the United States.

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Religious disaffiliation

Religious disaffiliation is the act of leaving a faith, or a religious group or community.

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Religious skepticism

Religious skepticism is a type of skepticism relating to religion.

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Religious syncretism

Religious syncretism exhibits blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system, or the incorporation into a religious tradition of beliefs from unrelated traditions.

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Religious thought of Edmund Burke

The religious thought of Edmund Burke includes published works by Edmund Burke and commentary on the same.

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Religious views of Abraham Lincoln

The religious views of Abraham Lincoln are a matter of interest among scholars and the public.

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Religious views of Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin's views on religion have been the subject of much interest.

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Religious views of George Washington

The religious views of George Washington have long been debated.

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Religious views of Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) was considered an insightful and erudite theologian by his contemporaries.

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Religious views of Thomas Jefferson

The religious views of Thomas Jefferson diverged widely from the orthodox Christianity of his era.

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René Descartes

René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.

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Restoration Movement

The Restoration Movement (also known as the American Restoration Movement or the Stone-Campbell Movement, and pejoratively as Campbellism) is a Christian movement that began on the United States frontier during the Second Great Awakening (1790–1840) of the early 19th century. The pioneers of this movement were seeking to reform the church from within and sought "the unification of all Christians in a single body patterned after the church of the New Testament."Rubel Shelly, I Just Want to Be a Christian, 20th Century Christian, Nashville, TN 1984, Especially since the mid-20th century, members of these churches do not identify as Protestant but simply as Christian.. Richard Thomas Hughes, Reviving the Ancient Faith: The Story of Churches of Christ in America, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996: "arguably the most widely distributed tract ever published by the Churches of Christ or anyone associated with that tradition."Samuel S Hill, Charles H Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, Encyclopedia of Religion in the South, Mercer University Press, 2005, pp. 854 The Restoration Movement developed from several independent strands of religious revival that idealized early Christianity. Two groups, which independently developed similar approaches to the Christian faith, were particularly important. The first, led by Barton W. Stone, began at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, and identified as "Christians". The second began in western Pennsylvania and Virginia (now West Virginia) and was led by Thomas Campbell and his son, Alexander Campbell, both educated in Scotland; they eventually used the name "Disciples of Christ". Both groups sought to restore the whole Christian church on the pattern set forth in the New Testament, and both believed that creeds kept Christianity divided. In 1832 they joined in fellowship with a handshake. Among other things, they were united in the belief that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; that Christians should celebrate the Lord's Supper on the first day of each week; and that baptism of adult believers by immersion in water is a necessary condition for salvation. Because the founders wanted to abandon all denominational labels, they used the biblical names for the followers of Jesus. Both groups promoted a return to the purposes of the 1st-century churches as described in the New Testament. One historian of the movement has argued that it was primarily a unity movement, with the restoration motif playing a subordinate role. The Restoration Movement has since divided into multiple separate groups. There are three main branches in the U.S.: the Churches of Christ, the unaffiliated Christian Church/Church of Christ congregations, and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). Some characterize the divisions in the movement as the result of the tension between the goals of restoration and ecumenism: the Churches of Christ and unaffiliated Christian Church/Church of Christ congregations resolved the tension by stressing restoration, while the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) resolved the tension by stressing ecumenism.Leroy Garrett, The Stone-Campbell Movement: The Story of the American Restoration Movement, College Press, 2002,, 573 pp. A number of groups outside the U.S. also have historical associations with this movement, such as the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada and the Churches of Christ in Australia. Because the Restoration Movement lacks any centralized structure, having originated in a variety of places with different leaders, there is no consistent nomenclature for the movement as a whole.. The term "Restoration Movement" became popular during the 19th century; this appears to be due to the influence of Alexander Campbell's essays on "A Restoration of the Ancient Order of Things" in the Christian Baptist. The term "Stone-Campbell Movement" emerged towards the end of the 20th century as a way to avoid the difficulties associated with some of the other names that have been used, and to maintain a sense of the collective history of the movement.

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Resurrection of the dead

Resurrection of the dead, or resurrection from the dead (Koine: ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν, anastasis nekron; literally: "standing up again of the dead"; is a term frequently used in the New Testament and in the writings and doctrine and theology in other religions to describe an event by which a person, or people are resurrected (brought back to life). In the New Testament of the Christian Bible, the three common usages for this term pertain to (1) the Christ, rising from the dead; (2) the rising from the dead of all men, at the end of this present age and (3) the resurrection of certain ones in history, who were restored to life. Predominantly in Christian eschatology, the term is used to support the belief that the dead will be brought back to life in connection with end times. Various other forms of this concept can also be found in other eschatologies, namely: Islamic, Jewish and Zoroastrian eschatology. In some Neopagan views, this refers to reincarnation between the three realms: Life, Death, and the Realm of the Divine; e.g.: Christopaganism. See Christianity and Neopaganism.

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Revelation

In religion and theology, revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity or other supernatural entity or entities.

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Revival of 1800

The Revival of 1800 was a series of evangelical Christian meetings which began in Logan County, Kentucky, which ignited the subsequent events and influenced several of the leaders of the Second Great Awakening.

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Richard Bentley

Richard Bentley (27 January 1662 – 14 July 1742) was an English classical scholar, critic, and theologian.

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Richard Blackmore

Sir Richard Blackmore (22 January 1654 – 9 October 1729), English poet and physician, is remembered primarily as the object of satire and dull poet, but he was also a respected medical doctor and theologian.

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Richard Carlile

Richard Carlile (8 December 1790 – 10 February 1843) was an important agitator for the establishment of universal suffrage and freedom of the press in the United Kingdom.

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Richard Carrier

Richard Cevantis Carrier (born December 1, 1969) is an American historian, atheist activist, author, public speaker and blogger.

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Richard Willis (bishop)

Richard Willis (1664–1734) was an English bishop.

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor.

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Robert Edmond Grant

Robert Edmond Grant MD FRCPEd FRS FRSE FZS FGS (11 November 1793 – 23 August 1874) was a British anatomist and zoologist.

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Robert G. Ingersoll

Robert Green "Bob" Ingersoll (August 11, 1833 – July 21, 1899) was an American lawyer, father of the feminist Eva Ingersoll Brown, a Civil War veteran, politician, and orator of the United States during the Golden Age of Free Thought, noted for his broad range of culture and his defense of agnosticism.

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Robert Owen

Robert Owen (14 May 1771 – 17 November 1858) was a Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropic social reformer, and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.

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Robert Raymond, 1st Baron Raymond

Robert Raymond, 1st Baron Raymond, (20 December 167318 March 1733) was a British judge.

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Robert Wedderburn (radical)

Robert Wedderburn (1762–1835/36?) was a Jamaican-born Unitarian, ultra-radical leader, and anti-slavery advocate in early 19th-century London.

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Roman Dmowski

Roman Stanisław Dmowski (9 August 1864 – 2 January 1939) was a Polish politician, statesman, and co-founder and chief ideologue of the right-wing National Democracy ("ND": in Polish, "Endecja") political movement.

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Ronald Plasterk

Ronald Hans Anton Plasterk (born 12 April 1957) is a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA).

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Rowland Detrosier

Rowland Detrosier, also Rowley Barnes, (c. 1800 - 23 November 1834) was an English autodidact, radical politician, preacher and educator, particularly associated with Manchester.

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Russians in Venezuela

Russian Venezuelans (Ruso-venezolano, Русские венесуэльцы) are Venezuelan persons of full, partial, or predominantly Russian ancestry, or Russian-born persons residing in Venezuela.

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Safdar Ali

Safdar Ali, (सफ़दर अली, صفدر علی) (1830-1899) a convert from Islam to Christianity, was born in the native state of Dholpur, and was the son of an orthodox Syed gentleman.

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Samuel Bourn the Younger

Samuel Bourn the Younger (1689 –22 March 1754) was an English dissenting minister.

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Samuel Chandler

Samuel Chandler (1693 – 8 May 1766) was an English Nonconformist minister, dissenter and polemicist pamphleteer.

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Samuel Clarke

Samuel Clarke (11 October 1675 – 17 May 1729) was an English philosopher and Anglican clergyman.

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Scientific method and religion

Some controversies exist over the relationship of scientific method to religion.

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Scottish Americans

Scottish Americans or Scots Americans (Scottish Gaelic: Ameireaganaich Albannach; Scots-American) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland.

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Scottish diaspora

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Second Great Awakening

The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States.

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Secular ethics

Secular ethics is a branch of moral philosophy in which ethics is based solely on human faculties such as logic, empathy, reason or moral intuition, and not derived from supernatural revelation or guidance—the source of ethics in many religions.

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Secular humanism

Secular humanism is a philosophy or life stance that embraces human reason, ethics, and philosophical naturalism while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision making.

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Secularism

Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the attainment of such is termed secularity).

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Seth Warner

Seth Warner (May 17, 1743 – December 26, 1784) was a Revolutionary War officer from Vermont who rose to rank of Continental colonel and was often given the duties of a brigade commander.

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Sexed up

Sexed up refers to making something more sexually attractive.

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Sidney Poitier

Sir Sidney Poitier, (born February 20, 1927) is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author, and diplomat.

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Sigmund Zois

Sigmund Zois Freiherr von Edelstein, usually referred as Sigmund Zois (Žiga Zois, archaic Cojs or Cojz) (23 November 1747 – 10 November 1819) was a Carniolan nobleman, natural scientist and patron of the arts.

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Simon Grynaeus

Simon Grynaeus (born Simon Griner; 1493 – 1 August 1541) was a German scholar and theologian of the Protestant Reformation.

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Sir Thomas Blount, 1st Baronet

Sir Thomas Pope Blount, 1st Baronet (12 September 1649 – 27 January 1697) was an English baronet.

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Slavic Native Faith

The Slavic Native Faith, also known as Rodnovery, is a modern Pagan religion.

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Soame Jenyns

Soame Jenyns (1 January 1704 – 18 December 1787) was an English writer and Member of Parliament.

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Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.

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Spanish and Portuguese Jews

Spanish and Portuguese Jews, also called Western Sephardim, are a distinctive sub-group of Iberian Jews who are largely descended from Jews who lived as New Christians in the Iberian Peninsula during the immediate generations following the forced expulsion of unconverted Jews from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal in 1497.

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Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.

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Spensonia

Spensonia is a fictional Utopian country created by the English author and political reformer Thomas Spence.

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Spinozism

Spinozism (also spelled Spinoza-ism or Spinozaism) is the monist philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza which defines "God" as a singular self-subsistent substance, with both matter and thought being attributes of such.

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Spiritual but not religious

"Spiritual but not religious" (SBNR) also known as "Spiritual but not affiliated" (SBNA) is a popular phrase and initialism used to self-identify a life stance of spirituality that takes issue with organized religion as the sole or most valuable means of furthering spiritual growth.

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Stateless nation

A stateless nation is a political term for an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own stateDictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p. and is not the majority population in any nation state.

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Stepanos Nazarian

Stepanos Nazarian (in Tiflis - in Moscow) was an Armenian-Russian publisher, enlightener, historian of literature and orientalist.

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Supernatural

The supernatural (Medieval Latin: supernātūrālis: supra "above" + naturalis "natural", first used: 1520–1530 AD) is that which exists (or is claimed to exist), yet cannot be explained by laws of nature.

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Supreme Being

Supreme Being is a term used by theologians and philosophers of many religions, including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism, Sikhism, Jainism, Deism and Zoroastrianism, often as an alternative to the term God.

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Sylvain Maréchal

Sylvain Maréchal (15 August 1750 – 18 January 1803) was a French essayist, poet, philosopher and political theorist, whose views presaged utopian socialism and communism.

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Teleological argument

The teleological or physico-theological argument, also known as the argument from design, or intelligent design argument is an argument for the existence of God or, more generally, for an intelligent creator based on perceived evidence of deliberate design in the natural world.

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The Age of Reason

The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a work by English and American political activist Thomas Paine, arguing for the philosophical position of Deism.

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The American Crisis

The American Crisis is a pamphlet series by eighteenth century Enlightenment philosopher and author, Thomas Paine, originally published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution.

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The American Democrat

The American Democrat: Or, Hints on the Social and Civic Relations of the United States of America, a political essay written by American republican author James Fenimore Cooper, was published initially in New York State in 1838.

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The Christian Virtuoso

The Christian Virtuoso (1690) was one of the last books published by Robert Boyle, who was a champion of his Anglican faith.

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The Divine Legation of Moses

The Divine Legation of Moses is the best-known work of William Warburton, an English theologian of the 18th century who became bishop of Gloucester.

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The Faiths of the Founding Fathers

The Faiths of the Founding Fathers is a book by historian of American religion David L. Holmes of the College of William & Mary.

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The God of the Machine

The God of the Machine is a book written by Isabel Paterson and published in 1943 in the United States.

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The Guardian of Education

The Guardian of Education was the first successful periodical dedicated to reviewing children's literature in Britain.

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The Religion of Nature Delineated

The Religion of Nature Delineated was a book by Anglican cleric William Wollaston that attempted to create a system of ethics without recourse to revealed religion.

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The Story of God with Morgan Freeman

The Story of God with Morgan Freeman is an American television documentary series that premiered on the National Geographic Channel on April 3, 2016.

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Theism

Theism is broadly defined as the belief in the existence of the Supreme Being or deities.

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Theistic evolution

Theistic evolution, theistic evolutionism, evolutionary creationism or God-guided evolution are views that regard religious teachings about God as compatible with modern scientific understanding about biological evolution.

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Theistic rationalism

Theistic rationalism is a hybrid of natural religion, Christianity, and rationalism, in which rationalism is the predominant element.

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Theistic Satanism

Theistic Satanism or spiritual Satanism is an umbrella term for religious beliefs that consider Satan as an objectively existing supernatural being or force worthy of supplication, with whom individuals may contact, convene and even praise, rather than him being just an archetype, symbol or idea as in LaVeyan Satanism.

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Theodore Augustine Mann

Theodore Augustine Mann, known as the Abbé Mann (22 June 1735–23 February 1809), was an English naturalist and historian, and a Carthusian monk.

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Theophilanthropy

The Theophilanthropists ("Friends of God and Man") were a deistic sect, formed in France during the later part of the French Revolution.

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Theophilos Kairis

Theophilos Kairis (Greek: Θεόφιλος Καΐρης; baptismal name Θωμᾶς Thomas; 19 October 1784 – 13 January 1853) was a Greek priest, philosopher and revolutionary.

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There is No Natural Religion

There is No Natural Religion is a series of philosophical aphorisms by William Blake, written in 1788.

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Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America.

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Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, translator, historian, mathematician, and teacher.

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Thomas Chubb

Thomas Chubb (September 29, 1679 – February 8, 1747) was an English lay Deist writer, born near Salisbury.

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Thomas Church (priest)

Thomas Church (20 October 1707 – 1756) was a British priest and controversialist.

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Thomas Davison

Thomas Davison (1794 - 1826) was a British radical journalist and printer-publisher of a series of journals, including Medusa, the London Alfred, the Deist's Magazine, as well as the James Griffin-edited Cap of Liberty and the Robert Shorter-edited Theological Comet.

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Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor.

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Thomas Halyburton

Rev Prof Thomas Halyburton (25 December 1674 – 23 September 1712) was a Scottish divine.

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Thomas Hardy

Thomas Hardy (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet.

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Thomas Hinde

Doctor Thomas Hinde (July 10, 1737 – September 28, 1828) was Northern Kentucky's first physician, a member of the British Royal Navy, an American Revolutionary, personal physician to Patrick Henry, and treated General Wolfe when he died in Quebec, Canada.

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Thomas Hodgskin

Thomas Hodgskin (born 12 December 1787, Chatham, Kent; d. 21 August 1869, Feltham, Middlesex) was an English socialist writer on political economy, critic of capitalism and defender of free trade and early trade unions.

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Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, [O.S. April 2] 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

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Thomas Morgan (deist)

Thomas Morgan (died 1743) was an English deist.

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Thomas O'Brien (bishop)

James Thomas O'Brien (1792–1874), was an Irish clergyman.

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Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In the old calendar, the new year began on March 25, not January 1. Paine's birth date, therefore, would have been before New Year, 1737. In the new style, his birth date advances by eleven days and his year increases by one to February 9, 1737. The O.S. link gives more detail if needed. – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist and revolutionary.

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Thomas Rundle

Thomas Rundle (c.1688–1743) was an English cleric suspected of unorthodox views.

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Thomas S. Hinde

Thomas Spottswood Hinde (April 19, 1785 – February 9, 1846) was an American newspaper editor, opponent of slavery, author, historian, real estate investor, Methodist minister and a founder of the city of Mount Carmel, Illinois.

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Thomas Sherlock

Thomas Sherlock (1678 – 18 July 1761) was a British divine who served as a Church of England bishop for 33 years.

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Thomas Woolston

Thomas Woolston (baptised November 1668 – 27 January 1733) was an English theologian.

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Thomas Young (American revolutionary)

Thomas Young (February 19, 1731 – June 24, 1777) was a member of the Boston Committee of Correspondence and an organizer of the Boston Tea Party.

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Tiger JK

Tiger JK (Birth name: Seo Jung-kwon, Hangul: 서정권, Hanja: 徐廷權; born July 29, 1974) is a South Korean rapper, record producer and entrepreneur best known as a founding member of Korean hip hop group Drunken Tiger.

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Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)

This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece.

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Timeline of Western philosophers

This is a list of philosophers from the Western tradition of philosophy.

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Tiriel (character)

Tiriel is the eponymous character in a poem by William Blake written c.1789, and considered the first of his prophetic books.

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Tiriel (poem)

Tiriel is a narrative poem by William Blake, written c.1789.

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Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

Written by the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (TTP) or Theologico-Political Treatise was one of the most controversial texts of the early modern period.

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Traian Herseni

Traian Herseni (February 18, 1907 – July 17, 1980) was a Romanian social scientist, journalist, and political figure.

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Transitional fossil

A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.

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Treatise of the Three Impostors

The Treatise of the Three Impostors (De Tribus Impostoribus) is a book denying all three Abrahamic religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.

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Tupac Shakur

Tupac Amaru Shakur (born Lesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names Tupac, 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor.

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Tyndall

Tyndall (the original spelling, also Tyndale, "Tindol",Tyndal, Tindall, Tindal, Tindale, Tindle, Tindell, Tindill, and Tindel) is the name of an English family taken from the land they held as tenants in chief of the Kings of England and Scotland in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries: Tynedale, or the valley of the Tyne, in Northumberland.

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Unitarian Universalism

Unitarian Universalism (UU) is a liberal religion characterized by a "free and responsible search for truth and meaning".

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Unitarianism

Unitarianism (from Latin unitas "unity, oneness", from unus "one") is historically a Christian theological movement named for its belief that the God in Christianity is one entity, as opposed to the Trinity (tri- from Latin tres "three") which defines God as three persons in one being; the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Universalism

Universalism is a theological and philosophical concept that some ideas have universal application or applicability.

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Uriel da Costa

Uriel da Costa (c. 1585 – April 1640) or Uriel Acosta (from the Latin form of his Portuguese surname, Costa, or da Costa) was a Jewish philosopher and skeptic who questioned the Catholic and Rabbinic institutions of his time.

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Valentin Ernst Löscher

Valentin Ernst Löscher (born at Sondershausen 29 December 1673; died at Dresden 12 December 1749) was a German orthodox Lutheran theologian.

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Venezuelans

Venezuelan people are people identified with Venezuela.

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Vermont copper

Vermont coppers were copper coins issued by the Vermont Republic.

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Victor Gomoiu

Victor Gomoiu (April 18, 1882 – February 6, 1960) was a Romanian surgeon, anatomist, folklorist and medical historian, who served as Minister of Health and Social Protection in 1940.

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Victor Hugo

Victor Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement.

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Vincent Bugliosi

Vincent T. Bugliosi, Jr. (August 18, 1934 – June 6, 2015) was an American attorney and New York Times bestselling author.

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Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on Christianity as a whole, especially the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and separation of church and state.

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Walt Whitman

Walter "Walt" Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist.

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Walter Kohn

Walter Kohn (March 9, 1923 – April 19, 2016) was an Austrian-born American theoretical physicist and theoretical chemist.

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Warren H. Carroll

Warren H. Carroll (March 24, 1932 – July 17, 2011) was a leading Roman Catholic historian, author, and the founder of Christendom College.

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Watchmaker analogy

The watchmaker analogy or watchmaker argument is a teleological argument which states, by way of an analogy, that a design implies a designer.

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White Brazilians

White Brazilians (brasileiros brancos) refers to Brazilian citizens of European or Levantine descent.

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Who is a Jew?

"Who is a Jew?" (מיהו יהודי) is a basic question about Jewish identity and considerations of Jewish self-identification.

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Why People Believe Weird Things

Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time is a 1997 book by science writer Michael Shermer.

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Wicca

Wicca, also termed Pagan Witchcraft, is a contemporary Pagan new religious movement.

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Will of God

The will of God, divine will, or God's plan refers to the concept of a God having a plan for humanity.

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William Coward

William Coward (1657?–1725) was an English physician, controversial writer, and poet.

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William Devonshire Saull

William Devonshire Saull (21 April 1783 – 26 April 1855) was an English businessman, known now for his activities as geologist, antiquary and museum-keeper, philanthropist and supporter of radical causes.

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William Hogarth

William Hogarth FRSA (10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist.

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William Lane Craig

William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American analytic philosopher and Christian theologian.

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William Miller (preacher)

William Miller (February 15, 1782 – December 20, 1849) was an American Baptist preacher who is credited with beginning the mid-19th-century North American religious movement known as the Millerites.

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William Molineux

There are several people bearing the name of William Molyneux: for the list, see Molyneux (surname) William Molineux (c. 1717 – October 22, 1774) was a hardware merchant in colonial Boston of Irish descent best known for his role in the Boston Tea Party of 1773 and earlier political protests Molineux was unusual among the Boston Whigs in having been born in England and emigrating to Massachusetts.

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William Paley

William Paley (July 1743 – 25 May 1805) was an English clergyman, Christian apologist, philosopher, and utilitarian.

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William Pitt Smith

William Pitt Smith (1760–1796) was a U.S. physician, educator and theological writer.

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William Stephens (minister)

William Stephens (c. 1647–1718) was an English cleric and radical Whig.

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William Stukeley

William Stukeley (7 November 1687 – 3 March 1765) was an English antiquarian, physician, and Anglican clergyman.

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William Warburton

William Warburton (24 December 1698 – 7 June 1779) was an English writer, literary critic and churchman, Bishop of Gloucester from 1759 until his death.

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William Whiston

William Whiston (9 December 1667 – 22 August 1752) was an English theologian, historian, and mathematician, a leading figure in the popularisation of the ideas of Isaac Newton.

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William White (bishop of Pennsylvania)

William White (April 4, 1748 N.S. – July 17, 1836) was the first and fourth Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church of the United States (1789; 1795–1836), the first bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania (1787–1836), and the second United States Senate Chaplain (appointed December 9, 1790).

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William Wollaston

William Wollaston (26 March 1659 – 29 October 1724) was a school teacher, Church of England priest, scholar of Latin, Greek and Hebrew, theologian, and a major Enlightenment era English philosopher.

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William Wotton

William Wotton (13 August 1666 – 13 February 1727) was an English theologian, classical scholar and linguist.

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Wolfgang Pauli

Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born Swiss and American theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics.

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Wotansvolk

Wotansvolk is a form of white nationalist, neo-völkisch paganism which was founded in the early 1990s by Ron McVan, Katja Lane and David Lane (1938–2007) while Lane was serving a 190-year prison sentence for his actions in connection with the white separatist revolutionary domestic terrorist organization group The Order, of which he was a member.

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Yaakov Malkin

Yaakov Malkin (born August 3, 1926) is an intellectual, educator, writer, literary critic, and professor emeritus in the Faculty of Arts at Tel Aviv University.

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Zachariah Mudge (priest)

Zachariah Mudge (1694–1769) was an English clergyman, known for his sermons, and his deist or Platonist views.

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Zoroaster

Zoroaster (from Greek Ζωροάστρης Zōroastrēs), also known as Zarathustra (𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 Zaraθuštra), Zarathushtra Spitama or Ashu Zarathushtra, was an ancient Iranian-speaking prophet whose teachings and innovations on the religious traditions of ancient Iranian-speaking peoples developed into the religion of Zoroastrianism.

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1692 in literature

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1692.

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1693 in literature

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1693.

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1705 in literature

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1705.

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2 + 2 = 5

The phrase "two plus two equals five" ("2 + 2.

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Deiism, Deisim, Deisists, Deism in the United States, Deist, Deistic, Deistical, Deistically, Deists, Monodeism, Spiritual Deism, Transdeism, World Union of Deists.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism

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