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274 relations: Adana massacre, Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti, Ahmad ibn Tulun, Ahmed III, Al-Andalus, Al-Baqara 256, Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya, Al-Mutawakkil, Alauddin Khalji, Alhambra Decree, Almohad Caliphate, Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri, Antisemitism, Antisemitism in Europe, Antisemitism in Spain, Antisemitism in the Arab world, Antisemitism in Turkey, Antun Karlo Bakotić, Arab rule in Georgia, Arab–Byzantine prisoner exchanges, Armenian Genocide, Assyria, Assyrian people, Assyrians in Turkey, At-Tawba 29, Azzam Pasha quotation, Bat Ye'or, Battery Park City, Battle of Khaybar, Berber Revolt, Berbers, Byzantine battle tactics, Byzantine Greeks, Caliphate of Córdoba, Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Catholic Church in Spain, Córdoba, Spain, Christianity in Egypt, Christianity in Syria, Christianity in the Ottoman Empire, Church of the East, Committee of Union and Progress, Confessional state, Copts in Egypt, Cretan Turks, Crusades, Damascus, Damascus affair, Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 1009, ..., Devshirme, Dhimmitude, Divisions of the world in Islam, Diya (Islam), Early Muslim conquests, Eastern Orthodox Church, Egypt in the Middle Ages, Egyptian identification card controversy, Egyptians, Emirate of Sicily, Expedition of Bir Maona, Fall of Constantinople, Farah Antun, Forced conversion, Four Sephardic Synagogues, Freedom of religion, Gabr, Gente de razón, Ger toshav, Ghazi (warrior), Giaour, Glossary of Islam, Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, Granada, Greek Muslims, Greek refugees, Growth of religion, Hadith, Hanafi, Harbi, Hindu–Islamic relations, History of antisemitism, History of Armenia, History of Cagliari, History of Eastern Christianity, History of geography, History of Hinduism, History of Iran, History of Islam in southern Italy, History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem, History of Lisbon, History of Palestine, History of religious pluralism, History of Spain, History of the Catholic Church in Spain, History of the Jews in Iran, History of the Jews in Portugal, History of the Jews in Syria, History of the Jews in Thessaloniki, History of the Jews in Tunisia, History of the Jews under Muslim rule, History of Western civilization, Hizb ut-Tahrir, House of Camondo, Ibn Taymiyyah, Index of Islam-related articles, Index of Jainism-related articles, Index of Jewish history-related articles, Index of religion-related articles, Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine, Islam and antisemitism, Islam and other religions, Islam and Sikhism, Islam in Armenia, Islam in Europe, Islam in Iran, Islam in Israel, Islam in Italy, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Islamic taxes, Islamic views on slavery, Islamic–Jewish relations, Islamization of Egypt, Islamization of Iran, Jacob ibn Jau, Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, Jewish culture, Jewish ethnic divisions, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Jewish hat, Jewish history, Jewish military history, Jews, Jews of Bilad el-Sudan, Jizya, Johann von Leers, Judaism, Kafir, Köçek, Kharaj, Khaybar, Khums, Krifo scholio, Krymchaks, Kuwait, Life of Gabriel of Qartmin, List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran, List of terms for ethnic exogroups, List of treaties, Little Syria, Manhattan, Maguelone Cathedral, Maimonides, Majus, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Maronite mummies, Mawla, Meir Shmuel Gabay, Menahem ben Saruq, Military career of Muhammad, Millet (Ottoman Empire), Minaret of Freedom Institute, Modesty, Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi, Mozarabic language, Mozarabs, Muhammad bin Qasim, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi, Muladi, Muslim conquest of Armenia, Muslim conquest of Persia, Muslim settlement of Lucera, Musta'min, Najis, Najran Region, Nava Vihara, Nestorianism, Noakhali riots, Orphans' Decree, Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Greeks, Outline of Islam, Pact of Umar, Passport, People of the Book, Persecution of Buddhists, Persecution of Christians, Persecution of Hindus, Persecution of Jews, Persecution of Zoroastrians, Persian Jews, Pieter Willem van der Horst, Pilgermann, Political aspects of Islam, Poll tax, Prayers for the Assassin, Primacy of the Diocese of Toledo, Qisas, Rachel Wahba, Ramban Synagogue, Rape during the Armenian Genocide, Rashidun Caliphate, Rayah, Religion in Spain, Religious anti-Zionism, Religious antisemitism, Religious exclusivism, Religious segregation, Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, Russian Armenia, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Safavid art, Samaritans, Samuel ibn Naghrillah, Sasanian Empire, Secularism in India, Secularism in Turkey, Sephardi Jews, Shah Jahan, Sharia, Shirk (Islam), Sicily, Sidon-Beirut Sanjak, Slavery and religion, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire, Social and cultural exchange in Al-Andalus, South Slavs, Spain, Spread of Islam, St. George's Cathedral, Istanbul, State organisation of the Ottoman Empire, Sunnah, Tahrir al-Wasilah, Tanzimat, Taxation in Bulgaria, Taxation in Hungary, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam, The Jews of Islam, The Rights of Minorities in the Islamic State, The Third Choice, The Truth About Muhammad, Theodemir (Visigoth), Three Pashas, Timeline of antisemitism, Timeline of Jewish history, Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453), Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821), Toleration, Topics in sharia law, Treaty of Orihuela, Tughlaq dynasty, Turks (term for Muslims), Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab, Umayyad Caliphate, Umm el-Jimal, Ummah, Universalism, Varlık Vergisi, Views on the Arab–Israeli conflict, Violence in the Quran, Vlach (Ottoman social class), Waqf, Wassef Hinein, Wine in religious communities of the Middle East, Yazid III, Yellow badge, Yemenite Jews, Yihya Yitzhak Halevi, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Ziauddin Barani, Zimmi, Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan, Zunnar. 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Adana massacre
The Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909.
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Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti
Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti (1803 in the Azawad region north of Timbuktu – 1865 in Timbuktu) was a West African Islamic and political leader.
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Ahmad ibn Tulun
Ahmad ibn Tulun (translit; ca. 20 September 835 – 10 May 884) was the founder of the Tulunid dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria between 868 and 905.
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Ahmed III
Ahmed III (Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث, Aḥmed-i sālis) (30/31 December 16731 July 1736) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–87).
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Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.
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Al-Baqara 256
Verse (ayah) 256 of Al-Baqara is a well-known verse in the Islamic scripture, the Qur'an.
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Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
Al-Hadi ila’l-Haqq Yahya (859 – August 19, 911) was a religious and political leader on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya
(الجماعة الإسلامية, "the Islamic Group"; also transliterated El Gama'a El Islamiyya; also called "Islamic Groups" and transliterated Gamaat Islamiya, al Jamaat al Islamiya) is an Egyptian Sunni Islamist movement, and is considered a terrorist organization by the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union.
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Al-Mutawakkil
Abu’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Muʿtaṣim bi’llāh (جعفر بن محمد المعتصم بالله; March 822 – 11 December 861), better known by his regnal name al-Mutawakkil ʿAlā ’llāh (المتوكل على الله, "He who relies on God") was an Abbasid caliph who reigned in Samarra from 847 until 861.
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Alauddin Khalji
ʿAlāʾ ud-Dīn Khaljī was the second and the most powerful ruler of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent.
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Alhambra Decree
The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.
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Almohad Caliphate
The Almohad Caliphate (British English:, U.S. English:; ⵉⵎⵡⴻⵃⵃⴷⴻⵏ (Imweḥḥden), from Arabic الموحدون, "the monotheists" or "the unifiers") was a Moroccan Berber Muslim movement and empire founded in the 12th century.
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Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri
Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri is a companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.
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Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
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Antisemitism in Europe
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism) – prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage – has experienced a long history of expression since the days of ancient civilizations, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian civilizations of Europe.
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Antisemitism in Spain
Anti-Semitism in Spain has its roots in Christian anti-Judaism which began with the expansion of Christianity in the Iberian peninsula in times of the Roman Empire and has its first violent manifestation in the brutal persecution of Jews in Visigothic Hispania.
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Antisemitism in the Arab world
Antisemitism in the Arab world increased greatly in the 20th century, for several reasons: the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; European influence, brought about by Western imperialism and Arab Christians; Nazi propaganda;Yadlin, Rifka.
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Antisemitism in Turkey
Antisemitism in Turkey refers to acts of hostility against Jews in the Republic of Turkey, as well as the promotion of antisemitic views and beliefs in that country.
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Antun Karlo Bakotić
Antun Karlo Bakotić (Kaštel Gomilica, November 4, 1831 – Zadar, January 13, 1887) was a Croatian writer and physicist.
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Arab rule in Georgia
Arab rule in Georgia refers to the period in the History of Georgia when all or part of the country was under political domination of Muslim Arab rulers, from the first Arab incursions in the mid-7th century until the final defeat of the Emirate of Tbilisi at the hands of King David IV in 1122.
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Arab–Byzantine prisoner exchanges
During the course of the Arab–Byzantine wars, exchanges of prisoners of war became a regular feature of the relations between the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Armenian Genocide
The Armenian Genocide (Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire.
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Assyria
Assyria, also called the Assyrian Empire, was a major Semitic speaking Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant.
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Assyrian people
Assyrian people (ܐܫܘܪܝܐ), or Syriacs (see terms for Syriac Christians), are an ethnic group indigenous to the Middle East.
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Assyrians in Turkey
Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey are an indigenous Semitic-speaking ethnic group and minority of Turkey (and also northern Iraq and northeast Syria) with a presence in the region dating to as far back as the 25th century BC, making them the oldest ethnic group in the nation.
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At-Tawba 29
Verse 29 of Sura 9 of the Qur'an is notable as dealing with the imposition of tribute (ǧizya) on non-Muslims who have fallen under Muslim rule (the ahl al-ḏimma).
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Azzam Pasha quotation
The Azzam Pasha quotation refers to a statement made by Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam, the Secretary-General of the Arab League from 1945 to 1952, in which he declared in 1947 that, were a war to take place with the proposed establishment of a Jewish state, it would lead to "a war of extermination and momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacre and the Crusades." The quote was universally cited for decades as having been uttered on the eve of the outbreak of hostilities between Israel and the Arab states several months later.
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Bat Ye'or
Bat Ye'or (בת יאור) is the pen name of Gisèle Littman, an author of the history of religious minorities in the Muslim world and modern European politics.
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Battery Park City
Battery Park City is a mainly residential planned community on the west side of the southern tip of the island of Manhattan in New York City.
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Battle of Khaybar
The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 628 between Muslims and the Jews living in the oasis of Khaybar, located from Medina in the north-western part of the Arabian peninsula, in modern-day Saudi Arabia.
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Berber Revolt
The Great Berber Revolt of 739/740–743 AD (122–125 AH in the Muslim calendar) took place during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and marked the first successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled from Damascus).
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Berbers
Berbers or Amazighs (Berber: Imaziɣen, ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⴻⵏ; singular: Amaziɣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗ) are an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa, primarily inhabiting Algeria, northern Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, northern Niger, Tunisia, Libya, and a part of western Egypt.
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Byzantine battle tactics
The Byzantine army evolved from that of the late Roman Empire.
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Byzantine Greeks
The Byzantine Greeks (or Byzantines) were the Greek or Hellenized people of the Byzantine Empire (or Eastern Roman Empire) during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages who spoke medieval Greek and were Orthodox Christians.
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Caliphate of Córdoba
The Caliphate of Córdoba (خلافة قرطبة; trans. Khilāfat Qurṭuba) was a state in Islamic Iberia along with a part of North Africa ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
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Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina is part of the worldwide Catholic Church under the spiritual leadership of the pope in Rome.
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Catholic Church in Spain
The Catholic Church in Spain is part of the Catholic Church under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome, and the Spanish Episcopal Conference.
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Córdoba, Spain
Córdoba, also called Cordoba or Cordova in English, is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.
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Christianity in Egypt
Christianity is second biggest religion in Egypt.
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Christianity in Syria
Christians in Syria make up approximately 10% of the population.
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Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
Under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, Christians and Jews were considered Dhimmi (meaning "protected") under Ottoman law.
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Church of the East
The Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ Ēdṯāʾ d-Maḏenḥā), also known as the Nestorian Church, was an Eastern Christian Church with independent hierarchy from the Nestorian Schism (431–544), while tracing its history to the late 1st century AD in Assyria, then the satrapy of Assuristan in the Parthian Empire.
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Committee of Union and Progress
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti إتحاد و ترقى جمیعتی), later Party of Union and Progress (İttihad ve Terakki Fırkası, Birlik ve İlerleme Partisi) began as a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti) in Istanbul on February 6, 1889 by medical students Ibrahim Temo, Mehmed Reshid, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti, Ali Hüseyinzade, Kerim Sebatî, Mekkeli Sabri Bey, Nazım Bey, Şerafettin Mağmumi, Cevdet Osman and Giritli Şefik.
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Confessional state
A confessional state is a state which officially practices a particular religion, and at least encourages its citizens to do likewise.
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Copts in Egypt
Copts in Egypt refers to Coptic people born in or residing in Egypt.
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Cretan Turks
The Cretan Turks (Greek Τουρκοκρητικοί or Τουρκοκρήτες, Tourkokritikí or Tourkokrítes, Turkish Giritli, Girit Türkleri, or Giritli Türkler), Muslim-Cretans or Cretan Muslims were the Muslim inhabitants of the Greek island of Crete (until 1923) and now their descendants, who settled principally in Turkey, the Dodecanese Islands under Italian administration (now part of Greece after World War 2), Syria (notably in the village of Al-Hamidiyah), Lebanon, Palestine, Libya, and Egypt, as well as in the larger Turkish diaspora.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Damascus
Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.
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Damascus affair
The Damascus affair of 1840 refers to the arrest of thirteen notable members of the Jewish community of Damascus who were accused of murdering a Christian monk for ritual purposes.
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Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 1009
The Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 1009 refers to the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, churches, synagogues, torah scrolls and other religious artifacts and buildings in and around Jerusalem, which was ordered on 28 September 1009.
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Devshirme
Devshirme (دوشيرمه, devşirme, literally "lifting" or "collecting"), also known as the blood tax or tribute in blood, was chiefly the practice where by the Ottoman Empire sent military officers to take Christian boys, ages 8 to 18, from their families in Eastern and Southeastern Europe in order that they be raised to serve the state.
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Dhimmitude
Dhimmitude is a neologism borrowed from the French language and popularized as a polemical term by writer Bat Ye'or.
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Divisions of the world in Islam
The Arabic singular form dar (دار), translated literally, may mean "house", "abode", "structure", "place", "land", or "country".
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Diya (Islam)
Diya (دية; plural diyāt, ديات) in Islamic law, is the financial compensation paid to the victim or heirs of a victim in the cases of murder, bodily harm or property damage.
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Early Muslim conquests
The early Muslim conquests (الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Arab conquests and early Islamic conquests began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.
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Egypt in the Middle Ages
Following the Islamic conquest in 639 AD, Lower Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Rashidun Caliphs and then the Ummayad Caliphs in Damascus, but in 747 the Ummayads were overthrown.
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Egyptian identification card controversy
The Egyptian identification card controversy is a series of events, beginning in the 1990s, that created a de facto state of disenfranchisement for Egyptian Bahá'ís, atheists, agnostics, and other Egyptians who did not identify themselves as Muslim, Christian, or Jewish on government identity documents.
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Egyptians
Egyptians (مَصريين;; مِصريّون; Ni/rem/en/kīmi) are an ethnic group native to Egypt and the citizens of that country sharing a common culture and a common dialect known as Egyptian Arabic.
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Emirate of Sicily
The Emirate of Sicily (إِمَارَةُ صِقِلِّيَة) was an emirate on the island of Sicily which existed from 831 to 1091.
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Expedition of Bir Maona
The Expedition of Bir Maona (also spelt Ma'una), took place four months after the Battle of Uhud in the year 4 A.H of the Islamic calendar.
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Fall of Constantinople
The Fall of Constantinople (Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs; İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453.
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Farah Antun
Farah Antun (Arabic: فرح انطون), also spelled Farah Antoun (1874–1922), was among the first Syrian Christians to openly argue for secularism and equality regardless of religious affiliation, although he also, uncommonly for his background, argued against Arab nationalism.
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Forced conversion
Forced conversion is adoption of a different religion or irreligion under duress.
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Four Sephardic Synagogues
The Four Sephardic Synagogues are located in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem.
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Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government influence or intervention.
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Gabr
Gabr (گبر) (also geuber, geubre, gabrak, gawr, gaur, gyaur, gabre) is a New Persian term originally used to denote a Zoroastrian.
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Gente de razón
Gente de razón ("people of reason" or "rational people") is a Spanish term used in colonial Spanish America and modern Hispanic America to refer to people who were culturally Hispanicized.
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Ger toshav
Ger toshav (גר תושב ger "foreigner" or "alien" + toshav "resident", lit. "resident alien") is a term in Judaism for a gentile (non-Jew) living in the Land of Israel who accepts upon him/herself (and observes) the Noahide Laws (the minimum set of imperatives which in Jewish tradition are said to be applicable to non-Jews, consisting of seven out of the 613 commandments in Judaism) and certain other religious and cultural traditions under Jewish law.
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Ghazi (warrior)
Ghazi (غازي) is an Arabic term originally referring to an individual who participates in ghazw (غزو), meaning military expeditions or raiding; after the emergence of Islam, it took on new connotations of religious warfare.
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Giaour
Giaour or Gawur (gâvur,; from گور gâvor an obsolete variant of modern گبر gaur; ghiaur; Kaur; giaoúris) meaning "infidel", is an extremely offensive term, a slur, historically used in the Ottoman Empire for non-Muslims or more particularly Christians in the Balkans.
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Glossary of Islam
The following list consists of notable concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition, which are expressed as words in the Arabic language.
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Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain coincided with the Middle Ages in Europe, a period of Muslim rule throughout much of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Granada
Granada is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.
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Greek Muslims
Greek Muslims, also known as Greek-speaking Muslims, are Muslims of Greek ethnic origin whose adoption of Islam (and often the Turkish language and identity) dates to the period of Ottoman rule in the southern Balkans.
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Greek refugees
Greek refugees is a collective term used to refer to the nearly one million Greek Orthodox natives of Asia Minor, Thrace and the Black Sea areas who fled during the Greek genocide (1914-1922) and Greece's later defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), as well as remaining Greek Orthodox inhabitants of Turkey who were required to leave their homes for Greece shortly thereafter as part of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, which formalized the population transfer and barred the return of the refugees.
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Growth of religion
Growth of religion is the spread of religions and the increase of religious adherents around the world.
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Hadith
Ḥadīth (or; حديث, pl. Aḥādīth, أحاديث,, also "Traditions") in Islam refers to the record of the words, actions, and the silent approval, of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Hanafi
The Hanafi (حنفي) school is one of the four religious Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence (fiqh).
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Harbi
Harbi (حربي "belonging to war", a reference to the House of War) is a term of classical Islamic law, which refers to a non-Muslim, who does not live under the condition of the dhimma.
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Hindu–Islamic relations
Hinduism is a diversity-filled socio-religious way of life of the Hindu people of the Indian subcontinent, their diaspora, and some other regions which had Hindu influence in the ancient and medieval times.
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History of antisemitism
The history of antisemitism – defined as hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group – goes back many centuries; antisemitism has been called "the longest hatred".
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History of Armenia
Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat.
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History of Cagliari
This article presents a history of Cagliari, an Italian municipality and the capital city of the island of Sardinia.
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History of Eastern Christianity
Christianity has been, historically a Middle Eastern religion with its origin in Judaism.
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History of geography
The history of geography includes many histories of geography which have differed over time and between different cultural and political groups.
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History of Hinduism
History of Hinduism denotes a wide variety of related religious traditions native to the Indian subcontinent notably in modern-day Nepal and India.
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History of Iran
The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.
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History of Islam in southern Italy
The history of Islam in Sicily and Southern Italy began with the first Muslim settlement in Sicily, at Mazara, which was captured in 827.
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History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Jerusalem was conquered by the Christian First Crusade in 1099, after it had been under the Muslim rule for 450 years.
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History of Lisbon
The history of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal, revolves around its strategic geographical position at the mouth of the Tagus, the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula.
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History of Palestine
The history of Palestine is the study of the past in the region of Palestine, generally defined as a geographic region in the Southern Levant between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River (where Israel and Palestine are today), and various adjoining lands.
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History of religious pluralism
The history of religious pluralism is the fruit of a long development that reaches from antiquity to contemporary trends in postmodernity.
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History of Spain
The history of Spain dates back to the Middle Ages.
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History of the Catholic Church in Spain
The Catholic Church in Spain has a long history, starting in the 1st century.
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History of the Jews in Iran
The beginnings of Jewish history in Iran date back to late biblical times.
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History of the Jews in Portugal
The history of the Jews in Portugal reaches back over two thousand years and is directly related to Sephardi history, a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities that originated in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain).
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History of the Jews in Syria
Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups: those who inhabited Syria from early times and the Sephardim who fled to Syria after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain (1492 AD).
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History of the Jews in Thessaloniki
The history of the Jews of Thessaloniki, (Greece) reaches back two thousand years.
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History of the Jews in Tunisia
The history of the Jews in Tunisia extends over nearly two thousand years and goes back to the Punic era.
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History of the Jews under Muslim rule
Jewish communities have existed across the Middle East and North Africa since Antiquity.
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History of Western civilization
Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.
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Hizb ut-Tahrir
Hizb ut-Tahrir (حزب التحرير Ḥizb at-Taḥrīr; Party of Liberation) is an international, pan-Islamist political organization, which describes its ideology as Islam, and its aim as the re-establishment of the Islamic Khilafah (Caliphate) or Islamic state to resume the Islamic way of life.
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House of Camondo
The Camondo family was a prominent European family of Jewish financiers and philanthropists.
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Ibn Taymiyyah
Taqī ad-Dīn Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (Arabic: تقي الدين أحمد ابن تيمية, January 22, 1263 - September 26, 1328), known as Ibn Taymiyyah for short, was a controversial medieval Sunni Muslim theologian, jurisconsult, logician, and reformer.
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Index of Islam-related articles
This is an alphabetical list of topics related to Islam, the history of Islam, Islamic culture, and the present-day Muslim world, intended to provide inspiration for the creation of new articles and categories.
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Index of Jainism-related articles
is a special page for finding related articles (it is not entirely accurate though, enter Jainism for example, and then verify context by searching for "Jain" within any article linked there).
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Index of Jewish history-related articles
Zadok · ZAKA · Zealot · Zebah · Zechariah (Hebrew prophet) · Zechariah Ben Jehoiada · Zechariah of Israel · Zefat · Zephaniah · Zikhron Ya'akov · Zion · Zion Mule Corps · Zionism · Zionology · Zohar Jewish history Jewish history topics Category:Judaism-related lists.
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Index of religion-related articles
Many Wikipedia articles on religious topics are not yet listed on this page.
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Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
The intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine was the civil, political and armed struggle between Palestinian Arabs and Jewish Yishuv during the British rule in Mandatory Palestine, beginning from the violent spillover of the Franco-Syrian War in 1920 and until the onset of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
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Islam and antisemitism
Islam and antisemitism relates to Islamic theological teaching against Jews and Judaism and the treatment of Jews in Muslim communities.
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Islam and other religions
Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers, Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions.
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Islam and Sikhism
Islam is an Abrahamic religion founded in the Arabian peninsula, while Sikhism is a Dharmic religion founded in the Indian subcontinent.
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Islam in Armenia
Islam began to make inroads into the Armenian Plateau during the seventh century.
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Islam in Europe
Islam is the second largest religious belief in Europe after Christianity.
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Islam in Iran
The Islamic conquest of Persia (637–651) led to the end of the Sasanian Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia.
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Islam in Israel
Islam is a major religion in Israel.
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Islam in Italy
Muslim presence in Italy dates back to the 9th century, when Sicily came under control of the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), Islamic State (IS) and by its Arabic language acronym Daesh (داعش dāʿish), is a Salafi jihadist terrorist organisation and former unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Salafi/Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam.
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Islamic taxes
Islamic taxes are taxes sanctioned by Islamic law.
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Islamic views on slavery
Islamic views on slavery represent a complex and multifaceted body of Islamic thought,Brockopp, Jonathan E., “Slaves and Slavery”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.
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Islamic–Jewish relations
Islamic–Jewish relations started in the 7th century AD with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula.
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Islamization of Egypt
The Islamization of Egypt occurred as a result of the Muslim conquest by the Arabs led by Amr ibn al-Aas, the military governor of Palestine.
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Islamization of Iran
The Islamization of Iran occurred as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia.
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Jacob ibn Jau
Jacob ibn Jau (Hebrew Ya'akov ben Gau; Arab. Yakub ibn Jau) was a Jewish silk-manufacturer at Cordova, occupying a high position at the court of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham II.
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Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (جاوید احمد غامدی) (born 1952) is a Pakistani Islamic modernist theologist Quran scholar and exegete, and educationist.
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Jewish culture
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel.
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Jewish ethnic divisions
Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinctive communities within the world's ethnically Jewish population.
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Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
The Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, or Jewish exodus from Arab countries, was the departure, flight, expulsion, evacuation and migration of 850,000 Jews, primarily of Sephardi and Mizrahi background, from Arab and Muslim countries, mainly from 1948 to the early 1970s.
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Jewish hat
The Jewish hat also known as the Jewish cap, Judenhut (German) or Latin pilleus cornutus ("horned skullcap"), was a cone-shaped pointed hat, often white or yellow, worn by Jews in Medieval Europe and some of the Islamic world.
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Jewish history
Jewish history is the history of the Jews, and their religion and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions and cultures.
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Jewish military history
Jewish military history focuses on the military aspect of history of the Jewish people from ancient times until the modern age.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Jews of Bilad el-Sudan
Jews of the Bilad al-Sudan (Judeo-Arabic) describes West African Jewish communities who were connected to known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal.
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Jizya
Jizya or jizyah (جزية; جزيه) is a per capita yearly tax historically levied on non-Muslim subjects, called the dhimma, permanently residing in Muslim lands governed by Islamic law.
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Johann von Leers
Omar Amin (born Johann von Leers; 25 January 19025 March 1965) was an Alter Kämpfer and an honorary Sturmbannführer in the Waffen SS in Nazi Germany, where he was also a professor known for his anti-Jewish polemics.
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Judaism
Judaism (originally from Hebrew, Yehudah, "Judah"; via Latin and Greek) is the religion of the Jewish people.
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Kafir
Kafir (كافر; plural كَافِرُونَ, كفّار or كَفَرَة; feminine كافرة) is an Arabic term (from the root K-F-R "to cover") meaning "unbeliever", or "disbeliever".
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Köçek
The köçek (plural köçekler in Turkish) was typically a very handsome young male rakkas, or dancer, who usually cross-dressed in feminine attire, and was employed as an entertainer.
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Kharaj
Kharāj (خراج) is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its produce developed under Islamic law.
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Khaybar
KhaybarOther standardized Arabic transliterations: /. Anglicized pronunciation:,. (خيبر) is the name of an oasis some to the north of Medina (ancient Yathrib), Saudi Arabia.
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Khums
In Islamic tradition, khums (خمس, literally 'one fifth') refers to the historically required religious obligation of any Muslim army to pay one-fifth of the spoils of war, the money collected from non-believers after a military campaign; this tax was paid to the caliph or sultan, representing the state of Islam.
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Krifo scholio
In Greek history, a krifó scholió (Greek "κρυφό σκολειό" or "κρυφό σχολείο", lit. 'secret school') was a supposed underground school for teaching the Greek language and Christian doctrine, provided by the Greek Orthodox Church under Ottoman rule in Greece between the 15th and 19th centuries.
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Krymchaks
The Krymchaks (Krymchak: sg. кърымчах -, pl. кърымчахлар -) are Jewish ethno-religious communities of Crimea derived from Turkic-speaking adherents of Orthodox Judaism.
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Kuwait
Kuwait (الكويت, or), officially the State of Kuwait (دولة الكويت), is a country in Western Asia.
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Life of Gabriel of Qartmin
Life of Gabriel of Qartmin is a Syriac 8th-century manuscript containing the life of Mor Gabriel, Bishop of Tur Abdin, which helps to provides a glimpse into the events in the Middle East during the 7th century.
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List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran
List of characters and names, mentioned in the Quran.
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List of terms for ethnic exogroups
An ethnic exogroup is a group of people which does not belong to a particular ethnic group.
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List of treaties
This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.
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Little Syria, Manhattan
Little Syria was a largely Arab-American but diverse neighborhood that existed in the New York City borough of Manhattan from the late 1880s until the 1940s,, pp.76-77; Two other sections of New York were singled out as particularly Syrian in 1939, "the Syrian shops and coffee houses with their Arabic signs, on Atlantic Avenue" in South Brooklyn (p.463) and "a small Arabian and Syrian quarter" on Thatford Avenue near Belmont in Brownsville, Brooklyn (p.498).
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Maguelone Cathedral
Maguelone Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Maguelone; Cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul de Maguelone) is a Roman Catholic church and former cathedral located around south of Montpellier in the Hérault department of southern France.
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Maimonides
Moses ben Maimon (Mōšeh bēn-Maymūn; موسى بن ميمون Mūsā bin Maymūn), commonly known as Maimonides (Μαϊμωνίδης Maïmōnídēs; Moses Maimonides), and also referred to by the acronym Rambam (for Rabbeinu Mōšeh bēn Maimun, "Our Rabbi Moses son of Maimon"), was a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.
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Majus
Majūs (Arabic: مجوس, Persian: مگوش, plural of majūsī) was originally a term meaning Zoroastrians (and specifically, Zoroastrian priests).
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Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
The Mamluk Sultanate (سلطنة المماليك Salṭanat al-Mamālīk) was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz.
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Maronite mummies
The Maronite mummies are eight well preserved natural mummies of Maronite villagers dating back to around 1283 AD.
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Mawla
Mawlā (مَوْلًى), plural mawālī (مَوَالِي), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.
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Meir Shmuel Gabay
Meir Shmuel Gabay (מאיר שמואל גבאי, born on 26 June 1933, died 7 March 2010) International and Israeli Civil servant, the first, and so far the only Israeli to be elected by the United Nations General Assembly to any office, he was President of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal 2000-2002, President of United Nations Association of Israel ???-2010,; Co-chairperson of the Interreligious Coordinating Council in Israel (ICCI), Chairman of the Council of The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists, Civil Service Commissioner of Israel 1987 – 1994, Director General of the Ministry of Justice 1976-1987.
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Menahem ben Saruq
Menahem ben Saruq (also known as Menahem ben Jacob ibn Saruq, Hebrew: מנחם בן סרוק) was a Spanish-Jewish philologist of the tenth century CE.
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Military career of Muhammad
The military career of Muhammad lasted for the final ten years of his life when he served as the leader of the ummah, the head of state at Medina.
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Millet (Ottoman Empire)
In the Ottoman Empire, a millet was a separate court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.
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Minaret of Freedom Institute
The Minaret of Freedom Institute is an Islamic libertarian organization established in 1993 and based in Bethesda, Maryland.
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Modesty
Modesty, sometimes known as demureness, is a mode of dress and deportment which intends to avoid the encouraging of sexual attraction in others.
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Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
Akhundzada Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi (اخوندزادہ محمد عبدالغفور ہزاروی چشتی.) was a Muslim theologian, faqīh, and mufassir in Pakistan (South Asia).
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Mozarabic language
Mozarabic, more accurately Andalusi Romance, was a continuum of closely related Romance dialects spoken in the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula, known as Al-Andalus.
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Mozarabs
The Mozarabs (mozárabes; moçárabes; mossàrabs; مستعرب trans. musta'rab, "Arabized") is a modern historical term that refers to the Iberian Christians who lived under Moorish rule in Al-Andalus.
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Muhammad bin Qasim
‘Imād ad-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī (عماد الدين محمد بن القاسم الثقفي; c. 695715) was an Umayyad general who conquered the Sindh and Multan regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate.
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Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi
Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī (691/96–715 CE) was a general of the Umayyads, noted for leading the Arabic conquest of Sind.
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Muladi
The Muladi (mulaˈði, pl. muladíes; mulɐˈði, pl. muladis; muɫəˈðitə or muladí, pl. muladites or muladís; مولد trans. muwallad, pl. مولدون muwalladūn or مولدين muwalladīn) were Muslims of local descent or of mixed Arab, Berber, and Iberian origin, who lived in Al-Andalus during the Middle Ages.
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Muslim conquest of Armenia
The Arab conquest of Armenia was a part of the Muslim conquests after the death of Muhammad in 632 CE.
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Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, led to the end of the Sasanian Empire of Persia in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran (Persia).
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Muslim settlement of Lucera
The Muslim settlement of Lucera was the result of the decision of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty (1194–1250) to move 20,000 Sicilian Muslims to Lucera, a settlement in Apulia in southern Italy.
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Musta'min
Mustaʾmīn or Musta'man (Arabic: مستأمن) is a historical Islamic classification for a non-Muslim foreigner (harbi; from Dar al-Harb, the House of War, i.e. non-Muslim governed territories) who only temporarily resides in Muslim lands (Dar al-Islam) via a short-term safe-conduct (aman mu'aqqat) which affords the musta'min the protected status of dhimmis (non-Muslim subjects permanently living in a Muslim-ruled land) without having to pay the jizya.
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Najis
In Islamic law, najis (نجس) are things or persons regarded as ritually unclean.
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Najran Region
Najran (نجران) is a region of Saudi Arabia, located in the south of the country along the border with Yemen.
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Nava Vihara
The (नवविहार "New Monastery", modern Nawbahār, نوبهار) were two Buddhist monasteries close to the ancient city of Balkh in northern Afghanistan.
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Nestorianism
Nestorianism is a Christological doctrine that emphasizes a distinction between the human and divine natures of the divine person, Jesus.
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Noakhali riots
The Noakhali riots, were a series of semi-organized massacres, rapes, abductions and forced conversions of Hindus to Islam and looting and arson of Hindu properties perpetrated by the Muslim community in the districts of Noakhali in the Chittagong Division of Bengal (now in Bangladesh) in October–November 1946, a year before India's independence from British rule.
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Orphans' Decree
The Orphans' Decree was a law in Yemen mandating the forced conversion of Jewish orphans to Islam promulgated by the Zaydi.
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Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Islamic Ottoman Empire era of rule in the Bosnia and Herzegovina region lasted from 1463/1482 to 1878.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Ottoman Greeks
Ottoman Greeks (Greek: Οθωμανοί Έλληνες, Osmanlı Rumları) were ethnic Greeks who lived in the Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), the Republic of Turkey's predecessor.
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Outline of Islam
Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is a messenger of God.
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Pact of Umar
The Pact of Umar (also known as the Covenant of Umar, Treaty of Umar or Laws of Umar; شروط عمر or عهد عمر or عقد عمر), is an apocryphal treaty between the Muslims and the Christians of either Syria, Mesopotamia or Jerusalem that later gained a canonical status in Islamic jurisprudence.
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Passport
A passport is a travel document, usually issued by a country's government, that certifies the identity and nationality of its holder primarily for the purpose of international travel.
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People of the Book
People of the Book/Scripture (أهل الكتاب ′Ahl al-Kitāb) is an Islamic term referring to Jews, Christians, and Sabians and sometimes applied to members of other religions such as Zoroastrians.
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Persecution of Buddhists
Many Buddhists have experienced persecution from non-Buddhists and other Buddhists during the history of Buddhism.
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Persecution of Christians
The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day.
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Persecution of Hindus
Hindus have experienced religious persecution in the form of forceful conversions, documented massacres, demolition and desecrations of temples, as well as the destruction of universities and schools.
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Persecution of Jews
Persecution of Jewish people has been a major part of Jewish history, prompting shifting waves of refugees throughout the Diaspora communities.
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Persecution of Zoroastrians
Persecution of Zoroastrians is the religious persecution inflicted upon the followers of the Zoroastrian faith.
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Persian Jews
Persian Jews or Iranian Jews (جهودان ایرانی, יהודים פרסים) are Jews historically associated with the Persian Empire, whose successor state is Iran.
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Pieter Willem van der Horst
Pieter Willem van der Horst (born 4 July 1946) is a scholar and university professor emeritus specializing in New Testament studies, Early Christian literature, and the Jewish and Hellenistic context of Early Christianity.
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Pilgermann
Pilgermann is a 1983 novel by Russell Hoban, set in the Middle Ages and depicting the journey of a Jew across Europe and Northern Africa on his way to the Holy Land.
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Political aspects of Islam
Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Qur'an, the Sunnah (the sayings and living habits of Muhammad), Muslim history, and elements of political movements outside Islam.
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Poll tax
A poll tax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual.
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Prayers for the Assassin
Prayers for the Assassin is a political thriller, and a work of speculative fiction, written by American crime writer Robert Ferrigno.
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Primacy of the Diocese of Toledo
The Primacy of the Archdiocese of Toledo is the primacy of the Diocese (later Archdiocese) of Toledo over the other episcopal sees in the Roman Catholic Church in Spain.
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Qisas
Qiṣāṣ (قصاص) is an Islamic term meaning "retaliation in kind" or "revenge",Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), Punishment In Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, "eye for an eye", "nemesis" or retributive justice.
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Rachel Wahba
Rachel Wahba is a writer of Mizrahi/Sephardic Jewish topics and a psychotherapist in private practice in San Francisco and in Marin County.
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Ramban Synagogue
The Ramban Synagogue (בית כנסת הרמב"ן), is the second oldest active synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem.
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Rape during the Armenian Genocide
During the Armenian Genocide which occurred in the Ottoman Empire, led at the time by the Young Turks, the Turkish armed forces, militias, and members of the public engaged in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape against female Armenians and children of both sexes.
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Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ) (632–661) was the first of the four major caliphates established after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.
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Rayah
A rayah or reaya (from ra`aya, a plural of رعيّة ra`iya "flock, subject", also spelled raya, raja, raiah, re'aya; Ottoman Turkish رعايا; Modern Turkish râya or reaya) was a member of the tax-paying lower class of Ottoman society, in contrast to the askeri (upper class) and kul (slaves).
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Religion in Spain
Roman Catholic Christianity is the largest religion in Spain, but practical secularization is strong.
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Religious anti-Zionism
While anti-Zionism usually utilizes ethnic and political arguments against the existence or policies of the state of Israel, anti-Zionism has also been expressed within religious contexts which have, at times, colluded and collided with the ethnopolitical arguments over Israel's legitimacy.
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Religious antisemitism
Religious antisemitism is aversion to or discrimination against Jews as a whole based on religious beliefs, false claims against Judaism and religious antisemitic canards.
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Religious exclusivism
Religious exclusivism, or exclusivity, is the doctrine or belief that only one particular religion or belief system is true.
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Religious segregation
Religious segregation is the separation of people according to their religion.
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Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
The rise of the Western notion of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the breakdown of the Ottoman millet concept.
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Russian Armenia
Russian Armenia is the period of Armenian history under Russian rule from 1828, when Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire following Qajar Iran's loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) and the subsequent ceding of its territories that included Eastern Armenia per the out coming Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828.
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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Руско-турска Освободителна война, Russian-Turkish Liberation war) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
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Safavid art
Safavid art is the art of the Persian Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1722, in present-day Iran and Caucasia.
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Samaritans
The Samaritans (Samaritan Hebrew: ࠔࠠࠌࠝࠓࠩࠉࠌ,, "Guardians/Keepers/Watchers (of the Torah)") are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant originating from the Israelites (or Hebrews) of the Ancient Near East.
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Samuel ibn Naghrillah
Samuel ibn Naghrillah (Sh'muel HaLevi ben Yosef HaNagid; Abu Iṣḥāq Ismā‘īl bin an-Naghrīlah), also known as Samuel HaNagid (Shmuel HaNagid, lit. Samuel the Prince) (born 993; died after 1056), was a medieval Spanish Talmudic scholar, grammarian, philologist, soldier, merchant, politician, and an influential poet who lived in Iberia at the time of the Moorish rule.
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Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire, also known as the Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire (known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr in Middle Persian), was the last period of the Persian Empire (Iran) before the rise of Islam, named after the House of Sasan, which ruled from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognised as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighbouring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1-3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 The Sasanian Empire was founded by Ardashir I, after the fall of the Parthian Empire and the defeat of the last Arsacid king, Artabanus V. At its greatest extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of today's Iran, Iraq, Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatif, Qatar, UAE), the Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan), Egypt, large parts of Turkey, much of Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Yemen and Pakistan. According to a legend, the vexilloid of the Sasanian Empire was the Derafsh Kaviani.Khaleghi-Motlagh, The Sasanian Empire during Late Antiquity is considered to have been one of Iran's most important and influential historical periods and constituted the last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest and the adoption of Islam. In many ways, the Sasanian period witnessed the peak of ancient Iranian civilisation. The Sasanians' cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India. It played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture in art, architecture, music and other subject matter was transferred from the Sasanians throughout the Muslim world.
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Secularism in India
Secularism in India means equal treatment of all religions by the state.
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Secularism in Turkey
Secularism in Turkey defines the relationship between religion and state in the country of Turkey.
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Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews, also known as Sephardic Jews or Sephardim (סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Hebrew: Sefaraddim, Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm; also Ye'hude Sepharad, lit. "The Jews of Spain"), originally from Sepharad, Spain or the Iberian peninsula, are a Jewish ethnic division.
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Shah Jahan
Mirza Shahab-ud-din Baig Muhammad Khan Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan (شاہ جہاں), (Persian:شاه جهان "King of the World"), was the fifth Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1658.
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Sharia
Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law (شريعة) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.
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Shirk (Islam)
In Islam, shirk (شرك širk) is the sin of practicing idolatry or polytheism, i.e. the deification or worship of anyone or anything besides the singular God, i.e. Allah.
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Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia; Sicìlia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Sidon-Beirut Sanjak
Sidon-Beirut Sanjak was a sanjak (district) of Sidon Eyalet (Province of Sidon) of the Ottoman Empire.
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Slavery and religion
The issue of slavery and religion is an area of historical research into the relationship between the world's major religions and the practice of slavery.
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Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a legal and significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and society.
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Social and cultural exchange in Al-Andalus
Muslims, Christians, and Jews co-existed for over seven centuries in the geographic area known as Al-Andalus or Moorish Spain and Portugal.
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South Slavs
The South Slavs are a subgroup of Slavic peoples who speak the South Slavic languages.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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Spread of Islam
Early Muslim conquests in the years following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by missionary activities, particularly those of Imams, who intermingled with local populations to propagate the religious teachings.
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St. George's Cathedral, Istanbul
The Church of St.
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State organisation of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire developed over the centuries a complex organization of government with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government that had an effective control of its provinces, officials and inhabitants.
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Sunnah
Sunnah ((also sunna) سنة,, plural سنن) is the body of traditional social and legal custom and practice of the Islamic community, based on the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions (or disapprovals) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as various reports about Muhammad's companions.
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Tahrir al-Wasilah
Tahrir al-Wasilah (تحرير الوسيلة; Exegesis of the Means of Salvation or Commentaries on the Liberation of the Intercession; in تحریر الوسیله Tahrir al-Vasileh) is a book by Ayatollah Khomeini as a commentary on a traditional theological text, and as a guide for Shia Muslims.
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Tanzimat
The Tanzimât (lit) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.
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Taxation in Bulgaria
Taxes in Bulgaria are collected on both state and local levels.
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Taxation in Hungary
Taxation in Hungary is levied by both national and local governments.
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The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam
The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam is a book by Bat Ye'or.
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The Jews of Islam
The Jews of Islam (1984) is a book written by Middle-East historian and scholar Bernard Lewis.
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The Rights of Minorities in the Islamic State
The Rights of Minorities in the Islamic State (Islami riyasat main zimmiun ke huquq) is a book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, published in Lahore, Pakistan in 1954.
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The Third Choice
The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude and Freedom is written by Mark Durie, with a Foreword by Bat Ye'or.
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The Truth About Muhammad
The Truth About Muhammad: Founder of the World's Most intolerant Religion (2006) is a book by Robert Spencer, the director of Jihad Watch and Dhimmi Watch.
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Theodemir (Visigoth)
Theodemir or Theudimer (died 743) was a Visigothic comes (count) prominent in the southeast of Carthaginensis (the region around Murcia) during the last decades of the Visigothic kingdom and for several years after the Moorish conquest.
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Three Pashas
The "Three Pashas" (اوچ پاشلار) refers to the triumvirate of senior officials who effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I: Mehmed Talaat Pasha (1874–1921), the Grand Vizier (prime minister) and Minister of the Interior; Ismail Enver Pasha (1881–1922), the Minister of War; and Ahmed Djemal Pasha (1872–1922), the Minister of the Navy.
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Timeline of antisemitism
This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group.
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Timeline of Jewish history
This is a timeline of the development of Jews and Judaism.
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Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)
This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece.
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Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)
This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece.
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Toleration
Toleration is the acceptance of an action, object, or person which one dislikes or disagrees with, where one is in a position to disallow it but chooses not to.
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Topics in sharia law
This page lists the rulings and applications of the various topics in sharia law.
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Treaty of Orihuela
Treaty of Orihuela (also known as the Treaty of Tudmir/Theodemir) was an early Dhimmi treaty imposed by the invading Moors on the Christians in the city of Orihuela in the Iberian Peninsula in 713.
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Tughlaq dynasty
The Tughlaq dynasty also referred to as Tughluq or Tughluk dynasty, was a Muslim dynasty of Turko-Indian origin which ruled over the Delhi sultanate in medieval India.
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Turks (term for Muslims)
The ethnonym Turks (Τούρκοι/Tourkoi, Turci/Турци) has been commonly used by the non-Muslim Balkan peoples to denote Muslims, regardless of ethno-linguistic background.
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Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab
Obeid Allah ibn al-Habhab al-Mawsili was an important Umayyad official in Egypt from 724 to 734, and subsequently Umayyad governor of Kairouan, Ifriqiya from 734 to 741.
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Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate (ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلأُمَوِيَّة, trans. Al-Khilāfatu al-ʾUmawiyyah), also spelt, was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.
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Umm el-Jimal
Umm el-Jimal (Arabic: ام الجمال, "Mother of Camels"), also known as Umm ej Jemāl, Umm al-Jimal or Umm idj-Djimal, is a village in Northern Jordan approximately 17 kilometers east of Mafraq.
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Ummah
(أمة) is an Arabic word meaning "community".
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Universalism
Universalism is a theological and philosophical concept that some ideas have universal application or applicability.
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Varlık Vergisi
Varlık Vergisi ("wealth tax" or "capital tax") was a Turkish tax levied on citizens of Turkey in 1942, with the stated aim of raising funds for the country's defense in case of an eventual entry into World War II.
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Views on the Arab–Israeli conflict
The Arab–Israeli conflict is the result of numerous factors.
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Violence in the Quran
The Quran, the holy book of Islam, contains verses believed by Muslims to be revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad at different times and under different circumstances – the earlier verses urging peace, restraint, and conciliation, and the later ones exhorting violence.
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Vlach (Ottoman social class)
Vlach (Ottoman Turkish: Eflak, Eflakân; Serbo-Croatian: Vlah/Влах, Vlasi/Власи) was a social class within the ''millet'' system of the Ottoman Empire, composed largely of Orthodox Christian nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoral populations of genuine Vlachs, Serbianised Vlachs, and Serbs.
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Waqf
A waqf (وقف), also known as habous or mortmain property, is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law, which typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets.
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Wassef Hinein
Wassef Hinein was the only Coptic Christian member of the Egyptian Free Officers group which took power in a military coup against the Egyptian monarchy in 1952.
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Wine in religious communities of the Middle East
The production and consumption of wine has been widespread in the Middle East and has been tolerated to varying extents by different religious groups.
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Yazid III
Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik or Yazid III (701 – 25 September 744) (يزيد بن الوليد بن عبد الملك) was an Umayyad caliph.
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Yellow badge
Yellow badges (or yellow patches), also referred to as Jewish badges (Judenstern, lit. Jewry star), are badges that Jews and Christians were ordered to sew on their outer garments to mark them as Jews and Christians in public at certain times in certain countries, serving as a badge of shame.
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Yemenite Jews
Yemenite Jews or Yemeni Jews or Teimanim (from Yehudey Teman; اليهود اليمنيون) are those Jews who live, or once lived, in Yemen.
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Yihya Yitzhak Halevi
Yiḥya Yitzḥak Halevi, son of Moshe (Musa) Yitzḥak Halevi (יחיא יצחק הלוי also commonly known as ''Mori'' Yiḥya Yitzḥak from the house of Yitzḥak Halevi) (1867 – 1932), was a Yemeni born rabbinical scholar who served as one of the last great scholars and chief jurists of the rabbinic court at Ṣan‘ā’, which post he held for nearly thirty years, a time interrupted only during the siege laid to the city (Dec. 1904—Jan. 1906) by loyal Yemeni forces under Imām Yaḥyā Ḥamīd ad-Dīn (1904—1948) in their bid to oust the Ottoman Turks who then controlled the city.
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Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Yusuf al-Qaradawi (translit; or Yusuf al-Qardawi; born 9 September 1926) is an Egyptian Islamic theologian based in Doha, Qatar, and chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.
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Ziauddin Barani
Ziyauddin Barani (1285–1357) was a Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate located in present-day North India during Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Firuz Shah's reign.
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Zimmi
Zimmi may refer to.
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Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, which is monotheistic in having a single creator god, has dualistic cosmology in its concept of good and evil, and has an eschatology which predicts the ultimate destruction of evil.
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Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan
Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan goes back to the first millennium BC or earlier and was the predominant religion of Greater Iran before the conversion to Islam.
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Zunnar
Zunnar (also spelled "zunar" or "zonar"; زنار) was a distinctive belt or girdle, part of the clothing that non-muslims were required to wear by Muslims to show they were not Muslims but dhimmi.
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Redirects here:
Dhimi, Dhimma, Dhimmi laws, Dhimmies, Dhimmis, Islamic Aparteid and Dhimmi Laws, Muslim treatment of non-muslim, Muslim treatment of non-muslims, Zimmee, Zimmis.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimmi
