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184 relations: A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, A Mesa pola Normalización Lingüística, A Voz de Vilalba, Adoption of Chinese literary culture, African-American Vernacular English, Al-Waha, Alexandros Papadiamantis, Ancient Macedonians, Andalusian Arabic, Arab world, Arabic, Asturian language, Aureation, Îles des Saintes, Baekje, Balachka, Bengali dialects, Bengali language, Book of the Dean of Lismore, Brazilian Portuguese, Burmese language, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Greeks, Byzantine literature, Byzantine studies, Cape Verdean Creole, Cape Verdean Portuguese, Catalan language, Central Catalan, Charles A. Ferguson, Chiac, Chinese language, Classical Chinese, Classical language, Creole language, Culture of Malta, Cypriot Greek, Czech language, Demotic (Egyptian), Demotic Greek, Dialect continuum, Dialectology, Diglossa, Diglossia, Early New High German, East Slavic languages, Egyptian Arabic, Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia, Emirati Dialect, English language in Europe, ..., Ethnolect, Galician language, Garifuna language, Gary A. Rendsburg, Gøtudanskt accent, German language, Gospel riots, Grebo languages, Grebo people, Greek language, Greek language question, H (disambiguation), Haitian Creole, Hebrides, Heritage language, High Alemannic German, History of English, History of Greek, History of Romanian, Honorifics (linguistics), Index of Cantonese-related articles, International English, Ioannis Psycharis, Iraqi Turkmens, Irish language, Isan people, ISO 639 macrolanguage, ISO 639-3, Itamar Even-Zohar, Jewish languages, Jopara language, Jordanian Arabic, Katharevousa, Kuwaiti Arabic, L (disambiguation), Language reform, Language secessionism, Languages of China, Languages of Cyprus, Languages of India, Languages of Morocco, Languages of the Philippines, Levantine Arabic, Linguistic discrimination, Linguistic insecurity, Linguistic prescription, List of countries where Arabic is an official language, List of diglossic regions, List of Greek and Latin roots in English/G, Literary language, Llanito, Lombardy, Louisiana Creole, Macedonian alphabet, Malayali, Mallorca, Maltese language, Maltese literature, Mandarin Chinese, Markedness model, Matched-guise test, Medieval Greek, Metaphorical code-switching, Minangkabau people, Mixed language, Modern Greek, Modern Greek Enlightenment, Modern Standard Arabic, Multilingualism, Nicolae Iorga, Occitan language, Oral tradition, Pentaglot Dictionary, Pluricentric language, Portuguese grammar, Post-creole continuum, Prekmurje, Prekmurje Slovene, Prestige (sociolinguistics), Qapqal News, Quenya, Quenya grammar, Queremos Galego, Rafael Ninyoles i Monllor, Réunion Creole, Register (sociolinguistics), Revival of the Hebrew language, Rexurdimento, Romanization, Romansh language, Russian language, Ruthenian language, San Paolo Albanese, Sati' al-Husri, Scots language, Scott DeLancey, Second language, Singlish, Sinhala slang, Sinhalese language, Siri Gunasinghe, Sociolect, Sociolinguistics, Sociolinguistics research in India, South Tyrolean dialect, Southern Thai language, Speech, Speech community, Sri Lankan Tamil dialects, Standard German, Swiss German, Swiss Standard German, Switzerland, Taiwanese Mandarin, Tamil language, T–V distinction, Telugu language, Translanguaging, Tunisian Arabic, Ursula Reutner, Uruguayan Portuguese, Vajrasattva, Valencian Community, Valencian linguistic conflict, Valencian nationalism, Varieties of Arabic, Varieties of Modern Greek, Venetian language, Vernacular, Written Chinese, Written language, Wu Chinese, Zajal, Zürich. Expand index (134 more) »
A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English
A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME) is a digital, corpus-driven, historical dialect resource for Early Middle English (1150–1325).
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A Mesa pola Normalización Lingüística
A Mesa pola Normalización Lingüística or, more commonly, A Mesa (English: Roundtable/Board for Linguistic Normalization) is a citizen platform and social movement, founded in 1986, that defends the Galician language, its public use and the linguistic rights of the Galician-speaking population.
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A Voz de Vilalba
A Voz de Vilalba was a newspaper published in Vilalba, Spain between 1983 and 1986.
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Adoption of Chinese literary culture
Chinese writing, culture and institutions were imported as a whole by Vietnam, Korea, Japan and the Ryukyus over an extended period.
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African-American Vernacular English
African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), known less precisely as Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), Black Vernacular English (BVE), or colloquially Ebonics (a controversial term), is the variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of English natively spoken by most working- and middle-class African Americans and some Black Canadians, particularly in urban communities.
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Al-Waha
("The Oasis") is an immersion-based Arabic-language camp for students between the ages of 7 and 18 associated with Concordia Language Villages.
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Alexandros Papadiamantis
Alexandros Pepekas Papadiamantis (Ἀλέξανδρος Παπαδιαμάντης; 4 March 1851 – 3 January 1911), also spelled Alexandros Papadiamandis, was an influential Greek novelist, short-story writer and poet.
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Ancient Macedonians
The Macedonians (Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe that lived on the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios in the northeastern part of mainland Greece.
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Andalusian Arabic
Andalusian Arabic, also known as Andalusi Arabic, was a variety or varieties of the Arabic language spoken in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) under Muslim rule (and for some time after) from the 9th century to the 17th century.
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Arab world
The Arab world (العالم العربي; formally: Arab homeland, الوطن العربي), also known as the Arab nation (الأمة العربية) or the Arab states, currently consists of the 22 Arab countries of the Arab League.
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Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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Asturian language
Asturian (asturianu,Art. 1 de la formerly also known as bable) is a West Iberian Romance language spoken in Principality of Asturias, Spain.
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Aureation
Aureation ("to make golden", from aureus) is a device in arts of rhetoric that involves the "gilding" (or supposed heightening) of diction in one language by the introduction of terms from another, typically a classical language considered to be more prestigious.
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Îles des Saintes
The Îles des Saintes ("Islands of the Saints"), also known as Les Saintes, is a small archipelago of the French Antilles (West Indies) located to the south of Basse-Terre Island, west of Marie-Galante and north of Dominica.
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Baekje
Baekje (18 BC – 660 AD) was a kingdom located in southwest Korea.
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Balachka
Balachka is a term used to label the dialects spoken by Cossacks living in Russia.
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Bengali dialects
The dialects of the Bengali language (বাংলা উপভাষাসমূহ) are part of the Eastern Indo-Aryan language group of the Indo-European language family widely spoken in the Bengal region of South Asia.
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Bengali language
Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia.
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Book of the Dean of Lismore
The Book of the Dean of Lismore (Leabhar Deathan Lios Mòir) is a famous Scottish manuscript, compiled in eastern Perthshire in the first half of the 16th century.
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Brazilian Portuguese
Brazilian Portuguese (português do Brasil or português brasileiro) is a set of dialects of the Portuguese language used mostly in Brazil.
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Burmese language
The Burmese language (မြန်မာဘာသာ, MLCTS: mranmabhasa, IPA) is the official language of Myanmar.
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Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).
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Byzantine Greeks
The Byzantine Greeks (or Byzantines) were the Greek or Hellenized people of the Byzantine Empire (or Eastern Roman Empire) during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages who spoke medieval Greek and were Orthodox Christians.
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Byzantine literature
Byzantine literature is the Greek literature of the Middle Ages, whether written in the territory of the Byzantine Empire or outside its borders.
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Byzantine studies
Byzantine studies is an interdisciplinary branch of the humanities that addresses the history, culture, demography, dress, religion/theology, art, literature/epigraphy, music, science, economy, coinage and politics of the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Cape Verdean Creole
Cape Verdean Creole (also known as Kabuverdianu) is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde.
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Cape Verdean Portuguese
Cape Verdean Portuguese (Português cabo-verdiano) is the variety of Portuguese spoken in Cape Verde.
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Catalan language
Catalan (autonym: català) is a Western Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin and named after the medieval Principality of Catalonia, in northeastern modern Spain.
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Central Catalan
Central Catalan (català central) is the Eastern Catalan dialect with the highest number of speakers, since it is commonly spoken in densely populated areas such as the whole Barcelona province, the eastern half of Tarragona province and most of the Girona province, except for it is northern part, where a transition to Northern Catalan begins.
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Charles A. Ferguson
Charles Albert Ferguson (July 6, 1921 – September 2, 1998) was an American linguist who taught at Stanford University.
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Chiac
Chiac is a vernacular Acadian French language with influences from English and to a lesser extent from various Canadian aboriginal languages.
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Chinese language
Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
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Classical Chinese
Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese, is the language of the classic literature from the end of the Spring and Autumn period through to the end of the Han Dynasty, a written form of Old Chinese.
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Classical language
A classical language is a language with a literature that is classical.
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Creole language
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language developed from a mixture of different languages at a fairly sudden point in time: often, a pidgin transitioned into a full, native language.
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Culture of Malta
The culture of Malta reflects various societies that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries, including neighbouring Mediterranean cultures, and the cultures of the nations that ruled Malta for long periods of time prior to its independence in 1964.
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Cypriot Greek
Cypriot Greek (Κυπριακά) is the variety of Modern Greek that is spoken by the majority of the Cypriot populace and Greek Cypriot diaspora.
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Czech language
Czech (čeština), historically also Bohemian (lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group.
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Demotic (Egyptian)
Demotic (from δημοτικός dēmotikós, "popular") is the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Nile Delta, and the stage of the Egyptian language written in this script, following Late Egyptian and preceding Coptic.
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Demotic Greek
Demotic Greek (δημοτική γλώσσα, "language of the people") or dimotiki is the modern vernacular form of the Greek language.
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Dialect continuum
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a spread of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighbouring varieties differ only slightly, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties are not mutually intelligible.
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Dialectology
Dialectology (from Greek διάλεκτος, dialektos, "talk, dialect"; and -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics.
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Diglossa
Diglossa may refer to.
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Diglossia
In linguistics, diglossia is a situation in which two dialects or languages are used by a single language community.
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Early New High German
Early New High German (ENHG) is a term for the period in the history of the German language, generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 to 1650.
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East Slavic languages
The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of Slavic languages, currently spoken throughout Eastern Europe, Northern Asia, and the Caucasus.
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Egyptian Arabic
Egyptian Arabic, locally known as the Egyptian colloquial language or Masri, also spelled Masry, meaning simply "Egyptian", is spoken by most contemporary Egyptians.
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Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia
The Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia (ويكيبيديا مصرى) is the Egyptian Arabic version of Wikipedia, a free, open-content encyclopaedia.
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Emirati Dialect
The Emirati dialect is a dialectal variety of the Arabic language that is spoken in the United Arab Emirates, and is a branch of the regional Gulf dialects family.
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English language in Europe
The English language in Europe, as a native language, is mainly spoken in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
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Ethnolect
An ethnolect is a variety of a language associated with a certain ethnic or cultural subgroup.
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Galician language
Galician (galego) is an Indo-European language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch.
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Garifuna language
Garifuna (Karif) is a minority language widely spoken in villages of Garifuna people in the western part of the northern coast of Central America.
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Gary A. Rendsburg
--> Gary A. Rendsburg (born 1954) is a professor of biblical studies, Hebrew language, and ancient Judaism at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
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Gøtudanskt accent
Gøtudanskt/Dano-Faroese (pronounced, Faroese for "(Norðra)gøta Danish" or alternatively "street Danish") is a name for a variant of Danish language spoken in the Faroe Islands.
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German language
German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.
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Gospel riots
The Gospel riots (Ευαγγελικά, Evangelika), which took place on the streets of Athens in November 1901, were primarily a protest against the publication in the newspaper Akropolis of a translation into modern spoken Greek of the gospel of St Matthew, although other motives also played a part.
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Grebo languages
Grebo is a dialect cluster of the Kru languages, spoken by the Grebo people of present-day Liberia and the Krumen of Ivory Coast in West Africa.
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Grebo people
Grebo people (or Glebo) is a term used to refer to an ethnic group or subgroup within the larger Kru group of Africa, a language and cultural ethnicity, and to certain of its constituent elements.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Greek language question
The Greek language question (το γλωσσικό ζήτημα, to glossikó zítima) was a dispute about whether the language of the Greek people (Demotic Greek) or a cultivated imitation of Ancient Greek (katharevousa) should be the official language of the Greek nation.
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H (disambiguation)
H is the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet.
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Haitian Creole
Haitian Creole (kreyòl ayisyen,; créole haïtien) is a French-based creole language spoken by 9.6–12million people worldwide, and the only language of most Haitians.
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Hebrides
The Hebrides (Innse Gall,; Suðreyjar) compose a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of mainland Scotland.
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Heritage language
A heritage language is a minority language learnt by its speakers at home as children, but it is never fully developed because its speakers grow up with a dominant language in which they become more competent.
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High Alemannic German
High Alemannic is a dialect of Alemannic German spoken in the westernmost Austrian state of Voralberg, on the border with Switzerland and Liechtenstein.
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History of English
English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon settlers from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands, displacing the Celtic languages that previously predominated.
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History of Greek
This article is an overview of the history of the Greek language.
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History of Romanian
The history of the Romanian language began in the Roman provinces of Southeast Europe north of the so-called "Jireček Line", but the exact place where its formation started is still debated.
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Honorifics (linguistics)
In linguistics, an honorific (abbreviated) is a grammatical or morphosyntactic form that encodes the relative social status of the participants of the conversation.
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Index of Cantonese-related articles
This is a list of Cantonese-related topics, which encompasses Guangdong and Guangxi, the Cantonese people, culture and language.
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International English
International English is the concept of the English language as a global means of communication in numerous dialects, and also the movement towards an international standard for the language.
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Ioannis Psycharis
Ioannis (Yannis) Psycharis (Greek: Ιωάννης (Γιάννης) Ψυχάρης; French: Jean Psychari; 1854–1929) was a French philologist of Greek origin, author and promoter of Demotic Greek.
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Iraqi Turkmens
The Iraqi Turkmens (also spelled Turcomans, Turkomens, and Turkmans; Irak Türkmenleri), also referred to as Iraqi Turks, or Turks of Iraq (تركمان العراق, Irak Türkleri), are Iraqi citizens of Turkic origin who mostly adhere to a Turkish heritage and identity.
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Irish language
The Irish language (Gaeilge), also referred to as the Gaelic or the Irish Gaelic language, is a Goidelic language (Gaelic) of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people.
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Isan people
The Isan people (คนอีสาน,,; ຄົນອີສານ, or "Northeastern Thai") are an ethno-regional group native to Northeastern Thailand ("Isan") with an estimated population of about 22 million.
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ISO 639 macrolanguage
ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes.
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ISO 639-3
ISO 639-3:2007, Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages, is an international standard for language codes in the ISO 639 series.
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Itamar Even-Zohar
Itamar Even-Zohar (איתמר אבן-זהר) (born 1939) is an Israeli culture researcher and professor at Tel Aviv University.
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Jewish languages
Jewish languages are the various languages and dialects that developed in Jewish communities in the diaspora.
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Jopara language
Jopara (or Yopará is a colloquial form of Guarani spoken in Paraguay which uses a number of Spanish loan words. Its name is from the Guarani word for "mixture." The majority of Paraguayans, particularly younger ones, speak some form of Jopara.
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Jordanian Arabic
Jordanian Arabic is a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of Levantine Arabic spoken by the population of the Kingdom of Jordan.
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Katharevousa
Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα,, literally "purifying ") is a conservative form of the Modern Greek language conceived in the early 19th century as a compromise between Ancient Greek and the Demotic Greek of the time.
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Kuwaiti Arabic
Kuwaiti (in Kuwaiti كويتي, //) is a Gulf Arabic dialect spoken in Kuwait.
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L (disambiguation)
L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet.
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Language reform
Language reform is a type of language planning by massive change to a language.
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Language secessionism
Language secessionism (also known as linguistic secessionism or linguistic separatism) is an attitude supporting the separation of a language variety from the language to which it has hitherto been considered to belong, in order to make this variety considered as a distinct language.
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Languages of China
The languages of China are the languages that are spoken in China.
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Languages of Cyprus
The official languages of the Republic of Cyprus are Greek and Turkish.
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Languages of India
Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 76.5% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 20.5% of Indians.
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Languages of Morocco
There are a number of languages of Morocco.
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Languages of the Philippines
There are some 120 to 187 languages and dialects in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification.
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Levantine Arabic
Levantine Arabic (الـلَّـهْـجَـةُ الـشَّـامِـيَّـة,, Levantine Arabic: il-lahže š-šāmiyye) is a broad dialect of Arabic and the vernacular Arabic of the eastern coastal strip of the Levantine Sea, that is Shaam.
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Linguistic discrimination
Linguistic discrimination (also called linguicism and languagism) is the unfair treatment of an individual based solely on his or her use of language.
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Linguistic insecurity
Linguistic insecurity comprises feelings of anxiety, self-consciousness, or lack of confidence in the mind of a speaker surrounding the use of their own language.
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Linguistic prescription
Linguistic prescription, or prescriptive grammar, is the attempt to lay down rules defining correct use of language.
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List of countries where Arabic is an official language
Arabic and its different dialects are spoken by around 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world as well as in the Arab diaspora making it one of the five most spoken languages in the world.
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List of diglossic regions
Diglossia refers to the use of a language community of two languages or dialects, a "high" or "H" variety restricted to certain formal situations, and a "low" or "L" variety for everyday interaction.
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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/G
Category:Lists of words.
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Literary language
A literary language is the form of a language used in the writing of the language.
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Llanito
Llanito or Yanito (pronounced) is a form of Spanish heavily laced with words from English and some from other languages such as Genoese, spoken in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.
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Lombardy
Lombardy (Lombardia; Lumbardia, pronounced: (Western Lombard), (Eastern Lombard)) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of.
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Louisiana Creole
Louisiana Creole (kréyol la lwizyàn; créole louisianais) is a French-based creole language spoken by far fewer than 10,000 people, mostly in the state of Louisiana.
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Macedonian alphabet
The orthography of Macedonian includes an alphabet (Македонска азбука, Makedonska azbuka), which is an adaptation of the Cyrillic script, as well as language-specific conventions of spelling and punctuation.
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Malayali
The Malayali people or Keralite people (also spelt Malayalee, Malayalam script: മലയാളി and കേരളീയൻ) are an Indian ethnic group originating from the present-day state of Kerala, located in South India.
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Mallorca
Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean.
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Maltese language
Maltese (Malti) is the national language of Malta and a co-official language of the country alongside English, while also serving as an official language of the European Union, the only Semitic language so distinguished.
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Maltese literature
Maltese literature is any literature originating from Malta or by Maltese writers or literature written in the Maltese language.
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Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin is a group of related varieties of Chinese spoken across most of northern and southwestern China.
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Markedness model
The markedness model (sociolinguistic theory) proposed by Carol Myers-Scotton is one account of the social indexical motivation for code-switching.
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Matched-guise test
The matched-guise test is a sociolinguistic experimental technique used to determine the true feelings of an individual or community towards a specific language, dialect, or accent.
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Medieval Greek
Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, is the stage of the Greek language between the end of Classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
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Metaphorical code-switching
Metaphorical code-switching refers to the tendency in a bilingual or multilingual community to switch codes (language or language variety) in conversation in order to discuss a topic that would normally fall into another conversational domain.
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Minangkabau people
Minangkabau people (Minangkabau: Urang Minang; Indonesian: Suku Minang; Jawi script: اورڠ مينڠ), also known as Minang, are an ethnic group indigenous to the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Mixed language
Although every language is mixed to some extent, by virtue of containing loanwords, it is a matter of controversy whether a term mixed language can meaningfully distinguish the contact phenomena of certain languages (such as those listed below) from the type of contact and borrowing seen in all languages.
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Modern Greek
Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα "Neo-Hellenic", historically and colloquially also known as Ρωμαίικα "Romaic" or "Roman", and Γραικικά "Greek") refers to the dialects and varieties of the Greek language spoken in the modern era.
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Modern Greek Enlightenment
The Modern Greek Enlightenment (Διαφωτισμός, Diafotismos, "enlightenment," "illumination") was the Greek expression of the Age of Enlightenment.
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Modern Standard Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA; اللغة العربية الفصحى 'the most eloquent Arabic language'), Standard Arabic, or Literary Arabic is the standardized and literary variety of Arabic used in writing and in most formal speech throughout the Arab world to facilitate communication.
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Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers.
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Nicolae Iorga
Nicolae Iorga (sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. January 17, 1871 – November 27, 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, poet and playwright.
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Occitan language
Occitan, also known as lenga d'òc (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language.
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Oral tradition
Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication where in knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one generation to another.
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Pentaglot Dictionary
The Pentaglot Dictionary (Chinese: 御製五體清文鑑, Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian; the term 清文, Qingwen, "Qing language", was another name for the Manchu language in Chinese), also known as the Manchu Polyglot Dictionary, was a dictionary of major imperial languages compiled in the late Qianlong era of the Qing dynasty (also said to be compiled in 1794).
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Pluricentric language
A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several interacting codified standard versions, often corresponding to different countries.
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Portuguese grammar
Portuguese grammar, the morphology and syntax of the Portuguese language, is similar to the grammar of most other Romance languages — especially that of Spanish, and even more so to that of Galician.
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Post-creole continuum
A post-creole continuum or simply creole continuum is a dialect continuum of varieties of a creole language between those most and least similar to the superstrate language (that is, a closely related language whose speakers assert dominance of some sort).
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Prekmurje
Prekmurje (dialectically: Prèkmürsko or Prèkmüre; Muravidék) is a geographically, linguistically, culturally and ethnically defined region settled by Slovenes and a Hungarian minority, lying between the Mur River in Slovenia and the Rába Valley (the watershed of the Rába) (Porabje) in the most western part of Hungary.
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Prekmurje Slovene
Prekmurje Slovene, also known as the Prekmurje dialect, East Slovene, or Wendish (prekmurščina, prekmursko narečje, vend nyelv, muravidéki nyelv, Prekmurje dialect: prekmürski jezik, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, prekmörski jezik, panonska slovenščina), is a Slovene dialect belonging to a Pannonian dialect group of Slovene.
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Prestige (sociolinguistics)
Prestige is the level of regard normally accorded a specific language or dialect within a speech community, relative to other languages or dialects.
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Qapqal News
The Qapqal News (Xibe:, Möllendorff: Cabcal Serkin) is the world's only newspaper in the Xibe language, a Tungusic language spoken in northwest China.
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Quenya
Quenya is a fictional language devised by J. R. R. Tolkien and used by the Elves in his legendarium.
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Quenya grammar
Quenya is a fictional language devised by J. R. R. Tolkien, and used in his fictional universe, often called Middle-earth.
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Queremos Galego
Queremos Galego or Plataforma Queremos Galego! (English: We want Galician!) is a citizen platform and social movement, consisting of 600 entities from different areas and by people individually, that was born in 2009 to articulate a collective response in defense of the Galician language, its public use and the linguistic rights of the Galician-speaking population.
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Rafael Ninyoles i Monllor
Rafael Lluís Ninyoles i Monllor (Valencia, 1943) is a Spanish sociolinguist, considered one of the parents of Catalan sociolinguistics along with Lluís Vicent Aracil i Boned.
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Réunion Creole
Réunion Creole, or Reunionese Creole (kréol rénioné; créole réunionnais), is a French-based creole language spoken on Réunion.
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Register (sociolinguistics)
In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
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Revival of the Hebrew language
The revival of the Hebrew language took place in Europe and Israel toward the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, through which the language's usage changed from the sacred language of Judaism to a spoken and written language used for daily life in Israel.
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Rexurdimento
The Rexurdimento (Galician) was a period in the History of Galicia during the 19th century.
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Romanization
Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of writing from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so.
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Romansh language
Romansh (also spelled Romansch, Rumantsch, or Romanche; Romansh:, rumàntsch, or) is a Romance language spoken predominantly in the southeastern Swiss canton of Grisons (Graubünden), where it has official status alongside German and Italian.
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Russian language
Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Ruthenian language
Ruthenian or Old Ruthenian (see other names) was the group of varieties of East Slavic spoken in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later in the East Slavic territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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San Paolo Albanese
San Paolo Albanese (Shën Pali Arbëresh) is a village and comune of 328 people in the province of Potenza, in the Basilicata region of southern Italy.
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Sati' al-Husri
Sāṭi` al-Ḥuṣrī (ساطع الحصري; Mustafa Satı Bey, August 1880 – 1968) was an Ottoman and Syrian writer, educationalist and an influential Arab nationalist thinker in the 20th century.
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Scots language
Scots is the Germanic language variety spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster (where the local dialect is known as Ulster Scots).
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Scott DeLancey
Scott DeLancey (born 1949) is an American linguist from the University of Oregon.
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Second language
A person's second language or L2, is a language that is not the native language of the speaker, but that is used in the locale of that person.
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Singlish
Colloquial Singaporean English, better known as Singlish, is an English-based creole language spoken in Singapore.
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Sinhala slang
Sinhala slang is used by speakers of the Sinhala language in Sri Lanka, as well as many other Sinhala-speaking individuals.
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Sinhalese language
Sinhalese, known natively as Sinhala (සිංහල; siṁhala), is the native language of the Sinhalese people, who make up the largest ethnic group in Sri Lanka, numbering about 16 million.
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Siri Gunasinghe
Siri Gunasinghe (Sinhala: Siri Gunasingha; 18 February 1925 -25 May 2017) was a Sri Lankan academic, Sanskritist, art historian, author and film maker.
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Sociolect
In sociolinguistics, a sociolect or social dialect is a variety of language (a register) used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group or other social group.
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Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on language.
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Sociolinguistics research in India
Sociolinguistic research in India is the study of how the Indian society affects and is affected by the languages of the country.
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South Tyrolean dialect
South Tyrolean German (Südtirolerisch or Südtirolisch, in the local Upper German (Austro-Bavarian) vernacular also referred to as Südtiroulerisch oSîdtiroul(er)isch) is a dialect spoken in the northern Italian province of South Tyrol.
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Southern Thai language
Southern Thai (Southern Thai/Thai: ภาษาไทยถิ่นใต้), also known as Pak Thai (Southern Thai: ภาษาปักษ์ใต้) or Dambro (ภาษาตามโพร), is a Southwestern Tai language spoken in the fourteen provinces of southern Thailand as well as by small communities in the northernmost Malaysian states.
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Speech
Speech is the vocalized form of communication used by humans and some animals, which is based upon the syntactic combination of items drawn from the lexicon.
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Speech community
A speech community is a group of people who share a set of linguistic norms and expectations regarding the use of language.
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Sri Lankan Tamil dialects
The Sri Lankan Tamil dialects or Ceylon Tamil dialects form a group of Tamil dialects used in the modern country of Sri Lanka by Sri Lankan Tamil people that is distinct from the dialects of modern Tamil spoken in Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of India.
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Standard German
Standard German, High German or more precisely Standard High German (Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch, or in Swiss Schriftdeutsch) is the standardized variety of the German language used in formal contexts, and for communication between different dialect areas.
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Swiss German
Swiss German (Standard German: Schweizerdeutsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch Mundart,Because of the many different dialects, and because there is no defined orthography for any of them, many different spellings can be found. and others) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of Switzerland and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy bordering Switzerland.
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Swiss Standard German
Swiss Standard German (Schweizer Standarddeutsch), or Swiss High German (Schweizer Hochdeutsch or Schweizerhochdeutsch), referred to by the Swiss as Schriftdeutsch, or Hochdeutsch, is the written form of one of four official languages in Switzerland, besides French, Italian and Romansh.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Taiwanese Mandarin
Taiwanese Mandarin is a dialect of Chinese and the de facto official language of Taiwan.
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Tamil language
Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Burghers, Douglas, and Chindians.
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T–V distinction
In sociolinguistics, a T–V distinction (from the Latin pronouns tu and vos) is a contrast, within one language, between various forms of addressing one's conversation partner or partners that are specialized for varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity, age or insult toward the addressee.
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Telugu language
Telugu (తెలుగు) is a South-central Dravidian language native to India.
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Translanguaging
Translanguaging is the process whereby multilingual speakers utilize their languages as an integrated communication system.
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Tunisian Arabic
Tunisian Arabic, or Tunisian, is a set of dialects of Maghrebi Arabic spoken in Tunisia.
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Ursula Reutner
Ursula Reutner (born 6 October in Bayreuth) is a German linguist.
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Uruguayan Portuguese
Uruguayan Portuguese (português uruguaio), also known as fronteiriço and portunhol riverense, is a variety of Portuguese with influences from Spanish.
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Vajrasattva
Vajrasattva (Sanskrit: वज्रसत्त्व, Tibetan: རྡོ་རྗེ་སེམས་དཔའ། Dorje Sempa, short form is རྡོར་སེམས། Dorsem, Монгол: Доржсэмбэ) is a bodhisattva in the Mahayana, Mantrayana/Vajrayana Buddhist traditions.
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Valencian Community
The Valencian Community, or the Valencian Country, is an autonomous community of Spain.
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Valencian linguistic conflict
The Valencian linguistic conflict,, Anselm Bodoque also known as Valencian sociolinguist conflict, refers to the conflict between the use of the Spanish and Valencian language in Valencia.
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Valencian nationalism
Valencian nationalism (Nacionalisme valencià) or Valencianism (Valencianisme) is a political movement in the Land of Valencia, Spain.
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Varieties of Arabic
There are many varieties of Arabic (dialects or otherwise) in existence.
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Varieties of Modern Greek
The linguistic varieties of Modern Greek can be classified along two principal dimensions.
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Venetian language
Venetian or Venetan (Venetian: vèneto, vènet or łéngua vèneta) is a Romance language spoken as a native language by almost four million people in the northeast of Italy,Ethnologue.
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Vernacular
A vernacular, or vernacular language, is the language or variety of a language used in everyday life by the common people of a specific population.
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Written Chinese
Written Chinese comprises Chinese characters (汉字/漢字; pinyin: Hànzì, literally "Han characters") used to represent the Chinese language.
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Written language
A written language is the representation of a spoken or gestural language by means of a writing system.
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Wu Chinese
Wu (Shanghainese:; Suzhou dialect:; Wuxi dialect) is a group of linguistically similar and historically related varieties of Chinese primarily spoken in the whole Zhejiang province, city of Shanghai, and the southern half of Jiangsu province, as well as bordering areas.
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Zajal
Zajal (Arabic: زجل) is a traditional form of oral strophic poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect.
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Zürich
Zürich or Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich.
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Redirects here:
Diglossic, Diglossically, Diglossie, Diglossieverhaeltnis, Diglossieverhaltnis, Diglossieverhältnis, Diglossy, Endoglossia, Exoglossia, H variety, H-language, H-variety, High variety, L variety, L-language, L-variety, Linguistic duality, Low variety, Triglossia.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglossia
