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Endoplasmic reticulum

Index Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae. [1]

842 relations: AB5 toxin, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Achromatopsia, ACTH receptor, ACTR1B, Acyl-CoA thioesterase 9, Acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1, Adrenal gland, Adrenocortical hormone, AER, African swine fever virus, AGPAT1, AGPAT2, AGR2, Albert Claude, Alex B. Novikoff, ALG13, ALG14, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, Alpha solenoid, Alpha-1 antitrypsin, Amelogenesis, AMPA receptor, Amyloid beta, ANAVEX2-73, Andrew Dillin, Antigen, Antigen processing, Apelin, Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, Aromatase, Arsenic biochemistry, Arterial tortuosity syndrome, ARTS-1, Ascidiacea, Asparagine, ATF6, ATP2A3, Aureusidin synthase, Auriscalpium vulgare, Autophagosome, Auxin binding protein, Avian sarcoma leukosis virus, Axon terminal, B-cell receptor, B2-adapt-app C, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Benzoxazinone biosynthesis, Berkeley body, Bestrophin 1, ..., BET1, Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, Binding immunoglobulin protein, Biosynthesis, Bonnie Bartel, Bovine foamy virus, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Brefeldin A, Bulk movement, Bunyavirales, C-5 sterol desaturase, C-terminus, C16orf58, C3orf62, C6orf58, Calcium channel, Calcium imaging, Calcium in biology, Calcium metabolism, Calcium release activated channel, Calcium signaling, Calcium-induced calcium release, Calmegin, Calmodulin, Calnexin, Calreticulin, Calumenin, Canarypox, Carboxylesterase 1, Cardiolipin, CARKD, Casein kinase 1, Cathepsin B, Cathepsin E, Cavalier-Smith's system of classification, CCDC186, CCL18, CD4+ T cells and antitumor immunity, CD74, CDP-choline pathway, Ced-3, Cell (biology), Cell damage, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cell theory, Cell–cell interaction, Cellular compartment, Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1, Ceramide, Ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase, Ceramide synthase, Ceramide synthase 1, Ceramide synthase 3, Ceruloplasmin, CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, Chalcone synthase, Chaperone (protein), Charles Barlowe, Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, Chemical biology, Chemical synapse, CHILD syndrome, Chimeric antigen receptor, Chitin synthase, Chlorarachniophyte, Chloroplast, Chlorovirus, Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha-diol 3beta-dehydrogenase, Cholesterol, Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, Chondroitin sulfate, Chromium(III) picolinate, Chylomicron, CISD2, Cisterna, CKAP4, Clathrin adaptor protein, CLCC1, Cln3, CLRN1, Club cell, Coatomer, Coccolithophore, Coenzyme Q10, COL4A3BP, Collagen, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Congenital disorder of glycosylation, Congenital hypofibrinogenemia, Connexin, Connexon, COPI, Corpus albicans, Cortical granule, Cortical reaction, Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2, CPVL, Cranio–lenticulo–sutural dysplasia, Crohn's disease, Cross-presentation, Cryptomonad, CUTL1, CYB5R3, Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, Cyclotide, Cylindrospermopsin, Cymbidium mosaic virus, CYP17A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP26A1, CYP2A6, CYP2A7, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2J2, CYP39A1, CYP3A4, CYP4F22, CYP4F3, CYP7B1, CYP8B1, Cysteine, Cytoarchitecture, Cytochrome b5, type A, Cytochrome c, Cytochrome P450, Cytochrome P450 reductase, Cytokinesis, Cytokinin, Cytoplasm, Cytoplasmic inclusion, David D. 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Expand index (792 more) »

AB5 toxin

The AB5 toxins are six-component protein complexes secreted by certain pathogenic bacteria known to cause human diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA through its two catalytic activities, biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT).

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Achromatopsia

Achromatopsia (ACHM), also known as total color blindness, is a medical syndrome that exhibits symptoms relating to at least five conditions.

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ACTH receptor

The adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor or ACTH receptor also known as the melanocortin receptor 2 or MC2 receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor (type 2) which is specific for ACTH.

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ACTR1B

Beta-centractin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR1B gene.

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Acyl-CoA thioesterase 9

Acyl-CoA thioesterase 9 is a protein that is encoded by the human ACOT9 gene.

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Acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1

Acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1 (ALCAT1) is a polyglycerophospholipid acyltransferase of the endoplasmic reticulum which is primarily known for catalyzing the acylation of monolysocardiolipin back into cardiolipin, although it does catalyze the acylation of other polyglycerophospholipids.

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Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.

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Adrenocortical hormone

In humans and other animals, the adrenocortical hormones are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, the outer region of the adrenal gland.

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AER

AER or Aer may refer to.

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African swine fever virus

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF).

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AGPAT1

1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGPAT1 gene.

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AGPAT2

1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGPAT2 gene.

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AGR2

Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog (AGR-2), also known as secreted cement gland protein XAG-2 homolog, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AGR2 gene.

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Albert Claude

Albert Claude (24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian medical doctor and cell biologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade.

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Alex B. Novikoff

Alex Benjamin Novikoff (28 February 1913 – 9 January 1987) was an American biologist (born in Russian Empire)who is recognized for his pioneering works in the discoveries of cell organelles.

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ALG13

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase subunit ALG13 homolog, also known as asparagine-linked glycosylation 13 homolog, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALG13 gene.

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ALG14

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase subunit ALG14 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALG14 gene.

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Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or AATD) is a genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease.

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Alpha solenoid

An alpha solenoid (sometimes also known as an alpha horseshoe or as stacked pairs of alpha helices, abbreviated SPAH) is a protein fold composed of repeating alpha helix subunits, commonly helix-turn-helix motifs, arranged in antiparallel fashion to form a superhelix.

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Alpha-1 antitrypsin

Alpha-1-antitrypsin or α1-antitrypsin (A1AT, A1A, or AAT) is a protein belonging to the serpin superfamily.

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Amelogenesis

Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel on teeth and begins when the crown is forming during the advanced bell stage of tooth development after dentinogenesis, forms a first layer of dentine.

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AMPA receptor

The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Amyloid beta

Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer patients.

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ANAVEX2-73

ANAVEX2-73 is derived from aminotetrahydrofuran.

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Andrew Dillin

Andrew George Dillin is a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator and the Thomas and Stacey Siebel Distinguished Chair in Stem Cell Research at the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at Berkeley.

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Antigen

In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.

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Antigen processing

Antigen processing is an immunological process that prepares antigens for presentation to special cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes.

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Apelin

Apelin (also known as APLN) is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the APLN gene.

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Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase

Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, also known as ALOX5, 5-lipoxygenase, 5-LOX, or 5-LO, is a non-heme iron-containing enzyme (EC 1.13.11.34) that in humans is encoded by the ALOX5 gene.

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Aromatase

Aromatase, also called estrogen synthetase or estrogen synthase, is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens.

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Arsenic biochemistry

Arsenic biochemistry refers to biochemical processes that can use arsenic or its compounds, such as arsenate.

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Arterial tortuosity syndrome

Arterial tortuosity syndrome is a rare congenital connective tissue condition disorder characterized by elongation and generalized tortuosity of the major arteries including the aorta.

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ARTS-1

Type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor shedding aminopeptidase regulator, also known as endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ARTS-1), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ARTS-1 gene.

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Ascidiacea

Ascidiacea (commonly known as the ascidians or sea squirts) is a paraphyletic class in the subphylum Tunicata of sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders.

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Asparagine

Asparagine (symbol Asn or N), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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ATF6

Activating transcription factor 6, also known as ATF6, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF6 gene and is involved in the unfolded protein response.

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ATP2A3

Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP2A3 gene.

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Aureusidin synthase

Aureusidin synthase (AmAS1) is an enzyme with systematic name 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone 4'-O-beta-D-glucoside:oxygen oxidoreductase.

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Auriscalpium vulgare

Auriscalpium vulgare, commonly known as the pinecone mushroom, the cone tooth, or the ear-pick fungus, is a species of fungus in the family Auriscalpiaceae of the order Russulales.

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Autophagosome

An autophagosome is a spherical structure with double layer membranes.

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Auxin binding protein

In molecular biology, the auxin binding protein family is a family of proteins which bind auxin.

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Avian sarcoma leukosis virus

Avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV) is an endogenous retrovirus that infects and can lead to cancer in chickens; experimentally it can infect other species of birds and mammals.

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Axon terminal

Axon terminals (also called synaptic boutons or terminal boutons) are distal terminations of the telodendria (branches) of an axon.

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B-cell receptor

The B-cell receptor or BCR is composed of immunoglobulin molecules that form a type 1 transmembrane receptor protein usually located on the outer surface of a lymphocyte type known as B cells.

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B2-adapt-app C

The C-terminal domain of Beta2-adaptin is a protein domain is involved in cell trafficking by aiding import and export of substances in and out of the cell.

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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, also known as Bd or the amphibian chytrid fungus, is a fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis in amphibians.

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Benzoxazinone biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of benzoxazinone, a cyclic hydroxamate and a natural insecticide, has been well-characterized in maize and related grass species (Frey et al. 1997).

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Berkeley body

Berkeley bodies are organelles unique to the yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a secretory mutation in the genes sec7 and sec14.

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Bestrophin 1

Bestrophin-1 (Best1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BEST1 gene (RPD ID - 5T5N/4RDQ).

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BET1

BET1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BET1 gene.

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Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria

Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP) is a genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance that causes a cortical malformation.

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Binding immunoglobulin protein

Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) also known as 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78) or heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA5 gene.

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Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.

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Bonnie Bartel

Bonnie Bartel is an American geneticist and plant biologist.

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Bovine foamy virus

Bovine foamy virus (BFV) is a ss(+)RNA retrovirus that belongs to the genus spumaviridae.

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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene.

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Brefeldin A

Brefeldin A is a lactone antiviral produced by Eupenicillium brefeldianum.

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Bulk movement

In cell biology, bulk flow is the process by which proteins with a sorting signal travel to and from different cellular compartments.

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Bunyavirales

Bunyavirales is an order of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses.

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C-5 sterol desaturase

C-5 sterol desaturase (also known as sterol C-5 desaturase and C5SD) is an enzyme that is highly conserved among eukaryotes and catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a C-5(6) bond in a sterol intermediate compound as a step in the biosynthesis of major sterols.

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C-terminus

The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).

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C16orf58

Chromosome 16 open reading frame 58, or C16orf58, also known as FLJ13638 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C16orf58 gene.

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C3orf62

Chromosome 3 Open Reading Frame 62 (C3orf62), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C3orf62 gene.

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C6orf58

C6orf58 is a humangene located at locus 6q22.33 of chromosome 6 and encodes for UPF0762, a protein which is subsequently secreted after cleavage of a signal peptide.

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Calcium channel

A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions.

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Calcium imaging

Calcium imaging is a scientific technique usually carried out in research which is designed to show the calcium (Ca2+) status of an isolated cell, tissue or medium.

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Calcium in biology

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a vital role in the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell.

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Calcium metabolism

Calcium metabolism refers to the movements and regulation of calcium ions (Ca2+) into and out of various body compartments, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the blood plasma, the extracellular and the intracellular fluid, and bone tissue.

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Calcium release activated channel

Calcium release-activated channels (CRAC) are specialized plasma membrane Ca2+ ion channels.

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Calcium signaling

Calcium (Ca2+) ions are important for cellular signalling, as once they enter the cytosol of the cytoplasm they exert allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins.

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Calcium-induced calcium release

Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) describes a biological process whereby calcium is able to activate calcium release from intracellular Ca2+ stores (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum).

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Calmegin

Calmegin, also known as CLGN, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CLGN gene.

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Calmodulin

Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

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Calnexin

Calnexin (CNX) is a integral protein (that appears variously as a 90kDa, 80kDa, or 75kDa band on western blotting depending on the source of the antibody) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

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Calreticulin

Calreticulin also known as calregulin, CRP55, CaBP3, calsequestrin-like protein, and endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 60 (ERp60) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALR gene.

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Calumenin

Calumenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALU gene.

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Canarypox

Canarypox virus (CNPV) is an Avipoxvirus and etiologic agent of canarypox, a disease of wild and captive birds that can cause significant losses.

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Carboxylesterase 1

Liver carboxylesterase 1 also known as carboxylesterase 1 (CES1, hCE-1 or CES1A1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CES1 gene.

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Cardiolipin

Cardiolipin (IUPAC name "1,3-bis(sn-3’-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol") is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition.

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CARKD

Carbohydrate kinase domain containing protein (abbreviated as CARKD), encoded by CARKD gene, is a human protein of unknown function.

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Casein kinase 1

The Casein kinase 1 family of protein kinases are serine/threonine-selective enzymes that function as regulators of signal transduction pathways in most eukaryotic cell types.

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Cathepsin B

Cathepsin B is in humans encoded by the CTSB gene.

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Cathepsin E

Cathepsin E is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTSE gene.

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Cavalier-Smith's system of classification

The classification system of life introduced by British zoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith involves systematic arrangements of all life forms on earth.

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CCDC186

CCDC186 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC186 gene The CCDC186 gene is also known as the CTCL-tumor associated antigen with accession number NM_018017.

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CCL18

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family.

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CD4+ T cells and antitumor immunity

Understanding of the antitumor immunity role of CD4+ T cells has grown substantially since the late 1990s.

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CD74

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain also known as HLA-DR antigens-associated invariant chain or CD74 (Cluster of Differentiation 74), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD74 gene.

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CDP-choline pathway

The CDP-choline pathway, first identified by Eugene Kennedy in 1956, is the predominant mechanism by which mammalian cells synthesize phosphatidylcholine (PC) for incorporation into membranes or lipid-derived signalling molecules.

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Ced-3

Ced-3 is one of the major protein components of the programmed cell death (PCD) pathway for Caenorhabditis elegans.

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Cell damage

Cell injury is a variety or changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well internal environmental changes, is also known as Cell Injury.

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

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Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Cell theory

In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Cell–cell interaction

Cell–cell interaction refers to the direct interactions between cell surfaces that play a crucial role in the development and function of multicellular organisms.

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Cellular compartment

Cellular compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane.

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Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1

cIAP1 (also named BIRC2) is the abbreviation for a human protein, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1.

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Ceramide

Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules.

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Ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase

In enzymology, a ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase (EC 2.7.8.-) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) is a sphingolipid consisted of a ceramide and a phosphoethanolamine head group.

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Ceramide synthase

Ceramide synthases (CerS) are integral membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum that catalyze the synthesis of ceramide.

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Ceramide synthase 1

Ceramide synthase 1 also known as LAG1 longevity assurance homolog 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CERS1 gene.

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Ceramide synthase 3

Ceramide synthase 3 (CersS3), also known as longevity assurance homologue 3, is an enzyme that is encoded in humans by the CERS3 gene.

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Ceruloplasmin

Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.

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CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway

The cGAS–STING pathway is a component of the innate immune system that functions to detect the presence of cytosolic DNA and, in response, trigger expression of inflammatory genes.

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Chalcone synthase

Chalcone synthase or naringenin-chalcone synthase (CHS) is an enzyme ubiquitous to higher plants and belongs to a family of polyketide synthase enzymes (PKS) known as type III PKS.

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Chaperone (protein)

In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.

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Charles Barlowe

Charles K. Barlowe is a professor of Biochemistry at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, where he studies intracellular trafficking, in order to clarify the biological mechanisms by which cells control the transport of proteins and lipids.

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Chédiak–Higashi syndrome

Chédiak–Higashi syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that arises from a mutation of a lysosomal trafficking regulator protein, which leads to a decrease in phagocytosis.

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Chemical biology

Chemical biology is a scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry and biology.

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Chemical synapse

Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be exchanged to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.

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CHILD syndrome

Congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects (also known as "CHILD syndrome") is a genetic disorder with onset at birth seen almost exclusively in females.

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Chimeric antigen receptor

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs, also known as chimeric immunoreceptors, chimeric T cell receptors or artificial T cell receptors) are engineered receptors that combine a new specificity with an immune cell to target cancer cells.

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Chitin synthase

In enzymology, a chitin synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and 1,4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)n, whereas its two products are UDP and 1,4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)n+1.

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Chlorarachniophyte

The chlorarachniophytes are a small group of algae occasionally found in tropical oceans.

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Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.

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Chlorovirus

Chlorovirus, also known as Chlorella virus, is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA viruses, in the family ''Phycodnaviridae''.

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Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha-diol 3beta-dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a cholest-5-ene-3β,7α-diol 3β-dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cholest-5-ene-3β,7α-diol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, NADH, and H+.

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Cholesterol

Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule.

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Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase

In enzymology, a cholesterol 24-hydroxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 4 substrates of this enzyme are cholesterol, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are (24S)-24-hydroxycholesterol, NADP+, and H2O.

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Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase

Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase also known as cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase or cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP7A1 gene which has an important role in cholesterol metabolism.

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Chondroitin sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid).

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Chromium(III) picolinate

Chromium(III) picolinate (CrPic3) is a chemical compound sold as a nutritional supplement to treat type 2 diabetes and promote weight loss.

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Chylomicron

Chylomicrons (from the Greek χυλός, chylos, meaning juice (of plants or animals), and micron, meaning small particle) are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%).

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CISD2

CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CISD2 gene.

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Cisterna

A cisterna (plural cisternae) is a flattened membrane disk of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

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CKAP4

Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CKAP4 gene.

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Clathrin adaptor protein

Clathrin adaptor proteins, also known as adaptins, are vesicular transport adaptor proteins associated with clathrin.

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CLCC1

Chloride channel CLIC-like 1 also known as CLCC1 is a human gene.

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Cln3

G1/S-specific cyclin Cln3 is a protein that is encoded by the CLN3 gene.

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CLRN1

Clarin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLRN1 gene.

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Club cell

Club cells, also known as bronchiolar exocrine cells, and originally known as Clara cells, are dome-shaped cells with short microvilli, found in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs.

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Coatomer

The coatomer is a protein complex that coats membrane-bound transport vesicles.

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Coccolithophore

A coccolithophore (or coccolithophorid, from the adjective) is a unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton (alga).

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Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, coenzyme Q, and abbreviated at times to CoQ10, CoQ, or Q10 is a coenzyme that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria (hence the name ubiquinone).

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COL4A3BP

Collagen type IV alpha-3-binding protein, also known as ceramide transfer protein (CERT) or StAR-related lipid transfer protein 11 (STARD11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL4A3BP gene.

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Collagen

Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency is an uncommon form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting from a defect in the gene CYP17A1, which encodes for the enzyme 17α-hydroxylase.

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OH CAH), in all its forms, accounts for over 95% of diagnosed cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and "CAH" in most contexts refers to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

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Congenital disorder of glycosylation

A congenital disorder of glycosylation (previously called carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome) is one of several rare inborn errors of metabolism in which glycosylation of a variety of tissue proteins and/or lipids is deficient or defective.

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Congenital hypofibrinogenemia

Congenital hypofibrinogenemia is a rare disorder in which one of the two genes responsible for producing fibrinogen, a critical blood clotting factor, is unable to make a functional fibrinogen glycoprotein because of an inherited mutation.

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Connexin

Connexins (Cx), or gap junction proteins, are structurally related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions.

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Connexon

In biology, a connexon, also known as a connexin hemichannel, is an assembly of six proteins called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells.

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COPI

COPI is a coatomer, a protein complex that coats vesicles transporting proteins from the cis end of the Golgi complex back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they were originally synthesized, and between Golgi compartments.

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Corpus albicans

The corpus albicans (Latin for "whitening body"; also known as atretic corpus luteum, corpus candicans, or simply as albicans) is the regressed form of the corpus luteum.

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Cortical granule

Cortical granules are regulatory secretory organelles (ranging from 0.2 um to 0.6 um in diameter) found within oocytes and are most associated with polyspermy prevention after the event of fertilization.

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Cortical reaction

The cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization by the release of cortical granules from the egg, which prevents polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg.

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Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2

Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) is a protein, also known by the IUPHAR-recommended name CRF2, that is encoded by the CRHR2 gene and occurs on the surfaces of some mammalian cells.

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CPVL

Probable serine carboxypeptidase CPVL is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPVL gene.

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Cranio–lenticulo–sutural dysplasia

Cranio–lenticulo–sutural dysplasia (CLSD, or Boyadjiev-Jabs syndrome) is a neonatal/infancy disease caused by a disorder in the 14th chromosome.

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Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus.

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Cross-presentation

Cross-presentation is the ability of certain antigen-presenting cells to take up, process and present extracellular antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells (cytotoxic T cells).

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Cryptomonad

The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes) are a group of algae, most of which have plastids.

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CUTL1

Cux1 (CUTL1, CDP, CDP/Cux) is a homeodomain protein that in humans is encoded by the CUX1 gene.

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CYB5R3

NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYB5R3 gene.

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Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS, cGAMP synthase), belonging to the nucleotidyltransferase family, is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type-I interferon pathway.

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Cyclotide

Cyclotides are small disulfide rich peptides isolated from plants.

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Cylindrospermopsin

Cylindrospermopsin (abbreviated to CYN, or CYL) is a cyanotoxin produced by a variety of freshwater cyanobacteria.

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Cymbidium mosaic virus

Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Alphaflexiviridae.

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CYP17A1

Cytochrome P450 17A1, also called steroid 17α-monooxygenase, 17α-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, or 17,20-desmolase, is an enzyme of the hydroxylase type that in humans is encoded by the CYP17A1 gene on chromosome 10.

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CYP1A2

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (abbreviated CYP1A2), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body.

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CYP1B1

Cytochrome P450 1B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP1B1 gene.

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CYP26A1

Cytochrome P450 26A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP26A1 gene.

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CYP2A6

Cytochrome P450 2A6 (abbreviated CYP2A6) is a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body.

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CYP2A7

CYP2A7 (cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A, polypeptide 7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2A7 gene.

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CYP2B6

Cytochrome P450 2B6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2B6 gene.

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CYP2C19

Cytochrome P450 2C19 (abbreviated CYP2C19) is an enzyme.

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CYP2J2

Cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP2J2 gene.

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CYP39A1

CYP39A1 (cytochrome P450, family 39, subfamily A, polypeptide 1) also known as oxysterol 7-α-hydroxylase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP39A1 gene.

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CYP3A4

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine.

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CYP4F22

CYP4F22 (cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 22) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F22 gene.

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CYP4F3

Leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP4F3 gene.

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CYP7B1

25-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase also known as oxysterol and steroid 7-alpha-hydroxylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP7B1 gene.

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CYP8B1

CYP8B1 (cytochrome P450, family 8, subfamily B, polypeptide 1) also known as sterol 12-alpha-hydroxylase is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CYP8B1 gene.

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Cysteine

Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.

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Cytoarchitecture

Cytoarchitecture (Greek κύτος.

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Cytochrome b5, type A

Cytochrome b5, form A (gene name CYB5A), is a human microsomal cytochrome b5.

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Cytochrome c

The cytochrome complex, or cyt c is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

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Cytochrome P450

Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are proteins of the superfamily containing heme as a cofactor and, therefore, are hemoproteins.

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Cytochrome P450 reductase

Cytochrome P450 reductase (also known as NADPH:ferrihemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:hemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase, P450 reductase, POR, CPR, CYPOR) is a membrane-bound enzyme required for electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome P450 in the endoplasmic reticulum of the eukaryotic cell.

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Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.

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Cytokinin

Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.

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Cytoplasm

In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.

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Cytoplasmic inclusion

Cytoplasmic inclusions are diverse intracellularShively, J. M. (ed.). (2006).

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David D. Sabatini

David Domingo Sabatini is an Argentine-American cell biologist and the Frederick L. Ehrman Professor Emeritus of Cell Biology in the Department of Cell Biology at New York University School of Medicine, which he chaired from 1972 to 2011.

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David Ron

David Ron MD FRS FMedSci is a Professor of Cellular Pathophysiology and Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge where he is also a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow.

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David Thomas (Canadian scientist)

David Thomas is the Chair of Biochemistry at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Döhle bodies

Döhle bodies are light blue-gray, oval, basophilic, leukocyte inclusions located in the peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils.

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DCTN1

Dynactin subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCTN1 gene.

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DDOST

Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide—protein glycosyltransferase 48 kDa subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDOST gene.

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Dehydroascorbic acid

Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) is an oxidized form of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

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Dementia with Lewy bodies

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia accompanied by changes in behavior, cognition and movement.

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Dendritic spine

A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse.

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Dengue fever

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus.

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Derlin-1

Derlin-1 also known as degradation in endoplasmic reticulum protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DERL1 gene.

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Dermal fibroblast

Dermal fibroblasts are cells within the dermis layer of skin which are responsible for generating connective tissue and allowing the skin to recover from injury.

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DHRS1

Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 1, also known as Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 19C member 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DHRS1 gene located on chromosome 14.

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Diabetic foot ulcer

Diabetic foot ulcer is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, and probably the major component of the diabetic foot.

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DiOC6

DiOC6 (3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide) is a fluorescent dye used for the staining of a cell's endoplasmic reticulum, vesicle membranes and mitochondria.

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Disc shedding

Disc shedding is the process by which photoreceptors in the eye are renewed.

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Discovery and development of NS5A inhibitors

Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitors belong to a class of antiviral drugs called protease inhibitors.

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Disulfide

In chemistry, a disulfide refers to a functional group with the structure R−S−S−R′.

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DLG1

Discs large homolog 1 (DLG1), also known as synapse-associated protein 97 or SAP97, is a scaffold protein that in humans is encoded by the SAP97 gene.

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DNA damage-inducible transcript 3

DNA damage-inducible transcript 3, also known as C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), is a pro-apoptotic transcription factor that is encoded by the DDIT3 gene.

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DNA vaccination

DNA vaccination is a technique for protecting against disease by injection with genetically engineered DNA so cells directly produce an antigen, producing a protective immunological response.

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DNAJC3

DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAJC3 gene.

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Dolichol

Dolichol refers to any of a group of long-chain mostly unsaturated organic compounds that are made up of varying numbers of isoprene units terminating in an α-saturated isoprenoid group, containing an alcohol functional group.

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Dolichol kinase

In enzymology, a dolichol kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are CTP and dolichol, whereas its two products are CDP and dolichyl phosphate.

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Dolipore septum

Dolipore septa are specialized dividing walls between cells (septa) found in almost all species of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota.

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DOPEY2

DOPEY2 is a human gene located just above the Down Syndrome chromosomal region (DSCR) located at 21p22.2 sub-band.

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Downregulation and upregulation

In the biological context of organisms' production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus.

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DPAGT1

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DPAGT1 gene.

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DPM2

Dolichol phosphate-mannose biosynthesis regulatory protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DPM2 gene.

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DPM3

dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase polypeptide 3, also known as DPM3, is a human gene.

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Dragonfly

A dragonfly is an insect belonging to the order Odonata, infraorder Anisoptera (from Greek ἄνισος anisos, "uneven" and πτερόν pteron, "wing", because the hindwing is broader than the forewing).

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Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.

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Drug metabolism

Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.

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DSE (gene)

Dermatan-sulfate epimerase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DSE gene.

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Dyadic space (cell biology)

The dyadic space is the name for the volume of cytoplasm between pairs (dyads) of areas where the cell membrane and an organelle such as the endoplasmic reticulum (or sarcoplasmic reticulum) come into close contact (within 10-12 nanometers) of each other, creating what are known as dyadic clefts.

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Dynein

Dynein is a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells.

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Dysfibrinogenemia

The dysfibrinogenemias consist of three types of fibrinogen disorders in which a critical blood clotting factor, fibrinogen, circulates at normal levels but is dysfunctional.

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E1 (HCV)

E1 is one of two subunits of the envelope glycoprotein found in the hepatitis C virus.

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EF-Tu receptor

EF-Tu receptor, abbreviated as EFR, is a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that binds to the prokaryotic protein EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable) in Arabidopsis thaliana.

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EIF2AK3

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, also known as protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK3 gene.

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EIF2S1

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (eIF2α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF2S1 gene.

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Endoglycosidase H

The enzyme Endoglycosidase H (Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, N,N'-diacetylchitobiosyl beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglucosamidase, di-N-acetylchitobiosyl beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, endo-beta-acetylglucosaminidase, endo-beta-(1->4)-N-acetylglucosaminidase, mannosyl-glycoprotein 1,4-N-acetamidodeoxy-beta-D-glycohydrolase, endoglycosidase S, endo-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, endo-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase L, glycopeptide-D-mannosyl-4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)2-asparagine 1,4-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminohydrolase, endoglycosidase H) is an enzyme with systematic name glycopeptide-D-mannosyl-N4-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)2-asparagine 1,4-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminohydrolase.

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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell.

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Endomorphin

Endomorphins are natural opioid neurotransmitters central to pain relief.

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Endoplasm

Endoplasm generally refers to the inner (often granulated), dense part of a cell's cytoplasm.

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Endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex

The endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) is a putative endoplasmic reticulum-resident membrane protein (co-)chaperone.

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Endoplasmic reticulum stress in beta cells

Beta cells are heavily engaged in the synthesis and secretion of insulin.

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Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation

Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) designates a cellular pathway which targets misfolded proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by a protein-degrading complex, called the proteasome.

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Enterocyte

Enterocytes, or intestinal absorptive cells, are simple columnar epithelial cells found in the small intestine.

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Env (gene)

Env is a viral gene that encodes the protein forming the viral envelope.

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Envelope glycoprotein GP120

Envelope glycoprotein GP120 (or gp120) is a glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Eos (protein)

EosFP is a photoactivatable green to red fluorescent protein.

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EPHX1

Epoxide hydrolase 1 is an enzyme encoded by the EPHX1 gene in humans.

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Epoxide hydrolase

Epoxide hydrolases (EH's), also known as epoxide hydratases, are enzymes that metabolize compounds that contain an epoxide residue; they convert this residue to two hydroxyl residues through a dihydroxylation reaction to form diol products.

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Epoxygenase

Epoxygenases are a set of membrane-bound, heme-containing cytochrome P450 (CYP P450 or just CYP) enzymes that metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids to epoxide products that have a range of biological activities.

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Equine foamy virus

Equine foamy virus (EFV) is a single-stranded RNA-RT virus and a member of the genus Spumavirus, which is otherwise known as foamy virus (FV).

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ER

ER or Er may refer to.

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ER oxidoreductin

ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1) is an oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyses the formation and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotes.

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ER retention

ER retention refers to proteins that are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER, after folding; these are known as ER resident proteins.

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ERAP2

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERAP2 gene.

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ERp27

ERp27 (Endoplasmic Reticulum protein 27.7 kDa) is a homologue of PDI (protein disulfide-isomerase), localised to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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ERP29

Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) is a chaperone protein that in humans is encoded by the ERP29 gene.

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Eukaryote

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).

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Exoenzyme

An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside of that cell.

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FAM210B

FAM210B is a gene that which in Homo sapiens encodes the protein FAM210B.

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FAM214A

Protein FAM214A, also known as protein family with sequence similarity 214, A (FAM214A) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FAM214A gene.

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FAM234A

FAM234A is a protein-coding gene whose full name is family with sequence similarity 234 member A. The gene is also known as ITFG3, gs19, and C16orf9.

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FAM69C

Family with sequence similarity 69, member C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM69C gene.

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Familial hypercholesterolemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by high cholesterol levels, specifically very high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, "bad cholesterol"), in the blood and early cardiovascular disease.

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Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase

Squalene synthase (SQS) or farnesyl-diphosphate:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase is an enzyme localized to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm, a type of helminth) of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes.

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Fat storage-Inducing transmembrane Protein 2

Fat storage-Inducing transmembrane Protein 2 (FIT2) affects the formation of triglyceride lipid droplets (LD).

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Fatty acid

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.

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Fatty acid metabolism

Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).

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Fatty acid synthesis

Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases.

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Fatty acyl-CoA esters

Fatty acyl-CoA esters are fatty acid derivatives formed of one fatty acid, a 3'-phospho-AMP linked to phosphorylated pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) and cysteamine.

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FFAT motif

A FFAT motif (FFAT being an acronym for two phenylalanines (FF) in an Acidic Tract) is a protein sequence motif of six defined amino acids plus neighbouring residues that binds to proteins in the VAP protein family.

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Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen (factor I) is a glycoprotein that in vertebrates circulates in the blood.

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Fibroblast

A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.

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Fibrocyte

A fibrocyte is an inactive mesenchymal cell, that is, a cell showing minimal cytoplasm, limited amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and lacks biochemical evidence of protein synthesis.

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Finnish Hound

The Finnish Hound (suomenajokoira, Finnish Bracke) is a breed of dog originally bred for hunting hare and fox.

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FIS1

Mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FIS1 gene on chromosome 7.

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FITM2

Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FITM2 gene.

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FKBP10

FK506-binding protein 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FKBP10 gene.

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FKBP2

FK506-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FKBP2 gene.

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FKBP7

FK506 binding protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FKBP7 gene.

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Flavin-containing monooxygenase

The flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) protein family specializes in the oxidation of xeno-substrates in order to facilitate the excretion of these compounds from living organisms.

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Flavivirus

Flavivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae.

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Foam cell

Foam cells are the fat-laden M2 macrophages that serve as the hallmark of early stage atherosclerotic lesion formation.

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Forisome

Forisomes are proteins occurring in the sieve tubes of Fabaceae.

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Formylglycine-generating enzyme

Formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) is the name for an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cysteine to formylglycine (fGly).

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Franz Nissl

Franz Alexander Nissl (9 September 1860, Frankenthal – 11 August 1919, Munich) was a German psychiatrist and medical researcher.

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Free fatty acid receptor 1

Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1), also known as GPR40, is a class A G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the FFAR1 gene.

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Fucosyltransferase

A fucosyltransferase is an enzyme that transfers an L-fucose sugar from a GDP-fucose (guanosine diphosphate-fucose) donor substrate to an acceptor substrate.

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G beta-gamma complex

The G beta-gamma complex (Gβγ) is a tightly bound dimeric protein complex, composed of one Gβ and one Gγ subunit, and is a component of heterotrimeric G proteins.

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G protein–coupled receptor

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.

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G6PC3

Glucose-6-phosphatase 3, also known as glucose-6-phosphatase beta, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the G6PC3 gene.

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Galactokinase deficiency

Galactokinase deficiency, also known as Galactosemia type 2 or GALK deficiency, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder marked by an accumulation of galactose and galactitol secondary to the decreased conversion of galactose to galactose-1-phosphate by galactokinase.

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Galactosemic cataract

A galactosemic cataract is cataract which is associated with the consequences of galactosemia.

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Gamma secretase

Gamma secretase is a multi-subunit protease complex, itself an integral membrane protein, that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins at residues within the transmembrane domain.

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Gastric chief cell

A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase and is the cell responsible for secretion of chymosin in ruminants.

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Gökhan S. Hotamisligil

Gökhan S. Hotamisligil (born June 24, 1962) is a Turkish-American physician scientist; James Stevens Simmons Professor of Genetics and Metabolism; chair of the Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (HSPH); director of the Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research and associate member of Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute and the Joslin Diabetes Center.

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GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1

GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT-1) is an enzyme belonging to the O-Fuc family of proteins all are involved in the transferring of o-fucose from GDP-β-L-fucose to substrates.

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GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 2

GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2) is an enzyme responsible for adding fucose sugars in O linkage to serine or threonine residues in Thrombospondin repeats.

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Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.

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Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus

Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is a syndromic autosomal dominant disorder where afflicted individuals can exhibit numerous epilepsy phenotypes.

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George Emil Palade

George Emil Palade ForMemRS HonFRMS (November 19, 1912 – October 8, 2008) was a Romanian-American cell biologist.

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Ger

Ger or GER may refer to.

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GHITM

Growth hormone-inducible transmembrane protein (GHITM), also known as transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing protein 5 (TMBIM5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GHITM gene on chromosome 10.

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Gibberellin

Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development and leaf and fruit senescence.

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Globodera tabacum

Globodera tabacum, commonly known as a tobacco cyst nematode, is a plant parasitic nematode that mainly infests the tobacco plant, but also plants in Solanaceae family.

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Glossary of biology

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of genetics

This is a glossary of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of genetics and related disciplines in biology.

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Glucocerebrosidase

β-Glucocerebrosidase (also called acid β-glucosidase, D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, or GCase) is an enzyme with glucosylceramidase activity that is needed to cleave, by hydrolysis, the beta-glucosidic linkage of the chemical glucocerebroside, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism that is abundant in cell membranes (particularly skin cells).

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Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

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Glucose 6-phosphatase

Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate, resulting in the creation of a phosphate group and free glucose.

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Glucose transporter

Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane.

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Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), alternatively known as phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) or phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GPI gene on chromosome 19.

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Glucose-6-phosphate translocase

Glucose-6-Phosphate Translocase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SLC37A4 gene.

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Glucose-regulated protein

Glucose-regulated protein is a protein in the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell.

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Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.

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Glycan

The terms glycan and polysaccharide are defined by IUPAC as synonyms meaning "compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically".

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (abbreviated as GAPDH or less commonly as G3PDH) is an enzyme of ~37kDa that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules.

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Glycogen storage disease type I

Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) or von Gierke disease, is the most common of the glycogen storage diseases.

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Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.

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Glycosaminoglycan

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit.

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Glycoside hydrolase

Glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars.

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Glycoside hydrolase family 92

In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 92 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.

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Glycosome

The glycosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle that contains the glycolytic enzymes.

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Glycosylation

Glycosylation (see also chemical glycosylation) is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor).

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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, or glycophosphatidylinositol, or GPI in short, is a glycolipid that can be attached to the C-terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification.

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GnRH Neuron

GnRH neurons, or Gonadotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons, are the cells in the brain that control the release of reproductive hormones from the pituitary.

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Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

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GOLM1

Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) also known as Golgi phosphoprotein 2 or Golgi membrane protein GP73 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOLM1 gene.

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GOSR1

Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOSR1 gene.

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GPER

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene.

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Gq alpha subunit

Gq protein (Gαq, or Gq/11) is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that activates phospholipase C (PLC).

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GRASP65

Golgi reassembly-stacking protein of 65 kDa (GRASP65) also known as Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 (GORASP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GORASP1 gene.

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GRIA2

Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 (ionotropic glutamate receptor 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIA2 (or GLUR2) gene.

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Ground glass hepatocyte

In liver pathology, a ground glass hepatocyte, abbreviated GGH, is a liver parenchymal cell with a flat hazy and uniformly dull appearing cytoplasm on light microscopy.

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Growth hormone–releasing hormone

Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as somatocrinin or by several other names in its endogenous forms and as somatorelin (INN) in its pharmaceutical form, is a releasing hormone of growth hormone (GH).

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GSTK1

Glutathione S-transferase kappa 1 (GSTK1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTK1 gene which is located on chromosome seven.

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Hac1 Xbp1 intron

The Hac1 Xbp1 intron is a non-canonical intron, spliced from bZIP-containing genes called HAC1 in Fungi and XBP1 in Metazoa.

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Halorhodopsin

Halorhodopsin is a light-gated ion pump, specific for chloride ions, found in archaea, known as halobacteria.

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Harvey Lodish

Harvey F. Lodish (born November 16, 1941) is a molecular and cell biologist, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Founding Member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, and lead author of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology.

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HBx

HBx is a hepatitis B viral protein.

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HCT116 cells

HCT116 is a human colon cancer cell line used in therapeutic research and drug screenings.

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Heat Biologics

Heat Biologics Inc.

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Heat shock protein

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions.

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Heparan sulfate

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide found in all animal tissues.

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Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B virus, abbreviated HBV, is a double stranded DNA virus, a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus, and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses.

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Hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae.

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Hepatocyte

A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver.

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Hepatotoxicity

Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage.

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Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN I) or hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSN I) is a group of autosomal dominant inherited neurological diseases that affect the peripheral nervous system particularly on the sensory and autonomic functions.

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Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans.

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Heterokont

The heterokonts or stramenopiles (formally, Heterokonta or Stramenopiles) are a major line of eukaryotes currently containing more than 25,000 known species.

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Hexosaminidase

Hexosaminidase (beta-acetylaminodeoxyhexosidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase, N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase, N-acetyl hexosaminidase, beta-hexosaminidase, beta-acetylhexosaminidinase, beta-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase, beta-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, hexosaminidase A, N-acetylhexosaminidase, beta-D-hexosaminidase) is an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of terminal N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminides.

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HINT2

Histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 2 (HINT2) is a mitochondrial protein that in humans is encoded by the HINT2 gene on chromosome 9.

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Histology

Histology, also microanatomy, is the study of the anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals using microscopy.

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HIV

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

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HLA-A

HLA-A is a group of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) that are coded for by the HLA-A locus, which is located at human chromosome 6p21.3.

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HLA-B27

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27 (subtypes B*2701-2759) is a class I surface antigen encoded by the B locus in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 and presents antigenic peptides (derived from self and non-self antigens) to T cells.

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HLA-E

HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E (HLA-E) also known as MHC class I antigen E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-E gene.

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HLA-F

HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-F gene.

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HM13

Minor histocompatibility antigen H13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HM13 gene.

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HMG-CoA reductase

HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, officially abbreviated HMGCR) is the rate-controlling enzyme (NADH-dependent,; NADPH-dependent) of the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and other isoprenoids.

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HSD17B10

17-β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase X (HSD10) also known as 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 is a mitochondrial enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HSD17B10 (hydroxysteroid (17β) dehydrogenase 10) gene.

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Hsp27

Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) also known as heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPB1 gene.

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Hsp70

The 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (Hsp70s or DnaK) are a family of conserved ubiquitously expressed heat shock proteins.

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Hsp90

Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) is a chaperone protein that assists other proteins to fold properly, stabilizes proteins against heat stress, and aids in protein degradation.

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HSP90B1

Heat shock protein 90kDa beta member 1 (HSP90B1), known also as endoplasmin, gp96, grp94, or ERp99, is a chaperone protein that in humans is encoded by the HSP90B1 gene.

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Hugh Pelham

Sir Hugh Reginald Brentnall Pelham, (born 1954) is a cell biologist who has contributed to our understanding of the body's response to rises in temperature through the synthesis of heat shock proteins.

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Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W

Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W (HERV-W) makes up about 1% of the human genome and is part of a superfamily of repetitive and transposable elements.

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Human foamy virus

Human foamy virus (HFV) is a retrovirus and specifically belongs to the genus Spumavirus.

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Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor

Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR), also known as RHAMM (Receptor for Hyaluronan Mediated Motility) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HMMR gene.

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Hydroxyproline

(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxyproline, or L-hydroxyproline (C5H9O3N), is a common non-proteinogenic amino acid, abbreviated as Hyp, e.g., in Protein Data Bank.

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IDH1

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IDH1 gene on chromosome 2.

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IGSF1

Immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 is a plasma membrane glycoprotein encoded by the IGSF1 gene, which maps to the X chromosome in humans and other mammalian species.

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Immunoevasin

Immunoevasins are proteins expressed by some viruses that enable the virus to evade immune recognition by preventing the appearance of peptide on MHC I complexes on the infected cell.

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Immunogenic cell death

Immunogenic cell death or immunogenic apoptosis is a form of cell death caused by some cytostatic agents such as anthracyclines, oxaliplatin and bortezomib, or radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT).

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Imperatoxin

Imperatoxin I (IpTx) is a peptide toxin derived from the venom of the African scorpion Pandinus imperator.

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Inclusion body myositis

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common inflammatory muscle disease in older adults.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of biology articles

Biology is the study of life and its processes.

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Index of genetics articles

Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.

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INF2

Inverted formin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INF2 gene.

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Infected cell protein 47

Infected cell protein 47 also ICP-47 or ICP47 is a protein secreted by the viruses such as Herpes simplex virus and Cytomegalovirus that allows them to evade the human immune system's CD8 T-cell response.

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Inner nuclear membrane protein

Inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins are proteins that are embedded in or associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope (NE).

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Inositol trisphosphate

Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (also commonly known as triphosphoinositol; abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3), together with diacylglycerol (DAG), is a secondary messenger molecule used in signal transduction and lipid signaling in biological cells.

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Inositol trisphosphate receptor

Inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca2+ channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3).

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Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase

Inositol (1,4,5) Trisphosphate-3- Kinase is an enzyme that facilitates a phospho-group transfer from ATP to 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.

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INSIG2

Insulin induced gene 2, also known as INSIG2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INSIG2 gene.

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Insulin

Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.

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Insulin oscillation

The insulin concentration in blood increases after meals and gradually returns to basal levels during the next 1–2 hours.

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Insulin-induced gene 1 protein

Insulin induced gene 1, also known as INSIG1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the INSIG1 gene.

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Interferon-inducible GTPase

In molecular biology, the interferon-inducible GTPase (IIGP) family of proteins is thought to play a role in intracellular defence.

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Interleukin 15

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2).

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Interleukin-1 family

The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults.

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Intrabody (protein)

In molecular biology, an intrabody (from intracellular and antibody) is an antibody that works within the cell to bind to an intracellular protein.

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Intracellular receptor

Intracellular receptors are receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane.

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Intracellular transport

Intracellular transport is the movement of vesicles and substances within the cell.

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Intramembranous ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the gnathostome (excluding chondrichthyans such as sharks) skeletal system by which rudimentary bone tissue is created.

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Ion channel

Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.

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IRGs

Immunity Related Guanosine Triphosphatases or IRGs are proteins activated as part of an early immune response.

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Ischemic cell death

"Ischemic cell death", or "Oncosis", is a form of accidental cell death.

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Istaroxime

Istaroxime is an investigational drug originally patented and developed by the Italian pharmaceutical company Sigma-Tau.

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ITPR3

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 3, also known as ITPR3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ITPR3 gene.

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ΔF508

ΔF508 (Delta-F508, full name CFTRΔF508 or F508del-CFTR) is a specific mutation within the gene for a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).

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Japanese encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).

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JPH2

Junctophilin 2, also known as JPH2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the JPH2 gene.

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Junctional epithelium

The junctional epithelium (JE) is that epithelium which lies at, and in health also defines, the base of the gingival sulcus.

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JUNQ and IPOD

JUNQ and IPOD are types of cytosolic protein inclusion bodies in eukaryotes.

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K-Strophanthidin

k-Strophanthidin is a cardenolide found in species of the genus Strophanthus.

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KDEL (amino acid sequence)

KDEL is a target peptide sequence in the amino acid structure of a protein which prevents the protein from being secreted from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and facilitates its return if it is accidentally exported.

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KDELR1

KDEL (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) endoplasmic reticulum protein retention receptor 1, also known as KDELR1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the KDELR1 gene.

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Keith R. Porter

Keith Roberts Porter (June 11, 1912 – May 2, 1997) was a Canadian-American cell biologist.

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KIFAP3

Kinesin-associated protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIFAP3 (also known as KAP3) gene.

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Killer yeast

A killer yeast is a yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is able to secrete one of a number of toxic proteins which are lethal to susceptible cells.

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Kingdom (biology)

In biology, kingdom (Latin: regnum, plural regna) is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain.

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KKXX (amino acid sequence)

KKXX and for some proteins XKXX is a target peptide motif located in the C terminus in the amino acid structure of a protein responsible for retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane proteins from the Golgi apparatus.

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L-type lectin domain

In molecular biology the L-like lectin domain is a protein domain found in lectins which are similar to the leguminous plant lectins.

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Laboratory of Molecular Biology

The Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) is a research institute in Cambridge, England, involved in the revolution in molecular biology which occurred in the 1950–60s, since then it remains a major medical research laboratory with a much broader focus.

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Lamin

Nuclear lamins, also known as Class V intermediate filaments, are fibrous proteins providing structural function and transcriptional regulation in the cell nucleus.

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Lanosterol synthase

Lanosterol synthase is an oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme that converts (S)-2,3-oxidosqualene to a protosterol cation and finally to lanosterol.

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Lassa virus

Lassa virus (LASV) is an arenavirus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever, a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), in humans and other primates.

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Lateral grey column

The lateral grey column (lateral column, lateral cornu, lateral horn of spinal cord, intermediolateral column) is one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord (which give the shape of a butterfly); the others being the anterior and posterior grey columns.

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LCHN

LCHN is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA1147 gene (NCBI Gene ID 57189) located on chromosome 7.

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LDL receptor

The Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal peptide) that mediates the endocytosis of cholesterol-rich LDL.

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Legionella pneumophila

Legionella pneumophila is a thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, nonspore-forming, Gram-negative bacterium of the genus Legionella.

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Lens (anatomy)

The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.

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Leukotriene C4

Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) is a leukotriene.

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Leukotriene C4 synthase

Leukotriene C4 synthase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LTC4S gene.

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Leydig cell

Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle.

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Life

Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.

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Ligand-gated ion channel

Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.

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LiMETER

LiMETER stands for light-inducible membrane-tethered peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

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Lipid

In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.

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Lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.

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Lipid droplet

Lipid droplets, also referred to as lipid bodies, oil bodies or adiposomes, are lipid-rich cellular organelles that regulate the storage and hydrolysis of neutral lipids and are found largely in the adipose tissue.

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Lipid signaling

Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses.

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Lipoprotein lipase

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase.

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Lipoprotein(a)

Lipoprotein(a) (also called Lp(a) or LPA) is a lipoprotein subclass.

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Lipotoxicity

Lipotoxicity is a metabolic syndrome that results from the accumulation of lipid intermediates in non-adipose tissue, leading to cellular dysfunction and death.

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List of human clusters of differentiation

The following is a list of human clusters of differentiation (or CD) molecules.

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List of MeSH codes (A11)

The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH.

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List of neuroscientists

Many famous neuroscientists are from the 20th and 21st century, as neuroscience is a fairly new science.

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List of periodontal diseases

Periodontal pathology, also termed gum diseases or periodontal diseases, are diseases involving the periodontium (the tooth supporting structures, i.e. the gums).

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Liver cytology

Liver cytology is the branch of cytology that studies the liver cells and its functions.

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LMAN1

Protein ERGIC-53 also known as ER-Golgi intermediate compartment 53 kDa protein or lectin mannose-binding 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LMAN1 gene.

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Long-chain-alcohol oxidase

Long-chain alcohol oxidase is one of two enzyme classes that oxidize long-chain or fatty alcohols to aldehydes.

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Loxodidae

Loxodidae is a family of karyorelict ciliates.

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Luca Scorrano

Luca Scorrano is an Italian biologist who works at University of Padua in Italy.

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Lumen (anatomy)

In biology, a lumen (plural lumina) is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine.

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Lysophospholipid receptor

The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling.

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Lysosome

A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in nearly all animal cells.

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Lysyl hydroxylase

Lysyl hydroxylases (or procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenases) are alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases enzymes that catalyze the hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine.

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M2 proton channel

The Matrix-2 (M2) protein is a proton-selective ion channel protein, integral in the viral envelope of the influenza A virus.

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Major capsid protein VP1

Major capsid protein VP1 is a viral protein that is the main component of the polyomavirus capsid.

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Major histocompatibility complex

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.

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Mannan-binding lectin

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), also called mannose-binding protein or mannan-binding protein (MBP), is a lectin that is instrumental in innate immunity via the lectin pathway.

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Mannose 6-phosphate receptor

The mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that target enzymes to lysosomes in vertebrates.

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Mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase

Mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase (MOGS) (processing alpha-glucosidase I, Glc3Man9NAc2 oligosaccharide glucosidase, trimming glucosidase I, GCS1) is an enzyme with systematic name mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucohydrolase.

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Mark Mattson

Mark P. Mattson is Chief of the Laboratory of Neurosciences at the National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging.

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Matrotrophy

Matrotrophy is a form of maternal care during embryo development.

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Membrane bound polyribosome

In cell biology, membrane bound polyribosomes are attached to a cell's endoplasmic reticulum.

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Membrane contact site

Membrane contact sites (MCS) are close appositions between two organelles.

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Membrane-bound transcription factor site-1 protease

Membrane-bound transcription factor site-1 protease, or site-1 protease (S1P) for short, also known as subtilisin/kexin-isozyme 1 (SKI-1), is an enzyme (EC 3.4.21.112) that in humans is encoded by the MBTPS1 gene.

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MEP1A

Meprin A subunit alpha also known as endopeptidase-2 or PABA peptide hydrolase is the alpha subunit of the meprin A enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MEP1A gene.

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Mesenchymal stem cell

Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to marrow adipose tissue).

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Messenger RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

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Metabotropic glutamate receptor

The metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process.

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Metalloproteinase

A metalloproteinase, or metalloprotease, is any protease enzyme whose catalytic mechanism involves a metal.

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MHC class I

MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of jawed vertebrates.

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Microglia

Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.

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Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is an alternate pathway of ethanol metabolism that occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde.

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Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1

Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MGST1 gene.

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Microsome

In cell biology, microsomes are vesicle-like artifacts re-formed from pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when eukaryotic cells are broken-up in the laboratory; microsomes are not present in healthy, living cells.

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Microtubule

Microtubules are tubular polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton that provides the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and some bacteria with structure and shape.

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Microtubule organizing center

The microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) is a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge.

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Microtubule plus-end tracking protein

+TIP-proteins are a type of microtubule associated protein (MAP) which are fundamentally based on the positive-ends of microtubules.

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Microvesicles

Microvesicles (circulating microvesicles, or microparticles) are a type of extracellular vesicle, between 50 and 1,000 nanometers (nm) in diameter, found in many types of body fluids as well as the interstitial space between cells.

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Migalastat

Migalastat (or 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin; trade names Galafold and formerly Amigal) is a drug for the treatment of Fabry disease, a rare genetic disorder. It was developed by Amicus Therapeutics. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assigned it orphan drug status in 2004, and the European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) followed in 2006. The European Commission approved the drug in May 2016.

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Milk fat globule membrane

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex and unique structure composed primarily of lipids and proteins that surrounds milk fat globule secreted from the milk producing cells of humans and other mammals.

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Minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3

Minor capsid protein VP2 and minor capsid protein VP3 are viral proteins that are components of the polyomavirus capsid.

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Minor histocompatibility antigen

Minor histocompatibility antigen (also known as MiHA) are receptors on the cellular surface of donated organs that are known to give an immunological response in some organ transplants.

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Mir-708 microRNA precursor family

In molecular biology mir-708 microRNA is a short RNA molecule.

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Mitochondria associated membranes

Mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM) is a mechanism which results from communication between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, this linkage consist of some proteins and a region on ER containing lipid biosynthetic enzyme connected reversibly to mitochondria.

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Mitochondrial calcium uniporter

The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is a transmembrane protein that allows the passage of calcium ions from a cell's cytosol into mitochondria.

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Mitochondrial fission

Although commonly depicted singular oval-shaped structures, mitochondria form a highly dynamic network within most cells where they constantly undergo fission and fusion.

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Mitochondrial permeability transition pore

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP or MPTP; also referred to as PTP, mTP or MTP) is a protein that is formed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria under certain pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke.

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MMP27

Matrix metallopeptidase 27 also known as MMP-27 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the MMP27 gene.

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Monooxygenase DBH-like 1

DBH-like monooxygenase protein 1, also known as monooxygenase X, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MOXD1 gene.

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Motile sperm domain containing 2

Motile sperm domain containing 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MOSPD2 gene.

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MSMO1

Methylsterol monooxygenase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSMO1 gene.

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MSR1

Macrophage scavenger receptor 1, also known as MSR1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MSR1 gene.

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MUC1

Mucin 1, cell surface associated (MUC1) or polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM) is a mucin encoded by the MUC1 gene in humans.

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Murine polyomavirus

Murine polyomavirus (also known as mouse polyomavirus, Polyomavirus muris, or Mus musculus polyomavirus 1, and in older literature as SE polyoma or parotid tumor virus; abbreviated MPyV) is an unenveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the polyomavirus family.

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Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.

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Myocyte

A myocyte (also known as a muscle cell) is the type of cell found in muscle tissue.

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Myosatellite cell

Myosatellite cells or satellite cells are small multipotent cells with virtually no cytoplasm found in mature muscle.

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Myrionecta rubra

Myrionecta rubra (or Mesodinium rubrum) is a species of ciliates.

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N-glycosyltransferase

N-glycosyltransferase is an enzyme in prokaryotes which transfers individual hexoses onto asparagine sidechains in substrate proteins, using a nucleotide-bound intermediary, within the cytoplasm.

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N-linked glycosylation

N-linked glycosylation, is the attachment of the sugar molecule oligosaccharide known as glycan to a nitrogen atom (the amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue of a protein), in a process called N-glycosylation, studied in biochemistry.

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N-terminus

The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide.

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NAA15

N-alpha-acetyltransferase 15, NatA auxiliary subunit also known as gastric cancer antigen Ga19 (GA19), NMDA receptor-regulated protein 1 (NARG1), and Tbdn100 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NAA15 gene.

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NACA (gene)

Nascent-polypeptide-associated complex alpha polypeptide, also known as NACA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NACA gene.

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NCEH1

Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH) also known as arylacetamide deacetylase-like 1 (AADACL1) or KIAA1363 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NCEH1 gene.

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Nectar

Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, which in turn provide antiherbivore protection.

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Nelfinavir

Nelfinavir (brand name Viracept) is an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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Nerve injury

Nerve injury is injury to nervous tissue.

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Neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system.

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Neuron

A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is the general name for a family of at least eight genetically separate neurodegenerative disorders that result from excessive accumulation of lipopigments (lipofuscin) in the body's tissues.

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Neuropathy target esterase

Neuropathy target esterase also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 (PNPLA6) is a neuropathy target esterase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PNPLA6 gene.

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Neutrophil

Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (40% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals.

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NFE2L1

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) also known as nuclear factor erythroid-2-like 1 (NFE2L1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFE2L1 gene.

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NFE2L3

Nuclear Factor (Erythroid 2) - Like Factor 3, also known as NFE2L3 or 'NRF3', is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the Nfe2l3 gene.

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NGLY1 deficiency

NGLY1 deficiency or NGLY1-congenital disorder of deglycosylation is a very rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in NGLY1.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells.

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Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, (NAADP), is a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger synthesised in response to extracellular stimuli.

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Nissl body

A Nissl body, also known as Nissl substance and Nissl material, is a large granular body found in neurons.

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Non-coding RNA

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.

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Non-selective cation channel-2 family

Members of the Non-Selective Cation Channel-2 (NSCC2) Family have been sequenced from various yeast, fungal and animals species including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens.

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NS5A

Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is a zinc-binding and proline-rich hydrophilic phosphoprotein that plays a key role in Hepatitis C virus RNA replication.

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NSDHL

Sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase, decarboxylating is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NSDHL gene.

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Nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes which surrounds the nucleus, and in eukaryotic cells it encases the genetic material.

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Nuclear lamina

The nuclear lamina is a dense (~30 to 100 nm thick) fibrillar network inside the nucleus of most cells.

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Nucleolus

The nucleolus (plural nucleoli) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Nucleoporin 210kDa

Nuclear pore glycoprotein-210 (gp210) is an essential trafficking regulator in the eukaryotic nuclear pore complex.

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Nucleotide sugars metabolism

In nucleotide sugar metabolism a group of biochemicals known as nucleotide sugars act as donors for sugar residues in the glycosylation reactions that produce polysaccharides.

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Nyctalopin

Nyctalopin is a protein located on the surface of photoreceptor-to-ON bipolar cell synapse in the retina.

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O-linked glycosylation

In the field of biochemistry, O-linked glycosylation is the attachment of a sugar molecule to an oxygen atom in an amino acid residue in a protein.

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O-Toluidine

o-Toluidine (ortho-toluidine) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C7H9N.

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Ocular albinism type 1

Ocular albinism type 1 (OA1), also called Nettleship–Falls syndrome, is the most common type of ocular albinism, with a prevalence rate of 1:50,000.

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Odontoblast

In vertebrates, an odontoblast is a cell of neural crest origin that is part of the outer surface of the dental pulp, and whose biological function is dentinogenesis, which is the formation of dentin, the substance beneath the tooth enamel on the crown and the cementum on the root.

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Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide (from the Greek ὀλίγος olígos, "a few", and σάκχαρ sácchar, "sugar") is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides (simple sugars).

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Oligosaccharyltransferase

Oligosaccharyltransferase or OST is a membrane protein complex that transfers a 14-sugar oligosaccharide from dolichol to nascent protein.

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Omega oxidation

Omega oxidation (ω-oxidation) is a process of fatty acid metabolism in some species of animals.

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Omegasome

Omegasome is a cell compartment consisting of lipid bilayer membranes enriched for phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (abbreviated PI(3)P or PtdIns3P) and related to a process of autophagy.

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Oogonium

An oogonium (plural oogonia) is a small diploid cell which upon maturation forms a primordial follicle in a female fetus or the female (haploid or diploid) gametangium of certain thallophytes.

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Opipramol

Opipramol, sold under the brand name Insidon among others, is an anxiolytic and antidepressant which is used throughout Europe.

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ORAI1

Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 is a calcium selective ion channel that in humans is encoded by the ORAI1 gene.

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Orchid fleck virus

Orchid fleck virus (OFV) is a non-enveloped, segmented, single-stranded (ss) RNA negative-strand virus, transmitted by the false spider mite, Brevipalpus californicus.

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Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.

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Orthohantavirus

Orthohantaviruses (or hantaviruses) are single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the Hantaviridae family of the order Bunyavirales, which normally infect rodents where they do not cause disease.

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OST4

In molecular biology, OST4 (Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide—protein glycosyltransferase subunit 4) is a subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex.

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Osteochondroma

Osteochondromas or osteocartilaginous exostoses are the most common benign tumors of the bones.

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Outline of biology

Biology – The natural science that involves the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

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Outline of cell biology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology: Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death.

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Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid

Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid (ODAP) is a structural analogue of the neurotransmitter glutamate found in the grass pea Lathyrus sativus.

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Oxidative folding

Oxidative protein folding is a process that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins.

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P-type ATPase

The P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.

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P-type calcium channel

The P-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel.

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P2X purinoreceptor

The ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family, or simply P2X receptor family, consists of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP).

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P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis

The p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) also known as Bcl-2-binding component 3 (BBC3), is a pro-apoptotic protein, member of the Bcl-2 protein family.

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Paracrine signalling

Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior of those cells.

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Paraptosis

Paraptosis (from the Greek παρά para, "related to" and apoptosis) is a type of programmed cell death, morphologically distinct from apoptosis and necrosis.

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Pardaxin

Pardaxin is a peptide produced by the Red Sea sole (P4, P5) and the Pacific Peacock sole (P1, P2, P3) that is used as a shark repellent.

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Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease

The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is death of dopaminergic neurons as a result of changes in biological activity in the brain with respect to Parkinson's disease (PD).

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PBDC1

CXorf26 (Chromosome X Open Reading Frame 26), also known as MGC874, is a well conserved human gene found on the plus strand of the short arm of the X chromosome.

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PCK2

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, mitochondrial (PCK2, PEPCK-M), is an isozyme of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK, PEPCK) that in humans is encoded by the PCK2 gene on chromosome 14.

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PCSK9

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an enzyme encoded by the PCSK9 gene in humans on chromosome 1.

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PDIA2

Protein disulfide isomerase family A member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDIA2 gene.

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PDIA3

Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3), also known as glucose-regulated protein, 58-kD (GRP58), is an isomerase enzyme.

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Pectinesterase

Pectinesterase (PE) is a ubiquitous cell-wall-associated enzyme that presents several isoforms that facilitate plant cell wall modification and subsequent breakdown.

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PEN-2

PEN-2 (presenilin enhancer 2) is a protein that is a regulatory component of the gamma secretase complex, a protease complex responsible for proteolysis of transmembrane proteins such as the Notch protein and amyloid precursor protein (APP).

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Peptide hormone

Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively.

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Peripheral myelin protein 22

Growth arrest-specific protein 3 (GAS-3), also called peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PMP22 gene.

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PERK inhibitors

A PERK inhibitor is a small molecule compound that unlike any existing drug inhibits the expression of protein kinase RNA–like endoplasmic reticulum kinase.

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Peroxisome

A peroxisome is a type of organelle known as a microbody, found in virtually all eukaryotic cells.

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Pertussis toxin

Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based AB5-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough.

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Peter K. Hepler

Peter Klock Hepler HonFRMS is the Constantine J. Gilgut and Ray Ethan Torrey Professor Emeritus in the Biology Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst who is notable for his work on elucidating the roles of calcium, membranes and the cytoskeleton in plant cell development and cell motility.

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Peter Walter

Peter Walter (born 5 December 1954) is a German-American molecular biologist and biochemist and Professor at the University of California, San Francisco.

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PGAP1

Post-GPI attachment to proteins 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGAP1 gene.

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Phagosome

In cell biology, a phagosome is a vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis.

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Pharmacological chaperone

A pharmacological chaperone (or pharmacoperone, from "protein chaperone") is a small molecule that enters cells and serves as a molecular scaffolding in order to cause otherwise-misfolded mutant proteins to fold and route correctly within the cell.

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Philip Siekevitz

Philip Siekevitz (1918-2009) was an American cell biologist who spent most of his career at Rockefeller University.

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Phloem

In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to parts of the plant where needed.

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Phlorotannin

Phlorotannins are a type of tannins found in brown algae such as kelps and rockweeds or sargassacean species, and in a lower amount also in some red algae.

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Phosphatidate phosphatase

Phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) is a key regulatory enzyme in lipid metabolism, catalyzing the conversion of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol.

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Phosphatidic acid

Phosphatidic acids are phospholipids which on hydrolysis give rise to one molecule of glycerol and phosphoric acid and two molecules of fatty acids.

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Phosphatidylethanolamine

Phosphatidylethanolamines are a class of phospholipids found in biological membranes.

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Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (abbreviated PEMT) is a transferase enzyme which converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the liver.

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Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdIns(4,5)P2, also known simply as PIP2 or PI(4,5)P2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes.

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Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein

Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) or priming in exocytosis protein 3 (PEP3) is a ubiquitous cytosolic domain involved in transport of phospholipids from their site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi to other cell membranes.

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Phosphodiesterase 3

PDE3 is a phosphodiesterase.

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Phosphoinositide phospholipase C

Phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PLC) (triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase, phosphoinositidase C, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase, monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, PI-PLC, 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase) is a family of eukaryotic intracellular enzymes that play an important role in signal transduction processes.

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Phospholipase C

Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure).

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Phospholipase D

Phospholipase D (lipophosphodiesterase II, lecithinase D, choline phosphatase) (PLD) is an enzyme of the phospholipase superfamily.

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Phospholipid

Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes.

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Phosphorylase kinase

Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which activates glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen.

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Phragmoplast

Phragmoplast and cell plate formation in a plant cell during cytokinesis. Left side: Phragmoplast forms and cell plate starts to assemble in the center of the cell. Towards the right: Phragmoplast enlarges in a donut-shape towards the outside of the cell, leaving behind mature cell plate in the center. The cell plate will transform into the new cell wall once cytokinesis is complete. The phragmoplast is a plant cell specific structure that forms during late cytokinesis.

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Phycodnaviridae

Phycodnaviridae is a family of large (100–560kb) double stranded DNA viruses that infect marine or freshwater eukaryotic algae.

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Phytaspase

Phytaspase is a member of the plant subtilisin-like protease family, and is commonly distinguished from the other members by its unusual and extremely high specificity towards its substrates, which resembles that of the animal caspases.

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PIGN (gene)

Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class N is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PIGN gene.

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PIGT

GPI transamidase component PIG-T is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIGT gene.

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PIN proteins

In plants, the PIN proteins are integral membrane proteins that transport the anionic form of the phytohormone auxin across membranes.

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Pinealocyte

Pinealocytes are the main cells contained in the pineal gland, located behind the third ventricle and between the two hemispheres of the brain.

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Pit (botany)

Pits are thin portions of the cell wall that adjacent cells can communicate or exchange fluid through.

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Plant cell

Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that differ in several key aspects from the cells of other eukaryotic organisms.

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Plasma cell

Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, plasmacytes, or effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies.

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Plasmalogen

There are two types of ether phospholipids, plasmanyl- and plasmenyl-phospholipids.

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Plasmodesma

Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them.

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Plasmodium

Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects.

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Plasticity product

Plasticity Product is a term coined by Jerry Rudy to refer to mRNA genetic artifacts and protein products triggered by transcription factors leading to long-lasting long term potentiation.

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PLD3

Phospholipase D3, also known as PLD3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLD3 gene.

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Podocyte

Podocytes are cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus.

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Polyomaviridae

Polyomaviridae is a family of viruses whose natural hosts are primarily mammals and birds.

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PORCN

PORCN (porcupine homolog – Drosophila) is a human gene.

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Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus

A positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus (or (+)ssRNA virus) is a virus that uses positive sense, single-stranded RNA as its genetic material.

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Potato virus Y

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae, and one of the most important plant viruses affecting potato production.

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Potexvirus

Potexvirus is a genus of pathogenic viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Alphaflexiviridae.

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PPIB

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B is an enzyme that is encoded by the PPIB gene.

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PPIC

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C (PPIC) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIC gene on chromosome 5.

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PPP1R15A

Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A also known as growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD34 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R15A gene.

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Prepro-alpha-factor

Prepro-alpha-factor is a precursor to alpha-factor secreted by MAT alpha Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is a small peptide mating pheromone.

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Preproinsulin

Preproinsulin is the primary translational product of the INS gene.

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Proinsulin

Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas.

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Prostacyclin synthase

Prostaglandin-I synthase also known as prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase (PTGIS) or CYP8A1 is an enzyme involved in prostanoid biosynthesis that in humans is encoded by the PTGIS gene.

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Proteases in angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels from existing blood vessels.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein aggregation

Protein aggregation is a biological phenomenon in which mis-folded proteins aggregate (i.e., accumulate and clump together) either intra- or extracellularly.

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Protein biosynthesis

Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export.

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Protein disulfide-isomerase

Protein disulfide isomerase, or PDI, is an enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes and the periplasm of bacteria that catalyzes the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues within proteins as they fold.

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Protein FAM46B

Protein FAM46B also known as family with sequence similarity 46 member B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM46B gene.

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Protein precursor

A protein precursor, also called a pro-protein or pro-peptide, is an inactive protein (or peptide) that can be turned into an active form by post-translational modification, such as breaking off a piece of the molecule or adding on another molecule.

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Protein primary structure

Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.

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Protein subcellular localization prediction

Protein subcellular localization prediction (or just protein localization prediction) involves the prediction of where a protein resides in a cell, its subcellular localization.

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Protein targeting

Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to the appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it.

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Protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase

The isoprenylcysteine o-methyltransferase carries out carboyxl methylation of cleaved eukaryotic proteins that terminate in a CaaX motif.

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Proteoglycan

Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated.

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Proteome

The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is, or can be, expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time.

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Proteostasis

Proteostasis, a portmanteau of the words protein and homeostasis, is the concept that there are competing and integrated biological pathways within cells that control the biogenesis, folding, trafficking and degradation of proteins present within and outside the cell.

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Protoplasm

Protoplasm is the living content of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane.

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PTPN1

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1 also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an enzyme that is the founding member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family.

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Pulmonary alveolus

A pulmonary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity") is a hollow cavity found in the lung parenchyma, and is the basic unit of ventilation.

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PYCARD

PYCARD, often referred to as ASC (Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PYCARD gene.

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QSER1

Glutamine Serine Rich Protein 1 or QSER1 is a protein encoded by the QSER1 gene.

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RAB18

Ras-related protein Rab-18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB18 gene.

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RAB6A

Ras-related protein Rab-6A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB6A gene located in the eleventh chromosome.

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Rabies

Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals.

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Ramanujan Hegde

Ramanujan Shankar Hegde (born 1970) FRS is a Group Leader in the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB).

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Ras subfamily

Ras is a family of related proteins which is expressed in all animal cell lineages and organs.

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Receptor activity-modifying protein

Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are a class of protein that interact with and modulate the activities of several Class B G protein-coupled receptors including the receptors for secretin, calcitonin (CT), glucagon, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).

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Red algae

The red algae, or Rhodophyta, are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae.

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Red blood cell

Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.

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Regucalcin

Regucalcin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGN gene The protein encoded by this gene is a highly conserved, calcium-binding protein, that is preferentially expressed in the liver, kidney and other tissues.

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RER

RER may refer to.

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Reticulation

Reticulation is a net-like pattern, arrangement, or structure.

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Reticulocalbin 1

Reticulocalbin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RCN1 gene.

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Reticulon

Reticulons (RTNs in vertebrates and reticulon-like proteins or RNTls in other eukaryotes) are a group of evolutionary conservative proteins residing predominantly in endoplasmic reticulum, primarily playing a role in promoting membrane curvature.

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Reticulum (disambiguation)

The constellation Reticulum is small and faint in Earth's southern sky.

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Retina

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.

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Retinol dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a retinol dehydrogenase (RDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Sometimes, in addition to or along with NAD+, NADP+ can act as a preferred cofactor in the reaction as well.

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Ribophorin

Ribophorins are transmembrane glycoproteins which are located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but are absent in the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

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Ribosome

The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).

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Ricin

Ricin, a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, is a highly potent toxin.

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RICS (gene)

Rho GTPase-activating protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RICS gene.

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RNF139

RING finger protein 139, also known as TRC8, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNF139 gene.

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RoGFP

The reduction-oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) is a redox sensitive biosensor.

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Rotaviral gastroenteritis

Rotavirus enteritis is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children.

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Rotavirus

Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children.

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RPE65

Retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein, also known as retinoid isomerohydrolase, is an enzyme of the vertebrate visual cycle that is encoded in humans by the RPE65 gene.

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RPN2

Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide—protein glycosyltransferase subunit 2, also called ribophorin ǁ is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RPN2 gene.

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RRBP1

Ribosome-binding protein 1, also referred to as p180, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRBP1 gene.

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RTN1

Reticulon-1 also known as neuroendocrine-specific protein (NSP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RTN1 gene.

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RTN2

Reticulon-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RTN2 gene.

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Rubella virus

Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, and is the cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy.

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Russell bodies

Russell bodies are eosinophilic, large, homogeneous immunoglobulin-containing inclusions usually found in a plasma cell undergoing excessive synthesis of immunoglobulin; the Russell body is characteristic of the distended endoplasmic reticulum.

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Ryanodine receptor

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) form a class of intracellular calcium channels in various forms of excitable animal tissue like muscles and neurons.

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S100A10

S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10), also known as p11, is a protein that is encoded by the S100A10 gene in humans and the S100a10 gene in other species.

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Safrole

Safrole is a phenylpropene.

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Salubrinal

Salubrinal is a drug which acts as a specific inhibitor of eIF2α phosphatase enzymes and is primarily used experimentally, to study stress responses in eukaryotic cells associated with the action of eIF2.

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Sarah P. Gibbs

Sarah P. Gibbs (born May 25, 1930) is Emeritus Professor of Biology at McGill University in Canada, where she was initially appointed as an assistant professor on tenure track in September 1966.

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Sarcolemma

The sarcolemma (sarco (from sarx) from Greek; flesh, and lemma from Greek; sheath) also called the myolemma, is the cell membrane of a striated muscle fiber cell.

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Sarcomere

A sarcomere (Greek sarx "flesh", meros "part") is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue.

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Sarcoplasm

Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a myocyte (muscle fiber).

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Sarcoplasmic reticulum

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells.

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SARS coronavirus X4 like protein domain

In molecular biology, SARS coronavirus X4 like protein domain is commonly shortened to SARS-X4.

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Satellite glial cell

Satellite glial cells are glial cells that cover the surface of nerve cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia.

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SBP-tag

The Streptavidin-Binding Peptide (SBP)-Tag is a 38-amino acid sequence that may be engineered into recombinant proteins.

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SCYL1

SCY1-like 1 (S. cerevisiae), also known as SCYL1, is a human gene which is highly conserved throughout evolution.

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Scytothamnus australis

Scytothamnus australis is a brown alga species in the genus Scytothamnus found in New Zealand.

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SEC16B

Protein transport protein Sec16B also known as regucalcin gene promoter region-related protein p117 (RGPR-p117) and leucine zipper transcription regulator 2 (LZTR2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC16B gene.

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SEC23A

Sec23 homolog A (S. cerevisiae), also known as SEC23A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SEC23A gene.

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SEC23IP

SEC23-interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC23IP gene.

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SEC24A

SEC24 family, member A (S. cerevisiae) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC24A gene.

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SEC24B

Protein transport protein Sec24B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC24B gene.

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SEC24D

Protein transport protein Sec24D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC24D gene.

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SEC31

SEC31 is a protein which in yeast promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).

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Sec61

Sec61 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein translocator (aka translocon).

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Sec61 alpha 1

Protein transport protein Sec61 subunit alpha isoform 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC61A1 gene.

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SEC61B

Protein transport protein Sec61 subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC61B gene.

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SEC62

Translocation protein SEC62 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC62 gene.

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SEC63

Translocation protein SEC63 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC63 gene.

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Secretion

Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.

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Secretomics

Secretomics is a subset of proteomics in which all of the secreted proteins of a cell, tissue, or organism are analyzed.

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Secretory protein

A secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell.

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Seipin

Seipin is a homo-oligomeric integral membrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that concentrates at junctions with cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs).

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SEL1L

Protein sel-1 homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEL1L gene.

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SEP15

15 kDa selenoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEP15 gene.

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SERCA

SERCA, or sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, or SR Ca2+-ATPase, is a calcium ATPase-type P-ATPase.

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Serine C-palmitoyltransferase

In enzymology, a serine C-palmitoyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are palmitoyl-CoA and L-serine, whereas its 3 products are CoA, 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine, and CO2.

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Serpin

Serpins are a superfamily of proteins with similar structures that were first identified for their protease inhibition activity and are found in all kingdoms of life.

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SERPINA2

Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINA2 gene.

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Serum albumin

Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood.

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Sigma-1 receptor

The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R), one of two sigma receptor subtypes, is a chaperone protein at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor.

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Sigma-2 receptor

The sigma-2 receptor (σ2R) is a sigma receptor subtype that has been found highly expressed in malignant cancer cells, and is currently under investigation for its potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses.

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Signal peptidase

Signal peptidases are enzymes that convert secretory and some membrane proteins to their mature forms by cleaving their signal peptides from their N-terminals.

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Signal peptide

A signal peptide (sometimes referred to as signal sequence, targeting signal, localization signal, localization sequence, transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N-terminus of the majority of newly synthesized proteins that are destined towards the secretory pathway.

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Signal recognition particle

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic, universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.

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Signal recognition particle receptor

Signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor, also called docking protein, is a dimer composed of 2 different subunits that are associated exclusively with the rough ER in mammalian cells.

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Signal recognition particle RNA

The signal recognition particle RNA, (also known as 7SL, 6S,, or 4.5S RNA) is part of a the signal recognition particle (SRP) ribonucleoprotein complex.

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Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

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SLC17A3

Solute carrier family 17 (organic anion transporter), member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC17A3 gene.

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SLC27A5

Bile acyl-CoA synthetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SLC27A5 gene.

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SLC39A7

Zinc transporter SLC39A7 (ZIP7) also known as solute carrier family 39 member 7 (SLC39A7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC39A7 gene.

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SMIM23

SMIM23 or Small Integral Membrane Protein 23 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SMIM23 or c5orf50 gene.

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Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (also SLOS, or 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase deficiency) is an inborn error of cholesterol synthesis.

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SNARE (protein)

SNARE proteins (an acronym derived from "SNAP (Soluble NSF(N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) Attachment Protein) REceptor)" are a large protein complex consisting of at least 24 members in yeasts and more than 60 members in mammalian cells.

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SOAT1

Sterol O-acyltransferase (acyl-Coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase) 1, also known as SOAT1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOAT1 gene.

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SOAT2

Sterol O-acyltransferase 2, also known as SOAT2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOAT2 gene.

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SOC channels

Store-operated channels (SOCs) are ion channels located in the plasma membrane of all non-excitable cells (all cells except myocytes, neurons and endocrine cells).

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Sodium-calcium exchanger

The sodium-calcium exchanger (often denoted Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCX, or exchange protein) is an antiporter membrane protein that removes calcium from cells.

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Soluble adenylyl cyclase

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a regulatory cytosolic enzyme present in almost every cell.

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Soma (biology)

The soma (pl. somata or somas), perikaryon (pl. perikarya), neurocyton, or cell body is the bulbous, non-process portion of a neuron or other brain cell type, containing the cell nucleus.

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Sonic hedgehog

Sonic hedgehog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHH ("sonic hedgehog") gene.

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Sortilin 1

Sortilin (SORT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SORT1 gene on chromosome 1.

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Sphingolipid

Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, a set of aliphatic amino alcohols that includes sphingosine.

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Sphingomyelin

Sphingomyelin (SPH, ˌsfɪŋɡoˈmaɪəlɪn) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons.

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Sphingosine-1-phosphate

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling sphingolipid, also known as lysosphingolipid.

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Spine apparatus

The spine apparatus (SA) is a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is found in a subpopulation of dendritic spines in central neurons.

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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a rare, late-onset, autosomal dominant disorder, which, like other types of SCA, is characterized by dysarthria, oculomotor disorders, peripheral neuropathy, and ataxia of the gait, stance, and limbs due to cerebellar dysfunction.

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Spitz (protein)

Spitz is a protein in fruit flies which is the major activator of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR).

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Spumavirus

A spumavirus (spuma, Latin for "foam") or foamyvirus is a genus of the retroviridae family.

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Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinomas, also known as epidermoid carcinoma are a number of different types of cancer that result from squamous cells.

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SREBP cleavage-activating protein

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein, also known as SREBP cleavage-activating protein or SCAP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCAP gene.

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SRPRB

Signal recognition particle receptor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRPRB gene.

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SSR1

Translocon-associated protein subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSR1 gene.

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SSR2

Translocon-associated protein subunit beta also known as TRAP-beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSR2 gene.

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STARD4

StAR-related lipid transfer protein 4 (STARD4) is a soluble protein involved in cholesterol transport.

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STARD5

StAR-related lipid transfer protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STARD5 gene.

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Statocyte

Statocytes are cells thought to be involved in gravitropic perception in plants, located in the cap tissue of the roots.

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STAU1

Double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAU1 gene.

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Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Δ-9-desaturase) is an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the formation of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), specifically oleate and palmitoleate from stearoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA.

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Steroid sulfatase

Steroid sulfatase (STS), or steryl-sulfatase, formerly known as arylsulfatase C, is a sulfatase enzyme involved in the metabolism of steroids.

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Sterol O-acyltransferase

Sterol O-acyltransferase (also called Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase, Acyl-CoA cholesterin acyltransferase or simply ACAT) is an intracellular protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum that forms cholesteryl esters from cholesterol.

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Sterol regulatory element-binding protein

Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors that bind to the sterol regulatory element DNA sequence TCACNCCAC.

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Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1

Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) also known as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SREBF1 gene.

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Steviol

Steviol is a diterpene first isolated from the plant Stevia rebaudiana in 1931.

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Steviol glycoside

Steviol glycosides are the chemical compounds responsible for the sweet taste of the leaves of the South American plant Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae) and the main ingredients (or precursors) of many sweeteners marketed under the generic name stevia and several trade names.

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Stichocyte

Stichocytes are glandular unicellular cells arranged in a row along the posterior portion of the oesophagus, each of which communicates by a single pore with the lumen of the oesophagus.

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STIM1

Stromal interaction molecule 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STIM1 gene.

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STIM2

Stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STIM2 gene.

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Stimulator of interferon genes

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), also known as transmembrane protein 173 (TMEM173) and MPYS/MITA/ERIS is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM173 gene.

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Stress granule

Stress granules are dense aggregations in the cytosol composed of proteins & RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.

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Structure and genome of HIV

The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983.

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Subcellular localization

The cells of eukaryotic organisms are elaborately subdivided into functionally-distinct membrane-bound compartments.

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Subcommissural organ

The subcommissural organ (SCO) is one of the circumventricular organs.

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Sulfatide

Sulfatide, also known as 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, SM4, or sulfated galactocerebroside, is a class of sulfolipids, specifically a class of sulfoglycolipids, which are glycolipids that contain a sulfate group.

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Surfactant protein A2

Surfactant protein A2 (SP-A2), also known as Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A2 (PSP-A2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFTPA2 gene.

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Surfactant protein B

Surfactant protein B is an essential lipid-associated protein found in pulmonary surfactant.

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SWEET transporters

The SWEET family, also known as the PQ-loop, Saliva or MtN3 family, is a family of sugar transporters and a member of the TOG superfamily.

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Symbiogenesis

Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967.

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Syncytium

A syncytium or symplasm (plural syncytia; from Greek: σύν (syn).

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Synovial membrane

The synovial membrane (also known as synovium or stratum synoviale) is a specialized connective tissue that lines the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints and tendon sheath.

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T cell

A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

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TANGO1/MIA3

Melanoma inhibitory activity protein 3 (MIA3), also known as transport and Golgi organization protein 1 (TANGO1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIA3 gene on chromosome 1.

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TANGO2

Transport and golgi organization 2 homolog (TANGO2) also known as chromosome 22 open reading frame 25 (C22orf25) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TANGO2 gene.

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TAP2

TAP2 is a gene in humans that encodes the protein Antigen peptide transporter 2.

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Tapasin

TAP-associated glycoprotein also known as tapasin or TAPBP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAPBP gene.

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Target peptide

A target peptide is a short (3-70 amino acids long) peptide chain that directs the transport of a protein to a specific region in the cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chloroplast, apoplast, peroxisome and plasma membrane.

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Taste

Taste, gustatory perception, or gustation is one of the five traditional senses that belongs to the gustatory system.

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TECR

Trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TECR gene.

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Tegument (helminth)

Tegument is a term in helminthology for the outer body covering among members of the phylum Platyhelminthes.

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Telocyte

Telocytes are a novel defined type of interstitial (stromal) cells, in the field of Stem cells, with very long (tens to hundreds of micrometres) and very thin prolongations (mostly below the resolving power of light microscopy).

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Telophase

Telophase (from the Greek τέλος (télos), "end" and φάσις (phásis), "stage") is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell.

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Tendon cell

Tendon cells, or tenocytes, are elongated fibroblast type cells.

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Testis-enhanced gene transfer family

The testis-enhanced gene transfer (TEGT) family is part of the TOG superfamily and includes members represented in all three domains of life.

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Testosterone

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

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Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B

Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC39B gene.

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Tex36

Testis expressed 36, TEX36, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the tex36 gene.

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Thapsigargin

Thapsigargin is non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA).

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The AIM center

The Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism (AIM) center is an NIH-funded Center of Biomedical Research Excellence focused on the study of autophagy as a fundamental biological process and how it intersects with metabolism and quality control processes in eukaryotic cells.

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Thioester-containing protein 1

Thioester containing protein 1, often simply referred to as TEP1 is a key component of the arthropod innate immune system.

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Thylakoid

A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.

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Thyroid

The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.

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TMC6

Transmembrane channel-like protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMC6 gene.

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TMC8

Transmembrane channel-like 8 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TMC8 gene.

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TMEM131

Transmembrane protein 131 (TMEM131) is a protein that is encoded by the TMEM131 gene in humans.

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TMEM143

TMEM143 (Transmembrane protein 143) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TMEM143 gene.

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TMEM241

Transmembrane protein 241 (aka C18orf45, hVVT) is a ubiquitous sugar transporter protein which in humans is encoded by the TMEM241 gene.

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TMEM33

Transmembrane protein 33 is a protein that in humans, is encoded by the TMEM33 gene, also known as SHINC3.

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TMEM66

SARAF is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SARAF gene, formerly known as TMEM66 (transmembrane protein 66).

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TMTC4

Transmembrane and Tetratricopeptide repeat containing 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMTC4 gene.

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Tooth enamel

Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish.

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Torsin A

Torsin-1A (TorA) also known as dystonia 1 protein (DYT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TOR1A gene (also known as DQ2 or DYT1).

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Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

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Transcytosis

Transcytosis is a type of transcellular transport in which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell.

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Transitional epithelium

Transitional epithelium is a type of stratified epithelium – tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand as needed.

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Translation (biology)

In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.

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Translocon

The translocon (commonly known as a translocator or translocation channel) is a complex of proteins associated with the translocation of polypeptides across membranes.

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Transmembrane channels

Transmembrane channels, also called membrane channels, are pores within a lipid bilayer.

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Transneuronal degeneration

Transneuronal degeneration is the death of neurons resulting from the disruption of input from or output to other nearby neurons.

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Transporter associated with antigen processing

Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is a member of the ATP-binding-cassette transporter family.

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TRAPP complex

TRAPP (TRAnsport Protein Particle) is a protein involved in particle transport between organelles.

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TRAPPC2

Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 2 (TRAPPC2) also known as MBP-1-interacting protein 2A (MIP-2A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAPPC2 gene.

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Tripartite synapse

Tripartite synapse refers to the functional integration and physical proximity of the presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, and their intimate association with surrounding glia as well as the combined contributions of these three synaptic components to the production of activity at the chemical synapse.

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Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma brucei is a species of parasitic kinetoplastid belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.

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UGGT

UGGT, or UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase, is a soluble enzyme resident in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

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UGT2B7

UGT2B7 (UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase-2B7) is a phase II metabolism isoenzyme found to be active in the liver, kidneys, epithelial cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract and also has been reported in the brain.

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UNC93B1

Unc-93 homolog B1 (C. elegans), also known as UNC93B1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the UNC93B1 gene.

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Unconventional protein secretion

Unconventional protein secretion (known as ER/Golgi-independent protein secretion or nonclassical protein export) represents a manner in which the proteins are delivered to the surface of plasma membrane or to extracellular matrix regardless of ER/Golgi- dependent protein secretion.

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Unfolded protein response

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

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Uropod (immunology)

Uropods, in immunology, refer to the hind part of polarized cells during cell migration that stabilize and move the cell.

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USO1

General vesicular transport factor p115 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the USO1 gene.

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Uterine epithelium

The internal surface of the uterus is lined by uterine epithelial cells which undergo dramatic changes during pregnancy.

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VAP protein family

VAP proteins are conserved integral membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum found in all eukaryotic cells.

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Variant surface glycoprotein

Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is a ~60kDa protein which densely packs the cell surface of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.

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Vectorial synthesis

Vectorial synthesis is synthesis of exported proteins by ribosomes in which the ribosome-nascent chain complex is bound directly to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nascent peptide chain moves through the ER membrane as it emerges from the ribosome.

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Very long chain fatty acid

A very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) is a fatty acid with 22 or more carbons.

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Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

In cell biology, a vesicle is a small structure within a cell, or extracellular, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer.

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Vesicular stomatitis virus

Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV; often still referred to as VSV) is a virus in the family Rhabdoviridae; the well-known rabies virus belongs to the same family.

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Vesicular transport protein

A vesicular transport protein, or vesicular transporter, is a membrane protein that regulates or facilitates the movement of specific molecules across a vesicle's membrane.

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Vesicular-tubular cluster

The vesicular-tubular cluster (VTC), also referred to as the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (or ERGIC), is an organelle in eukaryotic cells.

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Vimentin

Vimentin is a structural protein that in humans is encoded by the VIM gene.

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Viperin

Viperin (Virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, interferon-inducible), also known as RSAD2 (radical SAM domain-containing 2), is a multifunctional protein in viral processes, which could be induced in a variety of cell types by different cellular factors, such as type I II and III interferon, DNA and RNA viral proteins, poly (I: C) and polysaccharide.

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Viral hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral infection.

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Viroplasm

A viroplasm is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs.

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Viroporin

Viroporins are small and usually hydrophobic multifunctional viral proteins that modify cellular membranes, thereby facilitating virus release from infected cells.

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Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.

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Vitamin A receptor

Vitamin A receptor (also known as "Stimulated by retinoic acid 6," or STRA6 protein) was originally discovered as a transmembrane cell-surface receptor for retinol-binding protein.

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Vitellogenin

Vitellogenin (VTG or less popularly known as VG) (from Latin vitellus, yolk, and gener, to produce) is a precursor protein of egg yolk normally in the blood or hemolymph only of females that is used as a biomarker in vertebrates of exposure to environmental estrogens which stimulate elevated levels in males as well as females.

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Vitellogenin lipid transport domain

This domain represents a conserved region found in several lipid transport proteins, including vitellogenin, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and apolipoprotein B-100.

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Voltage-gated calcium channel

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells (e.g., muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc.) with a permeability to the calcium ion Ca2+.

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Voltage-gated ion channel

Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel.

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Von Willebrand factor

Von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a blood glycoprotein involved in hemostasis.

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Vpu protein

Vpu is an accessory protein that in HIV is encoded by the vpu gene.

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Wallerian degeneration

Wallerian degeneration is a process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed and the part of the axon distal to the injury (i.e. farther from the neuron's cell body) degenerates.

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West Nile virus

West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever.

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Wnt signaling pathway

The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.

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Wolcott–Rallison syndrome

Wolcott–Rallison syndrome, WRS, is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder with infancy-onset diabetes mellitus, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, osteopenia, mental retardation or developmental delay, and hepatic and renal dysfunction as main clinical findings.

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XBP1

X-box binding protein 1, also known as XBP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the XBP1 gene.

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Xenoma

A xenoma (also known as a 'xenoparasitic complex') is a growth caused by various protists and fungi, most notably microsporidia.

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XMAP215-Dis1 family

The XMAP215/Dis1 family is a highly conserved group of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in eukaryotic organisms.

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Yellow fever

Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.

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Yop1p

DP1/Yop1p is an integral membrane protein family that, along with the reticulons, is responsible for the shape of the tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in yeast and mammalian cells.

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ZFYVE1

Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFYVE1 gene.

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ZIP9

Zinc transporter ZIP9 also known as Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9) and solute carrier family 39 member 9 (SLC39A9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC39A9 gene.

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Zymosterol

Zymosterol is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis.

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12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid

12-Hydroxyheptadecatrenoic acid (also termed 12-HHT, 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid, or 12(S)-HHTrE) is a 17 carbon metabolite of the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid.

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2008 in science

The year 2008 involved numerous significant scientific events and discoveries, some of which are listed below.

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21-Hydroxylase

Steroid 21-hydroxylase, also called steroid 21-monooxygenase, 21α-Hydroxylase, P450 21A2, and, less commonly 21β-Hydroxylase, is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that is involved with the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones aldosterone and cortisol.

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3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2

3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HACD2 gene.

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5α-Reductase

5α-reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.

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Redirects here:

Agranular endoplasmic reticulum, Cell parts that detox, ER membrane, Endoplasmatic reticulum, Endoplasmic Reticula, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Endoplasmic reticula, Endoplasmic reticulum lumen, Endoplasmic reticulum, rough, Endoplasmic reticulum, smooth, Ergastoplasm, Granular endoplasmic reticulum, Rough ER, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Rough er, Sarcoplasmatic reticulum, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Sarcoplastic reticulum, Smooth E/R, Smooth ER, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth endoplasmatic recticulum, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Smooth er, Soft endoplasmic reticulum.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum

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