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625 relations: Aleksandr Poleshchuk, Aleksandr Zheleznyakov, Alekseyev I-21, Alexey Leonov, Almaz, Andrei Borisenko, Andriyan Nikolayev, Androgynous Peripheral Attach System, AngoSat 1, Anti-satellite weapon, Apogee Books, Apollo spacecraft feasibility study, Arkady Ostashev, Australia–Russia relations, Automated Transfer Vehicle, Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41, BelKA, Blok D, Blok DM-03, Boeing Defense, Space & Security, Boris Chertok, Buran programme, Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, Comparison of crewed space vehicles, Comparison of orbital launch systems, Comparison of orbital launchers families, Comparison of space station cargo vehicles, Crew Return Vehicle, CSTS, Dmitri Ilyich Kozlov, Economy of Russia, EgyptSat 2, EKR (missile), EKS (satellite system), Energia, Energia (corporation), Energia (disambiguation), Energia-100, Expedition 1, Expendable launch system, Federation (spacecraft), Functional Cargo Block, Fyodor Yurchikhin, Galina Balashova, Gazprom Space Systems, Gennadi Strekalov, Georgy Babakin, Gherman Titov, Helium-3, Human spaceflight, ..., Igor Kovalevsky, Intelsat 15, International Docking Adapter, International Space Station, International Space Station program, Jeffrey Manber, Judica-Cordiglia brothers, Jules Verne ATV, Kedr, Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, Kliper, Konstantin Feoktistov, Korabl-Sputnik 1, Korabl-Sputnik 2, Korabl-Sputnik 3, Korabl-Sputnik 4, Korabl-Sputnik 5, Korolyov, Korolyov, Moscow Oblast, Kosmos 10, Kosmos 104, Kosmos 105, Kosmos 107, Kosmos 110, Kosmos 112, Kosmos 115, Kosmos 117, Kosmos 12, Kosmos 120, Kosmos 124, Kosmos 129, Kosmos 13, Kosmos 132, Kosmos 133, Kosmos 136, Kosmos 138, Kosmos 140, Kosmos 143, Kosmos 146, Kosmos 147, Kosmos 15, Kosmos 16, Kosmos 1669, Kosmos 18, Kosmos 2, Kosmos 20, Kosmos 21, Kosmos 212, Kosmos 24, Kosmos 27, Kosmos 28, Kosmos 29, Kosmos 3, Kosmos 32, Kosmos 33, Kosmos 35, Kosmos 37, Kosmos 396, Kosmos 4, Kosmos 46, Kosmos 47, Kosmos 48, Kosmos 5, Kosmos 50, Kosmos 52, Kosmos 613, Kosmos 64, Kosmos 656, Kosmos 66, Kosmos 68, Kosmos 7, Kosmos 78, Kosmos 9, Kosmos 96, Kosmos 98, Kosmos 99, Kosmos Airlines, KTDU-80, Leonid Alexandrovich Voskresenskiy, List of aircraft (O), List of astronauts by year of selection, List of companies of Russia, List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports, List of missions to Mars, List of missions to the Moon, List of missions to Venus, List of spacecraft manufacturers, List of spacecraft with electric propulsion, LK (spacecraft), Lockheed Martin, Luna 1, Luna 2, Luna 3, Luna 4, Luna 5, Luna 6, Luna 7, Luna 8, Luna 9, Luna E-1 No.1, Luna E-1 No.2, Luna E-1 No.3, Luna E-1A No.1, Luna E-3 No.1, Luna E-3 No.2, Luna E-6 No.2, Luna E-6 No.3, Luna E-6 No.5, Luna E-6 No.6, Luna E-6 No.8, Luna E-6LS No.112, Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster, Mars 1M No.1, Mars 1M No.2, Mars 2, Mars 2MV-3 No.1, Mars 2MV-4 No.1, Mars Piloted Orbital Station, Medium-lift launch vehicle, Mikhail Yangel, Mir, Mir Docking Module, MirCorp, Mission control center, Molniya (rocket), Molniya-1 No.2, Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Oblast, MS (satellite), Mstislav Keldysh, N1 (rocket), Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya, National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Nauka (ISS module), Nikolai Budarin, Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov, Nikolay Pilyugin, Nikolay Sevastyanov, NK-33, NPO Energomash, NPO Mashinostroyeniya, Odyssey (launch platform), OKB, OKB Fakel, OKB-1 140, OKB-1 150, OKB-1 EF 131, Oleg Artemyev, Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov, Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex, Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station, Order of the Red Banner of Labour, Parom, Pavel Popovich, Pavel Vinogradov, Pirs (ISS module), Poisk (ISS module), Polyot (rocket), Private spaceflight, Progress (spacecraft), Progress 1, Progress 2, Progress 3, Progress 4, Progress 5, Progress 7K-TG, Progress M-01M, Progress M-02M, Progress M-03M, Progress M-04M, Progress M-05M, Progress M-06M, Progress M-07M, Progress M-08M, Progress M-09M, Progress M-1, Progress M-10, Progress M-10M, Progress M-11, Progress M-11M, Progress M-12, Progress M-12M, Progress M-13, Progress M-13M, Progress M-14, Progress M-14M, Progress M-15, Progress M-15M, Progress M-16, Progress M-16M, Progress M-17, Progress M-17M, Progress M-18, Progress M-18M, Progress M-19M, Progress M-2, Progress M-20M, Progress M-21M, Progress M-22M, Progress M-23M, Progress M-24, Progress M-24M, Progress M-25M, Progress M-26M, Progress M-27M, Progress M-28M, Progress M-29M, Progress M-3, Progress M-34, Progress M-4, Progress M-44, Progress M-45, Progress M-46, Progress M-47, Progress M-48, Progress M-49, Progress M-5, Progress M-50, Progress M-51, Progress M-52, Progress M-53, Progress M-54, Progress M-55, Progress M-56, Progress M-57, Progress M-58, Progress M-59, Progress M-6, Progress M-60, Progress M-61, Progress M-62, Progress M-63, Progress M-64, Progress M-65, Progress M-66, Progress M-67, Progress M-7, Progress M-8, Progress M-9, Progress M-MIM2, Progress M-SO1, Progress M1-1, Progress M1-10, Progress M1-11, Progress M1-2, Progress M1-3, Progress M1-4, Progress M1-5, Progress M1-6, Progress M1-7, Progress M1-8, Progress M1-9, Progress MS-01, Progress MS-02, Progress MS-03, Progress MS-04, Progress MS-05, Progress MS-06, Progress MS-07, Progress MS-08, Progress MS-09, Progress MS-10, Progress MS-11, Progress MS-12, Progress Rocket Space Centre, Progress-M, Progress-M1, Project Excalibur, Project VR-190, Ptichka, R-1 (missile), R-11 Zemlya, R-13 (missile), R-2 (missile), R-5 Pobeda, R-7 (rocket family), R-7 Semyorka, R-9 Desna, Rassvet (ISS module), RD-0109, RD-0210, RD-58, RKA Mission Control Center, RKK, RKK Energiya museum, RT-1, RT-15, RT-2, S1.5400, S5.142, S5.80, Salyut programme, Scud, Sea Launch, Sea Launch Commander, Secondary payload, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei Korolev, Sergei Krikalev, Sergei Treshchov, Sergey Afanasyev (engineer), Small-lift launch vehicle, SOAR (spaceplane), Sokol space suit, Soviet space program, Soyuz (rocket family), Soyuz (rocket), Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz 1, Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12, Soyuz 13, Soyuz 14, Soyuz 15, Soyuz 16, Soyuz 17, Soyuz 18, Soyuz 2, Soyuz 20, Soyuz 21, Soyuz 22, Soyuz 23, Soyuz 24, Soyuz 25, Soyuz 26, Soyuz 27, Soyuz 28, Soyuz 29, Soyuz 3, Soyuz 30, Soyuz 31, Soyuz 32, Soyuz 33, Soyuz 34, Soyuz 35, Soyuz 36, Soyuz 37, Soyuz 38, Soyuz 39, Soyuz 4, Soyuz 40, Soyuz 5, Soyuz 6, Soyuz 7, Soyuz 7K-L1, Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L, Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L, Soyuz 7K-OK, Soyuz 7K-OKS, Soyuz 7K-ST No. 16L, Soyuz 7K-T, Soyuz 7K-T No.39, Soyuz 7K-TK, Soyuz 7K-TM, Soyuz 8, Soyuz 9, Soyuz MS, Soyuz MS-01, Soyuz MS-02, Soyuz MS-03, Soyuz MS-04, Soyuz MS-05, Soyuz MS-06, Soyuz MS-07, Soyuz MS-08, Soyuz MS-09, Soyuz MS-10, Soyuz MS-11, Soyuz MS-12, Soyuz MS-13, Soyuz MS-14, Soyuz MS-15, Soyuz MS-16, Soyuz P, Soyuz T-1, Soyuz T-10, Soyuz T-11, Soyuz T-12, Soyuz T-13, Soyuz T-14, Soyuz T-15, Soyuz T-2, Soyuz T-3, Soyuz T-4, Soyuz T-5, Soyuz T-6, Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-8, Soyuz T-9, Soyuz TM-1, Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-11, Soyuz TM-12, Soyuz TM-13, Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-15, Soyuz TM-16, Soyuz TM-17, Soyuz TM-18, Soyuz TM-19, Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21, Soyuz TM-22, Soyuz TM-23, Soyuz TM-24, Soyuz TM-25, Soyuz TM-26, Soyuz TM-27, Soyuz TM-28, Soyuz TM-29, Soyuz TM-3, Soyuz TM-30, Soyuz TM-31, Soyuz TM-32, Soyuz TM-33, Soyuz TM-34, Soyuz TM-4, Soyuz TM-5, Soyuz TM-6, Soyuz TM-7, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-9, Soyuz TMA-01M, Soyuz TMA-02M, Soyuz TMA-03M, Soyuz TMA-04M, Soyuz TMA-05M, Soyuz TMA-06M, Soyuz TMA-07M, Soyuz TMA-08M, Soyuz TMA-09M, Soyuz TMA-1, Soyuz TMA-10, Soyuz TMA-10M, Soyuz TMA-11, Soyuz TMA-11M, Soyuz TMA-12, Soyuz TMA-12M, Soyuz TMA-13, Soyuz TMA-13M, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-14M, Soyuz TMA-15, Soyuz TMA-15M, Soyuz TMA-16, Soyuz TMA-16M, Soyuz TMA-17, Soyuz TMA-17M, Soyuz TMA-18, Soyuz TMA-18M, Soyuz TMA-19, Soyuz TMA-19M, Soyuz TMA-2, Soyuz TMA-20, Soyuz TMA-20M, Soyuz TMA-21, Soyuz TMA-22, Soyuz TMA-3, Soyuz TMA-4, Soyuz TMA-5, Soyuz TMA-6, Soyuz TMA-7, Soyuz TMA-8, Soyuz TMA-9, Soyuz-5 (rocket), Soyuz-A, Soyuz-B, Soyuz-L, Soyuz-M, Soyuz-T, Soyuz-TM, Soyuz-TMA, Soyuz-V, Soyuz/Vostok, Space capsule, Space industry of Russia, Space Race, Space station, Space Station Freedom, Space tourism, Space tug, Spaceflight before 1951, SpaceX lunar tourism mission, Sputnik (rocket), Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, Sputnik 3, Sputnik-1 EMC/EMI lab model, Stary Dzedzin, STS-131, STS-132, Super heavy-lift launch vehicle, Svetlana Savitskaya, Telecommunications in Angola, TGK PG, The Boss (Metal Gear), Timeline of first artificial satellites by country, Timeline of first orbital launches by country, Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, TsNIIMash, Tyazhely Sputnik, United Rocket and Space Corporation, Universal Docking Module, USP (satellite bus), Uzlovoy Module, Valentin Glushko, Valentina Tereshkova, Valeri Kubasov, Valery Bykovsky, Valery Ryumin, Vasily Mishin, Venera 1, Venera 2, Venera 2MV-1 No.1, Venera 2MV-1 No.2, Venera 2MV-2 No.1, Venera 3, Viktor Makeyev, Vladimir Barmin, Vladimir Komarov, Voskhod (rocket), Voskhod (spacecraft), Voskhod 1, Voskhod 2, Vostok (rocket family), Vostok (spacecraft), Vostok 1, Vostok 2, Vostok 3, Vostok 4, Vostok 5, Vostok 6, Vostok programme, Vostok-2 (rocket), Vostok-2M, Vostok-K, Vostok-L, Walter Anderson (entrepreneur), Yamal (satellite constellation), Yamal 101, Yamal 102, Yamal 201, Yamal 202, Yamal 203, Yamal 204, Yamal-300K, Yelena Kondakova, Yevgeny Ostashev, Yuzhmash, Zenit (rocket family), Zenit (satellite), Zenit-3SL, Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Zond 1, Zond 2, Zond 3, Zond 3MV-1 No.2, Zond 4, Zond 5, Zond 7, Zond 8, Zvezda (ISS module), 11D428, 1951 in spaceflight, 1952 in spaceflight, 1953 in spaceflight, 1954 in spaceflight, 1955 in spaceflight, 1956 in spaceflight, 1957 in spaceflight, 1958 in spaceflight, 2011 in spaceflight. 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Aleksandr Poleshchuk
Aleksandr Fyodorovich Poleshchuk (Александр Фёдорович Полещук, born October 30, 1953) is a Russian cosmonaut.
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Aleksandr Zheleznyakov
Aleksandr Borisovich Zheleznyakov (Алекса́ндр Бори́сович Железняко́в; born January 28, 1957) is a specialist in design and production of rocket and space systems.
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Alekseyev I-21
The Alekseyev I-21 was a Soviet twin-engined jet fighter, built in the late 1940s.
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Alexey Leonov
Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov (p; born 30 May 1934 in Listvyanka, West Siberian Krai, Soviet Union) is a retired Soviet/Russian cosmonaut, Air Force Major general, writer and artist.
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Almaz
The Almaz (Алмаз, "Diamond") program was a highly secretive Soviet military space station program, begun in the early 1960s.
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Andrei Borisenko
Andrei Ivanovich Borisenko (Андрей Иванович Борисенко - born April 17, 1964 in Leningrad, Russia) is a Russian cosmonaut.
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Andriyan Nikolayev
Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolayev (Chuvash and Андриян Григорьевич Николаев; 5 September 1929 – 3 July 2004) was a Soviet cosmonaut.
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Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
The terms Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (APAS), Androgynous Peripheral Assembly System (APAS) and Androgynous Peripheral Docking System (APDS), are used interchangeably to describe a family of spacecraft docking mechanisms, and are also sometimes used as a generic name for any docking system in that family.
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AngoSat 1
AngoSat 1 is a geostationary communications satellite operated by Angosat and built by the Russian company RSC Energia.
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Anti-satellite weapon
Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic military purposes.
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Apogee Books
Apogee Books is an imprint of Canadian publishing house Collector's Guide Publishing.
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Apollo spacecraft feasibility study
The Apollo spacecraft feasibility study was conducted by NASA from July 1960 through May 1961 to investigate preliminary designs for a post-Project Mercury multi-manned spacecraft to be used for possible space station, circum-lunar, lunar orbital, or manned lunar landing missions.
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Arkady Ostashev
Arkady Ilyich Ostashev (Аркадий Ильич Осташев); September 30, 1925, village Maly Vasilyev, Noginsky District, Moscow Oblast, USSR – July 12, 1998, Moscow, Russian Federation was an engineer, Soviet, Russian scientist, participant in the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite and the first cosmonaut, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Docent, laureate of the Lenin and state prizes of the, senior test pilot of missiles and space-rocket complexes of OKB-1, the disciple and companion of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
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Australia–Russia relations
Australia–Russia relations (Российско-австралийские отношения) date back to 1807, when the Russian warship ''Neva'' arrived in Sydney as part of its circumnavigation of the globe.
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Automated Transfer Vehicle
The Automated Transfer Vehicle, originally Ariane Transfer Vehicle or ATV, was an expendable cargo spacecraft developed by the European Space Agency (ESA).
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Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41
Site 41 was a complex of three launch pads at the Baikonur Cosmodrome originally built for flight testing of Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBMs) using storable propellant.
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BelKA
BelKA (an acronym from Belarusian: Беларускі Касмічны Апарат, Belarusian Cosmic Apparatus) was intended to be the first satellite of independent Belarus.
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Blok D
Blok D (Блок Д meaning Block D) is an upper stage used on Soviet and later Russian expendable launch systems, including the N1, Proton-K and Zenit.
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Blok DM-03
The Blok DM-03 (Блок ДМ-03 meaning Block DM-03), GRAU index 11S861-03, is a Russian upper stage used as an optional fourth stage on the Proton-M carrier rocket.
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Boeing Defense, Space & Security
Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS) is a division (business unit) of The Boeing Company.
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Boris Chertok
Boris Evseyevich Chertok (Бори́с Евсе́евич Черто́к; 1 March 1912 – 14 December 2011) was a Russian electrical engineer and the control systems designer in the Soviet Union's space program, and later the Roscosmos.
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Buran programme
The Buran programme (Бура́н,, "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"), also known as the "VKK Space Orbiter programme" ("VKK" is for Воздушно Космический Корабль, "Air Space Ship"), was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project that began in 1974 at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in Moscow and was formally suspended in 1993.
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Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) was a NASA program to coordinate the delivery of crew and cargo to the International Space Station by private companies.
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Comparison of crewed space vehicles
A number of different spacecraft have been used to carry people to and from space.
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Comparison of orbital launch systems
This is a comparison of orbital launch systems.
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Comparison of orbital launchers families
This page contains a list of orbital launchers' families.
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Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
A number of different spacecraft have been used to carry cargo to and from space stations.
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Crew Return Vehicle
The Crew Return Vehicle (CRV), sometimes referred to as the Assured Crew Return Vehicle (ACRV), was a proposed dedicated lifeboat or escape module for the International Space Station (ISS).
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CSTS
CSTS (Crew Space Transportation System) or ACTS (Advanced Crew Transportation System) is a human spaceflight system proposal.
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Dmitri Ilyich Kozlov
Dmitry Ilyich Kozlov (1 October 1919, Tikhoretsk - March 7, 2009, Samara) was a Russian aerospace engineer who founded the Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center.
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Economy of Russia
Russia has an upper-middle income, World Bank mixed economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy.
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EgyptSat 2
EgyptSat 2 also called (MisrSat 2) is Egypt's second remote sensing Earth observation satellite built by the Russian RSC Energia and the Egyptian NARSS while the incorporated cameras and payload was developed by OAO Peleng and NIRUP Geoinformatsionnye Sistemy in Belarus.
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EKR (missile)
The EKR (Eksperimentalnaya Krylataya Raketa, or experimental winged rocket) was a Soviet intermediate range cruise missile designed by the Korolev design bureau based on B. Chertok's elaboration of the German R-15 cruise missile design.
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EKS (satellite system)
EKS (reportedly standing for Edinaya Kosmicheskaya Sistema meaning Unified Space System) (GRAU designation: 14F142) is a developing programme of Russian early warning satellites as a replacement for the US-KMO and US-K satellites of the Oko programme.
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Energia
Energia (Энергия, Energiya, "Energy") (GRAU 11K25) was a Soviet rocket that was designed by NPO Energia to serve as a heavy-lift partially recoverable launch system for a variety of payloads including the Buran spacecraft.
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Energia (corporation)
PAO S. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia (Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporatsiya “Energiya” im.), also known as RSC Energia (РКК «Энергия», RKK “Energiya”), is a Russian manufacturer of ballistic missile, spacecraft and space station components.
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Energia (disambiguation)
Energia was a Soviet rocket, designed to carry the space shuttles of the Buran programme.
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Energia-100
Energia-100 (Russian: Энергия-100) is a geostationary communications satellite built by the Russian company RSC Energia for its subsidiary Energia-Telecom (Russian: Энергия-Телеком).
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Expedition 1
Expedition 1 was the first long-duration stay on the International Space Station (ISS).
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Expendable launch system
An expendable launch vehicle (ELV) is a launch system or launch vehicle stage that is used only once to carry a payload into space.
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Federation (spacecraft)
Federation (Федерация, Federatsiya), formerly called PPTS (Prospective Piloted Transport System, Перспективная Пилотируемая Транспортная Система, Perspektivnaya Pilotiruemaya Transportnaya Sistema) is a project by Roscosmos to develop a new-generation, partially reusable piloted spacecraft.
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Functional Cargo Block
The Functional Cargo Block or FGB (from the Russian "Функционально-грузовой блок", ФГБ, "Funktsionalno-gruzovoy blok", FGB, GRAU index 11F77) was part of the Soviet TKS spacecraft.
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Fyodor Yurchikhin
Fyodor Nikolayevich Yurchikhin (Greek: Θεόδωρος Γιουρτσίχιν του Νικόλαου; born 3 January 1959), is a Russian cosmonaut of Greek descent, engineer and RSC Energia test-pilot who has flown on five spaceflights.
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Galina Balashova
Galina Andreevna Balashova (Галина Андреевна Балашова, born 1931) is a Russian architect and designer who was associated with the Soviet space program.
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Gazprom Space Systems
OJSC Gazprom Space Systems (ОАО «Газпром космические системы»), previously known as (Gazcom) («Газком»), is a Russian communications satellite operator and developer.
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Gennadi Strekalov
Gennadi Mikhailovich Strekalov (Генна́дий Миха́йлович Стрека́лов; October 26, 1940 – December 25, 2004) was an engineer, cosmonaut, and administrator at Russian aerospace firm RSC Energia.
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Georgy Babakin
Georgy Nikolayevich Babakin (Гео́ргий Никола́евич Баба́кин; 13 November 1914 – 3 August 1971) was a Soviet engineer working in the space program.
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Gherman Titov
Gherman Stepanovich Titov (Герман Степанович Титов; 11 September 1935 – 20 September 2000) was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 6 August 1961, became the second human to orbit the Earth, aboard Vostok 2, preceded by Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1.
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Helium-3
Helium-3 (He-3, also written as 3He, see also helion) is a light, non-radioactive isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron (common helium having two protons and two neutrons).
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Human spaceflight
Human spaceflight (also referred to as crewed spaceflight or manned spaceflight) is space travel with a crew or passengers aboard the spacecraft.
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Igor Kovalevsky
Igor Leonidovich Kovalevsky (born 5 August 1965, Kharkiv Oblast, USSR, now Ukraine) is a Catholic priest, general secretary of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of Russia, the administrator parish of Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral in Moscow, director of Caritas in the European Part of Russia.
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Intelsat 15
Intelsat 15, also known as IS-15, is a communications satellite owned by Intelsat.
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International Docking Adapter
The International Docking Adapter (IDA) is a spacecraft docking system adapter being developed to convert APAS-95 to the NASA Docking System (NDS)/ International Docking System Standard (IDSS).
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International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit.
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International Space Station program
The International Space Station program is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilization, and responsibilities for crew rotation and station resupply.
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Jeffrey Manber
Jeffrey Manber is regarded as one of the pioneering commercial space entrepreneurs.
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Judica-Cordiglia brothers
The Judica-Cordiglia brothers are two italian former amateur radio operators who made audio recordings that allegedly support the conspiracy theory that the Soviet space program covered up cosmonaut deaths in the 1960s.
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Jules Verne ATV
The Jules Verne ATV, or Automated Transfer Vehicle 001 (ATV-001), was an unmanned cargo resupply spacecraft launched by the European Space Agency (ESA).
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Kedr
Kedr (кедр meaning Siberian pine; Yuri Gagarin's callsign during the Vostok 1 mission) also known as ARISSat 1 and RadioSkaf-2, was an amateur radio minisatellite operated by RKK Energia as part of the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station and RadioSkaf programmes.
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Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (ГКНПЦ им. М. В. Хру́ничева in Russian) is a Moscow-based producer of spacecraft and space-launch systems, including the Proton and Rokot rockets.
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Kliper
Kliper (Клипер, English: Clipper) was an early-2000s proposed partly- reusable manned spacecraft concept by RSC Energia.
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Konstantin Feoktistov
Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov (Константин Петрович Феоктистов; 7 February 1926 – 21 November 2009) was a Soviet cosmonaut and an eminent space engineer.
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Korabl-Sputnik 1
Korabl-Sputnik 1 (Корабль Спутник 1 meaning Ship Satellite 1, Boat Satellite 1, or Starship Satellite 1), also known as Sputnik 4 in the West, was the first test flight of the Soviet Vostok programme, and the first Vostok spacecraft.
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Korabl-Sputnik 2
Korabl-Sputnik 2 (Корабль-Спутник 2 meaning Ship-Satellite 2), also known incorrectly as Sputnik 5 in the West, was a Soviet artificial satellite, and the third test flight of the Vostok spacecraft.
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Korabl-Sputnik 3
Korabl-Sputnik 3 (Корабль-Спутник 3 meaning Ship-Satellite 3) or Vostok-1K No.3, also known as Sputnik 6 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1960.
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Korabl-Sputnik 4
Korabl-Sputnik 4 (Корабль-Спутник 4 meaning Ship-Satellite 4) or Vostok-3KA No.1, also known as Sputnik 9 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1961.
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Korabl-Sputnik 5
Korabl-Sputnik 5 (Корабль-Спутник 5 meaning Ship-Satellite 5) or Vostok-3KA No.2, also known as Sputnik 10 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1961, as part of the Vostok programme.
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Korolyov
Korolyov (Королёв), also transliterated as Korolev or Korolov, or its feminine variant Korolyova (Королёва), is a common Russian surname, and the name of multiple places in Russia.
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Korolyov, Moscow Oblast
Korolyov or Korolev (p) is an industrial city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, well known as the cradle of Soviet and Russian space exploration.
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Kosmos 10
Kosmos 10 (Космос 10 meaning Cosmos 10), also known as Zenit-2 #5, was a Soviet reconnaissance satellite launched in 1962.
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Kosmos 104
Kosmos 104 (Космос 104 meaning Cosmos 104) or Zenit-2 No.36 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 105
Kosmos 105 (Космос 105 meaning Cosmos 105) or Zenit-2 No.38 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 107
Kosmos 107 (Космос 107 meaning Cosmos 107) or Zenit-2 No.34 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 110
Kosmos 110 (Космос 110 meaning Cosmos 110) was a Soviet spacecraft launched on 22 February 1966 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard a Voskhod rocket.
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Kosmos 112
Kosmos 112 (Космос 112 meaning Cosmos 112) or Zenit-2 No.37 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 115
Kosmos 115 (Космос 115 meaning Cosmos 115) or Zenit-2 No.35 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 117
Kosmos 117 (Космос 117 meaning Cosmos 117) or Zenit-2 No.39 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 12
Kosmos 12 (Космос 12 meaning Cosmos 12) or Zenit-2 No.6 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1962.
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Kosmos 120
Kosmos 120 (Космос 120 meaning Cosmos 120) or Zenit-2 No.41 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 124
Kosmos 124 (Космос 124 meaning Cosmos 124) or Zenit-2 No.42 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 129
Kosmos 129 (Космос 129 meaning Cosmos 129) or Zenit-2 No.33 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 13
Kosmos 13 (Космос 13 meaning Cosmos 13) or Zenit-2 No.9 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1963.
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Kosmos 132
Kosmos 132 (Космос 132 meaning Cosmos 132) or Zenit-2 No.46 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 133
Kosmos 133 (Космос 133, meaning "Cosmos 133"; COSPAR ID: 1966-107A), was the first unmanned test flight of the Soyuz spacecraft, and first mission of the Soyuz programme, as part of the Soviet space programme.
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Kosmos 136
Kosmos 136 (Космос 136 meaning Cosmos 136) or Zenit-2 No.47 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1966.
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Kosmos 138
Kosmos 138 (Космос 138 meaning Cosmos 138) or Zenit-2 No.43 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1967.
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Kosmos 140
Kosmos 140 (Космос 140 meaning Cosmos 140) was an unmanned flight of the Soyuz spacecraft.
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Kosmos 143
Kosmos 143 (Космос 143 meaning Cosmos 143) or Zenit-2 No.45 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1967.
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Kosmos 146
Kosmos 146 was a Soviet test satellite precursor to the Zond series, launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard a Proton K rocket.
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Kosmos 147
Kosmos 147 (Космос 147 meaning Cosmos 147) or Zenit-2 No.44 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1967.
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Kosmos 15
Kosmos 15 (Космос 15 meaning Cosmos 15) or Zenit-2 No.8 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1963.
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Kosmos 16
Kosmos 16 (Космос 16 meaning Cosmos 16) or Zenit-2 No.10 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1963.
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Kosmos 1669
Kosmos-1669 (Космос-1669 meaning Cosmos 1669) was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the Salyut 7 space station.
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Kosmos 18
Kosmos 18 (Космос 18 meaning Cosmos 18) or Zenit-2 No.11 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1963.
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Kosmos 2
Kosmos 2 (Космос 2 meaning Cosmos 2), also known as 1MS #1 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 12 was a scientific research and technology demonstration satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1962.
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Kosmos 20
Kosmos 20 (Космос 20 meaning Cosmos 20) or Zenit-2 No.13 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1963.
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Kosmos 21
Kosmos 21 (Космос 21 meaning Cosmos 21) was a Soviet spacecraft with an unknown mission.
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Kosmos 212
Kosmos 212 (Космос 212 meaning Cosmos 212) was one of a series of Soviet Soyuz programme test spacecraft whose purpose was to further test and develop the passenger version.
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Kosmos 24
Kosmos 24 (Космос 24 meaning Cosmos 24) or Zenit-2 No.15 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1963.
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Kosmos 27
Kosmos 27 (Космос 27 meaning Cosmos 27), also known as Zond 3MV-1 No.3 was a space mission intended as a Venus flyby.
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Kosmos 28
Kosmos 28 (Космос 28 meaning Cosmos 28) or Zenit-2 No.16 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1964.
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Kosmos 29
Kosmos 29 (Космос 29 meaning Cosmos 29) or Zenit-2 No.19 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1964.
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Kosmos 3
Kosmos 3 (Космос 3 meaning Cosmos 3), also known as 2MS #1 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 13 was a scientific research and technology demonstration satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1962.
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Kosmos 32
Kosmos 32 (Космос 32 meaning Cosmos 32) or Zenit-2 No.18 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1964.
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Kosmos 33
Kosmos 33 (Космос 33 meaning Cosmos 33) or Zenit-2 No.20 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964.
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Kosmos 35
Kosmos 35 (Космос 35 meaning Cosmos 35) or Zenit-2 No.21 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964.
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Kosmos 37
Kosmos 37 (Космос 37 meaning Cosmos 37) or Zenit-2 No.22 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964.
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Kosmos 396
Kosmos 396 (Космос 396 meaning Cosmos 396) was an test flight of the Zenit-4M military surveillance satellite.
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Kosmos 4
Kosmos 4 (Космос 4 meaning Cosmos 4), also known as Zenit-2 No.2 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 14 was the first Soviet reconnaissance satellite to successfully reach orbit.
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Kosmos 46
Kosmos 46 (Космос 46 meaning Cosmos 46) or Zenit-2 No.23 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964.
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Kosmos 47
Kosmos 47 (Космос 47 meaning Cosmos 47) is the designation of an unmanned test-flight of a prototype Soviet Voskhod spacecraft, the first multiple-occupant spacecraft.
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Kosmos 48
Kosmos 48 (Космос 48 meaning Cosmos 48) or Zenit-2 No.24 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964.
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Kosmos 5
Kosmos 5 (Космос 5 meaning Cosmos 5), also known as 2MS #2 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 15 was a scientific research and technology demonstration satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1962.
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Kosmos 50
Kosmos 50 (italic meaning Cosmos 50) or Zenit-2 No.25 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1964.
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Kosmos 52
Kosmos 52 (Космос 52 meaning Cosmos 52) or Zenit-2 No.26 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965.
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Kosmos 613
Kosmos 613 (Космос 613 meaning Cosmos 613) was a long-duration orbital storage test of the Soyuz Ferry in preparation for long stays attached to a space station.
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Kosmos 64
Kosmos 64 (Космос 64 meaning Cosmos 64) or Zenit-2 No.17 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965.
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Kosmos 656
Kosmos 656 (Космос 656 meaning Cosmos 656) was an unmanned test of the Soyuz 7K-T, a variant of the Soyuz spacecraft.
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Kosmos 66
Kosmos 66 (Космос 66 meaning Cosmos 66) or Zenit-2 No.27 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965.
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Kosmos 68
Kosmos 68 (Космос 68 meaning Cosmos 68) or Zenit-2 No.29 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965.
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Kosmos 7
Kosmos 7 (Космос 7 meaning Cosmos 7), also known as Zenit-2 #4 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 17 was a Soviet reconnaissance satellite launched in 1962.
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Kosmos 78
Kosmos 78 (Космос 78) or Zenit-2 No.30 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965.
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Kosmos 9
Kosmos 9 (Космос 9 meaning Cosmos 9), also known as Zenit-2 #7, was a Soviet reconnaissance satellite launched in 1962.
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Kosmos 96
Kosmos 96 (Космос 96 meaning Cosmos 96), or 3MV-4 No.6, was a Soviet spacecraft intended to explore Venus.
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Kosmos 98
Kosmos 98 (Космос 98 meaning Cosmos 98) or Zenit-2 No.31 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965.
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Kosmos 99
Kosmos 99 (Космос 99 meaning Cosmos 99) or Zenit-2 No.32 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1965.
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Kosmos Airlines
Kosmos Airlines (Russian: КОСМОС производственное объединение, KOSMOS Proizvodstvennoe obiedinenie) is a Russian airline founded in 1995 which specialises in the delivery of cargo to launch sites.
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KTDU-80
The KTDU-80 (Russian: Корректирующе-Тормозная Двигательная Установка, КТДУ) is the latest of a family of integrated propulsion system that KB KhIMMASH has implemented for the Soyuz since the Soyuz-T. It integrates main propulsion, RCS and attitude control in a single system pressure fed from a common dual string redundant pressurized propellant system.
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Leonid Alexandrovich Voskresenskiy
Leonid Alexandrovich Voskresenskiy (Russian: Леонид Александрович Воскресенский, June 14, 1913 – December 14, 1965) was a Soviet rocket engineer and long-time associate of famed Chief Designer Sergei Korolev.
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List of aircraft (O)
This is a list of aircraft in alphabetical order beginning with 'O'.
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List of astronauts by year of selection
This is a list of astronauts by year of selection: people selected to train for a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.
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List of companies of Russia
Russia has an upper-middle income, World Bank mixed economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy.
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List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports
The following is a list of countries by exports of aircraft, including helicopters, and spacecraft (Harmonized System code 8802).
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List of missions to Mars
There are a number of derelict orbiters around Mars whose location is not known precisely; there is a proposal to search for small moons, dust rings, and old orbiters with the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
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List of missions to the Moon
As part of human exploration of the Moon, numerous space missions have been undertaken to study Earth's natural satellite.
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List of missions to Venus
This is a list of space missions to the planet Venus.
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List of spacecraft manufacturers
During the early years of spaceflight only nation states had the resources to develop and fly spacecraft.
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List of spacecraft with electric propulsion
In chronological order, spacecrafts are listed equipped with electric space propulsion.
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LK (spacecraft)
The LK (ЛК, from Лунный корабль, "Lunniy korabl", meaning "Lunar craft"; GRAU index: 11F94) was a piloted lunar lander developed in the 1960s as a part of the Soviet attempts at human exploration of the Moon. Its role was analogous to the American Apollo Lunar Module (LM). Several LK articles were flown without crew in Earth orbit, but no LK ever reached the Moon. The development of the N1 launch vehicle required for the Moon flight suffered setbacks (including several launch failures), and the first Moon landings were achieved by US astronauts. As a result, both the N1 and the LK programs were cancelled without any further development.
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Lockheed Martin
Lockheed Martin is an American global aerospace, defense, security and advanced technologies company with worldwide interests.
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Luna 1
Luna 1, also known as Mechta (Мечта, lit.: Dream), E-1 No.4 and First Lunar Rover, was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit.
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Luna 2
Luna 2 (E-1A series) or Lunik 2 was the second of the Soviet Union's Luna programme spacecraft launched to the Moon.
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Luna 3
Luna 3, or E-2A No.1 was a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1959 as part of the Luna programme.
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Luna 4
Luna 4, or E-6 No.4 was a Soviet spacecraft launched as part of the Luna program to attempt the first soft landing on the Moon.
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Luna 5
Luna 5, or E-6 No.10, was an unmanned Soviet spacecraft intended to land on the Moon as part of the Luna programme.
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Luna 6
Luna 6, or E-6 No.7 was an unmanned Soviet spacecraft which was intended to perform a landing on the Moon as part of the Luna program.
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Luna 7
Luna 7 (E-6 series) was an unmanned space mission of the Soviet Luna program, also called Lunik 7.
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Luna 8
Luna 8 (E-6 series), also known as Lunik 8, was a lunar space probe of the Luna program.
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Luna 9
Luna 9 (Луна-9), internal designation Ye-6 No.13, was an unmanned space mission of the Soviet Union's Luna programme.
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Luna E-1 No.1
Luna E-1 No.1, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958A, was a Soviet Luna E-1 spacecraft which was intended to impact the Moon.
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Luna E-1 No.2
Luna E-1 No.2, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958B, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1958.
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Luna E-1 No.3
Luna E-1 No.3, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958C, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1958.
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Luna E-1A No.1
Luna E-1A No.1 or E-1 No.5, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1959A, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1959.
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Luna E-3 No.1
Luna E-3 No.1, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1960A, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1960.
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Luna E-3 No.2
Luna E-3 No.2, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1960B, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1960.
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Luna E-6 No.2
Luna E-6 No.2, also identified as No.1, and sometimes known in the West as Sputnik 25, was a Soviet spacecraft which launched in 1963, but was placed into a useless orbit due to a problem with the upper stage of the rocket that launched it.
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Luna E-6 No.3
Luna E-6 No.3, also identified as No.2 and sometimes by NASA as Luna 1963B, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1963.
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Luna E-6 No.5
Luna E-6 No.5, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1964B, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1964.
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Luna E-6 No.6
Luna E-6 No.6, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1964A, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1964.
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Luna E-6 No.8
Molniya-L Luna E-6 No.8, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1965A, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1965.
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Luna E-6LS No.112
Luna E-6LS No.112, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1968A, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1968.
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Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
A magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster (MPDT) is a form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion which uses the Lorentz force (the force on a charged particle by an electromagnetic field) to generate thrust.
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Mars 1M No.1
Mars 1M No.1, designated Mars 1960A by NASA analysts and dubbed Marsnik 1 by the Western media, was the first spacecraft launched as part of the Soviet Union's Mars programme.
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Mars 1M No.2
Mars 1M No.2, designated Mars 1960B by NASA analysts and dubbed Marsnik 2 by the Western media, was a spacecraft launched as part of the Soviet Union's Mars programme, which was lost in a launch failure in 1960.
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Mars 2
The Mars 2 was an unmanned space probe of the Mars program, a series of unmanned Mars landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union May 19, 1971.
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Mars 2MV-3 No.1
Mars 2MV-3 No.1 also known as Sputnik 24 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was launched in 1962 as part of the Mars program, and was intended to land on the surface of Mars.
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Mars 2MV-4 No.1
Mars 2MV-4 No.1 also known as Sputnik 22 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was launched in 1962 as part of the Mars programme, and was intended to make a flyby of Mars, and transmit images of the planet back to Earth.
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Mars Piloted Orbital Station
Mars Piloted Orbital Station (or MARPOST) is a Russian concept for an orbital Human mission to Mars, with several proposed configurations, including using a nuclear reactor to run an electric rocket engine.
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Medium-lift launch vehicle
A medium-lift launch vehicle - MLV a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting between of payload into Low Earth orbit - LEO.
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Mikhail Yangel
Mikhail Kuzmich Yangel (Михаил Кузьмич Янгель; November 7, 1911 – October 25, 1971), was a leading missile designer in the Soviet Union.
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Mir
Mir (Мир,; lit. peace or world) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia.
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Mir Docking Module
The Stykovochnyy Otsek (стыковочный отсек, Docking compartment), GRAU index 316GK, otherwise known as the Mir docking module or SO, was the sixth module of the Russian space station Mir, launched in November 1995 aboard the.
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MirCorp
MirCorp was a commercial space company created in 1999 by space entrepreneurs and involving the Russian space program that successfully undertook a number of firsts in the business of space exploration by using the aging Russian space station Mir as a commercial platform.
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Mission control center
A mission control center (MCC, sometimes called a flight control center or operations center) is a facility that manages space flights, usually from the point of launch until landing or the end of the mission.
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Molniya (rocket)
The Molniya (Молния, meaning "lightning"), GRAU Index 8K78, was a modification of the well-known R-7 Semyorka rocket and had four stages.
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Molniya-1 No.2
Molniya-1 No.2, was the first Soviet communications satellite to be launched.
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Moscow Aviation Institute
Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University) (Московский авиационный институт) founded in 1930 is one of several major engineering higher education establishments in Moscow.
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Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Московский Физико-Технический институт), known informally as PhysTech (Физтех), is a Russian university, originally established in Soviet Union.
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Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast (p), or Podmoskovye (p, literally "around/near Moscow"), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).
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MS (satellite)
MS was a series of four Soviet satellites launched in 1962.
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Mstislav Keldysh
Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh (Мстисла́в Все́володович Ке́лдыш; – 24 June 1978) was a Soviet scientist in the field of mathematics and mechanics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946), President of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1961–1975), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961, 1971), fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1968).
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N1 (rocket)
The N1 (Russian: Н1, from Ракета-носитель, Raketa-Nositel, carrier) was a super heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to deliver payloads beyond low Earth orbit, acting as the Soviet counterpart to the US Saturn V. It was designed with crewed extra-orbital travel in mind.
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Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya
Nadezhda Kuzhelnaya (Надежда Кужельная, born 6 November 1962) is a former Russian cosmonaut.
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National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS) is the pioneering Egyptian institution in the field of satellite remote sensing.
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Nauka (ISS module)
Nauka (Нау́ка; lit. Science), also known as the Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM), (Russian: Многофункциональный лабораторный модуль, or МЛМ), is a component of the International Space Station (ISS) which has not yet been launched into space.
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Nikolai Budarin
Nikolai Mikhailovich Budarin (Николай Михайлович Бударин) (born April 29, 1953 in Kirya, Chuvashia) is a retired Russian cosmonaut, a veteran of three extended space missions aboard the Mir Space Station and the International Space Station.
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Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov
Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov was a Chief Designer of the Soviet Design Bureau OKB-276 which deals with the development, manufacture and distribution of equipment, especially aircraft engines, turbines and gearboxes.
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Nikolay Pilyugin
Nikolay Alekseyevich Pilyugin (Никола́й Алексее́вич Пилю́гин; May 5(OS) (May 18(NS)), 1908, Krasnoye Selo - August 2, 1982) was Soviet chief designer of rocket guidance systems.
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Nikolay Sevastyanov
Nikolai Sevastianov (born 1961, Chelyabinsk, USSR (now Russia)) graduated from the Aerodynamics and Space Exploration Department of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1984.
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NK-33
The NK-33 and NK-43 are rocket engines designed and built in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the Kuznetsov Design Bureau.
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NPO Energomash
NPO Energomash “V.
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NPO Mashinostroyeniya
NPO Mashinostroyeniya (НПО машиностроения) is a rocket design bureau based in Reutov, Russia.
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Odyssey (launch platform)
L/P Odyssey is a self-propelled semi-submersible mobile spacecraft launch platform converted from a mobile drilling rig in 1997.
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OKB
OKB is a transliteration of the Russian initials of "Опытное конструкторское бюро" – Opytnoye Konstruktorskoye Buro, meaning Experimental Design Bureau.
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OKB Fakel
OKB Fakel (Russian ОКБ "Факел") is a Russian electric propulsion system development company.
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OKB-1 140
The OKB-1 '140', (sometimes known as '001') was a jet bomber produced in the USSR from 1947.
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OKB-1 150
The OKB-1 '150' was a jet bomber designed and produced in the USSR from.
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OKB-1 EF 131
The OKB-1/Junkers EF-131 was a jet bomber produced in Germany and the USSR from 1944.
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Oleg Artemyev
Oleg Germanovich Artemyev (Олег Германович Артемьев; born December 28, 1970) is a Russian Cosmonaut for the Russian Federal Space Agency.
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Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov
Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov (Оле́г Григо́рьевич Мака́ров) (6 January 1933 – 28 May 2003) was a Soviet cosmonaut.
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Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex
The Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex (Орбитальный Пилотируемый Сборочно-Экспериментальный Комплекс, Orbital'nyj Pilotirujemyj Sborochno-Eksperimental'nyj Kompleks) (ОПСЭК, OPSEK) is a Russian proposed third-generation modular space station in Low Earth orbit.
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Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station
The Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station is a proposed orbital space station intended for commercial clients.
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Order of the Red Banner of Labour
The Order of the Red Banner of Labour (translit) was an order of the Soviet Union established to honour great deeds and services to the Soviet state and society in the fields of production, science, culture, literature, the arts, education, health, social and other spheres of labour activities.
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Parom
The Parom (ferry in Russian) is a space tug that has been proposed by RKK Energia.
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Pavel Popovich
Pavel Romanovich Popovich (Па́вел Рома́нович Попо́вич, Павло Романович Попович, Pavlo Romanovych Popovych) (October 5, 1930 – September 29, 2009) was a Soviet cosmonaut.
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Pavel Vinogradov
Pavel Vladimirovich Vinogradov (Павел Владимирович Виноградов; born August 31, 1953 in Magadan, USSR) is a cosmonaut and former commander of the International Space Station.
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Pirs (ISS module)
Pirs (Пирс, meaning "pier") – also called "Stykovochny Otsek 1" ("SO-1") (Стыковочный отсек, "docking module" and DC-1 (docking compartment) – is a Russian module on the International Space Station (ISS). Pirs was launched in August 2001. It provides the ISS with one docking port for Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and allows egress and ingress for spacewalks by cosmonauts using Russian Orlan space suits. A second docking compartment, "Stykovochniy Otsek 2" or SO-2, was planned with the same design. However, when the Russian segment of the ISS was redesigned in 2001, the new design no longer included the SO-2, and its construction was canceled. After another change of plans the SO-2 module finally evolved into the ''Poisk'' module, which was added to the ISS in 2009. Pirs was scheduled to be detached from the ISS and deorbited in 2017 by Progress MS-06, to make room for the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module ''Nauka'', however due to the repetitive delays with the laboratory module, this maneuver was postponed for Progress MS-09 in 2018.
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Poisk (ISS module)
Poisk (По́иск; lit. Search), also known as the Mini-Research Module 2 (MRM 2), Малый исследовательский модуль 2, or МИМ 2, is a docking module of the International Space Station.
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Polyot (rocket)
The Polyot (Also known as Sputnik, GRAU index 11A59) was an interim orbital carrier rocket, built to test ASAT spacecraft.
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Private spaceflight
Private spaceflight is flight beyond the Kármán line (above the nominal edge of space at Earth altitude)—or the development of new spaceflight technology—that is conducted and paid for by an entity other than a government agency.
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Progress (spacecraft)
The Progress (Прогресс) is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft.
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Progress 1
Progress 1 was a Soviet unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1978 to resupply the Salyut 6 space station.
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Progress 2
Progress 2 was an unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union in 1978 to resupply the Salyut 6 space station.
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Progress 3
Progress 3 was an unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union in 1978 to resupply the Salyut 6 space station.
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Progress 4
Progress 4, was a Soviet unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1978 to resupply the Salyut 6 space station.
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Progress 5
Progress 5, was a Soviet unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1979 to resupply the Salyut 6 space station.
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Progress 7K-TG
Progress 7K-TG (Прогресс 7К-ТГ, GRAU index 11F615A15), was a Soviet unmanned spacecraft used to resupply space stations in low Earth orbit.
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Progress M-01M
Progress M-01M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 31 or 31P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-02M
Progress M-02M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 33 or 33P, was a Progress spacecraft which was used to resupply the International Space Station during 2009.
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Progress M-03M
Progress M-03M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 35P, was a Progress spacecraft used by the Russian Federal Space Agency to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress M-04M
Progress M-04M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 36P, is a Russian Progress spacecraft which was launched in February 2010 to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-05M
Progress M-05M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 37P, is a Progress spacecraft launched by the Russian Federal Space Agency in April 2010 to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress M-06M
Progress M-06M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 38P, is a Russian Progress spacecraft which was launched in June 2010 to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-07M
Progress M-07M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 39 or 39P, is a Progress spacecraft which was used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-08M
Progress M-08M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 40 or 40P, is a Progress spacecraft which was used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-09M
Progress M-09M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 41 or 41P, is a Progress spacecraft which was launched in 2011 to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-1
Progress M-1 (italic), was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1989 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-10
Progress M-10 (italic) was a Soviet and subsequently Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1991 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-10M
Progress M-10M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 42 or 42P, is a Progress spacecraft which was launched on 27 April 2011 to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-11
Progress M-11 (italic) was a Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1992 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-11M
Progress M-11M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 43 or 43P, is a Progress spacecraft which was launched on June 21, 2011 to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-12
Progress M-12 (italic) was a Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1992 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-12M
Progress M-12M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 44 or 44P, was an unmanned Progress spacecraft that was lost in a launch failure in August 2011, at the start of a mission to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-13
Progress M-13 (italic) was a Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1992 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-13M
Progress M-13M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 45 or 45P, is a Progress spacecraft which reached the International Space Station (ISS) on 2 November 2011.
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Progress M-14
Progress M-14, was a Russian unmanned Progress cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1992 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-14M
Progress M-14M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 46 or 46P, is a Progress spacecraft which was used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2012.
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Progress M-15
Progress M-15 (italic) was a Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1992 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-15M
Progress M-15M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 47 or 47P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2012.
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Progress M-16
Progress M-16 (italic) was a Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1993 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-16M
Progress M-16M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 48 or 48P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2012.
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Progress M-17
Progress M-17 (italic) was a Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1993 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-17M
Progress M-17M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 49 or 49P, was a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2012.
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Progress M-18
Progress M-18 (italic) was a Russian cargo unmanned spacecraft which was launched in 1993 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-18M
Progress M-18M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 50 or 50P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2013.
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Progress M-19M
Progress M-19M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 51 or 51P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station during 2013.
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Progress M-2
Progress M-2 (italic), was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1989 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-20M
Progress M-20M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 52 or 52P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2013.
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Progress M-21M
Progress M-21M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 53 or 53P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2013.
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Progress M-22M
Progress M-22M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 54 or 54P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2014.
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Progress M-23M
Progress M-23M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 55 or 55P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2014.
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Progress M-24
Progress M-24 (italic) was a Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1994 to resupply the Mir space station; causing minor damage to the station as the result of a collision during a failed attempt to dock.
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Progress M-24M
Progress M-24M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 56 or 56P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2014.
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Progress M-25M
Progress M-25M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 57 or 57P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2014.
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Progress M-26M
Progress M-26M (Прогресс М-26М), identified by NASA as Progress 58 or 58P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2015.
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Progress M-27M
Progress M-27M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 59 or 59P, was a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos in an unsuccessful attempt to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) in 2015.
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Progress M-28M
Progress M-28M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 60 or 60P was a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2015.
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Progress M-29M
Progress M-29M (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 61 or 61P was a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2015.
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Progress M-3
Progress M-3 (italic) was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1990 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-34
Progress M-34 (italic) was a Russian unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1997 to resupply the Mir space station, and which subsequently collided with Mir during a docking attempt, resulting in significant damage to the space station.
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Progress M-4
Progress M-4 (italic) was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1990 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-44
Progress M-44 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 3 or 3P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-45
Progress M-45 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 5 or 5P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-46
Progress M-46 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 8 or 8P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-47
Progress M-47 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 10 or 10P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-48
Progress M-48 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 12 or 12P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-49
Progress M-49 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 14 or 14P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-5
Progress M-5 (italic) was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1990 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-50
Progress M-50 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 15 or 15P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-51
Progress M-51 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 16 or 16P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-52
Progress M-52 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 17 or 17P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-53
Progress M-53 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 18 or 18P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-54
Progress M-54 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 19 or 19P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-55
Progress M-55 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 20 or 20P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-56
Progress M-56 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 21 or 21P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-57
Progress M-57 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 22 or 22P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-58
Progress M-58 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 23 or 23P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-59
Progress M-59 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 24 or 24P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-6
Progress M-6 (italic) was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1991 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-60
Progress M-60 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 25 or 25P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-61
Progress M-61 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 26 or 26P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-62
Progress M-62 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 27 or 27P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-63
Progress M-63 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 28 or 28P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-64
Progress M-64 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 29 or 29P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-65
Progress M-65 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 30 or 30P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-66
Progress M-66 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 32 or 32P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-67
Progress M-67 (italic) was a Progress spacecraft which was used for the Progress 34 or 34P flight to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M-7
Progress M-7 (italic) was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1991 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-8
Progress M-8 (italic) was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1991 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-9
Progress M-9 (italic) was a Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft which was launched in 1991 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M-MIM2
Progress M-MIM2 (Прогресс М-МИМ2), or Progress M-MRM2, originally designated Progress M-SO2, was a modified Progress-M spacecraft which was used to deliver the Poisk module to the International Space Station.
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Progress M-SO1
Progress M-SO1 was a modified Progress spacecraft used to deliver the Pirs module to the International Space Station.
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Progress M1-1
Progress M1-1 was a Progress spacecraft which was launched by Russia in 2000 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M1-10
Progress M1-10, identified by NASA as Progress 11 or 11P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M1-11
Progress M1-11, identified by NASA as Progress 13 or 13P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M1-2
Progress M1-2 was a Progress spacecraft which was launched by Russia in 2000 to resupply the Mir space station.
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Progress M1-3
Progress M1-3, identified by NASA as Progress 1 or 1P, was the first Progress spacecraft to visit the International Space Station.
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Progress M1-4
Progress M1-4, identified by NASA as Progress 2 or 2P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M1-5
Progress M1-5 was the Progress spacecraft which was launched by Russia in 2001 to deorbit the fifteen-year-old Mir space station before it naturally fell from orbit, potentially landing in a populated area.
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Progress M1-6
Progress M1-6, identified by NASA as Progress 4 or 4P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M1-7
Progress M1-7, identified by NASA as Progress 6 or 6P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M1-8
Progress M1-8, identified by NASA as Progress 7 or 7P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress M1-9
Progress M1-9, identified by NASA as Progress 9 or 9P, was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station.
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Progress MS-01
Progress MS-01 (italic), identified by NASA as Progress 62 or 62P is a Progress spacecraft used by Roskosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2015.
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Progress MS-02
Progress MS-02, identified by NASA as Progress 63 or 63P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) during 2016.
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Progress MS-03
Progress MS-03, identified by NASA as Progress 64 or 64P, is a Progress spacecraft to be used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress MS-04
Progress MS-04, identified by NASA as Progress 65 or 65P, was a Progress cargo spacecraft launched by Roscosmos in an unsuccessful attempt to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress MS-05
Progress MS-05, identified by NASA as Progress 66 or 66P, is a Progress spacecraft that has been used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress MS-06
Progress MS-06, identified by NASA as Progress 67 or 67P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress MS-07
Progress MS-07, identified by NASA as Progress 68 or 68P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress MS-08
Progress MS-08, identified by NASA as Progress 69 or 69P, is a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress MS-09
Progress MS-09, identified by NASA as Progress 70 or 70P, is a Progress spacecraft to be used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress MS-10
Progress MS-10, identified by NASA as Progress 71 or 71P, is a Progress spacecraft to be used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress MS-11
Progress MS-11, identified by NASA as Progress 72 or 72P, is a Progress spacecraft to be used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress MS-12
Progress MS-12, identified by NASA as Progress 73 or 73P, is a Progress spacecraft to be used by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).
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Progress Rocket Space Centre
The Progress Rocket Space Centre (Ракетно-космический центр «Прогресс»), formerly known as TsSKB-Progress (ЦСКБ-Прогресс), is a Russian joint-stock company under the jurisdiction of Roscosmos State Corporation responsible for space science and aerospace research.
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Progress-M
Progress-M (Прогресс-М, GRAU indices 11F615A55 and 11F615A60), also known as Progress 7K-TGM, is a Russian, previously Soviet spacecraft which is used to resupply space stations.
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Progress-M1
Progress-M1 (Прогресс-М1, GRAU indices 11F615A55 and 11F615A70), also known as Progress 7K-TGM1, is a Russian spacecraft which is used to resupply space stations.
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Project Excalibur
Project Excalibur was a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) research program to develop an X-ray laser as a ballistic missile defense (BMD).
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Project VR-190
VR-190 (Vysotnaya Raketa, literally, high-altitude rocket) was the first draft of human launch on a rocket into suborbital space flight on a ballistic trajectory at USSR between 1940s and 1950s.
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Ptichka
"Buria" ("Буря", "Storm" or "Tempest"), or "Ptichka" ("Птичка"), is an official nickname for the second Buran-class spaceplane, produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme, and inscripted on the ship's hull.
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R-1 (missile)
The R-1 rocket (NATO reporting name SS-1 Scunner, Soviet code name SA11, GRAU index 8A11) was a short-range ballistic missile manufactured in the Soviet Union based on the German V-2 rocket.
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R-11 Zemlya
The R-11 Zemlya, GRAU index 8A61 was a Soviet tactical ballistic missile.
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R-13 (missile)
The R-13 was a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) developed by the Soviet Union starting around 1955.
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R-2 (missile)
R-2 The R-2 Short-range ballistic missile (NATO reporting name SS-2 Sibling, GRAU index 8Zh38) was developed based on the R-1 design.
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R-5 Pobeda
The R-5 Pobeda (Побе́да, "Victory") was a theatre ballistic missile developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
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R-7 (rocket family)
The R-7 family of rockets (Р-7) is a series of rockets, derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka, the world's first ICBM.
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R-7 Semyorka
The R-7 (Р-7 "Семёрка") was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War, and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile.
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R-9 Desna
The R-9 (NATO reporting name: SS-8 Sasin) was a two-stage ICBM of the Soviet Union, in service from 1964 to 1976.
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Rassvet (ISS module)
Rassvet (Рассве́т; lit. "dawn"), also known as the Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) (Малый исследовательский модуль, МИМ 1) and formerly known as the Docking Cargo Module (DCM), is a component of the International Space Station (ISS).
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RD-0109
The RD-0109 is a rocket engine burning liquid oxygen and kerosene in a gas generator combustion cycle.
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RD-0210
The RD-0210 (GRAU Index: 8D411K) is also known as the RD-465.
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RD-58
The RD-58 (manufacturer designation 11D58) was a rocket engine, developed in the 1960s by OKB-1, now RKK Energia.
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RKA Mission Control Center
The RKA Mission Control Center (Центр управления полётами), also known by its acronym ЦУП (TsUP) is the mission control center of the Russian Federal Space Agency.
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RKK
RKK may refer to.
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RKK Energiya museum
The RKK Energiya museum is a museum dedicated to the early achievements of Russian space exploration programmes.
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RT-1
The RT-1 was an early intercontinental ballistic missile design that was tested but not deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
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RT-15
The RT-15 was a mobile theatre ballistic missile deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
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RT-2
The RT-2 was an intercontinental ballistic missile deployed by the Soviet Union, which was in service from December 1968 until 1976.
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S1.5400
The S1.5400 (GRAU Index 11D33) was a Soviet single-nozzle liquid-propellant rocket engine burning liquid oxygen and kerosene in an oxidizer-rich staged combustion cycle, being the first rocket engine to use this cycle in the world.
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S5.142
The S5.142 (AKA DST-25) is a liquid pressure-fed rocket engine burning N2O4/UDMH with an O/F of 1.85.
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S5.80
The S5.80 is a liquid pressure-fed rocket engine burning N2O4/UDMH with an O/F of 1.85.
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Salyut programme
The Salyut programme (Салю́т,, meaning "salute" or "fireworks") was the first space station programme, undertaken by the Soviet Union.
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Scud
Scud is the name of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
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Sea Launch
Sea Launch is a multinational spacecraft launch service that used a mobile maritime launch platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on specialized Zenit-3SL rockets through 2014.
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Sea Launch Commander
Sea Launch Commander is the command ship for Sea Launch.
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Secondary payload
A secondary payload, also known as rideshare, is a smaller-sized payload transported to orbit on a launch vehicle that is mostly paid for—and with the date and time of launch and the orbital trajectory determined—by the entity that contracts and pays for the primary launch.
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Sergei Avdeyev
Sergei Vasilyevich Avdeyev (Сергей Васильеви Авдеев, born 1 January 1956) is a Russian engineer and cosmonaut.
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Sergei Korolev
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (a,, also transliterated as Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov, Сергій Павлович Корольов Serhiy Pavlovych Korolyov; – 14 January 1966) worked as the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer during the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s.
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Sergei Krikalev
Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev (Серге́й Константинович Крикалёв, also transliterated as Sergei Krikalyov; born August 27, 1958) is a Russian cosmonaut and mechanical engineer.
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Sergei Treshchov
Sergei Yevgenyevich Treshchov (Сергей Евгеньевич Трещёв, born 18 August 1958) is a former cosmonaut of the RSC Energia.
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Sergey Afanasyev (engineer)
Sergey Alexandrovich Afanasyev (Серге́й Алекса́ндрович Афана́сьев) (August 30, 1918 – May 13, 2001) was a prominent Soviet engineer, space and defence industry executive, the first Minister of the Soviet-era Ministry of General Machine Building.
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Small-lift launch vehicle
A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting up to of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO).
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SOAR (spaceplane)
SOAR was a partially reusable air-launched spaceplane launch system concept designed to launch small satellites on a suborbital or orbital trajectory.
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Sokol space suit
The Sokol space suit, also known as the Sokol IVA suit or simply the Sokol (Cокол, Falcon), is a type of Russian space suit, worn by all who fly on the Soyuz spacecraft.
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Soviet space program
The Soviet space program (Russian: Космическая программа СССР, Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) comprised several of the rocket and space exploration programs conducted by the Soviet Union (USSR) from the 1930s until its collapse in 1991.
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Soyuz (rocket family)
Soyuz (Союз, meaning "union", GRAU index 11A511) is a family of expendable launch systems developed by OKB-1 and manufactured by Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara, Russia.
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Soyuz (rocket)
The Soyuz (Союз, meaning "union", GRAU index 11A511) was a Soviet expendable carrier rocket designed in the 1960s by OKB-1 and manufactured by State Aviation Plant No. 1 in Kuybyshev, Soviet Union.
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Soyuz (spacecraft)
Soyuz is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today.
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Soyuz 1
Soyuz 1 (Союз 1, Union 1) was a manned spaceflight of the Soviet space program.
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Soyuz 10
Soyuz 10 ('Союз 10', Union 10) was launched on 22 April 1971 as the world's first mission to the world's first space station, the Soviet Salyut 1.
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Soyuz 11
Soyuz 11 (Союз 11, Union 11) was the only manned mission to board the world's first space station, Salyut 1 (Soyuz 10 had soft-docked but had not been able to enter due to latching problems).
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Soyuz 12
Soyuz 12 (Союз 12, Union 12) was a 1973 manned test flight by the Soviet Union of the newly redesigned Soyuz 7K-T spacecraft that was intended to provide greater crew safety in the wake of the Soyuz 11 tragedy.
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Soyuz 13
Soyuz 13 (Союз 13, Union 13) was a 1973 Soviet manned space flight, the second test flight of the redesigned Soyuz 7K-T spacecraft that first flew as Soyuz 12.
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Soyuz 14
Soyuz 14 (Союз 14, Union 14) was a 1974 manned spaceflight to the Salyut 3 space station.
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Soyuz 15
Soyuz 15 (Союз 15, Union 15) was a 1974 manned space flight which was to have been the second mission to the Soviet Union's Salyut 3 space station with presumably military objectives.
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Soyuz 16
Soyuz 16 (Союз 16, Union 16) was a 1974 manned test flight for a joint Soviet-US space flight which culminated in the Apollo-Soyuz mission in July 1975.
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Soyuz 17
Soyuz 17 (Союз 17, Union 17) was the first of two long-duration missions to the Soviet Union's Salyut 4 space station in 1975.
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Soyuz 18
Soyuz 18 (Союз 18, Union 18) was a 1975 Soviet manned mission to Salyut 4, the second and final crew to man the space station.
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Soyuz 2
Soyuz 2 (Союз 2, Union 2) was an uncrewed spacecraft in the Soyuz family intended to be the target of a docking maneuver by the manned Soyuz 3 spacecraft.
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Soyuz 20
Soyuz 20 (Союз 20, Union 20) was an unmanned spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union.
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Soyuz 21
Soyuz 21 (Союз 21, Union 21) was a 1976 Soviet manned mission to the Salyut 5 space station, the first of three flights to the station.
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Soyuz 22
Soyuz 22 (Союз 22, Union 22) was a 1976 Soviet manned spaceflight.
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Soyuz 23
Soyuz 23 (Союз 23, Union 23) was a 1976 Soviet manned space flight, the second to the Salyut 5 space station.
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Soyuz 24
Soyuz 24 (Союз 24, Union 24) was a 1977 Soviet mission to the Salyut 5 space station, the third and final mission to the station, the last purely military crew for the Soviets and the final mission to a military Salyut.
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Soyuz 25
Soyuz 25 (Союз 25, Union 25) was a 1977 Soviet manned space flight, the first to the new Salyut 6 space station, which had been launched 10 days earlier. However, the mission was aborted when cosmonauts Vladimir Kovalyonok and Valery Ryumin failed to engage the docking latches of the station despite five attempts. Lacking sufficient fuel to attempt a dock at the other end of the station and with battery power for only two days, they returned to Earth. The failure led to a new rule whereby every crew had to have at least one person aboard who had previously flown in space.
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Soyuz 26
Soyuz 26 (Союз 26, Union 26) was a Soviet space mission which launched the crew of Salyut 6 EO-1, the first long duration crew on the space station Salyut 6. The Soyuz spacecraft was launched on 10 December 1977, and docked with the space station the next day. Soyuz 27 arrived at the station in January 1978, and its two-person crew transferred into the Soyuz 26 spacecraft to undock and land a few days later.
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Soyuz 27
Soyuz 27 (Союз 27, Union 27) was a 1978 Soviet manned spacecraft which flew to the orbiting Salyut 6 space station, during the mission EP-1.
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Soyuz 28
Soyuz 28 (Союз 28, Union 28) was a 1978 Soviet manned mission to the orbiting Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 29
Soyuz 29 (Союз 29, Union 29) was a 1978 manned Soviet space mission to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 3
Soyuz 3 ("Union 3", Союз 3) was a spaceflight mission launched by the Soviet Union on 26 October 1968.
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Soyuz 30
Soyuz 30 (Союз 30, Union 30) was a 1978 manned Soviet space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 31
Soyuz 31 (Союз 31, Union 31) was a 1978 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 32
Soyuz 32 (Союз 32, Union 32) was a 1979 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the eighth mission to and seventh successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 32 crew was the third long-duration crew to man the space station. Cosmonauts Vladimir Lyakhov and Valery Ryumin spent 175 days in space, setting a new space endurance record. Because of the failure of a visiting crew to successfully dock and the resultant decision to send an unmanned Soyuz craft as a replacement return vehicle, the Soyuz 32 crew had no visitors in the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 33
Soyuz 33 (Союз 33, Union 33) was a 1979 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 34
Soyuz 34 (Союз 34, Union 34) was a 1979 Soviet unmanned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 35
Soyuz 35 (Союз 35, Union 35) was a 1980 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 36
Soyuz 36 (Союз 36, Union 36) was a 1980 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 37
Soyuz 37 (Союз 37, Union 37) was a 1980 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the 13th mission to and 11th successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 37 crew were the third to visit the long-duration Soyuz 35 resident crew. Soyuz 37 carried Soviet Viktor Gorbatko and Pham Tuân, the first Asian and first Vietnamese cosmonaut, into space. They swapped Soyuz craft with the long-duration crew and returned to earth in Soyuz 36, the resident crew later used their craft to return to earth.
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Soyuz 38
Soyuz 38 was a human spaceflight mission conducted by the Soviet Union during September, 1980.
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Soyuz 39
Soyuz 39 was a 1981 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz 4
Soyuz 4 (Союз 4, Союз 4, Union 4) was launched on 14 January 1969, carrying cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov on his first flight.
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Soyuz 40
The Soyuz 40 mission was a 1981 Soviet manned spaceflight and the final flight of the Soyuz 7K-T spacecraft.
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Soyuz 5
Soyuz 5 (Союз 5, Union 5) was a Soyuz mission using the Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union on 15 January 1969, which docked with Soyuz 4 in orbit.
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Soyuz 6
Soyuz 6 (Союз 6, Union 6) was part of a joint mission with Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 8 that saw three Soyuz spacecraft in orbit together at the same time, carrying a total of seven cosmonauts.
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Soyuz 7
Soyuz 7 (Союз 7, Union 7) was part of a joint mission with Soyuz 6 and Soyuz 8 that saw three Soyuz spacecraft in orbit together at the same time, carrying a total of seven cosmonauts.
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Soyuz 7K-L1
The Soyuz 7K-L1 "Zond" spacecraft was designed to launch men from the Earth to circle the Moon without going into lunar orbit in the context of the Soviet manned moon-flyby program in the Moon race.
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Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L, sometimes identified by NASA as Zond 1967A, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1967 as part of the Zond programme.
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Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L, sometimes identified by NASA as Zond 1967B, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1967 as part of the Zond programme.
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Soyuz 7K-OK
Soyuz 7K-OK was the first generation of Soyuz spacecraft in use from 1967 to 1971.
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Soyuz 7K-OKS
Soyuz 7K-OKS (also known as Soyuz 7KT-OK) is a version of the Soyuz spacecraft and was the first spacecraft designed for space station flights.
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Soyuz 7K-ST No. 16L
Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L, sometimes known as Soyuz T-10a or T-10-1, was an unsuccessful Soyuz mission intended to visit the Salyut 7 space station, which was occupied by the Soyuz T-9 crew.
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Soyuz 7K-T
The second generation of the Soyuz spacecraft, the Soyuz Ferry or Soyuz 7K-T, comprised Soyuz 12 through Soyuz 40 (1973-1981).
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Soyuz 7K-T No.39
Soyuz 7K-T No.39, (also named Soyuz 18a or Soyuz 18-1 by some sources and also known as the April 5 Anomaly) was an unsuccessful launch of a manned Soyuz spacecraft by the Soviet Union in 1975.
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Soyuz 7K-TK
Soyuz 7K-TK (Союз 7К-ТК meaning Union 7K-TK) was a proposed Soviet spacecraft, which was designed for delivering cosmonauts to Soyuz R piloted military stations.
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Soyuz 7K-TM
The 1975 Apollo–Soyuz Test Project version of the Soyuz spacecraft (Soyuz 7K-TM) served as a technological bridge to the third generation Soyuz-T (T - транспортный, Transportnyi meaning transport) spacecraft (1976–1986).
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Soyuz 8
Soyuz 8 (Союз 8, Union 8) was part of a joint mission with Soyuz 6 and Soyuz 7 that saw three Soyuz spacecraft in orbit together at the same time, carrying a total of seven cosmonauts.
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Soyuz 9
Soyuz 9 (Союз 9, Union 9) was a 1970 Soviet manned space flight.
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Soyuz MS
The Soyuz-MS (GRAU: 11F732A48) is the latest revision of the Soyuz spacecraft.
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Soyuz MS-01
Soyuz MS-01 was a 2016 Soyuz spaceflight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz MS-02
Soyuz MS-02 was a 2016 Soyuz spaceflight that was planned for a 23 September 2016 launch, but because of technical difficulties it launched on 19 October 2016.
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Soyuz MS-03
Soyuz MS-03 was a Soyuz spaceflight launched on 17 November 2016.
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Soyuz MS-04
Soyuz MS-04 is a Soyuz spaceflight that launched on 20 April 2017 to the ISS.
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Soyuz MS-05
Soyuz MS-05 was a Soyuz spaceflight which launched on 28 July 2017.
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Soyuz MS-06
Soyuz MS-06 is a Soyuz spaceflight which launched on 13 September 2017.
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Soyuz MS-07
Soyuz MS-07 is a Soyuz spaceflight launched on 17 December 2017 07:21 UTC.
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Soyuz MS-08
Soyuz MS-08 is a Soyuz spaceflight that launched on 21 March 2018.
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Soyuz MS-09
Soyuz MS-09 is a Soyuz spaceflight which launched on June 6, 2018.
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Soyuz MS-10
Soyuz MS-10 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for October 2018.
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Soyuz MS-11
Soyuz MS-11 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for December 2018.
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Soyuz MS-12
Soyuz MS-12 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for April 2019.
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Soyuz MS-13
Soyuz MS-13 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for July 2019.
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Soyuz MS-14
Soyuz MS-14 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for November 2019.
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Soyuz MS-15
Soyuz MS-15 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for June 2020.
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Soyuz MS-16
Soyuz MS-16 is a Soyuz spaceflight planned for October 2020.
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Soyuz P
Soyuz P (Союз Перехватчик meaning Union Interceptor) was a proposed Soviet manned combat spacecraft and satellite interceptor.
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Soyuz T-1
Soyuz T-1 (Союз Т-1, also called Soyuz T) was a 1979-80 unmanned Soviet space flight, a test flight of a new Soyuz craft which docked with the orbiting Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz T-10
Soyuz T-10 was the fifth expedition to the Salyut 7 space station.
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Soyuz T-11
Soyuz T-11 was the 6th expedition to Salyut 7, and carried the first Indian cosmonaut to the Salyut 7 station.
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Soyuz T-12
Soyuz T-12 (also known as Salyut 7 EP-4) was the seventh manned spaceflight to the Soviet space station Salyut 7.
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Soyuz T-13
Soyuz T-13 was a Soyuz mission, transporting personnel to the Soviet space station Salyut 7.
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Soyuz T-14
Soyuz T-14 (Союз Т-14, Union T-14) was the ninth expedition to Salyut 7.
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Soyuz T-15
Soyuz T-15 (Союз T-15, Union T-15) was a manned mission to the Mir and Salyut 7 space stations and was part of the Soyuz programme.
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Soyuz T-2
Soyuz T-2 (Союз T-2, Union T-2) was a 1980 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz T-3
Soyuz T-3 was launched on 27 November 1980, and carried the 15th expedition to the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz T-4
Soyuz T-4 was a Soviet space mission which launched the crew of Salyut 6 EO-6, the sixth and final long-duration crew of the Salyut 6 space station.
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Soyuz T-5
Soyuz T-5 was a manned spaceflight into Earth orbit to the then new Salyut 7 space station in 1982.
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Soyuz T-6
Soyuz T-6 was a manned spaceflight to Earth orbit to the Salyut 7 space station in 1982.
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Soyuz T-7
Soyuz T-7 (code name Dnieper) was the third Soviet space mission to the Salyut 7 space station.
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Soyuz T-8
Soyuz T-8 was a manned mission to the Salyut 7 space station in 1983.
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Soyuz T-9
Soyuz T-9 (Russian: Союз Т-9, Union T-9) was the 4th expedition to Salyut 7 following the failed docking of Soyuz T-8.
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Soyuz TM-1
Soyuz TM-1 was an unmanned test flight of the Soyuz-TM spacecraft, intended for use in the Mir space station program.
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Soyuz TM-10
The Soyuz-TM crew transports (T - транспортный - Transportnyi - meaning transport, M - модифицированный - Modifitsirovannyi - meaning modified) were fourth generation (1986–2002) Soyuz spacecraft used for ferry flights to the Mir and ISS space stations.
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Soyuz TM-11
Soyuz TM-11 was the eleventh expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir, using a Soyuz-TM crew transport vessel.
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Soyuz TM-12
Soyuz TM-12 was the 12th expedition to Mir, and included the first Briton in space, Helen Sharman.
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Soyuz TM-13
Soyuz TM-13 was the 13th expedition to Mir space station.
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Soyuz TM-14
Soyuz TM-14 was the 14th expedition to the Mir space station.
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Soyuz TM-15
Soyuz TM-15 was the 15th expedition to the Mir space station.
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Soyuz TM-16
The Soyuz-TM crew transports (T - транспортный - Transportnyi - meaning transport, M - модифицированный - Modifitsirovannyi- meaning modified) were fourth generation (1986–2002) Soyuz spacecraft used for ferry flights to the Mir and ISS space stations.
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Soyuz TM-17
Soyuz TM-17 was a Russian mission to the space station Mir, launched on July 1, 1993.
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Soyuz TM-18
Soyuz TM-18 was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome and landed 112 km north of Arkalyk.
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Soyuz TM-19
The Soyuz-TM crew transports (T - транспортный - Transportnyi - meaning transport, M - модифицированный - Modifitsirovannyi - meaning modified) were fourth generation (1986–2002) Soyuz spacecraft used for ferry flights to the Mir and ISS space stations.
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Soyuz TM-2
Soyuz TM-2 was the spacecraft used to launch a long duration crew to the Soviet space station Mir, which was unmanned at the time.
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Soyuz TM-20
The Soyuz-TM crew transports (T - транспортный - Transportnyi - meaning transport, M - модифицированный - Modifitsirovannyi - meaning modified) were fourth generation (1986–2002) Soyuz spacecraft used for ferry flights to the Mir and ISS space stations.
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Soyuz TM-21
Soyuz TM-21 was Soyuz mission, a human spaceflight mission transporting personnel to the Russian space station Mir.
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Soyuz TM-22
Soyuz TM-22 was the 23rd manned spacecraft mission to visit the Soviet Space Station Mir.
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Soyuz TM-23
Soyuz TM-23 was the 25th manned spacecraft to visit the Soviet Space Station Mir.
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Soyuz TM-24
Soyuz TM-24 was the 27th expedition to Mir.
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Soyuz TM-25
Soyuz TM-25 was the 30th manned spacecraft mission to visit the Russian Space Station Mir.
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Soyuz TM-26
Soyuz TM-26 is a Russian spacecraft that ferried cosmonauts and supplies to the Mir, the Russian space station.
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Soyuz TM-27
Soyuz TM-27 is a Russian spacecraft that ferried cosmonauts and supplies to the Mir, the Russian space station.
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Soyuz TM-28
TM-28 was a Soyuz mission to the Mir space station.
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Soyuz TM-29
Soyuz TM-29 was a Russian manned spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard a Soyuz 11A511U rocket.
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Soyuz TM-3
Soyuz TM-3 was the third manned spacecraft to visit the Soviet space station Mir, following Soyuz-T15 and Soyuz-TM2.
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Soyuz TM-30
Soyuz TM-30 (Союз ТМ-30, Union TM-30), also known as Mir EO-28, was a Soyuz mission, the 39th and final human spaceflight to the Mir space station.
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Soyuz TM-31
Soyuz TM-31 was the first Soyuz spacecraft to dock with the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TM-32
Soyuz TM-32 was a manned Russian spacecraft which was launched on April 28, 2001, and docked with the International Space Station two days later.
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Soyuz TM-33
Soyuz TM-33 was a manned Russian space launch on Oct 21, 2001, on the Soyuz-U launch vehicle.
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Soyuz TM-34
Soyuz TM-34 was the fourth Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TM-4
Soyuz TM-4 was the fourth manned spacecraft to dock with the space station Mir.
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Soyuz TM-5
Soyuz TM-5 was the fifth cosmonaut-carrying spacecraft to visit the Russian Space Station Mir.
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Soyuz TM-6
Soyuz TM-6 was the sixth manned spacecraft to visit the Soviet Space Station Mir.
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Soyuz TM-7
Soyuz TM-7 was the seventh manned spacecraft to dock with the Soviet Space Station Mir.
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Soyuz TM-8
Soyuz TM-8 was a spacecraft used to launch and land the crew of the fifth long duration crew to the Soviet Space Station Mir.
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Soyuz TM-9
Soyuz TM-9 was the ninth expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir.
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Soyuz TMA-01M
Soyuz TMA-01M was a Soyuz flight that transported three members of the Expedition 25 crew to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-02M
Soyuz TMA-02M was a space mission that transported three members of the Expedition 28 crew to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-03M
The Russian Soyuz TMA-03M was a spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-04M
Soyuz TMA-04M was a spaceflight to Low Earth orbit that transported three members of the Expedition 31 crew to the International Space Station (ISS), which was launched on 15 May 2012 and landed on 17 September 2012.
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Soyuz TMA-05M
Soyuz TMA-05M is the 114th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft.
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Soyuz TMA-06M
Soyuz TMA-06M launched on 23 October 2012 was a spaceflight to the International Space Station, transporting three members of the Expedition 33 crew.
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Soyuz TMA-07M
Soyuz TMA-07M (Союз ТМА-07M) was a spaceflight launched to the International Space Station in 2012 which transported three members of the Expedition 34 crew to the station.
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Soyuz TMA-08M
Soyuz TMA-08M (Союз ТМА-08M meaning Union TMA-08M), identified as Soyuz 34 or 34S by NASA, was a 2013 flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-09M
Soyuz TMA-09M was a Russian Soyuz mission to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-1
Soyuz TMA-1, also catalogued as Soyuz TM-35, was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle with a Russian-Belgian cosmonaut crew blasted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. This was the fifth Russian Soyuz class shuttle to fly to the International Space Station. It was also the first flight of the TMA-class Soyuz spacecraft. Soyuz TM-34 was the last of the prior Soyuz-TM spacecraft to be launched.
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Soyuz TMA-10
Soyuz TMA-10 was a human spaceflight mission using a Soyuz-TMA spacecraft to transport personnel to and from the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-10M
Soyuz TMA-10M was a 2013 flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-11
Soyuz TMA-11 was a human spaceflight mission using a Soyuz-TMA spacecraft to transport personnel to and from the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-11M
Soyuz TMA-11M was a 2013 flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-12
Soyuz TMA-12 was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS) which was launched by a Soyuz FG rocket at 11:16 UTC on 8 April 2008.
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Soyuz TMA-12M
Soyuz TMA-12M was a 2014 flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-13
Soyuz TMA-13 (Союз ТМА-13, Union TMA-13) was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-13M
Soyuz TMA-13M was a 2014 flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-14
The Soyuz TMA-14 (Союз ТМА-14, Union TMA-14) was a Soyuz flight to the International Space Station, which launched on 26 March 2009.
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Soyuz TMA-14M
Soyuz TMA-14M was a 2014 flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-15
Soyuz TMA-15 was a manned spaceflight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-15M
Soyuz TMA-15M was a 2014 flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-16
The Soyuz TMA-16 (Союз TMA-16) was a manned flight to and from the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-16M
Soyuz TMA-16M was a 2015 flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-17
Soyuz TMA-17 was a human spaceflight mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-17M
Soyuz TMA-17M was a 2015 flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-18
Soyuz TMA-18 was a 2010 Soyuz flight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-18M
Soyuz TMA-18M was a 2015 Soyuz spaceflight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-19
Soyuz TMA-19 was a manned spaceflight to the International Space Station and is part of the Soyuz programme.
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Soyuz TMA-19M
Soyuz TMA-19M was a 2015 Russian Soyuz spaceflight to the International Space Station.
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Soyuz TMA-2
Soyuz TMA-2 was a Soyuz (Russian Союз ТМА-2, Union TMA-2) mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle.
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Soyuz TMA-20
Soyuz TMA-20 was a human spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS) and was part of the Soyuz programme.
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Soyuz TMA-20M
Soyuz TMA-20M was a 2016 Soyuz was a 2016 spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-21
Soyuz TMA-21 ("Gagarin") was a Soyuz flight to the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-22
Soyuz TMA-22 was a manned spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-3
Soyuz TMA-3 was a Soyuz (Russian Союз ТМА-3, Union TMA-3) mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle which was the third flight for the TMA modification of the Soyuz spacecraft, and the 7th Soyuz to fly to the ISS.
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Soyuz TMA-4
Soyuz TMA-4 was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle.
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Soyuz TMA-5
Soyuz TMA-5 was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz-FG launch vehicle.
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Soyuz TMA-6
Soyuz TMA-6 was a manned spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS).
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Soyuz TMA-7
Soyuz TMA-7 (Союз ТМА-7) was a transport mission for portions of the International Space Station (ISS) Expedition 12 crew launched October 1, 2005.
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Soyuz TMA-8
Soyuz TMA-8 was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle.
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Soyuz TMA-9
Soyuz TMA-9 was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle.
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Soyuz-5 (rocket)
Soyuz-5, codenamed Fenix in Russian and Sunkar in Kazakh, is a planned Russian rocket that would be developed by JSC SRC Progress within the Project Feniks.
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Soyuz-A
Sergei Korolev initially promoted the Soyuz A-B-V circumlunar complex (7K-9K-11K) concept (also known as L1) in which a two-man craft Soyuz 7K would rendezvous with other components (9K and 11K) in Earth orbit to assemble a lunar excursion vehicle, the components being delivered by the proven R-7 rocket.
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Soyuz-B
Soyuz-B (Союз-Б meaning Union-B) or Soyuz 9K (Союз 9К) was a proposed Soviet spacecraft, which was designed for use as an orbital tug.
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Soyuz-L
The Soyuz-L (Союз, meaning "union"), GRAU index 11A511L was a Soviet expendable carrier rocket designed by OKB-1 and manufactured by State Aviation Plant No. 1 in Samara, Russia.
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Soyuz-M
The Soyuz-M (Союз, meaning "Union"), GRAU index 11A511M was a Soviet expendable carrier rocket designed by OKB-1 and manufactured by State Aviation Plant No. 1 in Samara, Russia.
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Soyuz-T
The Soyuz-T (Союз-T, Union-T) spacecraft was the third generation Soyuz spacecraft, in service for seven years from 1979 to 1986.
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Soyuz-TM
The Soyuz-TM crew transports (T - транспортный - Transportnyi - meaning transport, M - модифицированный - Modifitsirovannyi - meaning modified) were fourth generation (1986–2002) Soyuz spacecraft used for ferry flights to the Mir and ISS space stations.
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Soyuz-TMA
The Soyuz-TMA is a revision of the Soyuz spacecraft, superseded in 2010 by the Soyuz TMA-M. (T – транспортный – Transportnyi – meaning transport, M – модифицированный – Modifitsirovannyi – meaning modified, A – антропометрический, – Antropometricheskii meaning anthropometric).
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Soyuz-V
Soyuz-V (Союз-В meaning Union-V) or Soyuz 11K (Союз 11К), sometimes known in the west as Soyuz-C, was a proposed Soviet spacecraft, which was designed for use as a fuel tanker.
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Soyuz/Vostok
The Soyuz/Vostok, also known as just Soyuz or Vostok, or by its GRAU index, 11A510 was an interim expendable carrier rocket used by the Soviet Union in 1965 and 1966.
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Space capsule
A space capsule is an often manned spacecraft which has a simple shape for the main section, without any wings or other features to create lift during atmospheric reentry.
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Space industry of Russia
Space industry of Russia consists of over 100 companies and employs 250,000 people.
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Space Race
The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability.
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Space station
A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock.
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Space Station Freedom
Space Station Freedom was a NASA project to construct a permanently manned Earth-orbiting space station in the 1980s.
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Space tourism
Space tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.
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Space tug
A space tug is a type of spacecraft used to transfer spaceborne cargo from one orbit to another orbit with different energy characteristics.
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Spaceflight before 1951
This is a list of known spaceflights launched before 1951.
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SpaceX lunar tourism mission
The SpaceX lunar tourism mission (unofficial name) is a proposed private mission to fly two space tourists around the Moon aboard SpaceX's BFR rocket and its crewed upper stage, known as the "Big Falcon Spaceship" (BFS).
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Sputnik (rocket)
The Sputnik rocket was an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM.
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Sputnik 1
Sputnik 1 (or; "Satellite-1", or "PS-1", Простейший Спутник-1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1, "Elementary Satellite 1") was the first artificial Earth satellite.
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Sputnik 2
Sputnik 2 (Спутник-2, Satellite 2), or Prosteyshiy Sputnik 2 (PS-2, italic, Elementary Satellite 2) was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on 3 November 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a Soviet space dog named Laika, who died a few hours after the launch.
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Sputnik 3
Sputnik 3 (Спутник-3, Satellite 3) was a Soviet satellite launched on May 15, 1958 from Baikonur Cosmodrome by a modified R-7/SS-6 ICBM.
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Sputnik-1 EMC/EMI lab model
Sputnik 1 EMC/EMI is a class of full-scale laboratory models of the Soviet Sputnik 1 satellite, made to test ground Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electromagnetic Interference (AMI).
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Stary Dzedzin
Stary ́ Dze ́dzin (also spelled Sta ́ry De ́din, also transliterated Old Dzedzin, Old Dedin; Стары ́ Дзе ́дзін; Ста ́рый Де ́дин) is a village in the Klimavichy rayon of the Mahilyow Voblast of Belarus.
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STS-131
STS-131 (ISS assembly flight 19A) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
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STS-132
STS-132 (ISS assembly flight ULF4) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle Atlantis docked with the International Space Station on 16 May 2010.
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Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
A super heavy-lift launch vehicle (SHLLV) is a launch vehicle capable of lifting more than of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO).
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Svetlana Savitskaya
Svetlana Yevgenyevna Savitskaya (Светла́на Евге́ньевна Сави́цкая; born 8 August 1948) is a retired Soviet aviator and cosmonaut who flew aboard Soyuz T-7 in 1982, becoming the second woman in space.
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Telecommunications in Angola
Telecommunications in Angola include telephone, radio, television, and the Internet.
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TGK PG
TGK PG is an automated cargo spacecraft project to replace Progress-MS as the Russian logistic vehicle to the ISS.
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The Boss (Metal Gear)
, also known as, is a fictional character from Konami's Metal Gear series.
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Timeline of first artificial satellites by country
As of April 2018, over eighty countries have operated artificial satellites.
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Timeline of first orbital launches by country
This is a timeline of first orbital launches by country.
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Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics
The Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics (Государственный музей истории космонавтики имени К.Э.Циолковского) is the first museum in the world dedicated to the history of space exploration.
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TsNIIMash
TsNIIMash (ЦНИИмаш) is a Russian rocket and spacecraft scientific center, dealing with all phases of development from conceptual design to flight test.
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Tyazhely Sputnik
Tyazhely Sputnik, (Тяжелый Спутник meaning Heavy Satellite), also known by its development name as Venera 1VA No.1, and in the West as Sputnik 7, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was intended to be the first spacecraft to explore Venus.
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United Rocket and Space Corporation
The United Rocket and Space Corporation (Объединенная ракетно-космическая корпорация) or URSC was a Russian joint-stock corporation formed by the Russian government in 2013 to renationalize the Russian space sector.
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Universal Docking Module
The Universal Docking Module (UDM) (Универсальный стыковочный модуль), was a planned Russian docking module for the International Space Station, to be jointly built by RKK Energia and Khrunichev.
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USP (satellite bus)
The USP, for Universal Space Platform (Russian: УКП, Универсальная Космическая Платформа), also known as Viktoria (Виктория), is a highly flexible satellite bus designed and manufactured by RSC Energia.
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Uzlovoy Module
Uzlovoy Module ″Prichal″ also known as UM (Узловой Модуль ″Причал″, Nodal Module Berth) is a Russian spacecraft which will form part of the International Space Station, and later the proposed Russian OPSEK space station.
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Valentin Glushko
Valentin Petrovich Glushko (Валенти́н Петро́вич Глушко́, Valentin Petrovich Glushko; Валентин Петрович Глушко, Valentyn Petrovych Hlushko; born 2 September 1908 – 10 January 1989), was a Soviet engineer, and designer of rocket engines during the Soviet/American Space Race.
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Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (a; born 6 March 1937) is a retired Russian cosmonaut, engineer, and politician.
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Valeri Kubasov
Valeri Nikolayevich Kubasov (Вале́рий Никола́евич Куба́сов; 7 January 1935 – 19 February 2014) was a Soviet/Russian cosmonaut who flew on two missions in the Soyuz programme as a flight engineer: Soyuz 6 and Soyuz 19 (the Apollo–Soyuz mission), and commanded Soyuz 36 in the Intercosmos programme.
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Valery Bykovsky
Valery Fyodorovich Bykovsky (Вале́рий Фёдорович Быко́вский; born 2 August 1934) is a retired Soviet cosmonaut who flew three manned space mission space flights: Vostok 5, Soyuz 22, and Soyuz 31.
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Valery Ryumin
Valery Victorovich Ryumin (born August 16, 1939 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur) is a former Soviet cosmonaut.
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Vasily Mishin
Vasily Pavlovich Mishin (Василий Павлович Мишин) (January 18, 1917 – October 10, 2001) was a Soviet engineer and a prominent rocketry pioneer, best remembered for the failures in the Soviet Space program that took place under his leadership.
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Venera 1
Venera 1 (Венера-1 meaning Venus 1), also known as Venera-1VA No.2 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 8 was the first spacecraft to fly past Venus, as part of the Soviet Union's Venera programme.
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Venera 2
Venera 2 (Венера-2 meaning Venus 2), also known as 3MV-4 No.4 was a Soviet spacecraft intended to explore Venus.
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Venera 2MV-1 No.1
Venera 2MV-1 No.1, also known as Sputnik 19 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was launched in 1962 as part of the Venera programme, and was intended to become the first spacecraft to land on Venus.
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Venera 2MV-1 No.2
Venera 2MV-1 No.2, also known as Sputnik 20 in the Western world, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was launched in 1962 as part of the Venera programme, and was intended to become the first spacecraft to land on Venus.
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Venera 2MV-2 No.1
Venera 2MV-2 No.1, also known as Sputnik 21 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was launched in 1962 as part of the Venera programme, and was intended to make a flyby of Venus.
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Venera 3
Venera 3 (Венера-3 meaning Venus 3) was a Venera program space probe that was built and launched by the Soviet Union to explore the surface of Venus.
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Viktor Makeyev
Viktor Petrovich Makeyev (Ви́ктор Петро́вич Маке́ев; October 25, 1924 – October 25, 1985) was the founder of the Soviet-Russian school of sea missiles production.
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Vladimir Barmin
Vladimir Pavlovich Barmin (Владимир Павлович Бармин, in Moscow – 17 July 1993 in Moscow) was a Soviet scientist, designer of the first soviet rocket launch complexes.
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Vladimir Komarov
Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov (p; 16 March 192724 April 1967) was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer and cosmonaut.
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Voskhod (rocket)
The Voskhod rocket (Восход, "ascent", "dawn") was a derivative of the Soviet R-7 ICBM designed for the human spaceflight programme but later used for launching Zenit reconnaissance satellites.
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Voskhod (spacecraft)
The Voskhod ("Sunrise") was a spacecraft built by the Soviet Union's space program for human spaceflight as part of the Voskhod programme.
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Voskhod 1
Voskhod 1 (Восход-1; Восход is Russian for Sunrise) was the seventh manned Soviet space flight.
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Voskhod 2
Voskhod 2 (Sunrise-2) was a Soviet manned space mission in March 1965.
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Vostok (rocket family)
Vostok (Russian: Восток, translated as "East") was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM designed for the human spaceflight programme.
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Vostok (spacecraft)
The Vostok (Восток, translated as "East") was a type of spacecraft built by the Soviet Union.
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Vostok 1
Vostok 1 (Восто́к, East or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first manned spaceflight in history.
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Vostok 2
Vostok 2 (Восток-2, Orient 2 or East 2) was a Soviet space mission which carried cosmonaut Gherman Titov into orbit for a full day on August 6, 1961 to study the effects of a more prolonged period of weightlessness on the human body.
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Vostok 3
Vostok 3 (Восток-3, Orient 3 or East 3) was a spaceflight of the Soviet space program intended to determine the ability of the human body to function in conditions of weightlessness and test the endurance of the Vostok 3KA spacecraft over longer flights.
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Vostok 4
Vostok 4 (Восток-4, Orient 4 or East 4) was a mission in the Soviet space program.
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Vostok 5
Vostok 5 (Восток-5, Orient 5 or East 5) was a joint mission of the Soviet space program together with Vostok 6; as with the previous pair of Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 the two Vostok spacecraft came close to one another in orbit and established a radio link.
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Vostok 6
Vostok 6 (Восток-6, Orient 6 or East 6) was the first human spaceflight to carry a woman, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, into space.
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Vostok programme
The Vostok programme (Восто́к,, Orient or East) was a Soviet human spaceflight project to put the first Soviet citizens into low Earth orbit and return them safely.
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Vostok-2 (rocket)
The Vostok-2 (Восток meaning "East"), GRAU index 8A92 was an expendable carrier rocket used by the Soviet Union between 1962 and 1967.
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Vostok-2M
The Vostok-2M (Восток meaning "East"), GRAU index 8A92M was an expendable carrier rocket used by the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1991.
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Vostok-K
The Vostok-K (Восток meaning "East"), GRAU index 8K72K was an expendable carrier rocket used by the Soviet Union for thirteen launches between 1960 and 1964, six of which were manned.
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Vostok-L
The Vostok-L (Восток meaning "East"), GRAU index 8K72 was a rocket used by the Soviet Union to conduct several early tests of the Vostok spacecraft.
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Walter Anderson (entrepreneur)
Walter C. Anderson (also known as Walter Anderson Crump; born 1953) is an American telephone entrepreneur who was arrested and convicted in the largest tax evasion case in United States history.
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Yamal (satellite constellation)
Yamal (Яма́л) is a communication and broadcasting system developed and operated by Gazprom Space Systems.
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Yamal 101
Yamal 101 (Russian: Ямал-101) was a geostationary communications satellite operated by Gazkom and built by RSC Energia.
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Yamal 102
Yamal 102 (Russian: Ямал-102) was a geostationary communications satellite operated by Gazkom and built by RSC Energia.
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Yamal 201
Yamal 201 (Russian: Ямал-201) was a geostationary communications satellite operated by Gazkom and built by RSC Energia.
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Yamal 202
Yamal 202 (Russian: Ямал-202) was a geostationary communications satellite operated by Gazkom and built by RSC Energia.
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Yamal 203
Yamal 203 (Russian: Ямал-203) was a geostationary communications satellite ordered by Gazkom to RSC Energia.
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Yamal 204
Yamal 204 (Russian: Ямал-204) was a geostationary communications satellite ordered by Gazkom to RSC Energia.
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Yamal-300K
Yamal 300K (Russian: Ямал-300К) is a geostationary communications satellite operated by Gazkom and built by ISS Reshetnev on the Ekspress-1000HTA platform.
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Yelena Kondakova
Yelena Vladimirovna Kondakova (Елена Владимировна Кондакóва; born March 30, 1957) was the third Soviet/Russian female cosmonaut to travel to space and the first woman to make a long-duration spaceflight.
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Yevgeny Ostashev
Yevgeny Ilyich Ostashev (Евгений Ильич Осташев), 22 March 1924 – 24 October 1960, was the test pilot of rocket and space complexes, participant in the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, head of the 1st control polygon NIIP-5 (Baikonur), Lenin prize winner, Candidate of Technical Sciences, engineer-podpolkovnik.
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Yuzhmash
The Production Association Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant named after A.M. Makarov, PA Pivdenmash or PA Yuzhmash (Виробниче Об'єднання Південний Машинобудівний Завод імені О. М. Макарова) is a Ukrainian state-owned aerospace manufacturer.
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Zenit (rocket family)
Zenit (Зеніт, Зени́т; meaning Zenith) is a family of space launch vehicles designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnipro, Ukraine, which was then part of the Soviet Union.
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Zenit (satellite)
Zenit (Зени́т,, Zenith) was a series of military photoreconnaissance satellites launched by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1994.
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Zenit-3SL
The Zenit-3SL is an expendable carrier rocket operated by Sea Launch.
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Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Zheleznogorsk (Железного́рск) is a closed town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, with a developed nuclear industry.
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Zond 1
Zond 1 was a spacecraft of the Soviet Zond program.
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Zond 2
Zond 2 was a Soviet space probe, a member of the Zond program, and was the fifth Soviet spacecraft to attempt a flyby of Mars.
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Zond 3
Zond 3 was a 1965 space probe which performed a flyby of the Moon far side, taking a number of quality photographs for its time.
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Zond 3MV-1 No.2
Zond 3MV-1 No.2 (or No. 4A), also known as Venera 1964A in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft, which was launched in 1964 as part of the Zond program.
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Zond 4
Zond 4, part of the Soviet Zond program and an unmanned version of Soyuz 7K-L1 manned Moon-flyby spacecraft, was one of the first Soviet experiments towards manned circumlunar spaceflight.
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Zond 5
Zond 5, a member of the Soviet Zond program, was an unmanned spacecraft that in September 1968 became the second ship to travel to and circle the Moon, and the first to return safely to Earth.
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Zond 7
Zond 7, a formal member of the Soviet Zond program and unmanned version of Soyuz 7K-L1 manned moon-flyby spacecraft, the first truly successful test of L1, was launched towards the Moon from a mother spacecraft (69-067B) on a mission of further studies of the Moon and circumlunar space, to obtain color photography of Earth and the Moon from varying distances, and to flight test the spacecraft systems.
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Zond 8
Zond 8, a formal member of the Soviet Zond program and unmanned version of Soyuz 7K-L1 manned Moon-flyby spacecraft, was launched from an Earth orbiting platform, Tyazheliy Sputnik, towards the Moon.
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Zvezda (ISS module)
Zvezda (Звезда́, meaning "star"), DOS-8, also known as the Zvezda Service Module, is a component of the International Space Station (ISS).
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11D428
The 11D428A-16 (manufacturer's name RDMT-135M) is a liquid pressure-fed rocket engine burning N2O4/UDMH with an O/F of 1.85.
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1951 in spaceflight
1951 saw a number of suborbital spaceflights, conducted to test missiles, or conduct scientific research.
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1952 in spaceflight
This is a list of spaceflight-related events which occurred in 1952.
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1953 in spaceflight
This is a list of spaceflight related events which occurred in 1953.
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1954 in spaceflight
This is a list of spaceflight related events which occurred in 1954.
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1955 in spaceflight
This is a list of spaceflight related events which occurred in 1955.
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1956 in spaceflight
This is a list of spaceflight related events which occurred in 1956.
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1957 in spaceflight
The first orbital flight of an artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched in October 1957, by the Soviet Union.
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1958 in spaceflight
Category:Years in spaceflight.
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2011 in spaceflight
The year 2011 saw a number of significant events in spaceflight, including the retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle after its final flight in July 2011, and the launch of China's first space station module, Tiangong-1, in September.
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Redirects here:
Energiya Rocket and Space Complex, GOZ-1, Korolev Design Bureau, Korolev design bureau, NPO Energia, NPO Energiya, OAO Energia, OAO S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, OAO S.P. Korolyov Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, OKB-1, OKB-1 of NII-88, RKK Energia, RKK Energiya, RKKE, RSC Energia, Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporatsiya "Energiya" im. S.P.Korolyova, S P Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, S. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, S. P. Korolev design bureau, S.P. Korolev Rocket & Space Corporation Energia, S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, S.P. Korolyov RSC Energia, SP Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, Special Design Bureau number 1 of R&D Institute number 88, TsKBEM, ОКБ-1 НИИ-88, Ракетно-космическая корпорация "Энергия" им. С.П.Королёва.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_(corporation)
