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Epigenetics

Index Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. [1]

697 relations: Acetylation, Acetyllysine, Acquired characteristic, Actin, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Addiction, Addiction vulnerability, Adipose tissue, Adrian Bird, Adult stem cell, Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, Akt/PKB signaling pathway, Alcino J. Silva, ALECSAT, Alfred Russel Wallace, Allele, Alternative cancer treatments, Alternatives to evolution by natural selection, Amanda Fisher, Amphetamine, Andrew Paul Feinberg, Animal models of depression, Annabel Linquist, Anne Ferguson-Smith, Anorexia nervosa, Antidepressant, Antineoplastic resistance, Antisense RNA, Antonei Csoka, Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative, Apomorphine, Arsenic, Arthur Riggs (geneticist), Artur Jurand, Asexual reproduction, Asthma, ATM serine/threonine kinase, Aubrey de Grey, Aureobasidium pullulans, Autism, Babraham Institute, Baek Sung-hee, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Base excision repair, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Behavioral epigenetics, Benign tumor, Bio-MEMS, BioEssays, ..., Biological determinism, Biological psychiatry, Biology, Biology and consumer behaviour, Bisulfite sequencing, Bivalent chromatin, Blastocyst, Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships, Body memory, Botany, Branches of botany, BRCA1, Breast cancer classification, Brpf1, Bruce Lahn, Bruce Lipton, Bryan M. Turner, Bryant Villeponteau, C. H. Waddington, CAF-1, Canalisation (genetics), Cancer, Cancer biomarker, Cancer epigenetics, Cancer genome sequencing, Cancer stem cell, Cancer systems biology, Candida albicans, Cannabis cultivation, Cannabis in pregnancy, Carcinogenesis, Carcinoma, Carol Lynn Curchoe, Caroline Dean, Catherine Malabou, Causes of autism, Causes of schizophrenia, CC (cat), Cdc6, Celgene, Cell culture, Cell potency, Cell-free fetal DNA, Cellular differentiation, Cellular memory, Cellular memory modules, CENPA, Central dogma of molecular biology, Central nervous system disease, Centre for Applied Genomics, Centromere, Charles David Allis, Chemotype, Cheryl Arrowsmith, Child abuse, Childhood obesity in Australia, Childhood trauma, ChIP-on-chip, ChIP-sequencing, Christine Kenneally, Chromatin, Chromatin remodeling, Chromomere, Chromosome 15, Chromosome conformation capture, Chromosome instability, Chronobiology, Chuan He, Ciliate, Circadian rhythm, Circulating tumor DNA, Cis-regulatory module, Citrullination, Cleft lip and cleft palate, CLOCK, Clonal hematopoiesis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Colorectal cancer, Combined bisulfite restriction analysis, Common misunderstandings of genetics, Competing endogenous RNA (CeRNA), Complex systems biology, Compliance (physiology), Computational epigenetics, Constitutive heterochromatin, Contribution of epigenetic modifications to evolution, CpG island hypermethylation, CpG site, Creode, CRISPR, Cryptic unstable transcript, CUT&RUN sequencing, Cutting (plant), Cyclomorphosis, Cytidine, DAnCER (database), Danesh Moazed, David Baulcombe, David Crews, Degeneracy (biology), Deleted in Colorectal Cancer, Demethylase, Denisovan, Deodorant, Developmental psychology, Developmental robotics, Developmental systems theory, Devolution (biology), DFNA5, Dicer, Diethylstilbestrol, DIRAS3 (gene), Dispossession, oppression and depression, DLC1, DLD/NP1, DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A, DNA base flipping, DNA damage (naturally occurring), DNA encryption, DNA glycosylase, DNA methylation, DNA methylation in cancer, DNA microarray, DNA mismatch repair, DNA profiling, DNA repair, DNA-PKcs, DNMT3B, Dosage compensation, DOT1L, Douglas Lenat, Downregulation and upregulation, DSC3, Dual inheritance theory, Dutch famine of 1944–45, Dyslexia, E. O. Wilson, Eating disorder, Ecotype, Edith Heard, EHMT2, Elaine Jaffe, Eline Slagboom, Embryo culture, Embryonic differentiation waves, ENCODE, Endometriosis, Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society, Epigenesis, Epigenesis (biology), Epigenetic (disambiguation), Epigenetic clock, Epigenetic code, Epigenetic effects of smoking, Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis, Epigenetic regulation of transposable elements in the plant kingdom, Epigenetic theories of homosexuality, Epigenetics & Chromatin, Epigenetics (journal), Epigenetics and melanoma, Epigenetics in forensic science, Epigenetics in insects, Epigenetics in learning and memory, Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation, Epigenetics of anxiety and stress-related disorders, Epigenetics of autism, Epigenetics of cocaine addiction, Epigenetics of depression, Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2, Epigenetics of human development, Epigenetics of human herpesvirus latency, Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases, Epigenetics of physical exercise, Epigenetics of plant growth and development, Epigenetics of schizophrenia, Epigenome, Epigenome editing, Epigenome-wide association study (EWAS), Epigenomics, Epigenomics (journal), Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, Epithelial–mesenchymal transition, Epitranscriptome, Eran Elhaik, ERCC1, ERCC4, Erenik, Eric J. 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Leboy, Pierre De Meyts, Piwi-interacting RNA, Placental insufficiency, Plant evolution, Plant evolutionary developmental biology, Plant genetic resources, Plants for Human Health Institute, PLOS Genetics, PMS2, Polar body biopsy, POLD1, Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer, Polycomb-group proteins, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Polyploid, Position-effect variegation, Prader–Willi syndrome, PRC2, Predictive adaptive response, Preformationism, Prion, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Proline isomerization in epigenetics, Protein methylation, PSL Research University, Psychological resilience, Pulmonary heart disease, Punnett square, RAD23B, RAD52, Radiation-induced cancer, Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei, Rakesh Mishra, Ralf Reski, Randy Jirtle, Reciprocal silencing, Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange, Reelin, Regulation of gene expression, Regulation of transcription in cancer, Reproduction (journal), Reprogramming, Restriction landmark genomic scanning, Rex1, RNA interference, RNA silencing, RNA-directed DNA methylation, Robert A. 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Earnshaw, Wolf Reik, Wolfgang Pauli, X-inactivation, Xenopus, Xiaoliang Sunney Xie, XIST, XPC (gene), XRCC2, XRCC3, Xu Guoliang, YPEL3, Zeng Rong, Zengjian J. Chen, Zero Time Dilemma, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, Zing-Yang Kuo, Zymo Research, 2012 in science, 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-Methylcytosine. Expand index (647 more) »

Acetylation

Acetylation (or in IUPAC nomenclature ethanoylation) describes a reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into a chemical compound.

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Acetyllysine

Acetyllysine (or acetylated lysine) is an acetyl-derivative of the amino acid lysine.

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Acquired characteristic

An acquired characteristic is a non-heritable change in a function or structure of a living biotic material caused after birth by disease, injury, accident, deliberate modification, variation, repeated use, disuse, or misuse, or other environmental influences.

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Actin

Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments.

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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes.

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Addiction

Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences.

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Addiction vulnerability

Addiction vulnerability is an individual's risk of developing an addiction during his or her lifetime.

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Adipose tissue

In biology, adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.

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Adrian Bird

Sir Adrian Peter Bird, is a British geneticist and Buchanan Professor of Genetics at the University of Edinburgh.

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Adult stem cell

Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.

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Adverse Childhood Experiences Study

The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE Study) is a research study conducted by the American health maintenance organization Kaiser Permanente and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Akt/PKB signaling pathway

The Akt Pathway, or PI3K-Akt Pathway is a signal transduction pathway that promotes survival and growth in response to extracellular signals.

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Alcino J. Silva

Alcino J. Silva (born April 9, 1961) is an American neuroscientist who was the recipient of the 2008 Order of Prince Henry and elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2013 for his contributions to the Molecular cellular cognition of memory, a field he pioneered with the publication of two articles in Science in 1992.

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ALECSAT

ALECSAT (Autologous Lymphoid Effector Cells Specific Against Tumor cells) technology is a novel method of epigenetic cancer immunotherapy being used by the company CytoVac.

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Alfred Russel Wallace

Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was an English naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist.

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Allele

An allele is a variant form of a given gene.

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Alternative cancer treatments

Alternative cancer treatments are alternative or complementary treatments for cancer that have not been approved by the government agencies responsible for the regulation of therapeutic goods.

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Alternatives to evolution by natural selection

Alternatives to evolution by natural selection, also described as non-Darwinian mechanisms of evolution, have been proposed by scholars investigating biology since classical times to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things.

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Amanda Fisher

Dame Amanda Gay Fisher is a British cell biologist and Director of the Medical Research Council (MRC) London Institute of Medical Sciences at the Hammersmith Hospital campus of Imperial College London, where she is also a Professor leading the Institute of Clinical Sciences.

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Amphetamine

Amphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.

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Andrew Paul Feinberg

Dr.

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Animal models of depression

Animal models of depression are research tools used to investigate depression and action of antidepressants as a simulation to investigate the symptomatology and pathophysiology of depressive illness or used to screen novel antidepressants.

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Annabel Linquist

Annabel Linquist, also known as Holy Magic, or Bel, is an American artist, entrepreneur, musician, and producer.

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Anne Ferguson-Smith

Anne Carla Ferguson-Smith is a mammalian developmental geneticist.

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Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by low weight, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin, resulting in food restriction.

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Antidepressant

Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions, including dysthymia, anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, neuropathic pain and, in some cases, dysmenorrhoea, snoring, migraine, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction, dependence, and sleep disorders.

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Antineoplastic resistance

Antineoplastic resistance, often used interchangeably with chemotherapy resistance, is the multiple drug resistance of neoplastic (cancerous) cells, or the ability of cancer cells to survive and grow despite anti-cancer therapies.

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Antisense RNA

Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript, natural antisense transcript (NAT) or antisense oligonucleotide, is a single stranded RNA that is complementary to a protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) with which it hybridizes, and thereby blocks its translation into protein.

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Antonei Csoka

Antonei B. Csoka, Ph.D. is a biogerontologist at Howard University who works on the molecular biology of aging, regenerative medicine and epigenetics.

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Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative

Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative is a sanctuary and scientific research facility in Des Moines, Iowa.

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Apomorphine

Apomorphine (brand names Apokyn, Ixense, Spontane, Uprima) is a type of aporphine having activity as a non-selective dopamine agonist which activates both D2-like and, to a much lesser extent, D1-like receptors.

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Arsenic

Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.

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Arthur Riggs (geneticist)

Dr.

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Artur Jurand

Artur Jurand FRSE (1914–2000) was a Polish-born animal geneticist who did important work at Edinburgh University in the later 20th century.

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Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.

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Asthma

Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.

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ATM serine/threonine kinase

ATM serine/threonine kinase, symbol ATM, is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks.

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Aubrey de Grey

Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey (born 20 April 1963) is an English author and biomedical gerontologist and mathematician who has made a significant contribution to the Hadwiger–Nelson problem.

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Aureobasidium pullulans

Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous black, yeast-like fungus that can be found in different environments (e.g. soil, water, air and limestone).

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Autism

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by troubles with social interaction and communication and by restricted and repetitive behavior.

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Babraham Institute

The Babraham Institute, is an independent charitable life sciences institute involved in biomedical research, set in an extensive parkland estate just south of Cambridge.

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Baek Sung-hee

Doctor Baek Sung-hee (born 1970) is a South Korean scientist specialising in molecular genetics.

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Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute

The Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, commonly known as the Baker Institute, is an Australian independent medical research institute headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria.

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Barcelona Biomedical Research Park

The Barcelona Biomedical Research Park ("PRBB") is an agglomeration of six public research centres and is located alongside the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona.

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Base excision repair

In biochemistry and genetics, base excision repair (BER) is a cellular mechanism that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle.

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Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (abbreviated BWS) is an overgrowth disorder usually present at birth, characterized by an increased risk of childhood cancer and certain congenital features.

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Behavioral epigenetics

Behavioral epigenetics is the field of study examining the role of epigenetics in shaping animal (including human) behaviour.

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Benign tumor

A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.

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Bio-MEMS

Bio-MEMS is an abbreviation for biomedical (or biological) microelectromechanical systems.

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BioEssays

BioEssays is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal covering molecular and cellular biology.

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Biological determinism

Biological determinism, also known as genetic determinism or genetic reductionism, is the belief that human behaviour is controlled by an individual's genes or some component of their physiology, generally at the expense of the role of the environment, whether in embryonic development or in learning.

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Biological psychiatry

Biological psychiatry or biopsychiatry is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system.

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Biology

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.

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Biology and consumer behaviour

Consumer behaviour is the study of the motivations surrounding a purchase of a product or service.

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Bisulfite sequencing

Bisulfite sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA to determine its pattern of methylation.

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Bivalent chromatin

Bivalent chromatin are segments of DNA, bound to histone proteins, that have both repressing and activating epigenetic regulators in the same region.

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Blastocyst

The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals.

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Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships

Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships (BDPs) were established as part of a $350 million gift by Michael Bloomberg, JHU Class of 1964, to Johns Hopkins University in 2013.

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Body memory

Body memory (BM) is a hypothesis that the body itself is capable of storing memories, as opposed to only the brain.

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Botany

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.

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Branches of botany

Botany is a natural science concerned with the study of plants.

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BRCA1

BRCA1 and BRCA1 are a human gene and its protein product, respectively.

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Breast cancer classification

Breast cancer classification divides breast cancer into categories according to different schemes criteria and serving a different purpose.

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Brpf1

Peregrin also known as bromodomain and PHD finger-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRPF1 gene located on 3p26-p25.

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Bruce Lahn

Bruce Lahn is a Chinese-born American geneticist.

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Bruce Lipton

Bruce Harold Lipton (born October 21, 1944 at Mount Kisco, New York), is an American developmental biologist best known for promoting the idea that gene expression can be influenced (via epigenetics) by environmental factors i.e. people have a greater impact on their health than genetic research has previously determined.

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Bryan M. Turner

Bryan M. Turner is Professor of Experimental Genetics at School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham in Birmingham, UK.

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Bryant Villeponteau

Bryant Villeponteau is an American scientist, entrepreneur, and longevity expert who has worked in both academia and industry.

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C. H. Waddington

Conrad Hal Waddington CBE FRS FRSE (8 November 1905 – 26 September 1975) was a British developmental biologist, paleontologist, geneticist, embryologist and philosopher who laid the foundations for systems biology, epigenetics, and evolutionary developmental biology.

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CAF-1

CAF-1 (chromatin assembly factor-1) is a complex, including Chaf1a (p150), Chaf1b (p60) and p50 subunits that assembles histone tetramers onto replicating DNA in vitro This complex is histone chaperone involved in creating cellular memory of somatic cell identity – cellular differentiation.

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Canalisation (genetics)

Canalisation is a measure of the ability of a population to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment or genotype.

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Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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Cancer biomarker

A cancer biomarker refers to a substance or process that is indicative of the presence of cancer in the body.

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Cancer epigenetics

Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence.

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Cancer genome sequencing

Cancer genome sequencing is the whole genome sequencing of a single, homogeneous or heterogeneous group of cancer cells.

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Cancer stem cell

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample.

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Cancer systems biology

Cancer systems biology encompasses the application of systems biology approaches to cancer research, in order to study the disease as a complex adaptive system with emerging properties at multiple biological scales.

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Candida albicans

Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora.

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Cannabis cultivation

This article presents common techniques and facts regarding the cultivation of the flowering plant Cannabis, primarily for the production and consumption of cannabis flowers ("buds").

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Cannabis in pregnancy

Cannabis consumption in pregnancy might be associated with restrictions in growth of the fetus, miscarriage, and cognitive deficits.

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Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

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Carcinoma

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells.

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Carol Lynn Curchoe

Carol Lynn Curchoe (born in 1979 in Manchester, Connecticut), formerly Carol George, is an American reproductive biologist specializing in Molecular biology, Cell biology and Biotechnology.

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Caroline Dean

Dame Caroline Dean, DBE, FRS (born 2 April 1957) is a British plant scientist working at the John Innes Centre on the molecular control of timing of flowering in plants.

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Catherine Malabou

Catherine Malabou (born 1959) is a French philosopher.

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Causes of autism

Many causes of autism have been proposed, but understanding of the theory of causation of autism and the other autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is incomplete.

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Causes of schizophrenia

The causes of schizophrenia have been the subject of much debate, with various factors proposed and discounted or modified.

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CC (cat)

CC, for "CopyCat" or "Carbon Copy" (born December 22, 2001), is a brown tabby and white domestic shorthair and the first cloned pet.

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Cdc6

Cdc6, or cell division cycle 6, is a protein in eukaryotic cells that is studied in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

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Celgene

Celgene Corporation is an American biotechnology company that discovers, develops and commercializes medicines for cancer and inflammatory disorders.

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Cell culture

Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.

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Cell potency

Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.

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Cell-free fetal DNA

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA which circulates freely in the maternal blood.

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Cellular differentiation

In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.

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Cellular memory

Cellular memory can refer to.

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Cellular memory modules

Cellular memory modules (CMMs) refers to the ability of cells to remember and propagate their gene expression programs throughout the entire development.

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CENPA

Centromere protein A, also known as CENPA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CENPA gene.

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Central dogma of molecular biology

The central dogma of molecular biology is an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system.

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Central nervous system disease

Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS).

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Centre for Applied Genomics

The Centre for Applied Genomics is a genome centre in the Research Institute of The Hospital for Sick Children, and is affiliated with the University of Toronto.

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Centromere

The centromere is the specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad).

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Charles David Allis

Charles David Allis (born March 22, 1951) is an American molecular biologist, and is currently the Joy and Jack Fishman Professor and Head of the Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics at The Rockefeller University.

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Chemotype

A chemotype (sometimes chemovar) is a chemically distinct entity in a plant or microorganism, with differences in the composition of the secondary metabolites.

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Cheryl Arrowsmith

Cheryl H. Arrowsmith is a Canadian structural biologist and is the Chief Scientist at the Toronto laboratory of the Structural Genomics Consortium.

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Child abuse

Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or other caregiver.

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Childhood obesity in Australia

Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of fat and is predominantly caused when there is an energy imbalance between calorie consumption and calorie expenditure.

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Childhood trauma

Childhood trauma has profound psychological, physiological, and sociological impacts and can have negative, lasting effects on health and well-being.

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ChIP-on-chip

ChIP-on-chip (also known as ChIP-chip) is a technology that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation ('ChIP') with DNA microarray ("chip").

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ChIP-sequencing

ChIP-sequencing, also known as ChIP-seq, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA.

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Christine Kenneally

Christine Kenneally (born in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian-American journalist who writes on science, language and culture.

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Chromatin

Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA.

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Chromatin remodeling

Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression.

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Chromomere

A chromomere, also known as an idiomere, is one of the serially aligned beads or granules of a eukaryotic chromosome, resulting from local coiling of a continuous DNA thread.

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Chromosome 15

Chromosome 15 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.

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Chromosome conformation capture

Chromosome conformation capture techniques (often abbreviated to 3C technologies or 3C-based methods) are a set of molecular biology methods used to analyze the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell.

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Chromosome instability

Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a type of genomic instability in which chromosomes are unstable, such that either whole chromosomes or parts of chromosomes are duplicated or deleted.

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Chronobiology

Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.

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Chuan He

Chuan He (simplified Chinese: 何川) is a Chinese-American chemical biologist, and is currently the John T. Wilson Distinguished Service Professor and Director of the Institute for Biophysical Dynamics at The University of Chicago, and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

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Ciliate

The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella.

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Circadian rhythm

A circadian rhythm is any biological process that displays an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours.

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Circulating tumor DNA

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is tumor-derived fragmented DNA in the bloodstream that is not associated with cells.

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Cis-regulatory module

Cis-regulatory module (CRM) is a stretch of DNA, usually 100–1000 DNA base pairs in length, where a number of transcription factors can bind and regulate expression of nearby genes and regulate their transcription rates.

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Citrullination

Citrullination or deimination is the conversion of the amino acid arginine in a protein into the amino acid citrulline.

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Cleft lip and cleft palate

Cleft lip and cleft palate, also known as orofacial cleft, is a group of conditions that includes cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and both together (CLP).

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CLOCK

Clock (Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput) is a gene encoding a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor (CLOCK) that is believed to affect both the persistence and period of circadian rhythms.

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Clonal hematopoiesis

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, or CHIP, is a common aging-related phenomenon in which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or other early blood cell progenitors contribute to the formation of a genetically distinct subpopulation of blood cells.

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Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) is a private, non-profit institution with research programs focusing on cancer, neuroscience, plant genetics, genomics, and quantitative biology.

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Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).

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Combined bisulfite restriction analysis

Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis (or COBRA) is a molecular biology technique that allows for the sensitive quantification of DNA methylation levels at a specific genomic locus on a DNA sequence in a small sample of genomic DNA.

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Common misunderstandings of genetics

During the latter half of the 20th century, the fields of genetics and molecular biology matured greatly, significantly increasing understanding of biological heredity.

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Competing endogenous RNA (CeRNA)

In molecular biology, competing endogenous RNAs (abbreviated ceRNAs) regulate other RNA transcripts by competing for shared microRNAs (miRNAs).

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Complex systems biology

Complex systems biology (CSB) is a branch or subfield of mathematical and theoretical biology concerned with complexity of both structure and function in biological organisms, as well as the emergence and evolution of organisms and species, with emphasis being placed on the complex interactions of, and within, bionetworks, and on the fundamental relations and relational patterns that are essential to life.

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Compliance (physiology)

Compliance is the ability of a hollow organ (vessel) to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure or the tendency of a hollow organ to resist recoil toward its original dimensions on application of a distending or compressing force.

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Computational epigenetics

Computational epigenetics uses bioinformatic methods to complement experimental research in epigenetics.

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Constitutive heterochromatin

Constitutive heterochromatin domains are regions of DNA found throughout the chromosomes of eukaryotes.

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Contribution of epigenetic modifications to evolution

Epigenetics is a broad term that refers to changes in gene expression that occur via mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA modification.

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CpG island hypermethylation

CpG island hypermethylation is an epigenetic control aberration that is important for gene inactivation in cancer cells.

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CpG site

The CpG sites or CG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction.

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Creode

Creode or chreod is a neologistic portmanteau term coined by the English 20th century biologist C.H. Waddington to represent the developmental pathway followed by a cell as it grows to form part of a specialized organ.

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CRISPR

CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences in bacteria and archaea.

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Cryptic unstable transcript

Cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) are a subset of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are produced from intergenic and intragenic regions.

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CUT&RUN sequencing

CUT&RUN-sequencing, also known as Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA.

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Cutting (plant)

A plant cutting is a piece of a plant that is used in horticulture for vegetative (asexual) propagation.

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Cyclomorphosis

Cyclomorphosis (also known as seasonal polyphenism) is the name given to the occurrence of cyclic or seasonal changes in the phenotype of an organism through successive generations.

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Cytidine

Cytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.

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DAnCER (database)

DAnCER (disease-annotated chromatin epigenetics resource) is a database for chromatin modifications and their relation to human disease.

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Danesh Moazed

Danesh Moazed is a Professor of the Department of Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School and an investigator at Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

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David Baulcombe

Sir David Charles Baulcombe One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: (born 1952) is a British plant scientist and geneticist.

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David Crews

David Crews is the Ashbel Smith Professor of Zoology and Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin.

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Degeneracy (biology)

Within biological systems, degeneracy occurs when structurally dissimilar components/modules/pathways can perform similar functions (i.e. are effectively interchangeable) under certain conditions, but perform distinct functions in other conditions.

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Deleted in Colorectal Cancer

Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma, also known as DCC, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DCC gene.

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Demethylase

Demethylases are enzymes that remove methyl (CH3-) groups from nucleic acids, proteins (in particular histones), and other molecules.

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Denisovan

The Denisovans or Denisova hominins) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo.

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Deodorant

A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body.

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Developmental psychology

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life.

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Developmental robotics

Developmental robotics (DevRob), sometimes called epigenetic robotics, is a scientific field which aims at studying the developmental mechanisms, architectures and constraints that allow lifelong and open-ended learning of new skills and new knowledge in embodied machines.

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Developmental systems theory

Developmental systems theory (DST) is an overarching theoretical perspective on biological development, heredity, and evolution.

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Devolution (biology)

Devolution, de-evolution, or backward evolution is the notion that species can revert to supposedly more primitive forms over time.

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DFNA5

Non-syndromic hearing impairment protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DFNA5 gene.

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Dicer

Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DICER1 gene.

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Diethylstilbestrol

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), also known as stilbestrol or stilboestrol, is an estrogen medication which is mostly no longer used.

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DIRAS3 (gene)

GTP-binding protein Di-Ras3 (DIRAS3) also known as aplysia ras homology member I (ARHI) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIRAS3 gene.

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Dispossession, oppression and depression

Supplementing the medical model of depression, many researchers have begun to conceptualize ways in which the historical legacies of racism and colonialism create depressive conditions.

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DLC1

Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 also known as DLC1 and StAR-related lipid transfer protein 12 (STARD12) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DLC1 gene.

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DLD/NP1

DLD/NP1 is a tumor suppressor gene recently discovered by a team of medical students from an American University in Lebanon.

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DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A

DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups to specific CpG structures in DNA, a process called DNA methylation.

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DNA base flipping

DNA base flipping, or nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, is rotated outside the nucleic acid double helix.

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DNA damage (naturally occurring)

DNA damage is distinctly different from mutation, although both are types of error in DNA.

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DNA encryption

DNA encryption is the process of hiding or perplexing genetic information by a computational method in order to improve genetic privacy in DNA sequencing processes.

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DNA glycosylase

DNA glycosylases are a family of enzymes involved in base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3.2.2.

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DNA methylation

DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule.

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DNA methylation in cancer

DNA methylation in cancer plays a variety of roles, helping to change the healthy regulation of gene expression to a disease pattern.

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DNA microarray

A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.

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DNA mismatch repair

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage.

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DNA profiling

DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting, DNA testing, or DNA typing) is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, which are as unique as fingerprints.

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DNA repair

DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.

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DNA-PKcs

DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit, also known as DNA-PKcs, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene designated as PRKDC or XRCC7.

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DNMT3B

DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 beta, also known as DNMT3B, is a protein associated with immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies syndrome.

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Dosage compensation

Dosage compensation is the process by which organisms equalize the expression of genes between members of different biological sexes.

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DOT1L

DOT1-like (Disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like), histone H3K79 methyltransferase (S. cerevisiae), also known as DOT1L, is a protein found in humans, as well as other eukaryotes.

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Douglas Lenat

Douglas Bruce Lenat (born 1950) is the CEO of Cycorp, Inc. of Austin, Texas, and has been a prominent researcher in artificial intelligence; he was awarded the biannual IJCAI Computers and Thought Award in 1976 for creating the landmark machine learning program, AM.

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Downregulation and upregulation

In the biological context of organisms' production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus.

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DSC3

Desmocollin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSC3 gene.

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Dual inheritance theory

Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.

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Dutch famine of 1944–45

The Dutch famine of 1944–45, known in the Netherlands as the Hongerwinter (literal translation: hunger winter), was a famine that took place in the German-occupied Netherlands, especially in the densely populated western provinces north of the great rivers, during the winter of 1944–45, near the end of World War II.

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Dyslexia

Dyslexia, also known as reading disorder, is characterized by trouble with reading despite normal intelligence.

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E. O. Wilson

Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929), usually cited as E. O. Wilson, is an American biologist, researcher, theorist, naturalist and author.

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Eating disorder

An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal eating habits that negatively affect a person's physical or mental health.

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Ecotype

In evolutionary ecology, an ecotype,Greek: οίκος.

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Edith Heard

Edith Heard (born 1965) is a British researcher in epigenetics, working in Paris, France.

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EHMT2

Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), also known as G9a, is a histone methyltransferase that in humans is encoded by the EHMT2 gene.

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Elaine Jaffe

Elaine Sarkin Jaffe (born in August 1943) is a senior National Cancer Institute (NCI) investigator at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) most well known for her contribution to the hematopathology.

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Eline Slagboom

P.

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Embryo culture

Embryo culture is a component of ''in vitro'' fertilisation where in resultant embryos are allowed to grow for some time in an artificial medium.

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Embryonic differentiation waves

A mechanochemical based model for primary neural induction was first proposed in 1985 by Brodland & Gordon.

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ENCODE

The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a public research project which aims to identify functional elements in the human genome.

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Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a condition in which the endometrium, the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grows outside of it.

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Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society

The Environmental Mutagen Society (EMS) is a scientific society "for the promotion of critical scientific knowledge and research into the causes and consequences of damage to the genome and epigenome in order to inform and support national and international efforts to ensure a healthy, sustainable environment for future generations." The society promotes scientific research into the causes of DNA damage and repair and the relevance of these to disease.

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Epigenesis

Epigenesis may refer to.

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Epigenesis (biology)

In biology, epigenesis (or, in contrast to preformationism, neoformationism) is the process by which plants, animals and fungi develop from a seed, spore or egg through a sequence of steps in which cells differentiate and organs form.

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Epigenetic (disambiguation)

Epigenetics are stable heritable traits that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence.

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Epigenetic clock

An epigenetic clock is a type of a molecular age estimation method based on DNA methylation levels.

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Epigenetic code

The epigenetic code is hypothesised to be a defining code in every eukaryotic cell consisting of the specific epigenetic modification in each cell.

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Epigenetic effects of smoking

Cigarette smoking has been found to affect global epigenetic regulation of transcription across tissue types.

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Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression which do not result from modifications to the sequence of DNA.

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Epigenetic regulation of transposable elements in the plant kingdom

Transposable elements (transposons, TEs, 'jumping genes') are short strands of repetitive DNA that can self-replicate and translocate within the eukaryotic genome, and are generally perceived as parasitic in nature.

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Epigenetic theories of homosexuality

Epigenetic theories of homosexuality concern the studies of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence, and their role in the development of homosexuality.

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Epigenetics & Chromatin

Epigenetics & Chromatin is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that covers the biology of epigenetics and chromatin.

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Epigenetics (journal)

Epigenetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research pertaining to epigenetics.

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Epigenetics and melanoma

Melanoma is a rare but aggressive malignant cancer that originates from melanocytes.

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Epigenetics in forensic science

Epigenetics in forensic science is the application of epigenetics to solving crimes.

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Epigenetics in insects

Epigenetic mechanisms are regulatory mechanisms, which change expression levels of genes.

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Epigenetics in learning and memory

While the cellular and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory have long been a central focus of neuroscience, it is only in recent years that attention has turned to the epigenetic mechanisms behind the dynamic changes in gene transcription responsible for memory formation and maintenance.

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Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation

Embryonic stem cells are capable of self-renewing and differentiating to the desired fate depending on its position within the body.

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Epigenetics of anxiety and stress-related disorders

Epigenetics of anxiety and stress-related disorders is the field studying the relationship between epigenetic modifications of genes and anxiety and stress-related disorders, including mental health disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and more.

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Epigenetics of autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes autism, Asperger disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified.

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Epigenetics of cocaine addiction

Cocaine addiction is the compulsive use of cocaine despite adverse consequences.

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Epigenetics of depression

Major depressive disorder is heavily influenced by environmental and genetic factors.

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Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2

In recent years it has become apparent that the environment and underlying mechanisms affect gene expression and the genome outside of the central dogma of biology.

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Epigenetics of human development

Development before birth, including gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and fetal development, is the process of body development from the gametes are formed to eventually combine into a zygote to when the fully developed organism exits the uterus.

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Epigenetics of human herpesvirus latency

Human Herpes Viruses, also known as HHVs, are a family of DNA viruses that cause several diseases in humans.

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Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases

Para-sagittal MRI of the head in a patient with benign familial macrocephaly.Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogenous group of complex disorders linked by the degeneration of neurons in either the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system.

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Epigenetics of physical exercise

Epigenetics of physical exercise is the study of epigenetic modifications resulting from physical exercise to the genome of cells.

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Epigenetics of plant growth and development

Plants depend on epigenetic processes for proper function.

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Epigenetics of schizophrenia

The epigenetics of schizophrenia is the study of how the inherited epigenetic changes is regulated and modified by the environment and external factors, and how these changes shape and influence the onset and development of, and vulnerability to, schizophrenia.

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Epigenome

An epigenome consists of a record of the chemical changes to the DNA and histone proteins of an organism; these changes can be passed down to an organism's offspring via transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.

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Epigenome editing

Epigenome editing is a type of genetic engineering in which the epigenome is modified at specific sites using engineered molecules targeted to those sites (as opposed to whole-genome modifications).

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Epigenome-wide association study (EWAS)

An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) is an examination of a genome-wide set of quantifiable epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, in different individuals to derive associations between epigenetic variation and a particular identifiable phenotype/trait.

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Epigenomics

Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the epigenome.

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Epigenomics (journal)

Epigenomics is a peer-reviewed medical journal established in 2009 and published by Future Medicine.

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Epithelial cell adhesion molecule

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein mediating Ca2+-independent homotypic cell–cell adhesion in epithelia.

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Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types.

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Epitranscriptome

Within the field of molecular biology, the epitranscriptome includes all the biochemical modifications of the RNA (the transcriptome) within a cell.

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Eran Elhaik

Eran Elhaik (born 1980 in Israel) is an Israeli-American geneticist and bioinformatician.

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ERCC1

DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERCC1 gene.

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ERCC4

ERCC4 is a protein designated as DNA repair endonuclease XPF that in humans is encoded by the ERCC4 gene.

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Erenik

The Erenik (Erenik; Serbian Cyrillic: Ереник, also called Ribnik) is a river in Kosovo.

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Eric J. Nestler

Eric J. Nestler is the Dean for Academic and Scientific Affairs and Director of the Friedman Brain Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York.

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Eric N. Olson

Eric Newell Olson (born September 27, 1955) is an American molecular biologist.

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Esther Thelen

Esther Thelen (May 20, 1941 – December 29, 2004) was an expert in the field of developmental psychology.

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ETS1

Protein C-ets-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ETS1 gene.

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Eukaryotic transcription

Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.

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Eva Jablonka

Eva Jablonka (חווה יבלונקה) (born 1952) is an Israeli theorist and geneticist, known especially for her interest in epigenetic inheritance.

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Evidence of common descent

Evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades, demonstrating that all life on Earth comes from a single ancestor.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolution: The Modern Synthesis

Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, a popularising 1942 book by Julian Huxley (grandson of T.H. Huxley), set out his vision of the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology of the early 20th century.

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Evolutionary capacitance

Evolutionary capacitance is the storage and release of variation, just as electric capacitors store and release charge.

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Evolutionary developmental biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (informally, evo-devo) is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer the ancestral relationships between them and how developmental processes evolved.

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Evolutionary developmental psychology

Evolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of Darwinian evolution, particularly natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition.

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Evolutionary educational psychology

Evolutionary educational psychology is the study of the relation between inherent folk knowledge and abilities and accompanying inferential and attributional biases as these influence academic learning in evolutionarily novel cultural contexts, such as schools and the industrial workplace.

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Evolutionary history of plants

The evolution of plants has resulted in a wide range of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, through multicellular marine and freshwater green algae, terrestrial bryophytes, lycopods and ferns, to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today.

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Evolutionary landscape

An evolutionary landscape is a metaphor,Wright, Sewall (1932) The Roles of Mutation, Inbreeding, Crossbreeding, and Selection in Evolution.

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Evolutionary physiology

Evolutionary physiology is the study of physiological evolution, which is to say, the manner in which the functional characteristics of individuals in a population of organisms have responded to selection across multiple generations during the history of the population.

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Experimental cancer treatment

Experimental cancer treatments are medical therapies intended or claimed to treat cancer by improving on, supplementing or replacing conventional methods (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy).

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Extended evolutionary synthesis

The extended evolutionary synthesis consists of a set of theoretical concepts more comprehensive than the earlier modern synthesis of evolutionary biology that took place between 1918 and 1942.

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Extrapolation based molecular systems biology

Extrapolation based Molecular Systems Biology is the utilization of molecular data from one or many sub-cellular levels to indirectly infer the remaining components of a sub-cellular system via statistical algorithms and priori biological knowledge.

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EZH2

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme (EC 2.1.1.43) encoded by EZH2 gene, that participates in histone methylation and, ultimately, transcriptional repression.

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Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHMD, FSHD or FSH)—originally named Landouzy-Dejerine, MDA, date accessed 6 March 2007—is a usually autosomal dominant inherited form of muscular dystrophy (MD) that initially affects the skeletal muscles of the face (facio), scapula (scapulo) and upper arms (humeral).

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FANCF

Fanconi anemia group F protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FANCF gene.

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FANTOM

FANTOM (Functional Annotation of the Mouse/Mammalian Genome) is an international research consortium first established in 2000 as part of the RIKEN research institute in Japan.

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Fertility testing

Fertility testing is the process by which fertility is assessed, both generally and also to find the fertile window.

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Fetal origins hypothesis

The fetal origins hypothesis (differentiated from the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis, which emphasizes environmental conditions both before and immediately after birth) proposes that the period of gestation has significant impacts on the developmental health and wellbeing outcomes for an individual ranging from infancy to adulthood.

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Field cancerization

Field cancerization (also termed field change, field change cancerization, field carcinogenesis, cancer field effect or premalignant field defect) is a biological process in which large areas of cells at a tissue surface or within an organ are affected by a carcinogenic alteration(s).

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Floating Points

Sam Shepherd is an English electronic musician and neuroscientist, who records and performs music under the name Floating Points.

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FOSB

FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, also known as Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, FOSB or FosB, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOSB gene.

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FOXM1

Forkhead box protein M1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXM1 gene.

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Frances Champagne

Frances A. Champagne is a psychologist and professor known for her research in the fields of molecular neuroscience, maternal behavior, and epigenetics.

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French paradox

The French paradox is a catchphrase, first used in the late 1980s, that summarizes the apparently paradoxical epidemiological observation that French people have a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), while having a diet relatively rich in saturated fats, in apparent contradiction to the widely held belief that the high consumption of such fats is a risk factor for CHD.

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Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research

The Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI) is a world-class center for basic research in life sciences based in Basel, Switzerland.

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Fringe science

Fringe science is an inquiry in an established field of study which departs significantly from mainstream theories in that field and is considered to be questionable by the mainstream.

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Functional genomics

Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data given by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing) to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions.

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Functional matrix hypothesis

In the development of vertebrate animals, the functional matrix hypothesis is a phenomenological description of bone growth.

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Fungal prion

A fungal prion is a prion that infects fungal hosts.

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Garvan Institute of Medical Research

The Garvan Institute of Medical Research is an Australian biomedical research institute located in, Sydney, New South Wales.

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Gastrointestinal cancer

Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

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Geir Bjørklund

Geir Bjørklund (born 20 April 1969 in Mo i Rana, Norway) is an independent researcher, medical/health science writer, editor, and advisor to international scientific journals.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.

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Gene regulatory network

A gene (or genetic) regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of molecular regulators that interact with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.

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Gene silencing

Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene.

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Gene-centered view of evolution

The gene-centered view of evolution, gene's eye view, gene selection theory, or selfish gene theory holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of competing genes, increasing the allele frequency of those alleles whose phenotypic trait effects successfully promote their own propagation, with gene defined as "not just one single physical bit of DNA all replicas of a particular bit of DNA distributed throughout the world".

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Gene–environment interaction

Gene–environment interaction (or genotype–environment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways.

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Genetex

GeneTex, Inc.

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Genetic epidemiology

Genetic epidemiology is the study of the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and in populations, and the interplay of such genetic factors with environmental factors.

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Genetic Literacy Project

The Genetic Literacy Project (GLP) is an organization dedicated to promoting public awareness and discussion of genetics, biotechnology, evolution and science literacy.

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Genetic memory (biology)

In biology, memory is present if the state of a biological system depends on its history in addition to present conditions.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

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Genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder

Genetics play some role in the development of PTSD.

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Genetics of synesthesia

The genetic mechanism of synesthesia has long been debated, with researchers previously claiming it was a single X-linked trait due to seemingly higher prevalence in women and no evidence of male-male transmission This is where the only synesthetic parent is male and the male child has synesthesia, meaning that the trait cannot be solely linked to the X chromosome.

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Genome instability

Genome instability (also genetic instability or genomic instability) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage.

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Genomic imprinting

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner.

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Genomic organization

Promoter DNA element. The hereditary material i.e. DNA(deoxyribonuclic acid) of an organism is composed of an array of arrangement of four nucleotides in a specific pattern.

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Genomics

Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.

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Genotype

The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an organism or individual, which determines one of its characteristics (phenotype).

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Genotype–phenotype distinction

The genotype–phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics.

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Gerald Schatten

Gerald Schatten (born 1949) is an American stem cell researcher with interests in cell, developmental, and reproductive biology.

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Gerard Verschuuren

Gerard M. Verschuuren (nicknames Gerry and Geert) is a scientist, writer, speaker, and consultant, working at the interface of science, philosophy, and religion.

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Germ plasm

Germ plasm is August Weismann's 19th century concept (German: Keimplasma) that heritable information is transmitted only by germ cells in the gonads (ovaries and testes), not by somatic cells.

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German Network for Bioinformatics Intrastructure

The 'German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure – de.NBI' is a national, academic and non-profit infrastructure supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research providing bioinformatics services to users in life sciences research and biomedicine in Germany and Europe.

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Germline

In biology and genetics, the germline in a multicellular organism is the population of its bodily cells that are so differentiated or segregated that in the usual processes of reproduction they may pass on their genetic material to the progeny.

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Germline mosaicism

Germline mosaicism, also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic information is found specifically within the gamete cells.

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Gill Tract

The term Gill Tract refers to 104 acres of land in Berkeley and Albany, California that the regents of the University of California purchased from the family of the late Edward Gill in 1928.

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Giulio Maria Pasinetti

Giulio Maria Pasinetti is the Program Director of the Center on Molecular Integrative Neuroresilience and is the Saunders Family Chair in Neurology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) in New York City.

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Glioma

A glioma is a type of tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or the spine.

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GLIPR1

Glioma pathogenesis-related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLIPR1 gene.

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Glossary of biology

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of genetics

This is a glossary of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of genetics and related disciplines in biology.

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Gravida (organisation)

Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development is a New Zealand government-funded Centre of Research Excellence (CoRE).

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Gregor Mendel Institute

The Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) is a basic research institute in the field of molecular plant biology founded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2000 and located at the Vienna Biocenter.

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Group A streptococcal infection

A group A streptococcal infection is an infection with group A streptococcus (GAS).

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H3K4me3

H3K4me3 is an epigenetic chemical modification involved in the regulation of gene expression.

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HAND2

Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAND2 gene.

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Handedness

In human biology, handedness is a better, faster, or more precise performance or individual preference for use of a hand, known as the dominant hand; the less capable or less preferred hand is called the non-dominant hand.

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Hannele Ruohola-Baker

Hannele Ruohola-Baker is a Professor of Biochemistry and Associate Director of the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington.

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Hard inheritance

Hard inheritance is the exact opposite of soft inheritance, coined by Ernst Mayr to contrast ideas about inheritance.

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Heredity

Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.

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Heritability of autism

The heritability of autism is the proportion of differences in expression of autism that can be explained by genetic variation; if the heritability of a condition is high, then the condition is considered to be primarily genetic.

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Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA or condensed DNA, which comes in multiple varieties.

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Heterochromatin protein 1

The family of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) ("Chromobox Homolog", CBX) consists of highly conserved proteins, which have important functions in the cell nucleus.

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Heterokairy

In biology, heterokairy is used to define the variability or plasticity in the timing of the onset of developmental events 'at the level of an individual or population during development'.

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Heterozygote advantage

A heterozygote advantage describes the case in which the heterozygous genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype.

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High Resolution Melt

High Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis is a powerful technique in molecular biology for the detection of mutations, polymorphisms and epigenetic differences in double-stranded DNA samples.

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Hiroyuki Sasaki

is a Japanese geneticist known for contributing to clarify epigenetic regulations during gametogenesis and embryogenesis through investigation of genomic imprinting as a model.

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Histone acetylation and deacetylation

Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation.

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Histone acetyltransferase

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form ε-N-acetyllysine.

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Histone deacetylase

Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O.

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Histone deacetylase inhibitor

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC inhibitors, HDACi, HDIs) are chemical compounds that inhibit histone deacetylases.

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Histone H2A

Histone H2A is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells.

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Histone H3

Histone H3 is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells.

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Histone methylation

Histone methylation is a process by which methyl groups are transferred to amino acids of histone proteins that make up nucleosomes, which the DNA double helix wraps around to form chromosomes.

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Histone methyltransferase

Histone methyltransferases (HMT) are histone-modifying enzymes (e.g., histone-lysine N-methyltransferases and histone-arginine N-methyltransferases), that catalyze the transfer of one, two, or three methyl groups to lysine and arginine residues of histone proteins.

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Historical trauma

Historical trauma (HT), a term used by social workers, historians and psychologists, refers to the cumulative emotional and psychological wounding of an individual or generation caused by a traumatic experience or event.

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History of technology

The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques and is similar to other sides of the history of humanity.

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Homosexuality

Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender.

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HOTAIR

HOTAIR (for HOX transcript antisense RNA) is a human gene located on chromosome 12.

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HOXA11-AS1

HOXA11-AS lncRNA is a long non-coding RNA from the antisense strand in the homeobox A (HOXA gene).

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HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer

Human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (HPV+OPC) is a subtype of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), associated with the human papillomavirus type 16 virus (HPV16).

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HSV epigenetics

HSV epigenetics is the epigenetic modification of herpes simplex virus (HSV) genetic code.

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Huda Akil

Huda Akil is a neuroscientist whose pioneering research has contributed to the understanding of the neurobiology of emotions, including pain, anxiety, depression, and substance abuse.

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Hugh S. Taylor

Hugh S. Taylor is a clinician, educator, and researcher in the field of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences.

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Human genetic variation

Human genetic variation is the genetic differences in and among populations.

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Human genome

The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.

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Human nature

Human nature is a bundle of fundamental characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—which humans tend to have naturally.

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Human skin

The human skin is the outer covering of the body.

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Human variability

Human variability, or human variation, is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings.

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Hummingbird

Hummingbirds are birds from the Americas that constitute the family Trochilidae.

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Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the thalamus), and the adrenal (also called "suprarenal") glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys).

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IDH2

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IDH2 gene.

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Illumina Methylation Assay

The Illumina Methylation Assay using the Infinium I platform uses 'BeadChip' technology to generate a comprehensive genome-wide profiling of human DNA methylation.

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Immortality

Immortality is eternal life, being exempt from death, unending existence.

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Immunoediting

Immunoediting is a dynamic process that consists of immunosurveillance and tumor progression.

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Implantation (human embryo)

In humans, implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the already fertilized egg adheres to the wall of the uterus.

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Imprinted brain theory

The imprinted brain theory is an evolutionary psychology theory regarding the causes of autism spectrum disorders and psychosis.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of biology articles

Biology is the study of life and its processes.

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Index of genetics articles

Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.

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Index of philosophy articles (D–H)

No description.

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Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER Pune), established 2006, is one of the seven Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research of India.

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Induced stem cells

Induced stem cells (iSC) are stem cells derived from somatic, reproductive, pluripotent or other cell types by deliberate epigenetic reprogramming.

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Ingredients of cosmetics

Cosmetics ingredients come from a variety of sources but, unlike the ingredients of food, are often not considered by most consumers.

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Institute of Molecular Biology

The Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) is a newly established research centre on the campus of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany.

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Institute of Molecular Biotechnology

The Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) is an independent research organisation founded as a joint initiative of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim.

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Insulated neighborhood

In mammalian biology, insulated neighborhoods are chromosomal loop structures formed by the physical interaction of two DNA loci bound by the transcription factor CTCF and co-occupied by cohesin.

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Insulator (genetics)

An insulator is a type of cis-regulatory element known as a long-range regulatory element.

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Interleukin 6

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine.

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Intrauterine growth restriction

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a fetus while in the mother's womb during pregnancy.

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Introduction to genetics

Genetics is the study of heredity and variations.

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Invitrogen

Invitrogen is one of several brands under the Thermo Fisher Scientific corporation.

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Iris (anatomy)

In humans and most mammals and birds, the iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.

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Irving Gottesman

Irving Isadore Gottesman (December 29, 1930 – June 29, 2016) was an American professor of psychology who devoted most of his career to the study of the genetics of schizophrenia.

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James Mark Baldwin

James Mark Baldwin (January 12, 1861, Columbia, South Carolina – November 8, 1934, Paris) was an American philosopher and psychologist who was educated at Princeton under the supervision of Scottish philosopher James McCosh and who was one of the founders of the Department of Psychology at the university.

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Janine Deakin

Janine Deakin is an associate professor at the University of Canberra in the Institute for Applied Ecology.

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Jasper Rine

Jasper Donald Rine (born 1953) is an American scientist, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a Professor of Genetics, Genomics and Development at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Jean Finnegan

Elizabeth Jean Finnegan FAA is an Australian botanist who researches plant flowering processes and epigenetic regulation in plants.

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist.

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Jeannie T. Lee

Jeannie T. Lee is a Professor of Genetics and Pathology at Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts General Hospital, and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

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Jill James

Sandra Jill James is an American biochemist and autism researcher who studies metabolic autism biomarkers.

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Jim Penman

Jim Penman, Phd.

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Joomyeong Kim

Joomyeong Kim is a Russell Thompson, Jr.

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Journal of Cellular Biochemistry

The Journal of Cellular Biochemistry publishes descriptions of original research in which complex cellular, pathogenic, clinical, or animal model systems are studied by biochemical, molecular, genetic, epigenetic, or quantitative ultrastructural approaches.

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Julio Moizeszowicz

Julio Moizeszowicz is an Argentine psychiatrist.

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Kabuki syndrome

Kabuki syndrome (also previously known as kabuki makeup syndrome, KMS, or Niikawa-Kuroki Syndrome) is a pediatric congenital disorder of genetic origin.

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Karen A. Lillycrop

Karen A. Lillycrop is a professor of Epigenetics at the University of Southampton in the UK.

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Karl Birnbaum

Karl Birnbaum (August 20, 1878, Schweidnitz/Świdnica – March 31, 1950, Philadelphia) was a German-American psychiatrist and neurologist.

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Kat Arney

Katharine Luisa Arney is a British science communicator, author and harpist.

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KDM1A

Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A (LSD1) also known as lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1A (KDM1A) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the KDM1A gene.

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KDM1B

Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KDM1B gene.

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Keiko Ozato

Keiko Ozato is a Japanese American geneticist whose research has focused on gene regulation in the developing immune system; She is best known for her contributions to immunogenetics and epigenetics in isolating the IRF8 transcription factor that aids humans in fighting off disease and for identifying the BRD4 protein that regulates cellular and viral genes that can invoke epigenetic memory.

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Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor

Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), are a family of type I transmembrane glycoproteins expressed on the plasma membrane of natural killer (NK) cells and a minority of T cells.

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KMT2A

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1 (ALL-1), myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), or zinc finger protein HRX (HRX) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KMT2A gene.

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Ku80

Ku80 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XRCC5 gene.

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Lactic acid fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution.

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Lamarckism

Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that it has acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring.

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Laura Landweber

Laura Faye Landweber is an American evolutionary biologist.

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Lester Frank Ward

Lester F. Ward (June 18, 1841 – April 18, 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist.

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Li-Huei Tsai

Li-Huei Tsai is a cognitive neuroscientist and the director of the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Life

Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.

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Lin Ruey-shiung

Lin Ruey-shiung (born 17 December 1938) is a Taiwanese academic and professor in public health.

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List of antibiotic resistant bacteria

A list of antibiotic resistant bacteria is provided below.

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List of centers and institutes at the Perelman School of Medicine

This list contains the names of the centers and institutes at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in alphabetical order with their external links.

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List of female Fellows of the Royal Society

Fellowship of the Royal Society is open to scientists, engineers and technologists from the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, on the basis of having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science".

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List of geneticists

This is a list of people who have made notable contributions to genetics.

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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/G

Category:Lists of words.

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List of multiple discoveries

Historians and sociologists have remarked the occurrence, in science, of "multiple independent discovery".

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List of omics topics in biology

Inspired by the terms genome and genomics, other words to describe complete biological datasets, mostly sets of biomolecules originating from one organism, have been coined with the suffix -ome and -omics.

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List of portmanteaus

This is a selection of portmanteau words.

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Liver cancer

Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver.

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Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain

While researchers have found that moderate alcohol consumption in older adults is associated with better cognition and well-being than abstinence, excessive alcohol consumption is associated with widespread and significant brain lesions.

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Lunasin

Lunasin is a peptide found in soy and some cereal grains, which has been the subject of research since 1996 focusing on cancer, cholesterol and cardiovascular disease and inflammation.

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Lung cancer

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.

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Lysine

Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Manel Esteller

Manel Esteller (Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, 1968) graduated in Medicine from the University of Barcelona in 1992, where he also obtained his doctorate, specialising in the molecular genetics of endometrial carcinoma, in 1996.

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Margaret Lock

Margaret Lock (born 1936) is a distinguished Canadian medical anthropologist, known for her publications in connection with an anthropology of the body and embodiment, comparative epistemologies of medical knowledge and practice, and the global impact of emerging biomedical technologies.

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Marion J. Lamb

Marion J. Lamb (born 29 July 1939) was Senior Lecturer at Birkbeck, University of London, before her retirement.

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Mark H. Johnson

Mark Johnson FBA is a British cognitive neuroscientist who, since October 2017, has been Professor of Experimental Psychology and Head of the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge.

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Marnie Blewitt

Marnie Blewitt is head of her own lab at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, which focuses on X-inactivation, and is engaged in research on the role of polycomb-group proteins in hematopoietic stem cell function.

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Mary Gehring

Mary Gehring is an American plant biologist and epigeneticist.

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Maternal effect

A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother.

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Maternal impression

The conception of a maternal impression rests on the belief that a powerful mental (or sometimes physical) influence working on the mother's mind may produce an impression, either general or definite, on the child she is carrying.

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Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics

The Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Immunobiologie und Epigenetik) in Freiburg, Germany is an interdisciplinary research institute that conducts basic research in modern immunobiology and developmental biology.

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MDC1

Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 is a 2080 amino acid long protein that in humans is encoded by the MDC1 gene located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 6.

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Medical genetics

Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders.

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Medical research

Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) encompasses a wide array of research, extending from "basic research" (also called bench science or bench research), – involving fundamental scientific principles that may apply to a ''preclinical'' understanding – to clinical research, which involves studies of people who may be subjects in clinical trials.

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Membranome

Membranome is the set of biological membranes existing in a specific organism.

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Memory consolidation

Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition.

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Metabolic imprinting

Metabolic imprinting refers to the epigenetic programming of metabolism during the pre-natal and neo-natal periods.

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Metaplasia

Metaplasia ("change in form") is the reversible transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type.

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Metastasis

Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; it is typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor.

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Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity.

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Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation

Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP or mDIP) is a large-scale (chromosome- or genome-wide) purification technique in molecular biology that is used to enrich for methylated DNA sequences.

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Methylation

In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.

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Methyllysine

In proteins, the amino acid residue lysine can be methylated once, twice or thrice on its terminal sidechain ammonium group.

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Methylmalonic acidemia

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), also called methylmalonic aciduria, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder.

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Methyltransferase

Methyltransferases are a large group of enzymes that all methylate their substrates but can be split into several subclasses based on their structural features.

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Michael Grunstein

Michael Grunstein (born 1946 in Romania) is a Professor of Biological Chemistry at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.

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Michael Meaney

Michael J. Meaney, CM, CQ, FRSC, PhD (born 1951) is a professor at McGill University specializing in biological psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery, who is primarily known for his research on stress, maternal care, and gene expression.

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Michael Skinner (biologist)

Michael Kirtland Skinner (born May 12, 1956) is a U.S. biologist specializing in epigenetics.

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Michèle Ramsay

Michèle Ramsay is a South African Professor of human genetics at the National Health Laboratory Service and the University of the Witwatersrand.

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Michel A. J. Georges

Michel A. J. Georges (1959) is a Belgian biologist and a professor at the University of Liège.

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Microbiota

A microbiota is an "ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms" found in and on all multicellular organisms studied to date from plants to animals.

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Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer

Microcell Mediated Chromosome Transfer (or MMCT) is a technique used in cell biology and genetics to transfer a chromosome from a defined donor cell line into a recipient cell line.

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Microchimerism

Microchimerism is the presence of a small number of cells that originate from another individual and are therefore genetically distinct from the cells of the host individual.

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MicroRNA

A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

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Ming-Ming Zhou

Ming-Ming Zhou, Ph.D., is an internationally recognized expert in structural and chemical biology, NMR spectroscopy of protein structure-function and rational small-molecule design.

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Mir-126

In molecular biology mir-126 is a short non-coding RNA molecule.

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Mir-137

In molecular biology, miR-137 (or microRNA-137) is a short non-coding RNA molecule that functions to regulate the expression levels of other genes by various mechanisms.

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MiR-203

In molecular biology miR-203 is a short non-coding RNA molecule.

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Mir-9/mir-79 microRNA precursor family

The miR-9 microRNA (homologous to miR-79), is a short non-coding RNA gene involved in gene regulation.

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Missing heritability problem

The "missing heritability" problem is the fact that single genetic variations cannot account for much of the heritability of diseases, behaviors, and other phenotypes.

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Mitochondrial replacement therapy

Mitochondrial replacement (MRT, sometimes called mitochondrial donation) is a special form of in vitro fertilisation in which the future baby's mitochondrial DNA comes from a third party.

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Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Modifications (genetics)

Modifications are changes or differences between organisms in the same species that are due to differences in their environment.

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Molecular genetics

Molecular genetics is the field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level and thus employs methods of both molecular biology and genetics.

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Molecular neuroscience

Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals.

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Monoamine oxidase A

Monoamine oxidase A, also known as MAO-A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOA gene.

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Moshe Szyf

Moshe Szyf is a geneticist and James McGill professor of pharmacology and therapeutics at the McGill University, where he also holds a GlaxoSmithKline-CIHR chair in pharmacology.

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Mouna Esmaeilzadeh

Mouna Esmaeilzadeh (مونا اسماعیل زاده; born April 15, 1980) is a medical doctor, neuroscientist, entrepreneur and TV personality.

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MSH2

DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 also known as MutS protein homolog 2 or MSH2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSH2 gene, which is located on chromosome 2.

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Myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature and therefore do not become healthy blood cells.

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Mygene

MyGene Pty.

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NamiRNAs

NamiRNAs are a type of miRNAs present in the nucleus, which can activate gene expression by binding to the enhancer, and therefore were named nuclear activating miRNAs (NamiRNAs), such as miR-24-1 and miR-26.

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Natural genetic engineering

Natural genetic engineering (NGE) is a class of process proposed by molecular biologist James Shapiro to account for novelty created in the course of biological evolution.

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Nature Reviews Genetics

Nature Reviews Genetics is a monthly review journal in genetics and covers the full breadth of modern genetics.

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Nature versus nurture

The nature versus nurture debate involves whether human behaviour is determined by the environment, either prenatal or during a person's life, or by a person's genes.

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NCBI Epigenomics

The Epigenomics database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information was a database for whole-genome epigenetics data sets.

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Neanderthal genetics

Genetic studies on Neanderthal ancient DNA became possible in the late 1990s.

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Neil Brockdorff

Neil Brockdorff is a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow and professor in the department of biochemistry at the University of Oxford.

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NEIL1

Endonuclease VIII-like 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NEIL1 gene.

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Nelson Cabej

Nelson R. Çabej (born November 17, 1939 in Gjirokastër, Albania) is a biologist and author.

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Neocentromere

Neocentromeres are new centromeres that form at a place on the chromosome that is usually not centromeric.

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Neoplasm

Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.

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Nermin Gozukirmizi

Nermin Gözukirmizi, scientific advisor and professor in Istanbul University, was born on June 18, 1951 in İzmit, Turkey.

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Nessa Carey

Nessa Carey is a British biologist working in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology.

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Neural Darwinism

Neural Darwinism, a large scale theory of brain function by Gerald Edelman, was initially published in 1978, in a book called The Mindful Brain (MIT Press).

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Neurobiological effects of physical exercise

The are numerous and involve a wide range of interrelated effects on brain structure, brain function, and cognition.

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Neuroconstructivism

Neuroconstructivism is a theory that states that gene–gene interaction, gene–environment interaction and, crucially, ontogeny are all considered to play a vital role in how the brain progressively sculpts itself and how it gradually becomes specialized over developmental time.

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Neurodevelopmental disorder

Neurodevelopmental disorder is a mental disorder.

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Neuroepigenetics

Neuroepigenetics is the study of how epigenetic changes to genes affect the nervous system.

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Neuroethology

Neuroethology is the evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system.

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Neurohacking

Neurohacking is the colloquial term for (usually personal or 'DIY') neuroengineering.

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Neuroimmunology

Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system.

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Neurolaw

Neurolaw is an emerging field of interdisciplinary study that explores the effects of discoveries in neuroscience on legal rules and standards.

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Neuroscientist

A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in the field of neuroscience, the branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons and neural circuits and especially their association with behaviour and learning.

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Neurospora crassa

Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota.

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New Breeding Techniques

New Breeding Techniques (NBT), also named New Genetic Engineering Techniques, are a suite of genetic engineering methods that could increase and accelerate the development of new traits in plant breeding.

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New England Centenarian Study

The New England Centenarian Study is a study of persons aged 100 and over (centenarians) in the Boston area.

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Niche microdifferentiation

Niche Microdifferentiation is the process a species undergoes to reach genetic diversity within that species; it is the process by which an ecotype is created.

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Nita Ahuja

Nita Ahuja MD, MBA is the Chair of the Department of Surgery at Yale School of Medicine and Surgeon-in-Chief of Surgery at Yale New Haven Hospital.

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Non-coding DNA

In genomics and related disciplines, noncoding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.

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Non-coding RNA

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.

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Non-Mendelian inheritance

Non-Mendelian inheritance is a general term that refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws.

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Norepinephrine transporter

The norepinephrine transporter (NET), also known as solute carrier family 6 member 2 (SLC6A2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A2 gene.

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Nova ScienceNow

Nova ScienceNow (styled NOVA scienceNOW) is a spinoff of the long-running and venerable PBS science program Nova.

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Nuclear dimorphism

Nuclear dimorphism is a term referred to the special characteristic of having two different kinds of nuclei in a cell.

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Nucleosome

A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores.

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Nutriepigenomics

Nutriepigenomics is the study of food nutrients and their effects on human health through epigenetic modifications.

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Nymphalis antiopa

Nymphalis antiopa, known as the mourning cloak in North America and the Camberwell beauty in Britain, is a large butterfly native to Eurasia and North America.

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O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase

O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (also known as AGT, MGMT or AGAT) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene.

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Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.

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Obesity medicine

Obesity medicine is a field of medicine dedicated to the comprehensive treatment of patients with obesity.

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Obesogen

Obesogens are foreign chemical compounds that disrupt normal development and balance of lipid metabolism, which in some cases, can lead to obesity.

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Oncogenomics

Oncogenomics is a sub-field of genomics that characterizes cancer-associated genes.

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Oscar Hertwig

Oscar Hertwig (21 April 1849 in Friedberg – 25 October 1922 in Berlin) was a German zoologist and professor, who also wrote about the theory of evolution circa 1916, over 55 years after Charles Darwin's book The Origin of Species.

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Outline of genetics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to genetics: Genetics – science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.

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P16

p16 (also known as p16INK4a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1 and as several other synonyms), is a tumor suppressor protein, that in humans is encoded by the CDKN2A gene.

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Pangenesis

Pangenesis was Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity, in which he proposed that each part of the body continually emitted its own type of small organic particles called gemmules that aggregated in the gonads, contributing heritable information to the gametes.

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Paramecium

Paramecium (also Paramoecium) is a genus of unicellular ciliates, commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group.

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Paramutation

In epigenetics, a paramutation is an interaction between two alleles at a single locus, whereby one allele induces a heritable change in the other allele.

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PARP1

Poly polymerase 1 (PARP-1) also known as NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 or poly synthase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARP1 gene.

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Paternal age effect

The paternal age effect is the statistical relationship between paternal age at conception and biological effects on the child.

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Paternal care

In biology, paternal care is parental investment provided by a male animal to his own offspring.

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Paul Kammerer

Paul Kammerer (17 August 1880, in Vienna – 23 September 1926, in Puchberg am Schneeberg) was an Austrian biologist who studied and advocated Lamarckism, the theory that organisms may pass to their offspring characteristics acquired in their lifetime.

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Paul Wintrebert

Paul Wintrebert (1867–1966) was a French embryologist and a theoretician of developmental biology.

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Penetrance

Penetrance in genetics is the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant (or allele) of a gene (the genotype) that also express an associated trait (the phenotype).

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Peter DeMarco

Peter Thomas DeMarco (March 6, 1932 – October 26, 2005) was an American physician who graduated from Albright College in Pennsylvania and achieved his doctor of medicine degree in 1957 from Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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Pharmacoepigenetics

Pharmacoepigenetics is an emerging field that studies the underlying epigenetic marking patterns that lead to variation in an individual's response to medical treatment.

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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of the genome in drug response.

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Pharmacology of antidepressants

The pharmacology of antidepressants is not entirely clear.

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Phase variation

In biology, Phase variation is a method for dealing with rapidly varying environments without requiring random mutation.

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Phasevarion

In bacteria, phasevarions (also known as phase variable regulons) mediate a coordinated change in the expression of multiple genes or proteins.

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PHD finger

The PHD finger was discovered in 1993 as a Cys4-His-Cys3 motif in the plant homeodomain (hence PHD) proteins HAT3.1 in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize ZmHox1a.

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Phenotypic switching

Phenotypic switching is switching between multiple cellular morphologies.

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Phenotypic trait

A phenotypic trait, or simply trait, is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two.

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Philosophy of biology

The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences.

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Phoebe S. Leboy

Phoebe Starfield Leboy (July 29, 1936 – June 16, 2012) was an American biochemist and advocate for women in science.

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Pierre De Meyts

Pierre De Meyts (born 1944) is a Belgian physician and biochemist known for his research on fine chemical and kinetic aspects of ligand-receptor interaction, subunit assembly, and specific metabolic (as well as mitogenic) effects of hormones typically causing receptor tyrosine kinase activation such as insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).

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Piwi-interacting RNA

Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells.

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Placental insufficiency

Placental insufficiency or utero-placental insufficiency is the failure of the placenta to deliver sufficient nutrients to the fetus during pregnancy, and is often a result of insufficient blood flow to the placenta.

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Plant evolution

Plant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants.

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Plant evolutionary developmental biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) refers to the study of developmental programs and patterns from an evolutionary perspective.

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Plant genetic resources

Plant genetic resources are plant genetic materials of actual or potential value.

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Plants for Human Health Institute

The Plants for Human Health Institute (PHHI) is a North Carolina State University research and education organization located at the North Carolina Research Campus in Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States.

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PLOS Genetics

PLOS Genetics is an open access peer-reviewed genetics-focused journal established in 2005 by the non-profit organization Public Library of Science (PLOS).

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PMS2

Mismatch repair endonuclease PMS2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PMS2 gene.

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Polar body biopsy

Polar body biopsy is the sampling of a polar body of an oocyte.

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POLD1

The gene polymerase delta 1 (POLD1) encodes the large, POLD1/p125, catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerase delta (Polδ) complex.

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Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer

The Polycomb-group proteins (PcGs) are a family of proteins that use epigenetic mechanisms to maintain or repress expression of their target genes.

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Polycomb-group proteins

Polycomb-group proteins are a family of proteins first discovered in fruit flies that can remodel chromatin such that epigenetic silencing of genes takes place.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a set of symptoms due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in females.

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Polyploid

Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

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Position-effect variegation

Position-effect variegation (PEV) is a variegation caused by the silencing of a gene in some cells through its abnormal juxtaposition with heterochromatin via rearrangement or transposition.

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Prader–Willi syndrome

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder due to loss of function of specific genes.

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PRC2

PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex 2) is one of the two classes of polycomb-group proteins or (PcG).

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Predictive adaptive response

A predictive adaptive response (PAR) is a developmental trajectory taken by an organism during a period of developmental plasticity in response to perceived environmental cues.

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Preformationism

In the history of biology, preformationism (or preformism) is a formerly-popular theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves.

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Prion

Prions are misfolded proteins that are associated with several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans.

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Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication.

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Proline isomerization in epigenetics

In epigenetics, proline isomerization is the effect that ''cis-trans'' isomerization of the amino acid proline has on the regulation of gene expression.

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Protein methylation

Protein methylation is the process through which a group of specific enzymes, the methyltransferases modify proteins by adding a methyl groups.

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PSL Research University

Université PSL (Paris Sciences & Lettres) is a French collegiate university currently organized as a ComUE (university community).

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Psychological resilience

Psychological resilience is the ability to successfully cope with a crisis and to return to pre-crisis status quickly.

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Pulmonary heart disease

Pulmonary heart disease, also known as cor pulmonale, is the enlargement and failure of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance (such as from pulmonic stenosis) or high blood pressure in the lungs.

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Punnett square

The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

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RAD23B

UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD23B gene.

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RAD52

RAD52 homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as RAD52, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RAD52 gene.

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Radiation-induced cancer

Up to 10% of invasive cancers are related to radiation exposure, including both ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

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Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei

Studies with protons and HZE nuclei of relative biological effectiveness for molecular, cellular, and tissue endpoints, including tumor induction, demonstrate risk from space radiation exposure.

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Rakesh Mishra

Rakesh Kumar Mishra is an Indian scientist specializing in genomics and epigenetics.

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Ralf Reski

Ralf Reski (born 18 November 1958 in Gelsenkirchen) is a German Professor of Plant Biotechnology and former Dean of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Freiburg.

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Randy Jirtle

Randy Jirtle (born November 9, 1947) is an American biologist noted for his pioneering research in epigenetics, the branch of biology that deals with inherited information that does not reside in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

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Reciprocal silencing

Reciprocal silencing, a genetic phenomenon that primarily occurs in plants, refers to the pattern of redundant genes being silenced following a polyploid event.

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Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange

In the field of reverse genetics RMCE (recombinase-mediated cassette exchange) is of increasing relevance.

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Reelin

Reelin (RELN) is a large secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell-cell interactions.

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Regulation of gene expression

Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.

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Regulation of transcription in cancer

Generally, in progression to cancer, hundreds of genes are silenced or activated.

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Reproduction (journal)

Reproduction is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the cellular and molecular biology of reproduction, including the development of gametes and early embryos in all species; developmental processes such as cell differentiation, morphogenesis and related regulatory mechanisms in normal and disease models, assisted reproductive technologies in model systems and in a clinical environment, and reproductive endocrinology, immunology and physiology.

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Reprogramming

In biology, reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture.

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Restriction landmark genomic scanning

Restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) is a genome analysis method for rapid simultaneous visualization of thousands of landmarks, or restriction sites.

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Rex1

Rex1 (Zfp-42) is a known marker of pluripotency, and is usually found in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.

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RNA interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.

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RNA silencing

RNA silencing or RNA interference refers to a family of gene silencing effects by which gene expression is negatively regulated by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs.

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RNA-directed DNA methylation

RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is an epigenetic process first discovered in plants (Wassenegger et al, 1994, Cell, Vol 76, 567-576).

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Robert A. Martienssen

Robert Anthony Martienssen is a plant biologist, Howard Hughes Medical Institute–Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation investigator and Professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in the United States.

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Robin Holliday

Robin Holliday (6 November 1932 – 9 April 2014) was a British molecular biologist.

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ROHHAD

Rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysregulation, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) is a rare condition whose etiology is currently unknown.

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Royal jelly

Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae, as well as adult queens.

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Rudolf Jaenisch

Rudolf Jaenisch (born 22 April 1942) is a Professor of Biology at MIT and a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.

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RUNX1

Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) also known as acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (AML1) or core-binding factor subunit alpha-2 (CBFA2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RUNX1 gene.

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RVX 208

RVX 208 (also known as RVX-208, RVX000222 or apabetalone) is an orally available small molecule created by Resverlogix Corp.

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S-Adenosyl methionine

S-Adenosyl methionineSAM-e, SAMe, SAM, S-Adenosyl-L-methionine, AdoMet, ademetionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation.

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Sally Larsen

Sally Larsen (born 1954) is an American artist and photographer.

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Saltation (biology)

In biology, saltation (from Latin, saltus, "leap") is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single-step speciation.

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Sanjeev Galande

Sanjeev Anant Galande (born 1967) is an Indian cell biologist, epigeneticist, academic and the head of the Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics (Sanjeev Galande Lab) at Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune.

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Sarah Elgin

Sarah C.R. Elgin is an American biologist noted for her work in epigenetics, gene regulation, and heterochromatin and her contributions to science education.

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Secondary consciousness

Secondary consciousness is an individual's accessibility to their history and plans.

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SET domain

The SET domain is a protein domain.

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Seveneves

Seveneves is a hard science fiction novel by Neal Stephenson published in 2015.

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Sex-limited genes

Sex-limited genes are genes that are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing species but are expressed in only one sex and remain 'turned off' in the other.

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ShanghaiTech University

ShanghaiTech University (ShanghaiTech) is a new research university in Shanghai, China.

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Shiv I.S. Grewal

Shiv I.S. Grewal, Ph.D. is a distinguished investigator and laboratory chief at Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, who studies the epigenetic control of higher-order chromatin assembly.

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Siddhartha Mukherjee

Siddhartha Mukherjee (born 21 July 1970) is an Indian-American physician, biologist, oncologist, and author.

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Signalway Antibody

Signalway Antibody is a biotechnology company based in College Park, Maryland, USA.

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Silencer (genetics)

In genetics, a silencer is a DNA sequence capable of binding transcription regulation factors, called repressors.

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Single cell epigenomics

Single cell epigenomics is the study of epigenomics (the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell) in individual cells by single cell sequencing.

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Sirtuin 1

Sirtuin 1, also known as NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIRT1 gene.

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Sirtuin 2

NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SIRT2 gene.

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Sirtuin 3

NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3, mitochondrial also known as SIRT3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIRT3 gene.

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Sjögren syndrome

Sjögren syndrome (SjS, SS) is a long-term autoimmune disease in which the moisture-producing glands of the body are affected.

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Small for gestational age

Small for gestational age (SGA) newborns are those who are smaller in size than normal for the gestational age, most commonly defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age.

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Small nucleolar RNA SNORD113

Small nucleolar RNA SNORD113 (also known as C/D box snoRNA 14q(I)) is a small nucleolar RNA molecule which is located in the imprinted human 14q32 locus and may play a role in the evolution and/or mechanism of the epigenetic imprinting process.

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Social constructionism

Social constructionism or the social construction of reality (also social concept) is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality.

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Society for Mathematical Biology

The Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB) is an international association co-founded in 1972 in USA by Drs.

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Sociogenomics

Sociogenomics, also known as social genomics, is the field of research that examines why and how different social factors and processes (e.g., social stress, conflict, isolation, attachment, etc.) affect the activity of the genome.

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Somaclonal variation

Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture.

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Somatic (biology)

The term somatic is often used in biology to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells which usually give rise to the gametes (ovum or sperm).

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Somatic epitype

A somatic epitype is a non-heritable epigenetic alteration in a gene.

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Somatic evolution in cancer

Somatic evolution is the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in somatic cells (the cells of a body, as opposed to germplasm and stem cells) during a lifetime, and the effects of those mutations and epimutations on the fitness of those cells.

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State switching

State switching (a.k.a. phenotypic switching) is a fundamental physiological process in which a cell/organism undergoes spontaneous, and potentially reversible, transitions between different phenotypes.

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Stem cell

Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.

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Stephen B. Baylin

Stephen Bruce Baylin is the deputy director and associate director for research at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research and medicine and chief of cancer biology of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

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Steven Libutti

Steven K. Libutti, M.D., F.A.C.S. (born April 18, 1964) is an American surgeon and scientist.

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Steven Pinker

Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, linguist, and popular science author.

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Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence

Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS) is the term coined by British biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey for the diverse range of regenerative medical therapies, either planned or currently in development, for the periodical repair of all age-related damage to human tissue with the ultimate purpose of maintaining a state of negligible senescence in the patient, thereby postponing age-associated disease for as long as the therapies are reapplied.

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Structural gene

A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor (i.e. regulatory protein).

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Structural Genomics Consortium

The Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) is a not-for-profit organization formed in 2004 to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins of medical relevance, and place them in the Protein Data Bank without restriction on use.

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Structural inheritance

Structural inheritance or cortical inheritance is the transmission of an epigenetic trait in a living organism by a self-perpetuating spatial structures.

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Stuart Newman

Stuart Alan Newman (born April 4, 1945 in New York City) is a professor of cell biology and anatomy at New York Medical College in Valhalla, NY, United States.

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Subtelomere

Subtelomeres are segments of DNA between telomeric caps and chromatin.

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Succinic acid

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.

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Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.

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Sulcus (neuroanatomy)

In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: "furrow", pl. sulci) is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex.

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Supercentenarian

A supercentenarian (sometimes hyphenated as super-centenarian) is someone who has lived to or passed their 110th birthday.

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Superintelligence

A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds.

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Superman (gene)

Superman is a plant gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, that plays a role in controlling the boundary between stamen and carpel development in a flower.

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Superseded scientific theories

A superseded, or obsolete, scientific theory is a scientific theory that the mainstream scientific community once widely accepted, but now considers an inadequate or incomplete description of reality, or simply false.

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Surfactant protein A1

Surfactant protein A1 (SP-A1), also known as Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A1 (PSP-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFTPA1 gene.

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Surfactant protein A2

Surfactant protein A2 (SP-A2), also known as Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A2 (PSP-A2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFTPA2 gene.

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Susan Oyama

Susan Oyama is a psychologist and philosopher of science, currently professor emerita at the John Jay College and CUNY Graduate Center in New York City.

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Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya

Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya (born October 4, 1975) is an Indian molecular biologist, epigeneticist and the principal scientist at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

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Synesthesia

Synesthesia is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.

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Synthetic lethality

Synthetic lethality arises when a combination of deficiencies in the expression of two or more genes leads to cell death, whereas a deficiency in only one of these genes does not.

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Systems biology

Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems.

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T cell

A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

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Tapas Kumar Kundu

Tapas Kumar Kundu (born 1962) is an Indian molecular biologist, academic and the head of the Transcription and Disease Laboratory of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research.

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Telegony (pregnancy)

Telegony is a theory in heredity, holding that offspring can inherit the characteristics of a previous mate of the female parent; thus the child of a widowed or remarried woman might partake of traits of a previous husband.

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Temozolomide

Temozolomide (TMZ; brand names Temodar and Temodal and Temcad) is an oral chemotherapy drug.

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Testicular dysgenesis syndrome

Testicular dysgenesis syndrome is a male reproduction-related condition characterized by the presence of symptoms and disorders such as hypospadias, cryptorchidism, poor semen quality, and testicular cancer.

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The Gene: An Intimate History

The Gene: An Intimate History is a book written by Siddhartha Mukherjee, an Indian-born American physician and oncologist.

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The Genomic HyperBrowser

The Genomic HyperBrowser is a web-based system for statistical analysis of genomic annotation data.

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The New Atlantis (journal)

The New Atlantis, founded in 2003, is a quarterly journal about the social, ethical, political, and policy dimensions of modern science and technology.

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Therapeutic gene modulation

Therapeutic gene modulation refers to the practice of altering the expression of a gene at one of various stages, with a view to alleviate some form of ailment.

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Therapy

Therapy (often abbreviated tx, Tx, or Tx) is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis.

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Third-generation sequencing

Third-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development.

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Thomas Cremer

Thomas Cremer (born July 7, 1945 in Miesbach, Germany), is a German professor of human genetics and anthropology with a main research focus on molecular cytogenetics and 3D/4D analyses of nuclear structure studied by fluorescence microscopy including super-resolution microscopy and live cell imaging.

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Thomas Hunt Morgan

Thomas Hunt Morgan (September 25, 1866 – December 4, 1945) was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist, and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity.

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Thomas Jenuwein

Thomas Jenuwein born in Lohr am Main, Germany, graduated in 1987 from EMBL Heidelberg working on fos oncogenes in the laboratory of Rolf Müller.

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Thyroxine 5-deiodinase

Thyroxine 5-deiodinase also known as type III iodothyronine deiodinase (EC number 1.21.99.3) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DIO3 gene.

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Tiling array

Tiling arrays are a subtype of microarray chips.

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Tim Spector

Timothy David Spector, FMedSci, (born July 1958) is professor of genetic epidemiology and director of the TwinsUK registry at King's College, London.

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Timeline of scientific discoveries

The timeline below shows the date of publication of possible major scientific theories and discoveries, along with the discoverer.

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Toxicodynamics

Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects.

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Track hub

A track hub is a structured directory of genomic data, such as gene expression or epigenetic data, viewable over the web with a genome browser.

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Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, is a process in which one mature somatic cell transforms into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate pluripotent state or progenitor cell type.

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Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein

Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein, also known asTRRAP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRRAP gene.

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Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of information from one generation of an organism to the next (i.e., parent–child transmission) that affects the traits of offspring without alteration of the primary structure of DNA (i.e., the sequence of nucleotides)—in other words, epigenetically.

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Transgenerational stress inheritance

Transgenerational stress inheritance is the transmission of adverse effects of stress-exposure in parents to their offspring through epigenetic mechanisms.

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Transgenerational trauma

Transgenerational trauma is trauma that is transferred from the first generation of trauma survivors to the second and further generations of offspring of the survivors via complex post-traumatic stress disorder mechanisms.

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Transposable element

A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.

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Transposon mutagenesis

Transposon mutagenesis, or transposition mutagenesis, is a biological process that allows genes to be transferred to a host organism's chromosome, interrupting or modifying the function of an extant gene on the chromosome and causing mutation.

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Transposon silencing

Transposon silencing is a form of transcriptional gene silencing targeting transposons.

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Transvection (genetics)

Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome.

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Trithorax-group proteins

Trithorax Group (TrxG) proteins are a heterogeneous collection of proteins whose main action is to maintain gene expression.

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Tsix

Tsix is a non-coding RNA gene that is antisense to the Xist RNA.

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Tumor suppressor

A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.

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Tumour heterogeneity

Tumour heterogeneity describes the observation that different tumour cells can show distinct morphological and phenotypic profiles, including cellular morphology, gene expression, metabolism, motility, proliferation, and metastatic potential.

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Twin

Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy.

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UCPH Bioinformatics Centre

The Bioinformatics Center is an interdisciplinary research in bioinformatics at the University of Copenhagen9 (UCPH).

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Ulrich Mahlknecht

Ulrich Rudolph Mahlknecht (born April 29, 1967) is an internationally renowned German/Italian physician scientist.

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Unit of selection

A unit of selection is a biological entity within the hierarchy of biological organization (for example, an entity such as: a self-replicating molecule, a gene, a cell, an organism, a group, or a species) that is subject to natural selection.

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Van Andel Institute

Van Andel Institute (VAI) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit biomedical research and science education organization in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

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Vocal learning

Vocal learning is the ability to modify acoustic and syntactic sounds, acquire new sounds via imitation, and produce vocalizations.

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Vorinostat

Vorinostat (rINN) also known as suberanilohydroxamic acid (suberoyl+anilide+hydroxamic acid abbreviated as SAHA) is a member of a larger class of compounds that inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC).

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Waldenström's macroglobulinemia

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM), also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, is a type of cancer affecting two types of B cells, lymphoplasmacytoid cells and plasma cells.

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Warburg effect

"Warburg effect" describes two unrelated observations in biochemistry, one in plant physiology and the other in oncology, both due to Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg.

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Weathering hypothesis

The weathering hypothesis was first proposed by Arline Geronimus in 1992.

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Wellcome Sanger Institute

The Wellcome Sanger Institute, previously known as The Sanger Centre and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, is a non-profit British genomics and genetics research institute, primarily funded by the Wellcome Trust.

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William C. Earnshaw

William Charles Earnshaw FRS FRSE FMedSci is Professor of Chromosome Dynamics at the University of Edinburgh where he has been a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow since 1996.

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Wolf Reik

Wolf Reik FRS is a molecular biologist, senior group leader and associate director at the Babraham Institute, professor of Epigenetics at the University of Cambridge and associate faculty at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

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Wolfgang Pauli

Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born Swiss and American theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics.

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X-inactivation

X-inactivation (also called lyonization) is a process by which one of the copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated.

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Xenopus

Xenopus (Gk., ξενος, xenos.

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Xiaoliang Sunney Xie

Professor Xiaoliang Sunney Xie (born 1962 in Beijing, China) is considered a founding father of single-molecule biophysical chemistry and single-molecule enzymology.

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XIST

Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) is an RNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as a major effector of the X inactivation process.

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XPC (gene)

Xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group C, also known as XPC, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the XPC gene.

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XRCC2

DNA repair protein XRCC2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC2 gene.

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XRCC3

DNA repair protein XRCC3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC3 gene.

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Xu Guoliang

Xu Guoliang is a Chinese molecular geneticist.

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YPEL3

Yippee-like 3 (Drosophila) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YPEL3 gene.

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Zeng Rong

Zeng Rong (曾嵘) is a Chinese biochemist researching and developing technology for proteomics research.

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Zengjian J. Chen

Zengjian Jeffrey Chen is a molecular geneticist and biologist, currently the D. J. Sibley Centennial Professor of Plant Molecular Genetics at University of Texas at Austin.

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Zero Time Dilemma

Zero Time Dilemma is an adventure video game developed by Chime.

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Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua

Zhong Zhong (born 27 November 2017) and Hua Hua (born 5 December 2017) are a pair of identical crab-eating macaques (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the same cloning technique that produced Dolly the sheep in 1996.

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Zing-Yang Kuo

Kuo Zing-yang (or Z. Y. Kuo;; 1898–1970), was a Chinese experimental and physiological psychologist.

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Zymo Research

Zymo Research is a privately-held American manufacturer of molecular biology research tools used for DNA and RNA research and analysis.

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2012 in science

The year 2012 involved many significant scientific events and discoveries, including the first orbital rendezvous by a commercial spacecraft, the discovery of a particle highly similar to the long-sought Higgs boson, and the near-eradication of guinea worm disease.

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5-Hydroxymethylcytosine

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a DNA pyrimidine nitrogen base derived from cytosine.

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5-Methylcytosine

5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine that may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription.

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Redirects here:

Bacterial epigenetics, Epi-mark, Epidna, Epigene, Epigenetic, Epigenetic Theory, Epigenetic alteration, Epigenetic effect, Epigenetic effects, Epigenetic gene regulation, Epigenetic landscape, Epigenetic marker, Epigenetic mechanism, Epigenetic principle, Epigenetic regulation, Epigenetic theory, Epigenetically, Epigeneticist, Epigenic patterning, Epigenomic map, Epigentic inheritance, Epimutation, Genetic trauma, Neuroepigenetic, Waddington landscape, Waddington's landscape.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics

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