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Estradiol

Index Estradiol

Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. [1]

410 relations: Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis, Actavis, Adenosine reuptake inhibitor, Adipose tissue, Adrenal steroid, Aggression, Alcohol abuse, Alcohol and sex, Aldosterone synthase, Alestramustine, Alfatradiol, Allergan, Alpha-fetoprotein, Aminoestradiol, Amphiregulin, Anabolic steroid, Anaerobic lagoon, Anandamide, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Androgen-binding protein, Androstenediol, Androstenedione, Animal psychopathology, Anorgasmia, Anovulation, Antedon mediterranea, Antiestrogen, Antral follicle, Apalutamide, Aromatase, Aromatase deficiency, Aromatase excess syndrome, Aromatization, Atrimustine, Beef hormone controversy, Bicalutamide, Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy, Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid, Bisphenol A, Bisphenol S, Bluehead wrasse, Body hair, Bone growth factor, BPA controversy, Bruce effect, Buserelin, Bushshrike, C18H24O2, California Proposition 65 list of chemicals, Canidae, ..., Carbofuran, Carl Djerassi, Carlos Simon (gynaecologist), Catamenial epilepsy, Catechol estrogen, Cattle feeding, Centropomus parallelus, Challenge hypothesis, Chlorotrianisene, Choline acetyltransferase, Cimetidine, Cirrhosis, Clitoral enlargement methods, Clomifene, Combined injectable birth control, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Comparison of bicalutamide with other antiandrogens, Concealed ovulation, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Conjugated estrogens, Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, Corpus luteum, Coumestan, Coumestrol, Couvade syndrome, Curcuma comosa, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, Cyproterone acetate, D-15414, Danazol, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, Delayed puberty, Desire discrepancy, DGLUCY, Diarylpropionitrile, Dienestrol, Diethylstilbestrol, Digit ratio, Dihydrotestosterone, Doisynolic acid, Domperidone, Drospirenone, Dydrogesterone, E-SCREEN, E2, Echinococcus multilocularis, Embryonal fyn-associated substrate, Endocrinology of reproduction, Endometrium, Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant, Enzalutamide, Epoxygenase, Equol, ER-X, ERA-45, ERB-26, ERB-79, ERx, Esterified estrogens, Estetrol, Estetrol (medication), Estradiol (medication), Estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase, Estradiol 3-propionate, Estradiol 6beta-monooxygenase, Estradiol benzoate, Estradiol butyrate benzoate, Estradiol butyrylacetate, Estradiol cyclooctyl acetate, Estradiol cypionate, Estradiol dienanthate, Estradiol dipropionate, Estradiol diundecylate, Estradiol diundecylenate, Estradiol enanthate, Estradiol furoate, Estradiol glucuronide, Estradiol hemisuccinate, Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate, Estradiol monopropionate, Estradiol palmitate, Estradiol phenylpropionate, Estradiol pivalate, Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate, Estradiol stearate, Estradiol sulfamate, Estradiol sulfate, Estradiol undecylate, Estradiol valerate, Estradiol-containing oral contraceptive, Estradiol/norethisterone acetate, Estramustine, Estrane, Estratetraenol, Estrin (compound), Estriol, Estriol (medication), Estrogen, Estrogen (medication), Estrogen and neurodegenerative diseases, Estrogen conjugate, Estrogen insensitivity syndrome, Estrogen patch, Estrogen receptor, Estrogen receptor alpha, Estrogen receptor beta, Estrogenic fat, Estrone, Estrone (medication), Estrone sulfate, Estrone sulfotransferase, Estrous cycle, Ethinylestradiol, Evolutionary models of human drug use, Exemestane, Fathead minnow, Fertility testing, Fezolinetant, Florida panther, Flutamide, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity, Follicular phase, Folliculogenesis, Fulvestrant, Gender, Gender taxonomy, Genetic correlation, Genome (book), Gestational diabetes, Gestonorone caproate, Gestrinone, Glossary of chemical formulas, GnRH modulator, Gonadarche, Gonadotropin, GPER, Gq-mER, Graceway Pharmaceuticals, Granulosa cell, Great Pacific garbage patch, GTx-758, Gynecomastia, H19 (gene), HeLa, Hen feathering, HER2/neu, Heterosexuality, Hexestrol, High-dose estrogen, Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical, Homosexual behavior in animals, Hormonal breast enhancement, Hormonal contraception, Hormonal IUDs, Hormone, Hormone-sensitive cancer, Hot flash, HSD17B1, HSD17B2, Human bonding, Human variability, Hydroxylation of estradiol, Hydroxymatairesinol, Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Hyperestrogenism, Hypericum perforatum, Hypogonadism, Hypopituitarism, Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone, Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis, Hypothalamus, Immunology, Implantation (human embryo), In vitro fertilisation, Incidental imaging finding, Index of oncology articles, Inferior olivary nucleus, IRS1, Islands of Calleja, Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency, KiSS1-derived peptide receptor, KV Pharmaceutical, Lactoperoxidase, Lasofoxifene, Lawley Pharmaceuticals, Leuprorelin, Levonorgestrel, Light therapy, Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Lipoidal estradiol, List of biomolecules, List of drugs banned by WADA, List of drugs: Eq-Es, List of human blood components, List of human endocrine organs and actions, List of human hormones, List of MeSH codes (D04), List of MeSH codes (D06), List of progestogen esters, List of steroid abbreviations, Long-term potentiation, Lordosis behavior, Luteinizing hormone, Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor, Lyudmila Trut, Marine pollution, Marker degradation, MCF-7, Medical uses of bicalutamide, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Membrane mineralocorticoid receptor, Menerba, Menopause, Menstrual cycle, Mestranol, Methylestradiol, MIBE, MiR-206, Mir-618 microRNA precursor family, Mitogen, MP-2001, Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline, Naari, Nandrolone, Nesting instinct, Neuroprotection, Neuroscience of sex differences, Neurosteroid, Nilutamide, Non-coding RNA, Nonsteroidal antiandrogen, Nonylphenol, Novosphingobium tardaugens, Nuclear receptor, Opioid, Organizational-Activational Hypothesis, Osteoprotegerin, Ovarian drilling, Ovarian remnant syndrome, Ovarian reserve, Ovulatory shift hypothesis, Oxytocin, Pallor, Paraben, Parental brain, PDIA2, Phenols, Photoactivatable probes, Physical attractiveness, Phytoestrogens, Pituitary apoplexy, Polychlorinated biphenyl, Polyestradiol phosphate, Portland Water Bureau, Prasterone, Premature thelarche, Preoptic area, Progesterone, Progesterone (medication), Progesterone devices used in farm animals, Progestin challenge, Progestogen, Protein detoxification, Pseudopregnancy, Puberty, Pyometra, Quercetin, Raloxifene, Reference ranges for blood tests, Regulation of pesticides in the European Union, Relapse, Reproduction and vocalization in midshipman fish, Risk factors for breast cancer, Robert M. Boyar, Saliva testing, Savaging, School of Chemistry, UNAM, Secondary sex characteristic, Selective estrogen receptor modulator, Sequential hermaphroditism, Serenic, Sertoli cell, Sex hormone receptor, Sex hormone-binding globulin, Sex steroid, Sex-hormonal agent, Sexual arousal, Sexual differentiation, Sexual differentiation in humans, Sialic acid, Signs and symptoms of Graves' disease, Sinotaia aeruginosa, Slate-colored boubou, Sodium-iodide symporter, Spermatogenesis, Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons, Steroid, Steroid hormone, Steroid sulfate, Steroid sulfotransferase, Steroidal antiandrogen, Steroidal aromatase inhibitor, Steroidogenesis inhibitor, STK11, T-47D, Tamoxifen, Temperature-dependent sex determination, Testosterone, Testosterone (medication), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Theca of follicle, Thelarche, Toremifene, Transcortin, Transcytosis, Trenbolone acetate, Trioxifene, Triphenylethylene, Urushibara nickel, Vaginal estrogen, Vaginal ring, Vandenbergh effect, Vasectomy reversal, Vulva, Waist–hip ratio, WAY-214156, Western pattern diet, Wiley protocol, Xenoestrogen, Zanoterone, ZIP9, 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, 16α-Hydroxyestrone, 16α-Iodo-E2, 16α-LE2, 17α-Epiestriol, 17α-Estradiol, 17β-Aminoestrogen, 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene, 2-Hydroxyestradiol, 2-Hydroxyestrone, 2-Methoxyestradiol, 3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol, 3α-Androstanediol, 3β-Androstanediol, 4-Androstene-3,6,17-trione, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Hydroxyestradiol, 4-Hydroxyestrone, 4-Methoxyestradiol, 5-Androstenedione, 5-HT2C receptor, 5α-Reductase, 7-Keto-DHEA, 8-Prenylnaringenin. Expand index (360 more) »

Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis

The abortion–breast cancer hypothesis posits that having an induced abortion can increase the risk of getting breast cancer.

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Actavis

Actavis Generics (formerly known as Watson Pharmaceuticals and Actavis PLC, prior to the acquisition of Allergan Inc) is a global pharmaceutical company focused on developing, manufacturing and commercializing branded pharmaceuticals, generic and over-the-counter medicines, and biologic products.

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Adenosine reuptake inhibitor

An adenosine reuptake inhibitor (AdoRI) is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the purine nucleoside and neurotransmitter adenosine by blocking the action of one or more of the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs).

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Adipose tissue

In biology, adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.

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Adrenal steroid

Adrenal steroids are steroids that are derived from the adrenal glands.

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Aggression

Aggression is overt, often harmful, social interaction with the intention of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual.

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Alcohol abuse

Alcohol abuse is a previous psychiatric diagnosis in which there is recurring harmful use of alcohol despite its negative consequences.

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Alcohol and sex

Alcohol and sex deals with the effects of the consumption of alcohol on sexual behavior.

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Aldosterone synthase

Aldosterone synthase is a steroid hydroxylase cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone.

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Alestramustine

Alestramustine, also known as estradiol 3-(bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate) 17β-(L-alaninate), is a nitrogen mustard alkylating antineoplastic drug that was never marketed.

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Alfatradiol

Alfatradiol, also known as 17α-estradiol and sold under the brand names Avicis, Avixis, Ell-Cranell Alpha, and Pantostin, is a weak estrogen and a 5α-reductase inhibitor which is used as a topical medication in the treatment of androgenic alopecia (pattern hair loss) in men and women.

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Allergan

Allergan plc is a multinational company in the pharmaceutical industry that produces branded drugs and performs pharmaceutical research and development.

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Alpha-fetoprotein

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene.

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Aminoestradiol

Aminoestradiol (AE2), also known as 17β-aminoestradiol (17βAE2) or as 17β-aminoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen and a 17β-aminoestrogen with anticoagulant effects that was never marketed.

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Amphiregulin

Amphiregulin, also known as AREG, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AREG gene.

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Anabolic steroid

Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone.

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Anaerobic lagoon

An anaerobic lagoon or manure lagoon is a man-made outdoor earthen basin filled with animal waste that undergoes anaerobic respiration as part of a system designed to manage and treat refuse created by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs).

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Anandamide

Anandamide, also known as N-arachidonoylethanolamine or AEA, is a fatty acid neurotransmitter derived from the non-oxidative metabolism of eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid) an essential ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid.

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Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an intersex condition in which there is a partial or complete inability of many cells in the affected genetic male to respond to androgenic hormones.

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Androgen-binding protein

Androgen-binding protein (ABP) is a glycoprotein (beta-globulin) produced by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis that binds specifically to testosterone (T), dy hydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17-beta-estradiol.

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Androstenediol

Androstenediol, or 5-androstenediol (abbreviated as A5 or Δ5-diol), also known as androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol, is an endogenous weak androgen and estrogen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

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Androstenedione

Androstenedione, or 4-androstenedione (abbreviated as A4 or Δ4-dione), also known as androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous weak androgen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of estrone and of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

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Animal psychopathology

Animal psychopathology is the study of mental or behavioral disorders in animals.

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Anorgasmia

Anorgasmia, or Coughlan's syndrome, is a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm despite adequate stimulation.

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Anovulation

Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle.

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Antedon mediterranea

Antedon mediterranea is a species of stalkless crinoid in the family Antedonidae, commonly known as the Mediterranean feather star.

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Antiestrogen

Antiestrogens, also known as estrogen antagonists or estrogen blockers, are a class of drugs which prevent estrogens like estradiol from mediating their biological effects in the body.

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Antral follicle

An antral follicle (or secondary follicle) is an ovarian follicle during a certain latter stage of folliculogenesis.

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Apalutamide

Apalutamide, sold under the brand name Erleada, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) medication which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.

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Aromatase

Aromatase, also called estrogen synthetase or estrogen synthase, is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens.

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Aromatase deficiency

Aromatase deficiency is a very rare condition characterised by the extremely low or absence of the enzyme aromatase activity in the body.

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Aromatase excess syndrome

Aromatase excess syndrome (AES or AEXS), also sometimes referred to as familial hyperestrogenism or familial gynecomastia, is a rare genetic and endocrine syndrome which is characterized by an overexpression of aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the estrogen sex hormones from the androgens, in turn resulting in excessive levels of circulating estrogens and, accordingly, symptoms of hyperestrogenism.

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Aromatization

Aromatization is a chemical reaction in which an aromatic system is formed.

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Atrimustine

Atrimustine (developmental code name KM-2210; former tentative brand name Kregan), also known as bestrabucil or busramustine, is a nitrogen mustard alkylating antineoplastic drug that was under development in Japan by Kureha Chemicals (now Kureha Corporation) for the treatment of breast cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as well as for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplant recipients.https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000756 It is the benzoate ester of an ester conjugate of estradiol and chlorambucil, which results in targeted/site-directed DNA alkylating activity toward estrogen receptor-positive tissues such as breast and bone. It reached preregistration for the treatment of cancer but was ultimately discontinued. Estrogenicic side effects of atrimustine in clinical trials included vaginal bleeding and gynecomastia. The drug was first patented in 1980.

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Beef hormone controversy

The Beef Hormone Dispute is one of the most intractable agricultural controversies since the establishment of the World Trade Organization.

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Bicalutamide

Bicalutamide, sold under the brand name Casodex among others, is an antiandrogen medication that is primarily used to treat prostate cancer.

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Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy

Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT), also known as bioidentical hormone therapy or natural hormone therapy, is the use of hormones that are identical on a molecular level with endogenous hormones in hormone replacement therapy.

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Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid

Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid (BDDA), as the (Z)-isomer ((Z)-BDDA), is a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen related to doisynolic acid that was never marketed.

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Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 belonging to the group of diphenylmethane derivatives and bisphenols, with two hydroxyphenyl groups.

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Bisphenol S

Bisphenol S (BPS) is an organic compound with the formula (HOC6H4)2SO2.

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Bluehead wrasse

The bluehead wrasse or blue-headed wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) is a species of saltwater fish in the wrasse family (Labridae) of order Perciformes native to the coral reefs of the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean.

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Body hair

Body hair, or androgenic hair, is the terminal hair that develops on the human body during and after puberty.

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Bone growth factor

A bone growth factor is a growth factor that stimulates the growth of bone tissue.

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BPA controversy

Bisphenol A controversy centers on concerns and debates about the biomedical significance of bisphenol A (BPA), which is a precursor to polymers that are used in some consumer products, including some food containers.

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Bruce effect

The Bruce effect, or pregnancy block, is the tendency for female rodents to terminate their pregnancies following exposure to the scent of an unfamiliar male.

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Buserelin

Buserelin, sold under the brand name Suprefact among others, is a medication which is used primarily in the treatment of prostate cancer and endometriosis.

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Bushshrike

The bushshrikes are smallish passerine birds.

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C18H24O2

The molecular formula C18H24O2 may refer to.

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California Proposition 65 list of chemicals

The following is a list of chemicals published as a requirement of Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, commonly known as California Proposition 65, that are "known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity" as of December 29, 2017.

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Canidae

The biological family Canidae (from Latin, canis, “dog”) is a lineage of carnivorans that includes domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, dingoes, and many other extant and extinct dog-like mammals.

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Carbofuran

Carbofuran is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides.

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Carl Djerassi

Carl Djerassi (October 29, 1923 – January 30, 2015) was an Austrian-born Bulgarian-American chemist, novelist, playwright and co-founder of with Diane Wood Middlebrook.

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Carlos Simon (gynaecologist)

Carlos Simon (Buñol, province of Valencia, 1961) is a Spanish clinical researcher, gynaecologist and obstetrician.

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Catamenial epilepsy

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures.

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Catechol estrogen

A catechol estrogen is a steroidal estrogen that contains catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) within its structure.

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Cattle feeding

Different cattle feeding production systems have separate advantages and disadvantages.

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Centropomus parallelus

Centropomus parallelus is a species of fish in the family Centropomidae, the snooks and robalos.

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Challenge hypothesis

The challenge hypothesis outlines the dynamic relationship between testosterone and aggression in mating contexts.

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Chlorotrianisene

Chlorotrianisene (CTA), also known as tri-p-anisylchloroethylene (TACE) and sold under the brand name Tace among others, is a nonsteroidal estrogen related to diethylstilbestrol (DES) which was previously used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms and estrogen deficiency in women and prostate cancer in men, among other indications, but has since been discontinued and is now no longer available.

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Choline acetyltransferase

Choline acetyltransferase (commonly abbreviated as ChAT, but sometimes CAT) is a transferase enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

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Cimetidine

Cimetidine, sold under the brand name Tagamet among others, is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production.

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Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage.

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Clitoral enlargement methods

Clitoral enlargement methods are forms of body modification that have the potential to enhance the size of the clitoris and increase sexual pleasure.

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Clomifene

Clomifene, also known as clomiphene, is a medication used to treat infertility in women who do not ovulate.

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Combined injectable birth control

Combined injectable contraceptives (CICs) are a form of hormonal birth control for women.

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Combined oral contraceptive pill

The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as "the pill", is a type of birth control that is designed to be taken orally by women.

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Comparison of bicalutamide with other antiandrogens

Comparison of the nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) bicalutamide with other antiandrogens reveals differences between the medications in terms of efficacy, tolerability, safety, and other parameters.

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Concealed ovulation

Concealed ovulation or hidden estrus in a species is the lack of any perceptible change in an adult female (for instance, a change in appearance or scent) when she is "in heat" and near ovulation.

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from mutations of genes for enzymes mediating the biochemical steps of production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids or sex steroids from cholesterol by the adrenal glands (steroidogenesis).

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OH CAH), in all its forms, accounts for over 95% of diagnosed cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and "CAH" in most contexts refers to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

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Conjugated estrogens

Conjugated estrogens (CEs), or conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs), sold under the brand name Premarin (a contraction of "pregnant mares' urine") among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and for various other indications.

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Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is a technique used in assisted reproduction involving the use of fertility medications to induce ovulation by multiple ovarian follicles.

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Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body"; plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries and is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone, moderate levels of estradiol, inhibin A and small amounts of estrogen.

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Coumestan

Coumestan is a heterocyclic organic compound.

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Coumestrol

Coumestrol is a natural organic compound in the class of phytochemicals known as coumestans.

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Couvade syndrome

Couvade syndrome, also called sympathetic pregnancy, is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior as an expectant mother.

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Curcuma comosa

Curcuma comosa is a species of flowering plant in the ginger family.

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CYP1A2

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (abbreviated CYP1A2), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body.

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CYP3A4

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine.

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Cyproterone acetate

Cyproterone acetate (CPA), sold alone under the brand name Androcur or with ethinylestradiol (EE) under the brand names Diane or Diane-35 among others, is an antiandrogen and progestogen which is used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like acne, excessive hair growth, early puberty, and prostate cancer, as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, and in birth control pills.

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D-15414

D-15414 is a nonsteroidal weak estrogen of the 2-phenylindole group which was never marketed.

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Danazol

Danazol, sold under the brand name Danocrine among others, is a medication which is used in the treatment of endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disease, hereditary angioedema, and other conditions.

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Dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone.

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Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, abbreviated as DHEA sulfate or DHEA-S, also known as androstenolone sulfate, is an endogenous androstane steroid that is produced by the adrenal cortex.

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Delayed puberty

Delayed puberty is described as delayed puberty with exceptions when an organism has passed the usual age of onset of puberty with no physical or hormonal signs that it is beginning.

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Desire discrepancy

Sexual desire discrepancy (SDD) is the difference between one's desired frequency of sexual intercourse and the actual frequency of sexual intercourse within a relationship.

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DGLUCY

DGLUCY (D-glutamate cyclase) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DGLUCY gene.

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Diarylpropionitrile

Diarylpropionitrile (DPN), also known as 2,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile (2,3-BHPPN), is a synthetic, nonsteroidal, and highly selective agonist of ERβ (IC50.

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Dienestrol

Dienestrol (brand names Ortho Dienestrol, Dienoestrol, Dienoestrol Ortho, Sexadien, Denestrolin, Dienol, Dinovex, Follormon, Oestrodiene, Synestrol, numerous others), also known as dienoestrol, is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group which is or was used to treat menopausal symptoms in the United States and Europe.

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Diethylstilbestrol

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), also known as stilbestrol or stilboestrol, is an estrogen medication which is mostly no longer used.

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Digit ratio

The digit ratio is the ratio of the lengths of different digits or fingers typically measured from the midpoint of bottom crease (where the finger joins the hand) to the tip of the finger.

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Dihydrotestosterone

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), also known as androstanolone or stanolone, is an endogenous androgen sex steroid and hormone.

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Doisynolic acid

Doisynolic acid is a synthetic, nonsteroidal, orally active estrogen that was never marketed.

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Domperidone

Domperidone, sold under the brand name Motilium among others, is a peripherally selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that was developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica and is used as an antiemetic, gastroprokinetic agent, and galactagogue.

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Drospirenone

Drospirenone, sold under the brand names Yasmin and Angeliq among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills and in menopausal hormone therapy. The medication is available only in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth. Drospirenone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has additional antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity and no other important hormonal activity. Drospirenone was introduced for medical use in 2000. It is available widely throughout the world. The medication is sometimes referred to as a "fourth-generation" progestin. It is available as a generic medication.https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-yasmin.html.

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Dydrogesterone

Dydrogesterone, sold under the brand name Duphaston among others, is a progestin medication which is used for a variety of indications, including threatened or recurrent miscarriage during pregnancy, dysfunctional bleeding, infertility due to luteal insufficiency, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, secondary amenorrhea, irregular cycles, premenstrual syndrome, and as a component of menopausal hormone therapy.

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E-SCREEN

E-SCREEN is a cell proliferation assay based on the enhanced proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in the presence of estrogen active substances.

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E2

E2, e2, E02, E.II, e² or E-2 may refer to.

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Echinococcus multilocularis

Echinococcus multilocularis is a small cyclophyllid tapeworm found extensively in the northern hemisphere.

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Embryonal fyn-associated substrate

Embryonal fyn-associated substrate is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFS gene.

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Endocrinology of reproduction

Hormonal regulation occurs at every stage of development.

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Endometrium

The endometrium is the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus.

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Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant

The term Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants (EPPP) was first suggested in the nomination in 2010 of pharmaceuticals and environment as an emerging issue in a Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) by the International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE).

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Enzalutamide

Enzalutamide, sold under the brand name Xtandi, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) medication which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.

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Epoxygenase

Epoxygenases are a set of membrane-bound, heme-containing cytochrome P450 (CYP P450 or just CYP) enzymes that metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids to epoxide products that have a range of biological activities.

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Equol

Equol (4',7-isoflavandiol) is an isoflavandiolThe structures of 7,4’-dihydroxy-isoflavan and its precursors is shown in by Corinna E. Rüfer, Hansruedi Glatt, and Sabine E. Kulling in Drug Metabolism and Disposition (2005, electronic publication).

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ER-X

ER-X is a membrane-associated receptor that is bound and activated by 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol and is a putative membrane estrogen receptor (mER).

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ERA-45

ERA-45 is a synthetic estrogen and a selective agonist of the ERα.

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ERB-26

ERB-26 is a synthetic estrogen and a selective agonist of the ERβ.

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ERB-79

ERB-79 is a synthetic estrogen and a selective agonist of the ERβ.

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ERx

ERx is a putative membrane estrogen receptor (mER) of which little is currently known.

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Esterified estrogens

Esterified estrogens (EEs), sold under the brand names Estratab and Menest among others, is an estrogen medication which is used hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women, to treat breast cancer in both women and men, and to treat prostate cancer in men.

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Estetrol

Estetrol (E4), or oestetrol, is a weak estrogen steroid hormone which is found in detectable levels only during pregnancy.

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Estetrol (medication)

Estetrol, tentative brand names Donesta (alone) and Estelle (with drospirenone), is an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone which is under development for use as a birth control pill in combination with a progestin, in menopausal hormone therapy to treat symptoms such as vaginal atrophy, hot flashes, and bone loss, and for the treatment of breast cancer, prostate cancer, osteoarthritis, and migraine.

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Estradiol (medication)

Estradiol, also spelled oestradiol, is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.

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Estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase

In enzymology, an estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are estradiol-17beta, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are estrone, NADH, NADPH, and H+.

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Estradiol 3-propionate

Estradiol 3-propionate, or 3-propanoylestradiol, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 3-propionate, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen that was never marketed.

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Estradiol 6beta-monooxygenase

In enzymology, an estradiol 6beta-monooxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are estradiol-17beta, an electron acceptor AH2, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 6beta-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, the reduction product A, and H2O.

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Estradiol benzoate

Estradiol benzoate, sold under the brand name Progynon-B among others, is a medication which is used in hormone therapy such as for menopausal symptoms and in veterinary medicine.

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Estradiol butyrate benzoate

Estradiol butyrate benzoate, or estradiol 3-benzoate 17β-n-butyrate, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 3-benzoate 17β-n-butyrate, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the 3-benzoate 17β-n-butyrate diester of estradiol – which was never marketed.

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Estradiol butyrylacetate

Estradiol butyrylacetate (brand name Follikoside), also known as 17-butanoylacetylestradiol, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen.

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Estradiol cyclooctyl acetate

Estradiol cyclooctyl acetate (E2CoA), or estradiol 17β-cyclooctylacetate, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 17β-cyclooctylacetate, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the 17β-cyclooctylacetate ester of estradiol – which has been studied for use in hormone replacement therapy for ovariectomized women and as a hormonal contraceptive in combination with a progestin but was never marketed.

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Estradiol cypionate

Estradiol cypionate, sold under the brand name Depo-Estradiol among others, is a medication which is used in hormone therapy such as for menopausal symptoms and in hormonal birth control.

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Estradiol dienanthate

Estradiol dienanthate, or estradiol 3,17-dihepanoate, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen.

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Estradiol dipropionate

Estradiol dipropionate (BAN, JAN) (brand names Agofollin, Di-Ovocyclin, Progynon DP, others) is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen that is or has been marketed in the United States and Europe.

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Estradiol diundecylate

Estradiol diundecylate (brand names Estrolent), or estradiol diundecanoate, also known as 17β-estradiol 3,17β-diundecylate, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the 3,17β-diundecylate ester of estradiol – which is marketed in Romania.

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Estradiol diundecylenate

Estradiol diundecylenate (brand name Etrosteron), or estradiol diundecenoate, also known as 17β-estradiol 3,17β-diundec-10-enoate, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the 3,17β-diundecylenate ester of estradiol – which is marketed in Argentina.

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Estradiol enanthate

Estradiol enanthate, sold in a combination preparation under the brand names Anafertin, Deladroxate, Perlutan, and Topasel among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormonal birth control.

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Estradiol furoate

Estradiol furoate (brand name Di-Folliculine), also known as 17-furoylestradiol or 17-(2-furancarbonyl)estradiol, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen that is no longer marketed.

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Estradiol glucuronide

Estradiol glucuronide, or estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide, is a conjugated metabolite of estradiol.

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Estradiol hemisuccinate

Estradiol hemisuccinate (brand name Eutocol), or simply estradiol succinate, also known as estradiol 17β-hemisuccinate, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the hemisuccinate ester of estradiol.

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Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate

Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate (INN) (brand names Benzo-Ginoestril A.P., BenzoGynoestryl Retard, Ginestryl-15-Depot, Menodin, Tardoginestryl), also known as 17-hexahydrobenzoylestradiol or estradiol 17-cyclohexanecarboxylate, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen.

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Estradiol monopropionate

Estradiol monopropionate (brand names Acrofollin, Agofollin, Akrofollin, Di-Ovahormon Depot, Follhormon, Ovocylin), also known as estradiol 17β-propionate or estradiol 17β-propanoate, as well as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3,17β-diol 17β-propionate, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the C17β propionate ester of estradiol – which was first marketed in the late 1930s or early 1940s.

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Estradiol palmitate

Estradiol palmitate (brand name Esmopal), or estradiol monopalmitate, also known as estradiol 17β-hexadecanoate, is a naturally occurring steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the C17β palmitate ester of estradiol.

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Estradiol phenylpropionate

Estradiol phenylpropionate (EPP), also known as estradiol 17β-phenylpropionate, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen.

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Estradiol pivalate

Estradiol pivalate (brand name Estrotate), also known as estradiol trimethyl acetate, trimethyl estradiol acetate, or estradiol 17-(2,2-dimethylpropanoate), is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen that was introduced in the 1940s.

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Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate

Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate (brand name Durovex), also known as estradiol 17-(4-propoxyphenyl)propanoate or estradiol p-propoxyhydrocinnamate, is a semisynthetic, steroidal estrogen.

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Estradiol stearate

Estradiol stearate (brand name Depofollan), or estradiol octadecanoate, is a naturally occurring steroidal estrogen and an estrogen ester – specifically, the C17β stearate ester of estradiol.

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Estradiol sulfamate

Estradiol sulfamate (E2MATE; developmental code names J995, PGL-2, PGL-2001, ZK-190628), or estradiol-3-O-sulfamate, is a synthetic estrogen and steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitor which is under development for the treatment of endometriosis.http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800026648 It is the 3-sulfamate ester of estradiol, and in terms of its estrogenic activity, acts as a prodrug of estradiol. The drug shows profoundly reduced susceptibility to first-pass metabolism relative to estradiol, and was the first "potent" estradiol prodrug to be discovered. As of 2017, E2MATE is in phase II clinical trials for endometriosis. The drug has also been clinically investigated for potential use in hormone replacement therapy. Unlike estradiol and other estradiol esters, due to its unique sulfamate ester, E2MATE is not hydrolyzed during first-pass metabolism, and is instead cleaved into estradiol systemically. E2MATE itself shows no affinity for the estrogen receptor or estrogenic activity in vitro, requiring hydrolysis into estradiol for its estrogenicity. In accordance, the systemic potency of oral E2MATE is increased approximately 100-fold relative to that of oral estradiol, whereas its hepatotropic activity is increased only marginally, by about 2- to 3-fold. As such, E2MATE has virtually absent effects on estrogen-modulated liver functions with oral administration at typical dosages equivalent to those of estradiol and behaves much like parenterally or transdermally administered estradiol, thereby combining the advantages of transdermal estradiol with the convenience of oral administration. Unfortunately, it has been found that E2MATE, without being hydrolyzed first, can be converted by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase into estrone sulfamate (EMATE), analogously to conversion of estradiol into estrone. Moreover, EMATE is the dominant fraction found in circulation, and EMATE is hydrolyzed into estrone, which is a far less potent estrogen than estradiol. In relation to these findings, according to Elger et al., "In spite of high levels of and EMATE in the circulation, only insignificant levels and no estrogenic effects were generated in humans (W. Elger, unpublished data)." As such, E2MATE and EMATE are actually not clinically effective as estrogens, and the researchers have subsequently developed new 17-sulfonamide ester estradiol prodrugs, such as EC508, that are not STS inhibitors and that cannot be transformed into the corresponding estrone variants. In addition to its estrogenic activity, E2MATE has been found to act as a potent and irreversible inhibitor of STS. This enzyme is responsible for the transformation of hormonally inactive steroid sulfates into their hormonally active forms, for instance hydrolysis of estrone sulfate into estrone. Inhibition of STS appears to be the basis for E2MATE's clinical development for endometriosis, as STS is expressed in the endometrium and the severity of endometriosis has been found to correlate with STS expression. In a clinical study, E2MATE was found to inhibit endometrial STS activity by 91% in premenopausal women, while circulating levels of estradiol were not affected, implying potential tissue-selective antiestrogenic effects of E2MATE in the endometrium.

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Estradiol sulfate

Estradiol sulfate (E2S), or 17β-estradiol 3-sulfate, is a natural, endogenous steroid and an estrogen ester.

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Estradiol undecylate

Estradiol undecylate, or estradiol undecanoate, sold under the brand name Progynon Depot 100 among others, is a medication which has been used in the treatment of prostate cancer in men.

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Estradiol valerate

Estradiol valerate, sold under the brand names Progynova, Progynon Depot, and Delestrogen among others, is a medication which is used in hormone therapy such as for menopausal symptoms and in hormonal birth control.

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Estradiol-containing oral contraceptive

Combined oral contraceptives that contain natural estradiol or an estradiol ester (e.g., estradiol valerate) include.

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Estradiol/norethisterone acetate

Estradiol/norethisterone acetate, sold under brand names including Activella, Amabelz, Estracomb, Kliofem, and Novofem, is a combination of estradiol and norethisterone acetate that is used in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, vulvar and vaginal atrophy, and osteoporosis associated with menopause.

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Estramustine

Estramustine is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen and alkylating antineoplastic agent which was never marketed.

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Estrane

Estrane is a C18 steroid derivative, with a gonane core.

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Estratetraenol

Estratetraenol, also known as estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol, is an endogenous steroid found in women that has been described as having pheromone-like activities in primates, including humans.

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Estrin (compound)

Estrin (American English), or oestrin (British English), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene, is an estrane steroid.

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Estriol

Estriol (E3), also spelled oestriol, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone.

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Estriol (medication)

Estriol, sold under the brand name Ovestin among others, is an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone which is used in menopausal hormone therapy.

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Estrogen

Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone.

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Estrogen (medication)

An estrogen is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy.

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Estrogen and neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases can disrupt the normal human homeostasis and result in abnormal estrogen levels.

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Estrogen conjugate

An estrogen conjugate is a conjugate of an endogenous estrogen.

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Estrogen insensitivity syndrome

Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS), or estrogen resistance, is a form of congenital estrogen deficiency or hypoestrogenism which is caused by a defective estrogen receptor (ER) – specifically, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) – that results in an inability of estrogen to mediate its biological effects in the body.

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Estrogen patch

The estrogen patch (oestrogen patch) is a delivery system for estradiol, which is used as hormone replacement therapy to treat the problems of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness, or to prevent osteoporosis.

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Estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells.

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Estrogen receptor alpha

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.

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Estrogen receptor beta

Estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), also known as NR3A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 2), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.

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Estrogenic fat

Estrogenic fat is a form of adipose tissue (or subcutaneous fat) which develops under the influence of estrogen, and particularly estradiol, in women.

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Estrone

Estrone (E1), also spelled oestrone, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone.

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Estrone (medication)

Estrone, sold under the brand names Estragyn, Kestrin, and Theelin among many others, is an estrogen medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone which has been used in menopausal hormone therapy and for other indications.

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Estrone sulfate

Estrone sulfate (E1S), or estrone 3-sulfate, is a natural, endogenous steroid and an estrogen ester and conjugate.

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Estrone sulfotransferase

Estrone sulfotransferase (EST), also known as estrogen sulfotransferase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of an unconjugated estrogen like estrone into a sulfated estrogen like estrone sulfate.

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Estrous cycle

The estrous cycle or oestrus cycle (derived from Latin oestrus 'frenzy', originally from Greek οἶστρος oîstros 'gadfly') is the recurring physiological changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian therian females.

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Ethinylestradiol

Ethinylestradiol (EE) is an estrogen medication which is used widely in birth control pills in combination with progestins.

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Evolutionary models of human drug use

The use of psychoactive substances is one of the most perplexing human behaviors.

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Exemestane

Exemestane, sold under the brand name Aromasin among others, is a medication used to treat breast cancer.

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Fathead minnow

The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a species of temperate freshwater fish belonging to the genus Pimephales of the cyprinid family.

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Fertility testing

Fertility testing is the process by which fertility is assessed, both generally and also to find the fertile window.

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Fezolinetant

Fezolinetant (former developmental code name ESN-364) is a small-molecule, orally active, selective neurokinin-3 (NK3) receptor antagonist which is under development by Ogeda (formerly Euroscreen) for the treatment of sex hormone-related disorders.

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Florida panther

The Florida panther is an endangered population of the cougar (Puma concolor) that lives in pinelands, hardwood hammocks, and mixed swamp forests of South Florida in the United States.

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Flutamide

Flutamide, sold under the brand name Eulexin among others, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used primarily to treat prostate cancer.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) insensitivity, or ovarian insensitivity to FSH in females, also referable to as ovarian follicle hypoplasia or granulosa cell hypoplasia in females, is a rare autosomal recessive genetic and endocrine syndrome affecting both females and males, with the former presenting with much greater severity of symptomatology.

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Follicular phase

The follicular phase is the phase of the estrous cycle, (or, in humans and great apes, the menstrual cycle) during which follicles in the ovary mature.

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Folliculogenesis

In biology, folliculogenesis is the maturation of the ovarian follicle, a densely packed shell of somatic cells that contains an immature oocyte.

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Fulvestrant

Fulvestrant, sold under the brand name Faslodex among others, is a medication used to treat hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression as well as HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer in combination with palbociclib in women with disease progression after endocrine therapy.

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Gender

Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity.

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Gender taxonomy

The gender taxonomy is a classification of the range of different levels at which humans vary in sexual characteristics.

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Genetic correlation

In multivariate behavioral & quantitative genetics, a genetic correlation (denoted r_g or r_a) is the proportion of variance that two traits share due to genetic causes, the correlation between the genetic influences on a trait and the genetic influences on a different traitpg 123 of Plomin 2012Martin & Eaves 1977, Eaves et al 1978, Kohler et al 2011, estimating the degree of pleiotropy or causal overlap.

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Genome (book)

Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters is a 1999 popular science book by the science writer Matt Ridley, published by Fourth Estate.

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Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

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Gestonorone caproate

Gestonorone caproate, also known as gestronol hexanoate or norhydroxyprogesterone caproate and sold under the brand names Depostat and Primostat, is a progestin medication which is used in the treatment of enlarged prostate and endometrial cancer.

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Gestrinone

Gestrinone, sold under the brand names Dimetrose and Nemestran among others, is a medication which is used in the treatment of endometriosis.

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Glossary of chemical formulas

This is a list of common chemical compounds with chemical formulas and CAS numbers, indexed by formula.

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GnRH modulator

A GnRH modulator, or GnRH receptor modulator, is a type of drug which modulates the GnRH receptor, the biological target of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

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Gonadarche

Gonadarche refers to the earliest gonadal changes of puberty.

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Gonadotropin

Gonadotropins are glycoprotein polypeptide hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary of vertebrates.

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GPER

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene.

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Gq-mER

Gq-mER is a G protein-coupled receptor present in the hypothalamus that has not yet been cloned.

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Graceway Pharmaceuticals

Graceway Pharmaceuticals was a USA LLC based in Tennessee.

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Granulosa cell

A granulosa cell or follicular cell is a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete (called an oocyte or egg) in the ovary of mammals.

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Great Pacific garbage patch

The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as the Pacific trash vortex, is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean discovered between 1985 and 1988.

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GTx-758

GTx-758 (tentative brand name Capesaris) is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen which is under development by GTx, Inc. for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.

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Gynecomastia

Gynecomastia is an endocrine system disorder in which a noncancerous increase in the size of male breast tissue occurs.

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H19 (gene)

H19 is a gene for a long noncoding RNA, found in humans and elsewhere.

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HeLa

HeLa (also Hela or hela) is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research.

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Hen feathering

Hen feathering in cocks is the occurrence of a genetically conditioned character in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

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HER2/neu

Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2, also known as CD340 (cluster of differentiation 340), proto-oncogene Neu, Erbb2 (rodent), or ERBB2 (human), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERBB2 gene.

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Heterosexuality

Heterosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between persons of the opposite sex or gender.

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Hexestrol

Hexestrol (brand names Synestrol, Synoestrol, Estrifar, Estronal, numerous others), also known as hexanestrol, hexoestrol, and dihydrodiethylstilbestrol, is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol which was used to treat estrogen deficiency.

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High-dose estrogen

High-dose estrogen (HDE) is a type of hormone therapy in which high doses of estrogens are given.

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Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical

, headquartered in Saga and Tokyo, Japan is a pharmaceutical company that develops and markets prescription and over-the-counter drug (OTC) products, especially external pain relieving products such as the transdermal patch.

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Homosexual behavior in animals

Homosexual behavior in animals is sexual behavior among non-human species that is interpreted as homosexual or bisexual.

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Hormonal breast enhancement

Hormonal breast enhancement or augmentation is a highly experimental potential medical treatment for the breasts in which hormones or hormonal agents such as estrogen, progesterone, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are utilized or manipulated to produce breast enlargement in women.

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Hormonal contraception

Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system.

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Hormonal IUDs

Intrauterine device (IUD) with progestogen, sold under the brand name Mirena among others, is a intrauterine device that releases the hormone levonorgestrel.

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.

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Hormone-sensitive cancer

A hormone-sensitive cancer, or hormone-dependent cancer, is a type of cancer that is dependent on a hormone for growth and/or survival.

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Hot flash

Hot flashes (American English) or hot flushes (British English) are a form of flushing due to reduced levels of estradiol.

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HSD17B1

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (17β-HSD1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HSD17B1 gene.

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HSD17B2

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (17β-HSD2) is an enzyme of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) family that in humans is encoded by the HSD17B2 gene.

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Human bonding

Human bonding is the process of development of a close, interpersonal relationship between two or more people.

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Human variability

Human variability, or human variation, is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings.

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Hydroxylation of estradiol

The hydroxylation of estradiol is one of the major routes of metabolism of the estrogen steroid hormone estradiol.

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Hydroxymatairesinol

Hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) is a lignan found in Norway spruce (Picea abies).

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Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) are a group of alcohol oxidoreductases that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids.

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Hyperestrogenism

Hyperestrogenism, hyperestrogenic state, or estrogen excess, is a medical condition characterized by an excessive amount of estrogenic activity in the body.

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Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum, known as perforate St John's-wort, common Saint John's wort and St John's wort, is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae.

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Hypogonadism

Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testes or the ovaries —that may result in diminished sex hormone biosynthesis.

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Hypopituitarism

Hypopituitarism is the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.

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Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone

Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones are hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

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Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis

The hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis (HPP axis), also known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–mammary axis or hypothalamic–pituitary–breast axis, is a hypothalamic–pituitary axis which includes the secretion of prolactin (PRL; luteotropin) from the lactotrophs of the pituitary gland into the circulation and the subsequent action of prolactin on tissues such as, particularly, the mammary glands or breasts.

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Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus(from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.

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Immunology

Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.

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Implantation (human embryo)

In humans, implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the already fertilized egg adheres to the wall of the uterus.

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In vitro fertilisation

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro ("in glass").

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Incidental imaging finding

In medical imaging, an incidental finding (commonly known as an "incidentaloma") is an unanticipated finding which is not related to the original diagnostic inquiry.

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Index of oncology articles

This is a list of terms related to oncology.

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Inferior olivary nucleus

The inferior olivary nucleus (ION), is an evolutionarily conserved structure found in the medulla oblongata underneath the superior olivary nucleus.

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IRS1

Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS-1 gene.

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Islands of Calleja

The islands of Calleja (IC, ISC, or IClj) are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals.

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Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency

Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency (ILD), also called isolated 17,20-desmolase deficiency, is a rare endocrine and autosomal recessive genetic disorder which is characterized by a complete or partial loss of 17,20-lyase activity and, in turn, impaired production of the androgen and estrogen sex steroids.

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KiSS1-derived peptide receptor

The KiSS1-derived peptide receptor (also known as GPR54 or the Kisspeptin receptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the peptide hormone kisspeptin (metastin).

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KV Pharmaceutical

KV Pharmaceutical Company (KV) was an American drug company that brought generic and non-branded pharmaceutical products to the market.

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Lactoperoxidase

Lactoperoxidase is a peroxidase enzyme secreted from mammary, salivary, and other mucosal glands that functions as a natural antibacterial agent.

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Lasofoxifene

Lasofoxifene, sold under the brand name Fablyn, is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which is marketed by Pfizer in Lithuania and Portugal for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and for the treatment of vaginal atrophy,https://www.drugs.com/international/lasofoxifene.html and the result of an exclusive research collaboration with Ligand Pharmaceuticals (LGND).

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Lawley Pharmaceuticals

Lawley Pharmaceuticals is a privately owned Australian pharmaceutical company established by pharmacist Michael Buckley in 1995.

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Leuprorelin

Leuprorelin, also known as leuprolide, is a manufactured version of a hormone used to treat prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and early puberty.

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Levonorgestrel

Levonorgestrel is a hormonal medication which is used in a number of birth control methods.

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Light therapy

Light therapy—or phototherapy, classically referred to as heliotherapy—consists of exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using polychromatic polarised light, lasers, light-emitting diodes, fluorescent lamps, dichroic lamps or very bright, full-spectrum light.

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Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an endocrine disorder that is an uncommon and potentially lethal form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

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Lipoidal estradiol

Lipoidal estradiol (LE2) is the variety of endogenous C17β long-chain fatty acid esters of estradiol which are formed as metabolites of estradiol.

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List of biomolecules

This is a list of articles that describe particular biomolecules or types of biomolecules.

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List of drugs banned by WADA

This list of drugs banned by WADA is determined by the World Anti-Doping Agency, established in 1999 to deal with the increasing problem of doping in the sports world.

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List of drugs: Eq-Es

No description.

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List of human blood components

In blood banking, the fractions of Whole Blood used for transfusion are also called components.

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List of human endocrine organs and actions

The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.

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List of human hormones

The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens.

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List of MeSH codes (D04)

This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (D06)

This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of progestogen esters

This is a list of progestogen esters, or esters of progestogens.

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List of steroid abbreviations

The steroid hormones are referred to by various abbreviations in the biological literature.

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Long-term potentiation

In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

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Lordosis behavior

Lordosis behavior, also known as mammalian lordosis (Greek lordōsis, from lordos "bent backward") or presenting, is the naturally occurring body posture for sexual receptivity to copulation present in most mammals including rodents, elephants, and felines.

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Luteinizing hormone

Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.

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Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor

The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) is a transmembrane receptor found predominantly in the ovary and testis, but also many extragonadal organs such as the uterus and breasts.

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Lyudmila Trut

Lyudmila N. Trut (born 6 November 1933) is a Russian Geneticist, Ethologist, and Evolutionist known for developing domesticated foxes from wild foxes, with Dmitry Belyayev as part of the Domesticated red fox experiment in Russia, at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics in Novosibirsk.

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Marine pollution

Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural, and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms.

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Marker degradation

The Marker degradation is a three-step synthetic route in steroid chemistry developed by American chemist Russell Earl Marker in 1938–40.

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MCF-7

MCF-7 is a breast cancer cell line isolated in 1970 from a 69-year-old Caucasian woman.

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Medical uses of bicalutamide

The medical uses of bicalutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA), include the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions and hormone therapy to block the effects of androgens.

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Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type.

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Membrane mineralocorticoid receptor

Membrane mineralocorticoid receptors (mMRs) or membrane aldosterone receptors are a group of receptors which bind and are activated by mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone.

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Menerba

Menerba, also known as Menopause Formula 101 (MF-101), is a botanical drug candidate that acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) which is being studied for its potential to relieve hot flashes associated with menopause.

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Menopause

Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.

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Menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible.

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Mestranol

Mestranol, sold under the brand names Enovid, Norinyl, and Ortho-Novum among others, is an estrogen medication which has been used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and the treatment of menstrual disorders.

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Methylestradiol

Methylestradiol, sold under the brand names Ginecosid, Ginecoside, Mediol, and Renodiol, is an estrogen medication which is used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.

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MIBE

MIBE is a synthetic, nonsteroidal antiestrogen that acts as a dual antagonist of the ERα and the GPER.

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MiR-206

MiR-206 is a microRNA that in humans is a member of the myomiR family which also includes miR-1, miR-133, miR-208a/b among few others.

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Mir-618 microRNA precursor family

mir-618 microRNA is a short non-coding RNA molecule belonging both to the family of microRNAs and to that of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).

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Mitogen

A mitogen is a chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.

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MP-2001

MP-2001, also known as 2,3,4-trimethoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol or 2,4-dimethoxyestradiol 3-methyl ether, is a steroid and derivative of estradiol that was described in 1966 and is devoid of estrogenic activity but produces potent analgesic effects in animals.

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Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline

From the moment a theoretical model of multiple sclerosis is hypothesized until a drug appears that interferes with one of its pathways, several phases must be completed.

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Naari

Naari AG is a Pharmaceutical company based in Oberwil, Switzerland.

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Nandrolone

Nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate (brand name Deca-Durabolin) and nandrolone phenylpropionate (brand name Durabolin).

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Nesting instinct

Nesting behaviour refers to an instinct or urge in pregnant animals caused by the increase of estradiol (E2) to prepare a home for the upcoming newborn(s).

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Neuroprotection

Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function.

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Neuroscience of sex differences

Neuroscience of sex differences is the study of the characteristics of the brain that separate the male brain and the female brain.

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Neurosteroid

Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors.

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Nilutamide

Nilutamide, sold under the brand names Nilandron and Anandron, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.

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Non-coding RNA

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.

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Nonsteroidal antiandrogen

A nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) is an antiandrogen with a nonsteroidal chemical structure.

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Nonylphenol

Nonylphenols, from the Latin nōnus (number 9) and phenol, are a family of closely related organic compounds composed of phenol bearing a 9 carbon-tail.

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Novosphingobium tardaugens

Novosphingobium tardaugens is a oestradiol-degrading bacterium from the genus of Novosphingobium which has been isolated from activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant in Japan.

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Nuclear receptor

In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules.

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Opioid

Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.

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Organizational-Activational Hypothesis

The Organizational-Activational Hypothesis states that steroid hormones permanently organize the nervous system during early development, which is reflected in adult male or female typical behaviors.

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Osteoprotegerin

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B), is a cytokine receptor of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily encoded by the TNFRSF11B gene.

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Ovarian drilling

Ovarian drilling, also known as multiperforation or laparoscopic ovarian diathermy, is a surgical technique of puncturing the membranes surrounding the ovary with a laser beam or a surgical needle using minimally invasive laparoscopic procedures.

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Ovarian remnant syndrome

Residual ovary syndrome or ovarian remnant syndrome is a condition that occurs when ovarian tissue is left behind following oophorectomy, causing development of a pelvic mass, pelvic pain, and occasionally dyspareunia.

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Ovarian reserve

Ovarian reserve is a term that is used to determine the capacity of the ovary to provide egg cells that are capable of fertilization resulting in a healthy and successful pregnancy.

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Ovulatory shift hypothesis

The ovulatory shift hypothesis is the theory that women experience evolutionarily adaptive changes in subconscious thoughts and behaviors related to mating across the ovulatory cycle.

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Oxytocin

Oxytocin (Oxt) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide.

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Pallor

Pallor is a pale color of the skin that can be caused by illness, emotional shock or stress, stimulant use, or anemia, and is the result of a reduced amount of oxyhaemoglobin and is visible in skin conjuctivae or mucous membrane.

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Paraben

Parabens are a class of widely used preservatives in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

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Parental brain

Parental experience, as well as changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum, cause changes in the parental brain.

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PDIA2

Protein disulfide isomerase family A member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDIA2 gene.

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Phenols

In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.

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Photoactivatable probes

Photoactivation is a technique used in biological research to specifically activate cellular players (proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules) by a flash of light in order to study processes in cells.

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Physical attractiveness

Physical attractiveness is the degree to which a person's physical features are considered aesthetically pleasing or beautiful.

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Phytoestrogens

Phytoestrogens are plant-derived xenoestrogens (see estrogen) not generated within the endocrine system, but consumed by eating phytoestrogenic plants.

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Pituitary apoplexy

Pituitary apoplexy or pituitary tumor apoplexy is bleeding into or impaired blood supply of the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.

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Polychlorinated biphenyl

A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is an organic chlorine compound with the formula C12H10−xClx.

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Polyestradiol phosphate

Polyestradiol phosphate (PEP), sold under the brand name Estradurin, is a medication which is used primarily in the treatment of prostate cancer in men.

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Portland Water Bureau

The Portland Water Bureau is the municipal water department for the city of Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon.

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Prasterone

Prasterone, also known as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and sold under the brand names Gynodian Depot (as an ester) and Intrarosa among others, is a medication as well as supplement which is used to correct DHEA deficiency due to adrenal insufficiency or old age, as a component of menopausal hormone therapy, to treat painful sexual intercourse due to vaginal atrophy, and to prepare the cervix for childbirth among other uses.

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Premature thelarche

Premature thelarche (PT) is a medical condition, characterised by isolated breast development in female infants.

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Preoptic area

The preoptic area is a region of the hypothalamus.

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Progesterone

Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species.

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Progesterone (medication)

Progesterone is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.

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Progesterone devices used in farm animals

Progesterone devices are broadly used in the control of reproductive management in livestock.

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Progestin challenge

Progestin challenge, or progesterone withdrawal test is a test used in the field of obstetrics and gynecology to evaluate a patient who is experiencing amenorrhea.

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Progestogen

Progestogens, also sometimes spelled progestagens or gestagens, are a class of steroid hormones that bind to and activate the progesterone receptor (PR).

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Protein detoxification

Protein detoxification is the process by which proteins containing methylated arginine are broken down and removed from the body.

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Pseudopregnancy

Pseudopregnancy is the term used to describe a false pregnancy in the wider mammalian species.

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Puberty

Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction.

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Pyometra

Pyometra or pyometrea is a uterine infection.

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Quercetin

Quercetin, a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols, is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, and grains; red onions and kale are common foods containing appreciable content of quercetin.

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Raloxifene

Raloxifene, developed by Eli Lilly in 1997 and sold under the brand name Evista among others, is a medication which is used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and to reduce the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or at high risk for breast cancer.

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Reference ranges for blood tests

Reference ranges for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples.

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Regulation of pesticides in the European Union

A pesticide, also called Plant Protection Product (PPP), which is a term used in regulatory documents, consists of several different components.

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Relapse

In medicine, relapse or recidivism is a recurrence of a past (typically medical) condition.

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Reproduction and vocalization in midshipman fish

Reproduction and vocalization in midshipman fish are closely interlinked.

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Risk factors for breast cancer

Risk factors for breast cancer may be divided into preventable and non-preventable.

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Robert M. Boyar

Robert Martin Boyar (March 10, 1937, New York – November 27, 1978, Dallas, Texas) was a physician and endocrinologist known for his studies of the neuroendocrinology of puberty.

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Saliva testing

Saliva testing is a diagnostic technique that involves laboratory analysis of saliva to identify markers of endocrine, immunologic, inflammatory, infectious, and other types of conditions.

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Savaging

Savaging is a term used in the study of ethology that refers to aggressive behaviour displayed by the mother towards the offspring.

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School of Chemistry, UNAM

The School of Chemistry is one of the 27 academic institutions that are part of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).

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Secondary sex characteristic

Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear during puberty in humans, and at sexual maturity in other animals.

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Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of drugs that act on the estrogen receptor (ER).

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Sequential hermaphroditism

Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants.

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Serenic

A serenic, or antiaggressive agent, is a type of drug which reduces the capacity for irritability and aggression.

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Sertoli cell

A Sertoli cell (a kind of sustentacular cell) is a "nurse" cell of the testicles that is part of a seminiferous tubule and helps in the process of spermatogenesis, the production of sperm.

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Sex hormone receptor

The sex hormone receptors, or sex steroid receptors, are a group of steroid hormone receptors that interact with the sex hormones, the androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, as well as with sex-hormonal agents such as anabolic steroids, progestins, and antiestrogens.

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Sex hormone-binding globulin

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to the two sex hormones: androgen and estrogen.

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Sex steroid

Sex steroids, also known as gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors.

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Sex-hormonal agent

A sex-hormonal agent, also known as a sex-hormone receptor modulator, is a type of hormonal agent which specifically modulates the effects of sex hormones and of their biological targets, the sex hormone receptors.

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Sexual arousal

Sexual arousal (also sexual excitement) is the arousal of sexual desire, during or in anticipation of sexual activity.

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Sexual differentiation

Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the differences between males and females from an undifferentiated zygote.

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Sexual differentiation in humans

Sexual differentiation in humans is the process of development of sex differences in humans.

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Sialic acid

Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone.

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Signs and symptoms of Graves' disease

Virtually all the signs and symptoms of Graves' disease result from the direct and indirect effects of hyperthyroidism, with exceptions being Graves' ophthalmopathy, goitre and pretibial myxedema (which are caused by the autoimmune processes of Graves' disease).

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Sinotaia aeruginosa

Sinotaia aeruginosa (synonym: Bellamya aeruginosa) is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae.

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Slate-colored boubou

The slate-colored boubou or slate-coloured boubou (Laniarius funebris) is a species of bird in the family Malaconotidae.

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Sodium-iodide symporter

A sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), also known as a sodium/iodide cotransporter or solute carrier family 5, member 5 (SLC5A5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC5A5 gene.

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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.

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Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons

The Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons (SUSMP) is an Australian legislative instrument produced by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).

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Steroid

A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

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Steroid hormone

A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone.

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Steroid sulfate

Steroid sulfates are endogenous sulfate esters of steroids.

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Steroid sulfotransferase

In enzymology, a steroid sulfotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and phenolic steroid, whereas its two products are adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate and steroid O-sulfate.

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Steroidal antiandrogen

A steroidal antiandrogen (SAA) is an antiandrogen with a steroidal chemical structure.

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Steroidal aromatase inhibitor

Steroidal aromatase inhibitors are a class of drugs that are mostly used for treating breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

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Steroidogenesis inhibitor

A steroidogenesis inhibitor, also known as a steroid biosynthesis inhibitor, is a type of drug which inhibits one or more of the enzymes that are involved in the process of steroidogenesis, the biosynthesis of endogenous steroids and steroid hormones.

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STK11

Serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) also known as liver kinase B1 (LKB1) or renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-19 is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the STK11 gene.

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T-47D

T-47D is a human breast cancer cell line commonly used in biomedical research involving the hormonal expression of cancer cells.

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Tamoxifen

Tamoxifen (TMX), sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a medication that is used to prevent breast cancer in women and treat breast cancer in women and men.

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Temperature-dependent sex determination

Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) is a type of environmental sex determination in which the temperatures experienced during embryonic/larval development determine the sex of the offspring.

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Testosterone

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

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Testosterone (medication)

Testosterone is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.

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Teva Pharmaceutical Industries

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (טבע תעשיות פרמצבטיות בע"מ) is an Israeli multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Petah Tikva, Israel.

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Theca of follicle

The theca folliculi comprise a layer of the ovarian follicles.

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Thelarche

Thelarche is the onset of secondary (postnatal) breast development, usually occurring at the beginning of puberty in girls.

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Toremifene

Toremifene, sold under the brand name Fareston among others, is a medication which is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

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Transcortin

Transcortin, also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) or serpin A6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINA6 gene.

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Transcytosis

Transcytosis is a type of transcellular transport in which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell.

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Trenbolone acetate

Trenbolone acetate, sold under brand names such as Finajet and Finaplix among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used in veterinary medicine, specifically to increase the profitability of livestock by promoting muscle growth in cattle.

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Trioxifene

Trioxifene (INN) (developmental code name LY-133,314), or as the salt trioxifene mesylate (USAN), is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with competitive binding activity against estradiol for the ERα and antagonistic activity against ERα-mediated gene expression, that was under preclinical and clinical development by Eli Lilly and Company for breast cancer and prostate cancer, but was abandoned.

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Triphenylethylene

Triphenylethylene (TPE) is a simple aromatic hydrocarbon that possesses weak estrogenic activity.

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Urushibara nickel

Urushibara nickel is a nickel based hydrogenation catalyst, named after Yoshiyuki Urushibara.

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Vaginal estrogen

Vaginal estrogen is a form of estrogen that is delivered by intravaginal administration.

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Vaginal ring

Vaginal rings (also known as intravaginal rings, or V-Rings) are polymeric drug delivery devices designed to provide controlled release of drugs for intravaginal administration over extended periods of time.

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Vandenbergh effect

The Vandenbergh effect is a phenomenon reported by J.G. Vandenbergh et al. in 1975, in which an early induction of the first estrous cycle in prepubertal female mice occurs as a result of exposure to the pheromone-laden urine of a sexually mature (dominant) male mouse.

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Vasectomy reversal

Vasectomy reversal is a term used for surgical procedures that reconnect the male reproductive tract after interruption by a vasectomy.

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Vulva

The vulva (wrapper, covering, plural vulvae or vulvas) consists of the external female sex organs.

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Waist–hip ratio

The Waist-hip ratio or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is the dimensionless ratio of the circumference of the waist to that of the hips.

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WAY-214156

WAY-214156 is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen that acts as a highly selective agonist of the ERβ.

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Western pattern diet

The Western pattern diet or Standard American Diet (SAD) is a modern dietary pattern that is generally characterized by high intakes of red and processed meat, butter, fried foods, high-fat dairy products, eggs, refined grains, potatoes, and high-sugar drinks.

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Wiley protocol

The Wiley Protocol is a controversial form of bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) devised and advocated by author T. S. Wiley.

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Xenoestrogen

Xenoestrogens are a type of xenohormone that imitates estrogen.

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Zanoterone

Zanoterone (former developmental code name WIN-49596), also known as (5α,17α)-1'-(methylsulfonyl)-1'-H-pregn-20-ynopyrazol-17-ol, is a steroidal antiandrogen which was never marketed.

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ZIP9

Zinc transporter ZIP9 also known as Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9) and solute carrier family 39 member 9 (SLC39A9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC39A9 gene.

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1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester

1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester is a plasticizer for the manufacture of flexible plastic articles in sensitive application areas such as toys, medical devices and food packaging.

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16α-Hydroxyestrone

16α-Hydroxyestrone (16α-OH-E1), or hydroxyestrone, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3,16α-diol-17-one, is an endogenous steroidal estrogen and a major metabolite of estrone, as well as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of estriol.

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16α-Iodo-E2

16α-Iodo-E2, or 16α-iodoestradiol, is a synthetic, steroidal, potent estrogen with slight preference for the ERα over the ERβ that is used in scientific research.

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16α-LE2

16α-LE2, or 16α-lactone-estradiol, also known as 3,17β-dihydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregna-1,3,5-(10)-triene-21,16α-lactone, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen featuring a estradiol core.

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17α-Epiestriol

17α-Epiestriol, or simply 17-epiestriol, also known as 16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol or estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17α-triol, is a minor and weak endogenous estrogen, and the 17α-epimer of estriol (which is 16α-hydroxy-17β-estradiol).

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17α-Estradiol

17α-Estradiol (17α-E2), or 17-epiestradiol, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17α-diol, is a minor and weak endogenous steroidal estrogen that is related to 17β-estradiol (better known simply as estradiol).

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17β-Aminoestrogen

17β-Aminoestrogens are a group of synthetic, steroidal estrogens derived from estradiol which have an amine substitution in place of the hydroxyl group at the C17β position.

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17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSD, HSD17B), also 17-ketosteroid reductases (17-KSR), are a group of alcohol oxidoreductases which catalyze the reduction of 17-ketosteroids and the dehydrogenation of 17β-hydroxysteroids in steroidogenesis and steroid metabolism.

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2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene

2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene (2,8-DHHHC) is a synthetic, nonsteroidal weak estrogen with approximately 1/2,000th the estrogenic potency of the structurally-related estrogen diethylstilbestrol.

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2-Hydroxyestradiol

2-Hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-2,3,17β-triol, is an endogenous steroid, catechol estrogen, and metabolite of estradiol, as well as a positional isomer of estriol.

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2-Hydroxyestrone

2-Hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2,3-diol-17-one, is an endogenous, naturally occurring catechol estrogen and a major metabolite of estrone and estradiol.

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2-Methoxyestradiol

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) is a natural metabolite of estradiol.

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3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol

3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen and a selective agonist of the ERβ.

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3α-Androstanediol

3α-Androstanediol (often abbreviated as 3α-diol), also known as 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, is an endogenous inhibitory androstane neurosteroid and weak androgen, and a major metabolite of dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

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3β-Androstanediol

3β-Androstanediol, also known as 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, and often shortened to 3β-diol, is an endogenous steroid hormone.

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4-Androstene-3,6,17-trione

4-Androstene-3,6,17-trione (4-AT; also marketed as 6-OXO or 4-etioallocholen-3,6,17-trione) is a drug or nutritional supplement that may increase the testosterone-estrogen ratio, but has no proven effect on body composition.

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4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid.

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4-Hydroxyestradiol

4-Hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,4,17β-triol, is an endogenous, naturally occurring catechol estrogen and a minor metabolite of estradiol.

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4-Hydroxyestrone

4-Hydroxyestrone (4-OHE1), also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,4-diol-17-one, is an endogenous, naturally occurring catechol estrogen and a minor metabolite of estrone and estradiol.

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4-Methoxyestradiol

4-Methoxyestradiol (4-ME2) is an endogenous, naturally occurring methoxylated catechol estrogen and metabolite of estradiol that is formed by catechol O-methyltransferase via the intermediate 4-hydroxyestradiol.

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5-Androstenedione

5-Androstenedione is a prohormone of testosterone.

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5-HT2C receptor

The 5-HT2C receptor is a subtype of 5-HT receptor that binds the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT).

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5α-Reductase

5α-reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.

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7-Keto-DHEA

7-Ketodehydroepiandrosterone (7-keto-DHEA), also known as 7-oxoprasterone, is a steroid produced by metabolism of the prohormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

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8-Prenylnaringenin

8-Prenylnaringenin (8-PN), also known as flavaprenin, (S)-8-dimethylallylnaringenin, hopein, or sophoraflavanone B, is a prenylflavonoid phytoestrogen.

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Redirects here:

17 beta estradiol, 17-beta estradiol, 17-beta-estradiol, 17beta-estradiol, 17beta-oestradiol, 17β-Estradiol, 17β-estradiol, Beta-estradiol, Dihydrofolliculin, Dihydrofolliculine, Dihydrotheelin, Dihydroxyestrin, E2 classical pathway, Estradial, Estradiol-17beta, Estratriendiol, Estratrienediol, Estrodial, Estrodiol, Oestradiol, Oestradiol-17beta, Oestridol, Œstradiol.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol

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