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'Adud al-Dawla

Fannā (Panāh) Khusraw (فنا خسرو), better known by his laqab of ʿAḍud al-Dawla (عضد الدولة, "Pillar of the Dynasty") (September 24, 936 – March 26, 983) was an emir of the Buyid dynasty, ruling from 949 to 983, and at his height of power ruling an empire stretching from Makran as far to Yemen and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

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A. Monem Mahjoub

A.

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Aachen Cathedral

Aachen Cathedral (German: Aachener Dom), traditionally called in English the Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle, is a Roman Catholic church in Aachen, western Germany, and the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Aachen.

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Ağrı Province

The Ağrı Province (Turkish: Ağrı ili) is a province in eastern Turkey, bordering Iran to the east, Kars to the north, Erzurum to the northwest, Muş and Bitlis to the southwest, Van to the south, and Iğdır to the northeast. It has an area of 11,376 km² and a population of 542,022 (2010 est). A majority of the province's population is Kurdish. The region also has got a sizeable Azerbaijani (Qarapapak) minority. The provincial capital is Ağrı, situated on a 1,650 m. high plateau.

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Ašipu

In ancient Mesopotamia, ašipu (also āšipu or mašmašu), were scholars and practitioners of diagnosis and treatment in Tigris-Euphrates valley of Mesopotamia (a modern-day Iraq) around 3200 BC.

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Abaqa Khan

Abaqa Khan (1234–1282, ᠠᠪᠠᠬᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ (Traditional script), "paternal uncle", also transliterated Abaġa), was the second Mongol ruler (Ilkhan) of the Ilkhanate.

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Abarsal

Abarsal was a city-state of Mesopotamia in the area of the Euphrates.

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Abba Arika

Abba Arikha (175–247) (Talmudic Aramaic: אבא אריכא; born: Abba bar Aybo, רב אבא בר איבו) was a Jewish Talmudist who was born and lived in Kafri, Sassanid Babylonia, known as an amora (commentator on the Oral Law) of the 3rd century who established at Sura the systematic study of the rabbinic traditions, which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud.

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Abba Kolon

Abba Kolon is a mythical Roman mentioned in a Talmudic legend concerning the foundation of Rome, which, according to the Haggadah, was a result of the impious conduct of the Jewish kings.

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Abbas ibn Ali

Al-Abbas ibn Ali (العباس بن علي, عباس فرزند علی), also Qamar Banī Hāshim (the moon of Banu Hashim) (born 4th Sha‘bān 26 AH – 10 Muharram 61 AH; approximately May 15, 647 – October 10, 680), was the son of Imam Ali, the first Imam of Shia Muslims and the fourth Caliph of Sunni Muslims, and Fatima bint Hizam, commonly known as Mother of the Sons ('أم البنين'). Abbas is revered by Shia Muslims for his loyalty to his half-brother Hussein, his respect for the Households of Muhammad, and his role in the Battle of Karbala. Abbas is buried in the Shrine of Abbas in Karbala, Karbala Governorate, Iraq, where he was martyred during the Battle of Karbala on the day of Ashura. He was praised for his "handsome looks".

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Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate (or ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّة) was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Abbasid civil war (865–866)

The Abbasid civil war of 865–866, sometimes known as the Fifth Fitna, was an armed conflict during the "Anarchy at Samarra" between the rival caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz, fought to determine who would gain control over the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Abbasid Revolution

The Abbasid Revolution refers to the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in early Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE).

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Abd al-Rahman I

Abd al-Rahman I, more fully Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (731–788), was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba).

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Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ashʿath (عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن الأشعث), commonly known as Ibn al-Ashʿath after his grandfather, was a distinguished Arab nobleman and general under the early Umayyad Caliphate, most notable for leading a failed rebellion against the Umayyad viceroy of the east, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, in 700–703.

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Abdul Qadir Al Rassam

Abdul Qadir Al Rassam, عبد القادر الرسام), 1952 - 1882), was born in Baghdad, Iraq and is one of the first generation of Iraqi artists to paint in the European style and to introduce local audiences to European art. He is noted for his portrait and landscapes painted in the Realist style.

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Abibus of Samosata

Abibus of Samosata (died 297) was a Christian martyr at Samosata (in Syria on the River Euphrates).

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Abraham of Clermont

Abraham of Clermont (died 479) was the founder and abbot of the monastery of St.Cyriacus in Clermont-Ferrand.

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Abrahamic religions

The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic-originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham.

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Abrocomas

Abrocomas (Ἀβρόκoμας), one of the satraps of the king Artaxerxes II Mnemon, was sent with an army of 300,000 men to oppose Cyrus the Younger on his march into Upper Asia.

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Abu Ayyub al-Masri

Abu Ayyub al-Masri (أبو أيّوب المصري,; translation: "Father of Ayyub the Egyptian") (ca. 1968 – 18 April 2010), also known as (in Arabic), US Department of State.

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Abu Firas al-Hamdani

Al-Harith ibn Abi’l-ʿAlaʾ Saʿid ibn Hamdan al-Taghlibi (932–968), better known by his nom de plume of Abu Firas al-Hamdani (أبو فراس الحمداني), was an Arab prince and poet.

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Abu Kamal

Abu Kamal or Al-Bukamal (البوكمال) is a city on the Euphrates river in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate of eastern Syria near the border with Iraq.

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Abu Salabikh

The low tells at Abu Salabikh, around northwest of the site of ancient Nippur in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq mark the site of a small Sumerian city of the mid third millennium BCE, with cultural connections to the cities of Kish, Mari and Ebla.

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Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi

Abū 'Ubayd ibn Mas'ūd ibn 'Amr ibn 'Umayd ibn 'Awf al-Thaqafī (also al-Thaqīfī) (أبو عبيد بن مسعود بن عمرو بن عمير بن عوف الثقفی), or simply Abu Ubayd (أبو عبيد), was a commander in the army of the Rashidun Caliphate.

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Acacius (son of Archelaus)

Acacius, son of Archelaus (Ἀκάκιος τοῦ Ἀρχελάου) was a Byzantine official, mentioned as a representative of emperor Justin II (r. 565-578) in 573.

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Achaemenid Assyria

Athura (𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 Aθurā), also called Assyria Babylonia, was a geographical area within the Persian Achaemenid Empire held by the last nobility of Aššur (Akkadian), known as Athura (Neo-Aramaic) or Atouria (Greek), during the period of 539 BC to 330 BC as a military protectorate state of Persia under the rule of Cyrus the Great.

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Acoemetae

Acoemetae (also spelled Acoemeti or Akoimetoi lit) was an order of Eastern (Greek or Basilian) monks who celebrated the divine service without intermission day or night.

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Action of Khan Baghdadi

The Action of Khan Baghdadi was an engagement during the Mesopotamian Campaign in World War I.

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AD 2

AD 2 (II), 2 AD or 2 CE was a common year starting on Sunday or Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Sunday of the proleptic Julian calendar.

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AD 62

AD 62 (LXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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Adab (city)

Adab or Udab (Sumerian: Adabki, spelled UD.NUNKI) was an ancient Sumerian city between Telloh and Nippur.

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Adarmahan

Adarmahān (in Greek sources given as Ἀδααρμάνης, Adaarmanes; fl. late 6th century) was a Persian general active in the western frontier of the Sassanid Empire against the East Roman (Byzantine) forces, during the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591.

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Adıyaman

Adıyaman (Semsûr; Բերա; حصن منصور) is a city in southeastern Turkey, capital of the Adıyaman Province.

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Adıyaman Archaeological Museum

Adıyaman Archaeological Museum (Turkish: Adıyaman Müzesi) is an archaeology museum in Adıyaman, southeastern Turkey.

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Adnan

Adnan (عدنان) is the traditional ancestor of the Adnanite Arabs of Northern, Western and Central Arabia, as opposed to the Qahtanite Arabs of Southern Arabia who descend from Qahtan.

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Adolius

Adolius ('Αδόλιος, d. 543) was a Byzantine silentiarius and military officer, active in the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565).

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Adrammelech

Adrammelech (אַדְרַמֶּלֶךְ|ʾAḏrammeleḵ; Ἀδραμέλεχ Adramélekh) is an ancient Semitic god mentioned briefly by name in the Book of Kings, where he is described as a god of "Sepharvaim".

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African darter

The African darter (Anhinga rufa), sometimes called the snakebird, is a water bird of sub-Saharan Africa and Iraq.

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Afrin Region

Afrin Region (Herêma Efrînê, إقليم عفرين, translit) is the westernmost of the three regions of the de facto autonomous Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (DFNS, most commonly known as Rojava).

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Aga Khan II

Aga Khan II (آقا خان دوّم; Āghā Khān-i Duvvum or, less commonly but more correctly آقا خان دوّم Āqā Khān-i Duvvum), was the title of Aqa Ali Shah (آقا علی شاه Āqā ‘Alī Shāh; b. 1830 in Mahallat, Iran; d. August 1885 in Pune, India), the 47th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims.

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Agricultural astrology

Agricultural astrology is a type of electional astrology that advises the planting, cultivating and harvesting of crops based on moon phases and astrological signs.

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Agriculture

Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.

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Agriculture in Jordan

Agriculture in Jordan contributed substantially to the economy at the time of Jordan's independence, but it subsequently suffered a decades-long steady decline.

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Agriculture in Syria

Until the mid-1970s, agriculture in Syria was the primary economic activity in Syria.

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Ahijah the Shilonite

Ahijah the Shilonite (was a Levite prophet of Shiloh in the days of Solomon, as mentioned in the Hebrew Bible's 1 Kings.

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Ahlamu

Ahlamu or Aḫlamū (literally "Companions" or "Confederate"), were Semitic semi-nomads.

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Ahmad Hashim Abd al-Isawi

Ahmad Hashim Abd al-Isawi was an al Qaeda terrorist operating in Iraq in the early 2000s.

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Ahmad ibn Tulun

Ahmad ibn Tulun (translit; ca. 20 September 835 – 10 May 884) was the founder of the Tulunid dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria between 868 and 905.

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Ahmose I

O29-L1-G43 | nebty.

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Ahmose, son of Ebana

Ahmose, son of Ebana, served in the Egyptian military under the pharaohs Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, and Thutmose I. His autobiography has survived and is intact on the wall of his tomb and has proven a valuable source of information on the late 17th Dynasty and the early 18th Dynasty of Egypt.

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Aintab plateau

Aintab plateau or Gaziantep plateau (هضبة عنتاب Levantine pronunciation) is a low, gently undulating plateau that forms the westernmost part of the Southeastern Anatolia Region in Turkey.

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Akkad (city)

Akkad (also Accad, Akkade, Agade; cuneiform URIKI) was the capital of the Akkadian Empire, which was the dominant political force in Mesopotamia during a period of about 150 years in the last third of the 3rd millennium BC.

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Akkadian Empire

The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia in the Bible.

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Akshak

Akshak(Sumerian:, akšak) was a city of ancient Sumer, situated on the northern boundary of Akkad, sometimes identified with Babylonian Upi (Greek Opis).

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Al Abbas Mosque

The Al-‘Abbās Mosque or Masjid al-‘Abbās (مسجد الامام العباس) is the mausoleum of ‘Abbās ibn ‘Alī and historical building, located across from the Imām Husayn Mosque in Karbalā, Iraq.

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Al Anbar Governorate

Al Anbar Governorate (محافظة الأنبار; muḥāfaẓat al-’Anbār), or Anbar Province, is the largest governorate in Iraq by area.

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Al Asad Airbase

Ayn al-Asad Airbase is an Iraqi Armed Forces and United States armed forces base located in the Al Anbar Governorate of western Iraq.

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Al Azrakiyah

Al Azrakiyah (also: Mintaqat Al Azrakiyah) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate west of the city of Fallujah, on the river Euphrates.

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Al Diwaniyah

Al Diwaniyah (الديوانية Ad Dīwānīyah), also spelt Diwaniya, is the capital city of Iraq's Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate.

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Al Fadl

Al Fadl (ALA-LC: Āl Faḍl) were an Arab tribe that dominated the Syrian Desert and steppe during the Middle Ages, and whose modern-day descendants largely live in southern Syria and eastern Lebanon.

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Al Hartha

Al Hartha is a city located in the north-eastern part of Basrah Governorate on the east bank of the river Euphrates, bounded on the north to Qurna and the south province of Basra, linking Hartha, the main road, with Baghdad and the city center, Basra.

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Al Kifl

Al Kifl (الكفل; also known as Kifl) is a town in southeastern Iraq on the Euphrates River, between Najaf and Al Hillah.

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Al Ubaidi

Al Ubaidi is a town in the Al Anbar province of Iraq.

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Al Uqaydat

The Uqaydat tribe is a Sunni large Arab tribe which straddles Syria's eastern border with Iraq.made up of an alliance Arab clans in the Euphrates basin, constitute the mainstay clans Zubaid of the breed Amru bin Ma'adi Yakrib, the number of the tribe estimated at more than 4 million people, more than 2.7 million in Syria (Deir ez-Zor60%, Hasakah, Ras Al-Ayn) and the others in Iraq, GCC States and Turkey, the tribe formed a coalition of different clans in the descent, so the system presidential tribe like the Decentralization somewhat Each tribe had its own Sheikh in its areas of deployment, but everyone continued to chieftain of the tribe's main town Diban near Mayadin and the leadership of the tribe be Al Hevel family from Al Bukamil clan major clans nodules.

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Al-'Awasim

Al-ʿAwāṣim (اَلْـعَـوَاصِـم, The "defences, fortifications"; singular: al-ʿāṣimah (اَلْـعَـاصِـمَـة, "protectress")) was the Arabic term used to refer to the Muslim side of the frontier zone between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates in Cilicia, northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia.

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Al-Ali (tribe)

Al-Ali is a group of Arab clans who are not necessarily from a common ancestor but were once rulers of their own Arab state in Southern Persia and are still influential in the United Arab Emirates as they are the ruling family in Umm al-Quwain.

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Al-Asharah

Al-Asharah (العشارة, also spelled al-Ashareh or Esharah) is a town in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the Euphrates River, south of Deir ez-Zor.

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Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs

Al-Ashraf Musa (1229–1263), fully Al-Ashraf Musa ibn al-Mansur Ibrahim ibn Shirkuh (الأشرف موسى بن المنصور ابراهيم بن شيركوه), was the last Ayyubid prince (emir) of Homs, a city located in the central region of modern-day Syria.

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Al-Bir Fawqani

al-Bir Fawqani (al-Bīr Fawqānī) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Al-Bir Tahtani

al-Bir Tahtani (al-Bīr at-Taḥtānī) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Al-Busayrah

Al-Busayrah (البصيرة) is a town in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.

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Al-Faw Peninsula

The al-Faw Peninsula (شبه جزيرة الفاو; also transliterated as Fao or Fawr) is a peninsula in the Persian Gulf, located in the extreme southeast of Iraq.

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Al-Furat

Furat, Forat, Al-Furat or Al-Forat may refer to.

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Al-Gharraf River

The Gharraf Canal, Shaṭṭ al-Ḥayy (Arabic: شط الحي), also known as Shaṭṭ al-Gharrāf (Arabic: شط الغرّاف) or the Hai river, is an ancient canal in Iraq that connects the Tigris at Kut al Amara with the Euphrates east of Nasiryah.

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Al-Hajaliah

al-Hajaliah (al-Ḩajalīyah) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Al-Hanaya

Al-Hanaya is a town in Iraq, on the Euphrates River.

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Al-Haqel

Al-Haqel (الحقل, also known as Bujaq) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northeast of Aleppo and south of district center Ayn al-Arab.

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Al-Hasakah

Al-Hasakah (الحسكة, Hesîçe, Ḥasake) also known as Al-Hasakeh, Al-Kasaka or simply Hasakah, is the capital city of the Al-Hasakah Governorate and it is located in the far northeastern corner of Syria.

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Al-Hindiya

Al-Hindiya or Hindiya (الهندية) is a city in Iraq on the Euphrates River.

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Al-Hindiya District

Al-Hindiya District (translit) is a district of the Karbala Governorate, Iraq.

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Al-Hiti

David al-Hiti is the nickname of a Karaite Jewish chronicler who flourished (probably in Egypt) in the first half of the fifteenth century CE.

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Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al Tamimi

Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al Tamimi (الحر بن يزيد) was the general of the Ummayad army dispatched from Kufa, Iraq to intercept al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib.

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Al-Jalaa

Al-Jalaa (الجلاء) is a small city in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the Euphrates River, south of Deir ez-Zor.

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Al-Jamel

al-Jamel (ash-Shāmil), alternatively spelled Shamil, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Al-Jarniyah Subdistrict

Al-Jarniyah Subdistrict (nahiyah al-Jarniyah) is a subdistrict of Al-Thawrah District in Raqqa Governorate (Syria), approximately west of Raqqa.

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Al-Kadir

Al-Kadir (الكدير, also spelled al-Kader) is a village in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate.

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Al-Karmah offensive (2015)

The Al-Karmah offensive (2015), named Fajr al-Karma, was an offensive launched by the Iraqi Army and anti-ISIL Sunni tribal fighters to recapture the Al-Karmah district taken by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Iraq.

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Al-Khalidiya, Iraq

Al-Khaldiya (الخالدية, also Al-Khalidiya, Khalidiya, Khalediya) is a city in Al-Anbar Province, in central Iraq on the southern banks of river Euphrates.

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Al-Mansur Ibrahim

Nasir ad-Din al-Malik al-Mansur Ibrahim bin Asad ad-Din Shirkuh better known as al-Mansur Ibrahim (المنصور إبراهيم d. June 28, 1246) was a Kurdish ruler, the emir ("governor") of the Homs principality from 1240 to 1246 under the Ayyubid dynasty.

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Al-Masrab

Al-Masrab (المسرب, also spelled al-Musareb or el-Mesereb) is a village in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the Euphrates River, northwest of Deir ez-Zor.

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Al-Mazeedi

Banu Al-Mazeedi (المزيدي), or Banu Mazyad, an Arabic tribe in Iraq, were the descendants of Adnan.

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Al-Meshkhab District

Al-Meshkhab is a district located in Najaf Governorate.

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Al-Mu'tamid

Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Jaʿfar (ca. 842 – died 15 October 892), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtamid ʿAlā ’llāh ("Dependent on God"), was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 870 to 892.

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Al-Mu'tasim

Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الرشيد; October 796 – 5 January 842), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtaṣim bi’llāh (المعتصم بالله, "he who seeks refuge in God"), was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 to his death in 842.

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Al-Muhasan

Al-Muhasan (موحسن, also spelled al-Mohassan or Almu Hasan) is a town in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the Euphrates River, south of Deir ez-Zor and 120 kilometers west of the border with Iraq.

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Al-Mundhir I ibn al-Nu'man

Al-Mundhir ibn al-Nuʿmān (المنذر بن النعمان) was the seventh Lakhmid king (418-461).

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Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith

Al-Mundhir ibn al-Ḥārith (المنذر بن الحارث), known in Greek sources as (Flavios) Alamoundaros (Φλάβιος Ἀλαμούνδαρος), was the king of the Ghassanid Arabs from 569 to circa 581.

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Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man

Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man (المنذر بن النعمان), also known as Al-Mundhir ibn Imri' al-Qays (المنذر بن إمرئ القيس) (died 554) was the king of the Lakhmids in 503/505–554.

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Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha

Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha (المثنى بن حارثة الشيباني) was a Muslim Arab general in the army of the Rashidun Caliphate.

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Al-Qa'im (town)

Al-Qa'im (القائم) is an Iraqi town located nearly 400 km northwest of Baghdad near the Syrian border and situated along the Euphrates River, and located in the Al Anbar Governorate.

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Al-Qa'im District

Al-Qa'im District is a district in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq, on the border with Syria.

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Al-Qādisiyyah (historical city)

Al-Qādisiyyah (القادسية) is a historical city in southern Mesopotamia, southwest of al-Hillah and al-Kūfah in Iraq.

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Al-Quriyah

Al-Quriyah (القورية, also spelled Qurieh) is a City in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the eastern bank of the Euphrates River, south of Deir ez-Zor.

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Al-Qurnah

Al-Qurnah (Qurna) is a town in southern Iraq about 74 km northwest of Basra, within the town of Nahairat.

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Al-Rahba

Al-Rahba (/ALA-LC: ar-Raḥbah, sometimes spelled Raḥabah), also known as Qal'at ar-Rahba, which translates as the "Citadel of al-Rahba", is a medieval Arab–Islamic fortress in Syria.

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Al-Rawda (tell)

Al-Rawda (الروضة) is a tell, or archaeological settlement mound, in the Syrian steppe, east of Hama.

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Al-Salihiyah, Deir ez-Zor Governorate

Al-Salihiyah (الصالحية; also spelled Salhiyé) is a town in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located on the western bank of the Euphrates River, south of Deir ez-Zor.

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Al-Shaitat

Al-Shaitat (الشعيطات transcription: aš-šuʿayṭāt), in Standard Arabic al-Shuʿaytāt, is a Sunni Arab tribe located in Deir ez-Zor Governorate in eastern Syria.

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Al-Shamiya (Iraq)

Al-Shamiya (الشامية) is a city in Al-Shamiya District, Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq.

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Al-Shamiya District

Al-Shamiya District is a district of Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq.

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Al-Tabni

Al-Tabni (التبني, also spelled al-Tibni) is a town in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the Euphrates River, west of Deir ez-Zor.

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Al-Taybah

Al-Tayba (الطيبة, also spelled Tayyiba or Tayibah) is a village in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate.

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Al-Thawrah

Al-Thawrah (الثورة), also known as al-Tabqah (الطبقة; Tebqa, ܛܒܩܗ; official name before 8 March 1967), is a city located in Raqqa Governorate (Syria), approximately west of Raqqa.

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Alabaster

Alabaster is a mineral or rock that is soft, often used for carving, and is processed for plaster powder.

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Aladhadh

The House of Aladhadh is an Arabic house belonging to one of two major tribes in Arabia; Shammar and Uniza.

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Alalis

Alalis was a titular see of Phoenicia (Palmyra), whose episcopal list is known from 325 to 451.

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Albu Bali

Albu Bali is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate north west of the city of Fallujah and east of Ramadi, on a loop of the river Euphrates.

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Albu Huwa

Albu Huwa (also: Albu Hawa, Qaryat Albu Hawa) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate south of the city of Fallujah and north of Amiriyah Fallujah, in a loop of the river Euphrates.

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Albu Nasir

Albu Nasir is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate north west of the city of Fallujah and east of Ramadi, on a loop of the river Euphrates.

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Albu Nimr

Albu Nimr or al-Bu Nimr (البو نمر or البونمر) is a Sunni Arab tribe (عشيرة ashirah) of some 500,000 people living in the area of Ramadi in Anbar Province of Iraq.

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Albu Shajal

Albu Shajal (also: Albu Shejel, Albu Shijil) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate north west of the city of Fallujah between Habbaniyah and Saqlawiyah, on the north bank of the river Euphrates.

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Albu Ubeid

Albu Ubeid (also: Albou Ubeid, Albou 'Ubeid, Albu 'Ubayd, Albu Obeid) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate north west of the city of Fallujah and east of Ramadi, on the river Euphrates.

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Aleppo

Aleppo (ﺣﻠﺐ / ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most-populous Syrian governorate.

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Aleppo Governorate

Aleppo Governorate (محافظة حلب / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Ḥalab /) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.

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Aleppo plateau

Aleppo plateau (هضبة حلب) is a low, gently undulating plateau of northern Syria.

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Alexander Drummond (consul)

Alexander Drummond (died 1769), was a Scottish consul.

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Alexandria Carmania

Alexandria Carmania was one of the seventy-plus cities founded or renamed by Alexander the Great.

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Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn

‘Ali al-Akbar ibn Al-Husayn (علي الأكبر ابن الحسين), or simply "Ali al-Akbar," was the son of Al-Husayn ibn ‘Ali, the third Shi‘ite Imam, and Umme Layla.

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Alp Arslan

Alp Arslan (honorific in Turkish meaning "Heroic Lion"; in آلپ ارسلان; full name: Diya ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abu Shuja Muhammad Alp Arslan ibn Dawud ابو شجاع محمد آلپ ارسلان ابن داود; 20 January 1029 – 15 December 1072), real name Muhammad bin Dawud Chaghri, was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty.

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Altıntepe

Altıntepe (Turkish for "golden hill") is an Urartian fortress and temple site dating from the 9th-7th century BCE.

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Amarah

Amarah (العمارة Al ‘Amārah, also spelled Amara, is a city in south-eastern Iraq, located on a low ridge next to the Tigris River waterway south of Baghdad about 50 km from the border with Iran. It lies at the northern tip of the marshlands between the Tigris and Euphrates. Predominantly Shia Muslim, it had a population of about 340,000 as of 2002 and about 420,000 as of 2005. It is the administrative capital of the Maysan province. A major trading center for the surrounding agricultural area, it is known for woven goods and silverware.

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Amarna letter EA 2

Amarna Letter EA2 is the letter of the Amarna series of inscriptions designated EA2, which is inscribed with cuneiform writing showing the continuation of a correspondence between Kadašman-Enlil I and Amenḥotep III, from EA1.

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Amarnah

Amarnah (Tal al-'Amārat; Emarnê) or Amarine (Amarîne, Âmārenah), also referred to as Tal al-Amara is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Ambrose

Aurelius Ambrosius (– 397), better known in English as Ambrose, was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.

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Amir al-ʿarab

The amir al-ʿarab (Arabic: أمير العرب, also known as amir al-ʿurban; translation: "commander of the Bedouins") was a title denoting the commander or leader of the Bedouin tribes in Syria in successive Muslim states during the Middle Ages.

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Amorites

The Amorites (Sumerian 𒈥𒌅 MAR.TU; Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm; Egyptian Amar; Hebrew אמורי ʼĔmōrī; Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Semitic-speaking people from Syria who also occupied large parts of southern Mesopotamia from the 21st century BC to the end of the 17th century BC, where they established several prominent city states in existing locations, notably Babylon, which was raised from a small town to an independent state and a major city.

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Anah

Anah or Ana (عانة, ʾĀna), formerly also known as Anna, is an Iraqi town on the Euphrates river, approximately midway between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Persian Gulf.

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Anahita

Anahita is the Old Persian form of the name of an Iranian goddess and appears in complete and earlier form as Aredvi Sura Anahita (Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā), the Avestan name of an Indo-Iranian cosmological figure venerated as the divinity of "the Waters" (Aban) and hence associated with fertility, healing and wisdom.

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Anastasius of Persia

Saint Anastasius of Persia (born with the name Magundat), originally a Zoroastrian soldier in the Sasanian army, became a convert to Christianity and was martyred in 628.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.

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Anatolian diagonal

The Anatolian diagonal is a theoretical dividing line which runs diagonally across central and eastern Turkey from the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea to the southeastern corner of the Black Sea, and roughly cuts across part of the course of the upper Euphrates River within Turkey's borders.

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Anbar (town)

Anbar (الأنبار) was a town in Iraq, at lat.

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Ancient art

Ancient art refers to the many types of art produced by the advanced cultures of ancient societies with some form of writing, such as those of ancient China, India, Mesopotamia, Persia, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

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Ancient economic thought

In the history of economic thought, ancient economic thought refers to the ideas from people before the Middle Ages.

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Ancient history

Ancient history is the aggregate of past events, "History" from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the post-classical history.

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Ancient Near East

The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, northeastern Syria and Kuwait), ancient Egypt, ancient Iran (Elam, Media, Parthia and Persia), Anatolia/Asia Minor and Armenian Highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern Iran, southern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Jordan), Cyprus and the Arabian Peninsula.

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Ancient regions of Anatolia

The following is a list of regions of Ancient Anatolia, also known as "Asia Minor," in the present day Anatolia region of Turkey in Western Asia.

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Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples

Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples were West Asian people who lived throughout the Ancient Near East, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, Arabian peninsula, and Horn of Africa from the third millennium BC until the end of antiquity.

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Ancoz

Ancoz is the name used in academic literature for an ancient settlement, which is located below the Atatürk Dam in the modern state of Turkey.

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Anglo-Iraqi War

The Anglo–Iraqi War (2–31 May 1941) was a British military campaign against the rebel government of Rashid Ali in the Kingdom of Iraq during the Second World War.

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Angus Paton

Sir Thomas Angus Lyall Paton (10 May 1905 – 7 April 1999) was a British civil engineer from Jersey.

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Anilai and Asinai

Anilai and Asinai were two Babylonian-Jewish robber chieftains of the Parthian Empire whose exploits were reported by Josephus.

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Annalong

Annalong is a seaside village in County Down, Northern Ireland at the foot of the Mourne Mountains.

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Antakya

Antakya (انطاكيا, Anṭākyā, previously أنطاكيّة (Anṭākīyyah) from ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ, Anṭiokia; Ἀντιόχεια, Antiócheia) is the seat of the Hatay Province in southern Turkey.

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Anthemusias

Anthemusias (Greek: Ανθεμουσιάς) or Charax Sidae was an ancient Mesopotamian town, according to Pliny and Strabo.

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Anushtakin al-Dizbari

Sharaf al-Maʿālī Abu Manṣūr Anūshtakīn al-Dizbarī (d. January 1042) was a Fatimid statesman and general who became the most powerful Fatimid governor of Syria.

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Apamea (Babylonia)

Apamea or Apameia (Απάμεια) was an ancient city – and possibly two ancient cities lying close together – of Mesopotamia mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium and Pliny as situated near the Tigris near the confluence of the Euphrates, the precise location of which is still uncertain, but it lies in modern-day Iraq.

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Apamea (Euphrates)

Apamea or Apameia (Απάμεια) was a Hellenistic city on the left (viz.,the east) bank of the Euphrates, opposite the famous city of Zeugma, at the end of a bridge of boats (Greek: zeugma) connecting the two, founded by Seleucus I Nicator (Pliny, v. 21).

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Aphanius mesopotamicus

Aphanius mesopotamicus is a species of fish in the Cyprinodontidae family.

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Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region (حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي في العراق Hizb Al-Baath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki fi Al-'Iraq), officially the Iraqi Regional Branch, is a regional branch of the Arab Ba'athist political party founded in 1951 by Fuad al-Rikabi.

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Arab–Byzantine wars

The Arab–Byzantine wars were a series of wars between the mostly Arab Muslims and the East Roman or Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries AD, started during the initial Muslim conquests under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century.

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Arabian carpetshark

The Arabian carpetshark (Chiloscyllium arabicum) is a species of carpet shark in the family Hemiscylliidae, inhabiting coral reefs and other shallow coastal habitats from the Persian Gulf to India.

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Arabian ostrich

The Arabian ostrich or Syrian ostrich (Struthio camelus syriacus) is an extinct subspecies of the ostrich that lived on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Near East until the mid-20th century.

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Arak, Syria

Arak (آراك, also spelled Urak or Araq) is a village in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate.

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Aram (region)

Aram is a region mentioned in the Bible located in present-day central Syria, including where the city of Aleppo now stands.

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Aram of the Two Rivers

Aram of the Two Rivers is an album by bass guitarist Jonas Hellborg, released in 1999 through Bardo Records.

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Aram, son of Shem

Aram (’Ărām) is a son of Shem, according to the Table of Nations in Genesis 10 of the Hebrew Bible, and the father of Uz, Hul, Gether and Mash or Meshech.

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Aramaic language

Aramaic (אַרָמָיָא Arāmāyā, ܐܪܡܝܐ, آرامية) is a language or group of languages belonging to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic language family.

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Arameans

The Arameans, or Aramaeans (ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were an ancient Northwest Semitic Aramaic-speaking tribal confederation who emerged from the region known as Aram (in present-day Syria) in the Late Bronze Age (11th to 8th centuries BC).

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Arapgir

Arapgir (Արաբկիր) is a town and district of Malatya Province, Turkey.

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Archaeology awareness playing cards

The archaeology awareness playing cards are a set of playing cards developed by the United States Department of Defense designed to educate members of the United States military serving in Iraq and Afghanistan about the importance of respecting ancient monuments, to try to preserve the Iraqi and Afghan national cultural heritage.

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Archias of Pella

Archias, son of Anaxidotus from Pella (Greek: Ἀρχίας Ἀναξιδότου Πελλαῖος), was a Macedonian officer and geographer who served as Trierarch under Admiral Nearchus.

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Archibald Sayce

The Rev.

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Ardashir I

Ardashir I or Ardeshir I (Middle Persian:, New Persian: اردشیر بابکان, Ardashir-e Bābakān), also known as Ardashir the Unifier (180–242 AD), was the founder of the Sasanian Empire.

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Armageddon (novel)

Armageddon: The Cosmic Battle of the Ages is the 11th novel in the ''Left Behind'' series by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins.

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Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide (Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire.

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Armenian–Kurdish relations

Armenian–Kurdish relations covers the historical relations between the Kurds and the Armenians.

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Armenians in Iraq

The history of Armenians in Iraq is documented since late Babylonian times.

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Armi (Syria)

Armi, was an important Bronze Age city-kingdom during the late third millennium BC located in northern Syria.

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Arpachshad

Arpachshad,, alternatively spelled Arphaxad or Arphacsad, is one of the postdiluvian names of the Shem-Terah genealogy.

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Arpiar Arpiarian

Arpiar Arpiarian (Արփիար Արփիարեան) (December 21, 1851 – February 12, 1908) was an influential 19th-century Armenian writer, the pioneer of realism in Armenian literature and a political activist.

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Arsamosata

Arsamosata (Ἀρσαμόσατα) was a city in Armenian Sophene near the Euphrates.

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Arsenical bronze

Arsenical bronze is an alloy in which arsenic, as opposed to or in addition to tin or other constituent metals, is added to copper to make bronze.

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Arslan Tash

Arslan Tash (Arslan Taş "Stone Lion"), ancient Hadātu, is an archaeological site in Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, around east of the Euphrates and nearby the town of Kobanî.

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Artsakh (historic province)

Artsakh (Արցախ) was the tenth province (nahang) of the Kingdom of Armenia from 189 BC until 387 AD and afterwards a region of the Caucasian Albanian satrapy of Sasanid Persia from 387 to the 7th century.

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Ashkhen

Ashkhen often known as Queen Ashkhen (Աշխեն, flourished second half of the 3rd century & first half of the 4th century) was the wife of King Tiridates III of Armenia.

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Ashot II of Armenia

Ashot II (Աշոտ Բ; r. 914–29) was an Armenian monarch and the third king of the royal Bagratuni line.

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Ashur-bel-kala

Aššūr-bēl-kala, inscribed maš-šur-EN-ka-la and meaning “Aššur is lord of all,” was the king of Assyria 1074/3–1056 BC, the 89th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist.

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Ashur-rabi II

Aššur-rabi II, inscribed maš-šur-GAL-bi, "(the god) Aššur is great," was king of Assyria 1012–972 BC.

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Ashura

Ashura (عاشوراء, colloquially:; عاشورا; عاشورا; Azerbaijani and Turkish: Aşura Günü or Day of Remembrance), and in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago 'Hussay' or Hosay, is the tenth day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar.

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Ashurnasirpal II

Ashur-nasir-pal II (transliteration: Aššur-nāṣir-apli, meaning "Ashur is guardian of the heir") was king of Assyria from 883 to 859 BC.

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Asiatic lion

The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo leo) is a lion population in Gujarat, India.

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Asphalt

Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.

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Assault Amphibious Vehicle

The Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV)—official designation AAV-P7/A1 (formerly known as Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Personnel-7 abbr. LVTP-7)—is a fully tracked amphibious landing vehicle manufactured by U.S. Combat Systems (previously by United Defense, a former division of FMC Corporation).

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Assyria (Roman province)

Assyria was a Roman province that lasted only two years (116–118 AD).

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Assyrian continuity

Assyrian continuity is the claim by modern Assyrians and supporting academics that they are at root the direct descendants of the Semitic inhabitants who spoke originally Akkadian and later Imperial Aramaic of ancient Assyria and its immediate surrounds.

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Assyrian flag

The Assyrian flag is the flag chosen by the Assyrian people to represent the Assyrian nation in the homeland and in the diaspora.

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Assyrian homeland

The Assyrian homeland or Assyria refers to a geographic and cultural region situated in Northern Mesopotamia that has been traditionally inhabited by Assyrian people.

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Assyrian Scouting and Guiding

Assyrian Scouting and Guiding is composed of multiple small Assyrian Scouting associations, open mainly to boys and girls of Assyrian descent in Iraq, Lebanon, Australia and Sweden, and previously in Syria.

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Assyriology

Assyriology (from Greek Ἀσσυρίᾱ, Assyriā; and -λογία, -logia) is the archaeological, historical, and linguistic study of not just Assyria, but the entirety of ancient Mesopotamia (a region encompassing what is today modern Iraq, north eastern Syria, south eastern Turkey, and north western and south western Iran) and of related cultures that used cuneiform writing.

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Atargatis

Atargatis or Ataratheh (italic or italic) was the chief goddess of northern Syria in Classical antiquity.

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Atatürk Dam

The Atatürk Dam (Atatürk Barajı), originally the Karababa Dam, is a zoned rock-fill dam with a central core on the Euphrates River on the border of Adıyaman Province and Şanlıurfa Province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey.

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August 1915

The following events occurred in August 1915.

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Aureliano in Palmira

Aureliano in Palmira is an operatic dramma serio in two acts written by Gioachino Rossini to an Italian libretto in which the librettist was credited only by the initials "G. F. R." The libretto has generally been attributed to Giuseppe Felice Romani, but sometimes to the otherwise unknown Gian Francesco Romanelli.

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Authorship of the Petrine epistles

The authorship of the Petrine epistles (First and Second Peter) is an important question in biblical criticism, parallel to that of the authorship of the Pauline epistles, since scholars have long sought to determine who were the exact authors of the New Testament letters.

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Avidius Cassius

Gaius Avidius Cassius (130 – July 175 AD) was a Roman general and usurper.

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Ayn al-Bayda, Jarabulus

Ayn al-Bayda (‘Ayn al Bayḑā) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Azarethes

Azarethes (Ἀζαρέθης), also recorded as Exarath (Ἑξαράθ) and Zuraq, was a Sassanid Persian military commander during the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars.

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Azupiranu

Azupiranu (𒌑𒄯𒊕 / Šamḫurrēšu) was a town in ancient Mesopotamia.

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Åke Sundborg

Åke Sundborg (15 October 1921 – 23 May 2007) was a Swedish geographer and geomorphologist known for his contributions to the hydrology and geomorphological dynamics of rivers.

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Öküzgözü

Öküzgözü (Kurdish: Çavga or Tiriyê Çavga) is a grape variety and a Turkish wine produced from this grape.

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Özlüce Dam

Özlüce Dam is a rock-fill embankment dam on the Peri River (a tributary of the Euphrates), located south of Yayladere in Bingöl Province, Turkey.

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Şanlıurfa Irrigation Tunnels

Şanlıurfa Irrigation tunnels is the name of a major irrigation tunnel constructed in connection with the Southeastern Anatolia Project, a multi-sector integrated regional development project of Turkey.

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Šuppiluliuma I

Suppiluliuma I or Suppiluliumas I was king of the Hittites (r. c. 1344–1322 BC (short chronology)).

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Baal

Baal,Oxford English Dictionary (1885), "" properly Baʿal, was a title and honorific meaning "lord" in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity. From its use among people, it came to be applied to gods. Scholars previously associated the theonym with solar cults and with a variety of unrelated patron deities, but inscriptions have shown that the name Baʿal was particularly associated with the storm and fertility god Hadad and his local manifestations. The Hebrew Bible, compiled and curated over a span of centuries, includes early use of the term in reference to God (known to them as Yahweh), generic use in reference to various Levantine deities, and finally pointed application towards Hadad, who was decried as a false god. That use was taken over into Christianity and Islam, sometimes under the opprobrious form Beelzebub in demonology.

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Baath Dam

The Baath Dam (lit, Bendava Baas, Sekro d'Ba'ath) is a dam on the Euphrates, located upstream from the city of Raqqa in Raqqa Governorate, Syria.

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Babil Governorate

Babil Governorate or Babylon Province (محافظة بابل Muḥāfaẓa Bābil) is a governorate in central Iraq.

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Babylon

Babylon (KA2.DIĜIR.RAKI Bābili(m); Aramaic: בבל, Babel; بَابِل, Bābil; בָּבֶל, Bavel; ܒܒܠ, Bāwēl) was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia from the 18th to 6th centuries BC.

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Babylonian captivity

The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of people from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylonia.

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Babylonian law

Babylonian law is a subset of cuneiform law that has received particular study, owing to the singular extent of the associated archaeological material that has been found for it.

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Babylonian Map of the World

The so-called Babylonian Map of the World (or Imago Mundi) is a Babylonian clay tablet containing a labeled depiction of the known world, with a short and partially lost description, dated to roughly the 6th century BC (Neo-Babylonian or early Achaemenid period).

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Babylonian mathematics

Babylonian mathematics (also known as Assyro-Babylonian mathematics) was any mathematics developed or practiced by the people of Mesopotamia, from the days of the early Sumerians to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC.

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Babylonian War

The Babylonian War was a conflict fought between 311–309 BC between the Diadochi kings Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Seleucus I Nicator, ending in a victory for the latter.

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Bacchides (general)

Bacchides (Βακχίδης) was a Hellenistic Greek general; friend of the Syrian-Greek king Demetrius; and "ruler in the country beyond the river"—Euphrates.

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Badr al-Jamali

Abū'l-Najm Badr ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Jamālī al-Mustanṣirī, better known as Badr al-Jamali (بدر الجمالى) was a vizier and prominent statesman for the Fatimid Caliphate under Caliph al-Mustansir.

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Bagrat II Bagratuni

Bagrat II Bagratuni (Բագրատ Բ Բագրատունի, Arabic: Buqrāṭ ibn Ashūṭ; died after 851) was an Armenian noble of the Bagratid (Bagratuni) family and the presiding prince ("prince of princes") of Arab-ruled Armenia between 830 and 851.

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Bagratid Armenia

The Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia, also known as Bagratid Armenia (Բագրատունյաց Հայաստան Bagratunyats Hayastan or Բագրատունիների թագավորություն, Bagratunineri t’agavorut’yun, "kingdom of the Bagratunis"), was an independent state established by Ashot I Bagratuni in the early 880s following nearly two centuries of foreign domination of Greater Armenia under Arab Umayyad and Abbasid rule.

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Bahila

Bāhila was an Arab tribe based in Najd (central Arabia).

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Bahmanshir

The Bahmanshir channel (بهمن‌شیر) is a secondary estuary of the Karun River that parallels the Arvand Rud/Shatt al-Arab waterway on the far side of the Abadan Island for 70 miles before emptying into the Persian Gulf.

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Bakjur

Bakjur was a Circassian military slave (mamluk or ghulam) who served the Hamdanids of Aleppo and later the Fatimids of Egypt.

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Balaban, Syria

Balaban (Bālābān) or (Balban, Bālbān) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Balak (parsha)

Balak (— Hebrew for "Balak," a name, the second word, and the first distinctive word, in the parashah) is the 40th weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the seventh in the Book of Numbers.

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Baldwin I of Jerusalem

Baldwin I, also known as Baldwin of Boulogne (1060s – 2 April 1118), was the first count of Edessa from 1098 to 1100, and the second crusader ruler and first King of Jerusalem from 1100 to his death.

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Baldwin II of Jerusalem

Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Bourcq or Bourg (Baudouin; died 21 August 1131), was Count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and King of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death.

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Baliḫu

Baliḫu also known as Ba-li-ih and Balaṭ-šarrani is an ancient, iron age town on the Euphrates in northern Syria.

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Bani Malik (tribe)

Bani Malik (بني مالك) or Banu Malik (بنو مالك) (The Sons of Malik) is one of the major Arab tribes of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Banu 'Amir

Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah (بنو عامر بن صعصعة) was a large and ancient Arab tribe originating from central and southwestern Arabia that dominated Nejd for centuries after the rise of Islam.

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Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah

Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah (Arabic: بني أسد/ بنو أسد) is an Arab tribe.

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Banu Bakr

Banu Bakr bin Wa'il or Banu Bakr, son of Wa'il (بنو بكر بن وائل) were an Arabian tribe belonging to the large Rabi'ah branch of Adnanite tribes, which also included Abdul Qays, Anazzah, Taghlib, Banu Shayban and Bani Hanifa.

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Banu Kalb

The Banu Kalb or Kalb ibn Wabara was an Arab tribe.

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Banu Kilab

Banu Kilab (/ALA-LC: Banū Kilāb) was an Arab tribe that dominated central Arabia during the late pre-Islamic era.

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Banu Shayban

The Banu Shayban were an Arab tribe, a branch of the Bakr ibn Wa'il group.

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Banu Uqayl

Banu Uqayl (بنو عُـقَـيـْل) are an ancient Arab tribe that played an important role in the history of eastern Arabia and Iraq.

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Bar Hebraeus

Gregory Bar Hebraeus (122630 July 1286), also known by his Latin name Abulpharagius or Syriac name Mor Gregorios Bar Ebraya, was a maphrian-catholicos (Chief bishop of Persia) of the Syriac Orthodox Church in the 13th century.

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Barbalissos

Barbalissos (Latinized as Barbalissus) was a city in the Roman province of Euphratensis.

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Barilius mesopotamicus

Barilius mesopotamicus, the Mesopotamian minnow or Mesopotamian barilius, is a species of fish in the family Cyprinidae.

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Barry McCaffrey

Barry Richard McCaffrey (born November 17, 1942) is a former United States Army officer and current news commentator, professor and business consultant who served on U.S. President Bill Clinton's Cabinet as the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy.

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Barton Cylinder

The Barton Cylinder is a Sumerian creation myth, written on a clay cylinder in the mid to late 3rd millennium BC, which is now in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

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Basil I

Basil I, called the Macedonian (Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών, Basíleios ō Makedṓn; 811 – August 29, 886) was a Byzantine Emperor who reigned from 867 to 886.

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Batihah

The Batihah was a geographical and political unit in Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries.

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Battalgazi Bridge

The Battalgazi Bridge (Battalgazi Köprüsü), also known as the Euphrates Railway Bridge (Fırat Demiryolu Köprüsü), is a long railway bridge spanning the Euphrates river in eastern Turkey, located about northeast of Malatya.

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Battle of 'Ayn al-Warda

The Battle of 'Ayn al-Warda (معركة عين الوردة) was fought in early January 685 between the Umayyad army and the Penitents (Tawwabun), a group of pro-Alid Kufans led by Sulayman ibn Surad al-Khuza'i, a companion of Muhammad, who wished to atone for their failure to assist Imam Husayn ibn Ali in his uprising against the Umayyads, in which he was killed at the Battle of Karbala in 680.

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Battle of Ain Jalut

The Battle of Ain Jalut (Ayn Jalut, in Arabic: عين جالوت, the "Spring of Goliath", or Harod Spring, in Hebrew: מעין חרוד) took place in September 1260 between Muslim Mamluks and the Mongols in the southeastern Galilee, in the Jezreel Valley, in the vicinity of Nazareth, not far from the site of Zir'in.

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Battle of al-Qādisiyyah

The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (معركة القادسيّة; transliteration, Ma'rakatu al-Qādisiyyah; alternative spellings: Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya, Ghadesiyeh, نبرد قادسیه; transliteration: Nabard-e Qādsieh), fought in 636, was a decisive battle between the Arab Muslim army and the Sassanid Persian army during the first period of Muslim expansion.

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Battle of Anzen

The Battle of Anzen or Dazimon was fought on 22 July 838 at Anzen or Dazimon (now Dazmana (Akçatarla), Turkey) between the Byzantine Empire and the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Battle of Azaz (1125)

In the Battle of Azaz forces of the Crusader States commanded by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem defeated Aq-Sunqur il-Bursuqi's army of Seljuk Turks on 11 June 1125 and raised the siege of the town.

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Battle of Babylon (636)

Battle of Babylon was fought between the forces of Sassanid Empire and Rashidun Caliphate in 636.

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Battle of Barbalissos

The Battle of Barbalissos was fought between the Sassanid Persians and Romans at Barbalissos.

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Battle of Buwaib

Battle of Buwaib (معركة البويب) was fought between Sassanid Empire and Rashidun Caliphate soon after Battle of the Bridge.

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Battle of Callinicum

The Battle of Callinicum took place on Easter Saturday, 19 April 531 AD, between the armies of the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius and a Sasanian cavalry force under Āzārethes.

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Battle of Carchemish

The Battle of Carchemish was fought about 605 BC between the allied armies of Egypt and Assyria against the armies of Babylonia, allied with the Medes, Persians, and Scythians.

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Battle of Carrhae

The Battle of Carrhae was fought in 53 BC between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire near the town of Carrhae.

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Battle of Ctesiphon (363)

The Battle of Ctesiphon took place on May 29, 363 between the armies of Roman Emperor Julian and an army of the Sasanian Empire (during Shapur II's reign) outside the walls of the Persian capital Ctesiphon.

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Battle of Cunaxa

The Battle of Cunaxa was fought in 401 BC between Cyrus the Younger and his elder brother Arsaces, who had inherited the Persian throne as Artaxerxes II in 404 BC.

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Battle of Deir ez-Zor

The Battle of Deir ez-Zor was part of the Allied invasion of Syria during the Syria-Lebanon campaign in World War II.

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Battle of Deir ez-Zor (September–November 2017)

The battle for Deir ez-Zor was a conflict between Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and the Syrian Arab Army for the city of Deir ez-Zor, a provincial capital, located on the banks of the Euphrates river.

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Battle of Dujaila

The Battle of Dujaila (Sâbis Muharebesi) was fought on 8 March 1916, between British and Ottoman forces during the First World War.

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Battle of Emesa

The Battle of Emesa was fought in 272 between the Roman armies led by their emperor Aurelian and the Palmyrene forces led by their queen, Zenobia and general Zabdas.

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Battle of Firaz

The Battle of Firaz (معركة الفراض) was the last battle of the Muslim Arab commander Khalid ibn al-Walid in Mesopotamia (Iraq) against the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire, Sassanid Empire, and Christian Arabs.

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Battle of Gaugamela

The Battle of Gaugamela (Γαυγάμηλα), also called the Battle of Arbela (Ἄρβηλα), was the decisive battle of Alexander the Great's invasion of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

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Battle of Karbala

The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, in the year 61 AH of the Islamic calendar (October 10, 680 AD) in Karbala, in present-day Iraq.

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Battle of Khasham

On 7 February 2018, the U.S.-led coalition, established in 2014 to counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), delivered massive air and artillery strikes on the Syrian pro-government forces near the town of Khasham, or Al Tabiyeh, both in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.

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Battle of Khazir

The Battle of Khazir (/ALA-LC: Yawm Khāzir) took place in August 686 near the Khazir River in Mosul's eastern environs, in modern-day Iraq.

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Battle of Marash (953)

The Battle of Marash was fought in 953 near Marash (modern Kahramanmaraş) between the forces of the Byzantine Empire under the Domestic of the Schools Bardas Phokas the Elder, and of the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, the Byzantines' most intrepid enemy during the mid-10th century.

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Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)

The Battle of Marj al-Saffar (or Marj al-Suffar), also known as the Battle of Shaqhab, took place on April 20 through April 22, 1303 between the Mamluks and the Mongols and their Armenian allies near Kiswe, Syria, just south of Damascus.

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Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)

This Battle of Megiddo is recorded as having taken place in 609 BC when Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt led his army to Carchemish (northern Syria) to join with his allies, the fading Neo-Assyrian Empire, against the surging Neo-Babylonian Empire.

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Battle of Misiche

The Battle of Misiche (Greek: Μισιχή), Mesiche (Μεσιχη), or Massice (𐭬𐭱‎𐭩‎𐭪‎‎‎‎ mšyk; 𐭌‎𐭔‎𐭉‎𐭊‎ mšyk) (dated between January 13 and March 14, 244 AD.) was fought between the Sasanians and the Romans in Misiche, Mesopotamia.

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Battle of Muzayyah

Battle of Muzayyah (معركة المصيخ) was between the Muslim Arab army and the Sasanian Empire.

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Battle of Nasiriyah

The Battle of Nasiriyah was fought between the US 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade and Iraqi forces from the 23rd March to 2nd April 2003 during the US-led invasion of Iraq.

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Battle of Nasiriyah (1915)

The Battle of Nasiriyah was a battle in World War 1 that took place in the Mesopotamian city of Nasiriyah between British and Ottoman forces in July 1915.

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Battle of Palmyra (1941)

The Battle of Palmyra (1 July 1941) was part of the Allied invasion of Syria during the Syria-Lebanon campaign in World War II.

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Battle of Qarqar

The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC, when the army of Assyria led by king Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar, led by Hadadezer (also called Adad-idr and possibly to be identified with Benhadad II) of Damascus and King Ahab of Israel.

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Battle of Qurna

The Battle of Qurna, (3 to 9 December 1914) was between British forces and Ottoman forces that had retreated from Basra, which they lost at the Battle of Basra (1914) during the Mesopotamian campaign of World War I.

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Battle of Raqqa (2017)

The 2017 Battle of Raqqa was the fifth and final phase of the Raqqa campaign (2016–2017) launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against the Islamic State (ISIL) with an aim to seize the city of Raqqa, the de facto capital of ISIL since 2014.

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Battle of River

According to Arab and Muslim sources, the Battle of River also known as Battle of Al Madhar took place in Mesopotamia (Iraq) between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire.

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Battle of Rumaila

The Battle of Rumaila, also known as the Battle of the Causeway or the Battle of the Junkyard, was a controversial engagement that took place on March 2, 1991, near the Rumaila oil field in the Euphrates Valley of southern Iraq, when the U.S. Army forces, mostly the 24th Infantry Division under Major General Barry McCaffrey engaged and nearly annihilated a large column of withdrawing Iraqi Republican Guard armored forces during the immediate aftermath of the Gulf War.

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Battle of Samawah (2003)

The Battle of Samawah took place during the 2003 invasion of Iraq as American troops fought to clear the city of Iraqi forces.

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Battle of Saniyy

Battle of Saniyy (معركة الثني) was between the Muslim Arab army and the Sasanian Empire.

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Battle of Sarikamish

The Battle of Sarikamish (Սարիղամիշի ճակատամարտ (Sarighamishi chakatamart), Сражение при Сарыкамыше; Sarıkamış Harekatı) was an engagement between the Russian and Ottoman empires during World War I. It took place from December 22, 1914, to January 17, 1915, as part of the Caucasus Campaign.

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Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)

The Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015) was a military operation during 2015 in the northeastern Aleppo Governorate, during the Syrian Civil War, in which the Kurdish YPG and Free Syrian Army forces captured the town of Sarrin and the surrounding region from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

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Battle of Satala (298)

The Battle of Satala was fought in 298, in Armenia, between the forces of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarch Galerius and the forces of the Sassanid Empire of Persia led by Shah Narseh (Narses).

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Battle of Sharqat

The Battle of Sharqat (October 23–30, 1918) was fought between the British and the Ottoman Empire in the Mesopotamian Campaign in World War I, which became the last conflict in the between the belligerents before of the signing of the Armistice of Mudros.

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Battle of Siddim

The Battle of the Vale of Siddim, also often called the War of Nine Kings or the Slaughter of Chedorlaomer, was an event in the Hebrew Bible book of that occurred in the days of Abram and Lot.

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Battle of Siffin

The Battle of Siffin (وقعة صفين; May–July 657 occurred during the First Fitna, or first Muslim civil war, with the main engagement taking place from July 26 to July 28. It was fought between Ali ibn Abi Talib who ruled as the Fourth Caliph and Muawiyah I, on the banks of the Euphrates river, in what is now Raqqa, Syria.

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Battle of Suru

In 878 BC Ashurnasirpal II, the king of Assyria, conquered Suru, the main fortress of governor of Sukhu (Suhum), from the Babylonian state.

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Battle of Swally

The naval Battle of Swally, also known as Battle of Suvali, took place on 29–30 November 1612 off the coast of Suvali (anglicised to Swally) a village near the Surat city (now in Gujarat, India) and was a victory for four English East India Company galleons over four Portuguese galleons and 26 barks (rowing vessels with no armament).

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Battle of Tabqa (2017)

The Battle of Tabqa (2017) was an operation, part of the Raqqa campaign (2016–2017), dubbed Operation Wrath of Euphrates, against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to recapture and secure Tabqa Dam, al-Thawrah city (Tabqa), Tabqa Airbase, and the surrounding countryside from ISIL.

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Battle of the Bridge

The Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of al-Jasr (معركة الجسر) was a battle at the bank of the Euphrates river between Arab Muslims led by Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and the Persian Sasanid forces led by Bahman Jaduya.

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Battle of the Iron Bridge

The Battle of the Iron Bridge was fought between the Muslim Rashidun army and the Byzantine army in 637 AD.

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Battle of the Karbala Gap (2003)

The Battle of the Karbala Gap occurred during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

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Battle of Tigranocerta

The Battle of Tigranocerta (Tigranakerti tchakatamart) was fought on 6 October 69 BC between the forces of the Roman Republic and the army of the Kingdom of Armenia led by King Tigranes the Great.

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Battle of Ullais

The Battle of Ullais (معركة أليس) was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanid Persian Empire in the middle of May 633 AD in Iraq, and is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Blood River since, as a result of the battle, there were enormous amounts of Sassanian and Arab Christian casualties.

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Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar

The Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, also known as the Third Battle of Homs, was a Mongol victory over the Mamluks in 1299.

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Battle of Walaja

The Battle of Walaja (معركة الولجة) was a battle fought in Mesopotamia (Iraq) in May 633 between the Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid ibn al-Walid and Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha against the Sassanid Empire and its Arab allies.

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Battle of Zumail

The battle of Zumail (معركة الزميل) was fought in 633 CE in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq).

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Battles of Ramadi (1917)

The two Battles of Ramadi were fought between the forces of the British and Ottoman Empires in July and September 1917 during World War I. The two sides contested the town of Ramadi in central Iraq, about 100 km (62 miles) west of Baghdad on the south bank of the Euphrates River, where an important Ottoman garrison was quartered.

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Beatus map

The Beatus Map or Beatine Map is one of the most significant cartographic works of the European Early Middle Ages: It was originally drawn by the Spanish monk Beatus of Liébana, based on the accounts given by Saint Isidore of Seville, Ptolemy and the Holy Bible.

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Begone, Demons

Begone, Demons, also translated as Get Out You Damned, or Get Out of Here, Curse You! is Saddam Hussein's fourth and last novel.

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Belisarius

Flavius Belisarius (Φλάβιος Βελισάριος, c. 505 – 565) was a general of the Byzantine Empire.

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Belus (Egyptian)

Belus (Βῆλος, Bē̂los) was in Greek mythology a king of Egypt and father of Aegyptus and Danaus and (usually) brother to Agenor.

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Bereshit (parsha)

Bereshit, Bereishit, Bereishis, B'reshith, Beresheet, or Bereishees (– Hebrew for "in the beginning," the first word in the parashah) is the first weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading.

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Beta Aquarii

Beta Aquarii (β Aquarii, abbreviated Beta Aqr, β Aqr) is a double star in the constellation of Aquarius.

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Beth Nahrain

Beth Nahrain or Bet Nahrain or (Bêṯ Nahrayn; "House of Two Rivers" is the name for the region known as Mesopotamia in the Syriac language. Geographically, it refers to the areas between and surrounding the Euphrates and Tigris rivers (as well as their tributaries). The Aramaic name loosely describes the area of the rivers, not only literally between the rivers. The area is considered by Assyrians as their homeland. This area roughly encompasses almost all of present-day Iraq, parts of southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, and, more recently, northeastern Syria. The Assyrians are considered to be indigenous inhabitants of Beth Nahrain. "Nahrainean" or "Nahrainian" is the Anglicized name for "Nahrāyā", which is the Aramaic equivalent of "Mesopotamian".

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Bible prophecy

Bible prophecy or biblical prophecy comprises the passages of the Bible that reflect communications from God to humans through prophets.

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Biblical astronomy

The various authors of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh, or Old Testament) have provided various names to stars and planets.

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Bilarghu

Bilarghu, also Pilargh'ou, was a Mongol general of the ruler Ghazan during the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th century.

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Bir Mahali

Bir Mahali (or Birmahle) is a village in the eastern part of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, south of the Syrian Kurdish enclave Kobani and near the town of Sarrin.

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Birecik

Birecik (Greek and Latin: Birtha, Βίρθα; البيرة; Bêrecûg, بيره جك), also formerly known as Bir, Biré, Biradjik and during the Crusades as Bile, is a town and district of Şanlıurfa Province of Turkey, on the River Euphrates.

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Birecik Bridge

The Birecik Bridge is a long deck arch bridge carrying the D.400 across the Euphrates in Birecik, Turkey.

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Birecik Dam

The Birecik Dam, one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey, is located on the Euphrates River downstream of Atatürk Dam and upstream of Birecik town west of Province of Şanlıurfa in the southeastern region of Turkey.

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Birecik Dam Cemetery

The Birecik Dam Cemetery is an Early Bronze Age cemetery in the Gaziantep region in southeastern Turkey.

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Bit Adini

Bit Adini, a city or region of Syria, called sometimes Bit Adini in Assyrian sources, was an Aramaean state that existed as an independent kingdom during the 10th and 9th centuries BC, with its capital at Til Barsib (now Tell Ahmar).

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Bit-Halupe

Bit-Ḫalupe, an ancient Aramean state in eastern Syria, located within the triangular area formed by the confluence of the Khabur River with the Euphrates River.

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Bithynia

Bithynia (Koine Greek: Βιθυνία, Bithynía) was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine Sea.

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Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III

The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III is a black limestone Assyrian sculpture with many scenes in bas-relief and inscriptions.

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Boann

Boann or Boand (modern spelling: Bóinn) is the Irish goddess of the River Boyne, a river in Leinster, Ireland.

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Bohemond I of Antioch

Bohemond I (3 March 1111) was the Prince of Taranto from 1089 to 1111 and the Prince of Antioch from 1098 to 1111.

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Book of Genesis

The Book of Genesis (from the Latin Vulgate, in turn borrowed or transliterated from Greek "", meaning "Origin"; בְּרֵאשִׁית, "Bərēšīṯ", "In beginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) and the Old Testament.

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Book of Joshua

The Book of Joshua (ספר יהושע) is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) and the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.

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Book of Revelation

The Book of Revelation, often called the Revelation to John, the Apocalypse of John, The Revelation, or simply Revelation or Apocalypse (and often misquoted as Revelations), is a book of the New Testament that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology.

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Boots on the Ground

Boots on the Ground: A Month with the 82nd Airborne in the Battle for Iraq is a book written by journalist Karl Zinsmeister, who was embedded with the storied 82nd Airborne Division during the early days of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

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Borders of the Roman Empire

The borders of the Roman Empire, which fluctuated throughout the empire's history, were a combination of natural frontiers (most notably the Rhine and Danube rivers) and man-made fortifications which separated the lands of the empire from the countries beyond.

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Borsippa

Borsippa (Sumerian: BAD.SI.(A).AB.BAKI; Akkadian: Barsip and Til-Barsip): Vol.

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Bouqras

Bouqras is a large, oval shaped, prehistoric, Neolithic Tell, about in size, located around from Deir ez-Zor in Syria.

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Bouzes

Bouzes or Buzes (Βούζης, fl. 528–556) was an East Roman (Byzantine) general active in the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565) in the wars against the Sassanid Persians.

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Bovidae

The Bovidae are the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, wildebeest, impala, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle.

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Bravo Two Zero

Bravo Two Zero was the call sign of an eight-man British Army SAS patrol, deployed into Iraq during the First Gulf War in January 1991.

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Breadbasket

The breadbasket of a country is a region which, because of richness of soil and/or advantageous climate, produces large quantities of wheat or other grain.

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Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is a historical period characterized by the use of bronze, and in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization.

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Buhturi

Buhturi (al-Walīd ibn `Ubayd Allāh al-Buhturī) (820–897) was an Arab poet born at Manbij in Islamic Syria, between Aleppo and the Euphrates.

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Burç Bendi Dam

The Burç Bendi Dam is a gravity dam on the Göksu River (a tributary of the Euphrates), near the village of Burç in Adıyaman district, Adıyaman Province, Turkey.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

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Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty

The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Doukas dynasty between 1059 and 1081.

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Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty

The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the dynasty of Heraclius between 610 and 711.

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Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty

The Byzantine Empire had its first golden age under the Justinian Dynasty, which began in 518 AD with the Accession of Justin I. Under the Justinian Dynasty, particularly the reign of Justinian I, the Empire reached its largest territorial point, reincorporating North Africa, southern Illyria, southern Spain, and Italy into the Empire.

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Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty

The medieval Byzantine Empire underwent revival during reign of the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries, when it gained control over the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy, and all of the territory of the Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria.

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Byzantine–Arab wars (780–1180)

Between 780–1180, the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid & Fatimid caliphates in the regions of Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Anatolia and Southern Italy fought a series of wars for supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927

The ByzantineBulgarian war of 913927 (Българо–византийска война от 913–927) was fought between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire for more than a decade.

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Byzantine–Seljuq wars

The Byzantine–Seljuq Wars (Bizans-Selçuklu Savaşları) were a series of decisive battles that shifted the balance of power in Asia Minor and Syria from the European Byzantine Empire to the Central Asian Seljuq Turks.

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Cafer Höyük

Cafer Hoyuk or Cafer Höyük is an archaeological site located around northeast of Malatya, Turkey in the Euphrates valley.

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Callinicus (Prince of Commagene)

Callinicus (Greek: ο Кαλλίνικος) was a prince of the Kingdom of Commagene, who lived in the 1st century.

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Callinicus (Sophist)

For other people with this name, see Callinicus Callinicus, surnamed or nicknamed Sutorius or Suetorius, sometimes known as Kallinikos of Petra or Callinicus of Petra (Callinicus in Greek: ο Καλλίνικος) was an Ancient Greek Historian, Orator, Rhetorician and Sophist who flourished in the 3rd century.

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Calneh

Calneh (כַלְנֵה) is one of four cities founded by Nimrod, mentioned a single time in the Hebrew Bible.

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Capoeta barroisi

Capoeta barroisi, also known as the Orontes scraper or Tigris barb, is a species of freshwater cyprinid fish from the Near East.

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Cappadocia

Cappadocia (also Capadocia; Καππαδοκία, Kappadokía, from Katpatuka, Kapadokya) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, largely in the Nevşehir, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Aksaray, and Niğde Provinces in Turkey.

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Cappadocia (Roman province)

Cappadocia was a province of the Roman Empire in Anatolia (modern central-eastern Turkey), with its capital at Caesarea.

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Cappadocia (satrapy)

Cappadocia (from Old Persian Katpatuka) was a satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Empire used by the Achaemenids to administer the regions beyond the Taurus Mountains and the Euphrates river.

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Capture of Baghdad (1534)

The 1534 capture of Baghdad by Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire from the Safavid dynasty under Tahmasp I was part the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532 to 1555, itself part a series of Ottoman–Persian Wars.

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Carchemish

Carchemish, also spelled Karkemish (Hittite: Karkamiš; Turkish: Karkamış; Greek: Εὔρωπος; Latin: Europus), was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the region of Syria.

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Carl Humann

Carl Humann (first name also Karl, born 4 January 1839 in Steele, part of today’s Essen - Germany; † 12 April 1896 in Smyrna, today İzmir - Turkey) was a German engineer, architect and archaeologist.

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Cartography

Cartography (from Greek χάρτης chartēs, "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and γράφειν graphein, "write") is the study and practice of making maps.

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Cecil Rhodes

Cecil John Rhodes PC (5 July 1853 – 26 March 1902) was a British businessman, mining magnate and politician in southern Africa who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896.

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Cedar Forest

The Cedar Forest is the glorious realm of the gods of Mesopotamian mythology.

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Central Syria campaign (2017)

The Central Syria campaign (2017) was a large-scale military operation of the Syrian Army (SAA) against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during the Syrian Civil War.

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Cesare Federici

Cesare Federici (c. 1530 - 1600/1603) was an Italian merchant and traveler.

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Chaldea

Chaldea or Chaldaea was a Semitic-speaking nation that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which it and its people were absorbed and assimilated into Babylonia.

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Chinese emigration

Waves of Chinese emigration (also known as the Chinese diaspora) have happened throughout history.

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Chinese exploration

Chinese exploration includes exploratory Chinese travels abroad, on land and by sea, from the 2nd century BC until the 15th century.

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Chinese industrialization

In the 1960s, about 60% of the Chinese Labor Force were employed in agriculture.

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Circassians in Syria

The Circassians in Syria (Circassian: Сирием ис адыгэхэр) refers to the Circassian diaspora, some of whom settled in Syria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in the 19th century.

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Circesium

Circesium (ܩܪܩܣܝܢ) was an ancient city in Osrhoene, corresponding to the modern city of Buseira, in the region of Deir ez-Zor in Syria, at the confluence of the Khabur River with the Euphrates.

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Citharizum

Citharizum (from Κιθαριξων) was a town and fortress on the south arm of the Euphrates in the Roman province of Armenia III.

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Cities of Refuge

The Cities of Refuge were six Levitical towns in the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah in which the perpetrators of accidental manslaughter could claim the right of asylum.

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City map

A city map is a large-scale thematic map of a city (or part of a city) created to enable the fastest possible orientation in an urban space.

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Classical Anatolia

Anatolia, also known by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is considered to be the westernmost extent of Asia.

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Claudia Capitolina

Claudia Capitolina (η Κλαuδία Καπιτωλίνα; died after 92) was an Egyptian Greek woman who lived in the Roman Empire, in the 1st century and possibly in the 2nd century.

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Cleopatra

Cleopatra VII Philopator (Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ Cleopatra Philopator; 69 – August 10 or 12, 30 BC)Theodore Cressy Skeat, in, uses historical data to calculate the death of Cleopatra as having occurred on 12 August 30 BC.

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Coat of arms of Iraq

The coat of arms or state emblem of Iraq is a golden black eagle looking towards the viewer's left dexter. The eagle is the Eagle of Saladin associated with 20th-century pan-Arabism, bearing a shield of the Iraqi flag, and holding a scroll below with the Arabic words جمهورية العراق (Jumhuriyat Al-`Iraq or "Republic of Iraq").

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Cold

Cold is the presence of low temperature, especially in the atmosphere.

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Columbia Icefield

The Columbia Icefield is the largest ice field in the Rocky Mountains.

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Comana (Cappadocia)

Comana was a city of Cappadocia (τὰ Κόμανα τῆς Καππαδοκίας) and later Cataonia (Comana Cataoniae; frequently called Comana Chryse or Aurea, i.e. "the golden", to distinguish it from Comana in Pontus).

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Combat operations in 2012 during the Battle of Aleppo

Gunfire between rebels and security forces broke out on the night of 19 July 2012 in and around Salaheddine, a district in the city's southwest portion.

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Confluence

In geography, a confluence (also: conflux) occurs where two or more flowing bodies of water join together to form a single channel.

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Constantine the Great and Christianity

During the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (AD 306–337), Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire.

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Constantine VII

Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus ("the Purple-born", that is, born in the purple marble slab-paneled imperial bed chambers; translit; 17–18 May 905 – 9 November 959) was the fourth Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, reigning from 913 to 959.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires.

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Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a fabricated antisemitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan to achieve global domination.

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Coptic Cairo

Coptic Cairo is a part of Old Cairo which encompasses the Babylon Fortress, the Coptic Museum, the Hanging Church, the Greek Church of St. George and many other Coptic churches and historical sites.

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Coracle

The coracle is a small, rounded, lightweight boat of the sort traditionally used in Wales, and also in parts of the West Country and in Ireland, particularly the River Boyne, and in Scotland, particularly the River Spey.

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Corduene

Corduene (also known as Gorduene, Cordyene, Cardyene, Carduene, Gordyene, Gordyaea, Korduene, Gordian; Kardox; Karduya; Կորճայք Korchayk;; Hebrew: קרטיגיני) was an ancient region located in northern Mesopotamia, present-day eastern Turkey.

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County of Edessa

"Les Croisades, Origines et consequences", Claude Lebedel, p.50--> The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century.

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Covenant (biblical)

A biblical covenant is a religious covenant that is described in the Bible.

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Covenant of the pieces

According to the Hebrew Bible, the covenant of the pieces or covenant between the parts (Hebrew: ברית בין הבתרים berith bayin hebatrim) was an important event in the biblical story of the patriarch Abraham.

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Culture of ancient Rome

The culture of ancient Rome existed throughout almost 1200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome.

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Curt Kosswig

Dr.

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Cyperus papyrus

Cyperus papyrus (papyrus,papyrus sedge, paper reed, Indian matting plant, Nile grass) is a species of aquatic flowering plant belonging to the sedge family Cyperaceae.

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Cyprinion kais

Cyprinion kais, the Kais kingfish or smallmouth lotak, is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Cyprinion.

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Cyrrhestica

Cyrrhestica (Κυρρηστική) is a district of Greater Syria which appears to have owed its name to the Macedonian occupation of the country.

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Cyrrhus

Cyrrhus (Κύρρος Kyrrhos) was a city in ancient Syria founded by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals.

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Cyrus the Great

Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš; New Persian: کوروش Kuruš;; c. 600 – 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great  and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.

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Dabis, Syria

Dabis (Debis, ad-Dabes) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Dagon

Dagon (Dāgūn; דָּגוֹן, Tib.) or Dagan (𒀭𒁕𒃶) is an ancient Mesopotamian (Assyro-Babylonian) and Levantine (Canaanite) deity.

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Dam

A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams.

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Daqin

Daqin (alternative transliterations include Tachin, Tai-Ch'in) is the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire or, depending on context, the Near East, especially Syria.

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Darab Nama

The Darab-Naameh (داراب‌نامه) (Book of Daaraab) is a Persian prose romance, written by the 12th-century writer Abu Taher Muhammad, in which the adventures of the Kayanid Iranian King Darab are recounted.

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David Rohl

David Michael Rohl (born 12 September 1950) is a British EgyptologistBennett, Chris.

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Dawn of the World

Dawn of the World is a feature film written and directed by the Iraqi-French film director Abbas Fahdel.

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Dūr-Katlimmu

Tell Sheikh Hamad (Arabic: تل الشيخ حمد) is an archeological site in eastern Syria on the lower Khabur River,.

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Debate between bird and fish

The Debate between bird and fish is a literature essay of the Sumerian language, on clay tablets from the mid to late 3rd millennium BC.

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Deir ez-Zor

Deir ez-Zor (دير الزور Dayr az-Zūr; Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ Dayrāʾ Zəʿōrtāʾ) is the largest city in eastern Syria and the seventh largest in the country.

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Deir ez-Zor Camps

The Deir ez-Zor camps were concentration camps in the heart of the Syrian desert where many thousands of Armenian refugees were forced into death marches during the Armenian Genocide.

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Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–14)

Protests against the Syrian government and violence has been ongoing in the Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor since March 2011, as part of the wider Syrian Civil War, but large-scale clashes started following a military operation in late July 2011 to secure the city of Deir ez-Zor.

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Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes (April 2018)

On 29 April 2018, clashes took place between Syrian government forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in Deir ez-Zor Governorate.

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Deir ez-Zor Museum

The Deir ez-Zor Museum (متحف دير الزور) is a museum devoted to the archaeology and history of northeastern Syria, an area more commonly known as the Jezirah, or Upper Mesopotamia.

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Deir ez-Zor offensive (September 2017–present)

The Deir ez-Zor offensive, named by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) as the al-Jazeera Storm campaign, is a military operation launched by the SDF against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate with the goal of capturing swathes of territory east of the Euphrates in the eastern countryside of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.

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Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge

The Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge (جسر دير الزور المعلق) was a pedestrian suspension bridge crossing the Euphrates River, in the city of Deir ez-Zor in north-eastern Syria.

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Demirköprü, Antakya

Demirköprü (also known as Jisr al-Hadid) is a village in the Antakya District of Hatay Province, Turkey.

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Demographics of Iraq

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Iraq, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Demographics of Syria

In 2011, the Syrian population was estimated at roughly 23 million permanent inhabitants, including people with refugee status from Palestine and Iraq and are an overall indigenous Levantine people.

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Devarim (parsha)

Devarim, D'varim, or Debarim (— Hebrew for "things" or "words," the second word, and the first distinctive word, in the parashah) is the 44th weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the first in the Book of Deuteronomy.

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Dhahab River

Dhahab River or Dhahab Valley (نهر الذهب or وادي الذهب Gold River or Gold Valley), also in medieval times known as Buṭnān Valley (وادي بطنان), is an intermittent river in northern Syria.

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Dhul-Kifl

Dhul-Kifl, or Zul-Kifl (Classical/ Qur'anic Arabic: ذَا ٱلْكِفْل / ذُو ٱلْكِفْل; "Possessor of a Fold") (c. 600 BCE) is an Islamic prophet who has been identified with various Hebrew Bible prophets, most commonly Ezekiel.

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Diauehi

Diauehi or Daiaeni (დიაოხი, Diaokhi) was a coalition of Georgian tribes, or kingdoms, located in northeastern Anatolia, that was formed in the 12th century BC in the post-Hittite period.

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Diban

Diban (ذيبان, also spelled Thiban or Zeiban) is a town in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the eastern bank of the Euphrates River, south of Deir ez-Zor, 17 kilometers south of al-Busayrah and 13 kilometers north of Asharah.

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Dibsi Faraj

Dibsi Faraj is an archaeological site on the right bank of the Euphrates in Aleppo Governorate (Syria).

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Digenes Akritas

Digenes Akrites (Διγενῆς Ἀκρίτης), known in folksongs as Digenes Akritas (Διγενῆς Ἀκρίτας) and also transliterated as Digenis Akritis, is the most famous of the Acritic Songs.

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Dilbat

Dilbat (modern Tell ed-Duleim or Tell al-Deylam, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian minor tell (hill city) located southeast from Babylon on the eastern bank of the Western Euphrates in modern-day Al-Qādisiyyah, Iraq.

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Diocletian

Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus), born Diocles (22 December 244–3 December 311), was a Roman emperor from 284 to 305.

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Districts of the Achaemenid Empire

Herodotus divided the Achaemenid Empire into 20 districts.

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Diyar Mudar

Diyār Mudar ("abode of Mudar") is the medieval Arabic name of the westernmost of the three provinces of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), the other two being Diyar Bakr and Diyar Rabi'a.

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Diyarbekir Vilayet

The Vilayet of Diyâr-ı Bekr (ولايت ديار بكر, Vilâyet-i Diyarbakır) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.

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Domitia (daughter of Cn. Domitius Corbulo)

Domitia was a Roman noble woman who lived in the 1st century.

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Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes

The draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes occurred in Iraq and to a smaller degree in Iran between the 1950s and 1990s to clear large areas of the marshes in the Tigris-Euphrates river system.

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Druze

The Druze (درزي or, plural دروز; דרוזי plural דרוזים) are an Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group originating in Western Asia who self-identify as unitarians (Al-Muwaḥḥidūn/Muwahhidun).

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Dujayl Canal

The Dujayl Canal was a medieval irrigation canal providing water to Baghdad.

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Dur-Kurigalzu

Dur-Kurigalzu (modern عقرقوف in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq) was a city in southern Mesopotamia near the confluence of the Tigris and Diyala rivers about west of the center of Baghdad.

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Dura Parchment 24

Dura Parchment 24, designated as Uncial 0212 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament.

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Dura-Europos

Dura-Europos (Δοῦρα Εὐρωπός), also spelled Dura-Europus, was a Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman border city built on an escarpment above the right bank of the Euphrates river.

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Dura-Europos synagogue

The Dura-Europos synagogue (or "Dura Europas", "Dura Europos" etc.) is an ancient synagogue uncovered at Dura-Europos, Syria, in 1932.

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Dynasty of Dunnum

The Dynasty of Dunnum, sometimes called the Theogony of Dunnum or Dunnu or the Harab Myth, is an ancient Mesopotamian mythical tale of successive generations of gods who take power through parricide and live incestuously with their mothers and/or sisters, until, according to a reconstruction of the broken text, more acceptable behavior prevailed with the last generation of gods, Enlil and his twin sons Nušku and Ninurta, who share rule amicably.

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Eanna-shum-iddina

Eanna-shum-iddina was a governor in the Sealand Dynasty of Babylon in the middle of the second millennium BC.

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Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)

The Early Dynastic period (abbreviated ED period or ED) is an archaeological culture in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that is generally dated to c. 2900–2350 BC and was preceded by the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods.

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Early Kurdish nationalism

The nationalist movement among the Kurdish people first emerged in the late 19th century with an uprising in 1880 led by Sheik Ubeydullah.

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Early Period (Assyria)

The Early Period refers to the history of Assyrian civilization of Mesopotamia between 2500 BCE and 2025 BCE.

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Early world maps

The earliest known world maps date to classical antiquity, the oldest examples of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm.

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Eastern Anatolia Region

The Eastern Anatolia Region (Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi) is a geographical region of Turkey.

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Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)

The Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017) was a large-scale military operation of the Syrian Army (SAA) and its allies against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during the Syrian Civil War.

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Eber

Eber (ISO 259-3 ʕeber, Standard Hebrew Éver, Tiberian Hebrew ʻĒḇer, Arabic ʿĀbir) is an ancestor of the Israelites and the Ishmaelites, according to the "Table of Nations" in and.

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Eber-Nari

Eber-Nari (Akkadian, also Ebir-Nari), Abar-Nahara עבר-נהרה (Aramaic) or 'Ābēr Nahrā (Syriac) was the name of a region of Western Asia and a satrapy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-605 BC), Neo-Babylonian Empire (612-539 BC) and Achaemenid Empire (539-332 BC).

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Eddy (film)

Eddy is a 2015 Italian film written, directed, and scored by Simone Borrelli,who also starred in the film.

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Eduard Sachau

Carl Eduard Sachau (20 July 1845 – 17 September 1930) was a German orientalist.

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Efrat (disambiguation)

Efrat (also, Efrata) is an Israeli settlement in the Etzion bloc.

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Egypt Eyalet

The Eyalet of Egypt was the result of the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, following the Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517) and the absorption of Syria into the Empire in 1516.

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Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the first Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1549/1550 BC to 1292 BC.

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Eikev

Eikev, Ekev, Ekeb, Aikev, or Eqeb (— Hebrew for "if," the second word, and the first distinctive word, in the parashah) is the 46th weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the third in the Book of Deuteronomy.

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Elam

Elam (Elamite: haltamti, Sumerian: NIM.MAki) was an ancient Pre-Iranian civilization centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.

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Elazığ Archaeology and Ethnography Museum

Elazığ Archaeology and Ethnography Museum is a museum in Elazığ, Turkey The museum is situated in the campus of Fırat University at.

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Elazığ Province

Elâzığ Province (Elâzığ ili) is a province of Turkey with its seat in the city of Elâzığ.

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Elâzığ

Elazığ) is a city in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, and the administrative center of Elazığ Province. It is located in the uppermost Euphrates valley. The plain on which the city extends has an altitude of 1067 metres. Elazığ resembles an inland peninsula surrounded by the natural Lake Hazar and reservoirs of Keban Dam, Karakaya Dam, Kıralkızı and Özlüce.http://www.kultur.gov.tr/genel/medya/iltanitimbrosuru-eng/elazig_eng.pdf Elazığ initially developed in 1834 as an extension of the historic city of Harput, which was situated on a hill and difficult to access in winter.

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Elif, Gaziantep

Elif (or more popularly Elifköy) is a town in Araban district of Gaziantep Province, Turkey.

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Emar

Emar (modern Tell Meskene) is an archaeological site in Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Empire and Communications

Empire and Communications is a book published in 1950 by University of Toronto professor Harold Innis.

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Enûma Eliš

The (Akkadian Cuneiform:, also spelled "Enuma Elish"), is the Babylonian creation myth (named after its opening words).

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Enbilulu

Enbilulu (𒀭𒂗𒁉𒇻𒇻) was the god of rivers and canals in Mesopotamian mythology.

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Enfeh

Enfeh(Arabic: انفه), or Enfe, Anfeh, Anfe, is a town in the Koura district of the North Governorate of Lebanon at Latitude 34°21'0"N and Longitude 35°44'0"E.

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English exonyms

An English exonym is a name in the English language for a place (a toponym), or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage (the endonym).

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Enki

Enki (Sumerian: dEN.KI(G)) is the Sumerian god of water, knowledge (gestú), mischief, crafts (gašam), and creation (nudimmud).

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Epic of Gilgamesh

The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia that is often regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature.

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Ergani

Ergani (عثمانيه Osmaniye, Erxenî, Erğeni), formerly known as Arghni or Arghana, is a district of Diyarbakır Province of Turkey.

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Eriba-Marduk

Erība-Marduk, inscribed mri-ba,Kinglist A, tablet BM 33332, iv 1.

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Eridu

Eridu (Sumerian:, NUN.KI/eridugki; Akkadian: irîtu; modern Arabic: Tell Abu Shahrain) is an archaeological site in southern Mesopotamia (modern Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq).

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Esarhaddon

Esarhaddon (Akkadian: Aššur-aḥa-iddina "Ashur has given a brother";; Ασαρχαδδων; Asor Haddan) was a king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire who reigned 681 – 669 BC.

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Eternal return (Eliade)

The "eternal return" is an idea for interpreting religious behavior proposed by the historian Mircea Eliade; it is a belief expressed through behavior (sometimes implicitly, but often explicitly) that one is able to become contemporary with or return to the "mythical age"—the time when the events described in one's myths occurred.

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Euphratensis

Euphratensis (Latin for "Euphratean"; Εὑφρατησία, Euphratēsía), fully Augusta Euphratensis, was a late Roman and then Byzantine province in Syrian region, part of the Byzantine Diocese of the East.

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Euphrates (disambiguation)

The Euphrates is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

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Euphrates Region

Euphrates Region, formerly Kobanî Canton, (Herêma Firatê, إقليم الفرات, translit), is the central of three regions of the de facto autonomous Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, factually comprising Ayn al-Arab District of the Aleppo Governorate, Tell Abyad District of the Raqqa Governorate, and the westernmost tip of Nahiya Ras al-Ayn of the Ras al-Ayn District of Al-Hasakah Governorate.

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Euphrates softshell turtle

The Euphrates softshell turtle (Rafetus euphraticus), also known as the Mesopotamian softshell turtle, is a species of softshell turtle in the family Trionychidae.

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Euphrates spring minnow

The Euphrates spring minnow (Pseudophoxinus firati) is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae.

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Euphrates Tunnel

The Euphrates Tunnel was allegedly a tunnel which was built under the Euphrates river to connect the two halves of the city of Babylon, in the old Mesopotamia.

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Euphrates Viaduct

The Euphrates Viaduct is a motorway bridge across the Euphrates between Belkıs, Nizip, Gaziantep Province and Birecik, Şanlıurfa Province in Turkey.

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Euphrates Volcano

Euphrates Volcano (Burkān al-Furāt) was a joint operations room/coalition established during the Syrian Civil War.

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Eurasian beaver

The Eurasian beaver or European beaver (Castor fiber) is a species of beaver which was once widespread in Eurasia.

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Eusebia (empress)

Eusebia (†360, full name Flavia Aurelia Eusebia, sometimes known as Aurelia Eusebia) was the second wife of Emperor Constantius II.

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Events of Revelation

The events of Revelation are the events that occur in the Book of Revelation of the New Testament.

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Exile (1988 video game series)

is an action role-playing video game series developed by Telenet Japan.

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Ezra in rabbinic literature

Allusions in rabbinic literature to the Biblical character of Ezra, the leader and lawgiver who brought some of the Judean exiles back from Babylonian captivity, contain various expansions, elaborations and inferences beyond what is presented in the text of the Bible itself.

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Ezzedine Salim subdistrict

Ezzedine Salim (ناحية عز الدين سليم) is an Iraqi subdistrict located in Basra Governorate with a total area of roughly 135 km2.

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Falahat

Falahat (also: Fallahat, al-Fallahat, Mintaqat al Falahat) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate west of the city of Fallujah, south of the river Euphrates, and south of the road of highways 10, 11, and 12.

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Fall of Babylon

The Fall of Babylon denotes the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire after it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BCE.

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Fallujah

FallujahSometimes also transliterated as Falluja, Fallouja, or Falowja (الفلوجة, Iraqi pronunciation) is a city in the Iraqi province of Al Anbar, located roughly west of Baghdad on the Euphrates.

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Fallujah Barrage

The Fallujah Barrage is a barrage on the Euphrates near Fallujah in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq.

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Fallujah during the Iraq War

The United States bombardment of Fallujah began in April 2003, one month following the beginning of the invasion of Iraq.

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Fandaqumiya

Fandaqumiya, (الفندقومية, al-Fandaqumiyah, Pentakomia) is a Palestinian village located in the Jenin Governorate of the northern West Bank, northwest of Nablus.

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Farouk El-Baz

Farouk El-Baz (فاروق الباز, Pronunciation) (born January 2, 1938) is an Egyptian American space scientist who worked with NASA to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the Moon, including the selection of landing sites for the Apollo missions and the training of astronauts in lunar observations and photography.

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Fırat

Fırat may refer to.

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Fırat University

Fırat University is a state university based in Elazığ, Turkey.

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Feriale Duranum

The Feriale Duranum is a calendar of religious observances for a Roman military garrison at Dura-Europos on the Euphrates, Roman Syria, under the reign of Severus Alexander (224–235 AD).

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Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent (also known as the "cradle of civilization") is a crescent-shaped region where agriculture and early human civilizations like the Sumer and Ancient Egypt flourished due to inundations from the surrounding Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris rivers.

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Fire in the East (novel)

Fire in the East is a historical novel in the Warrior of Rome Series by Harry Sidebottom, first published in 2008.

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Fire pot

A fire pot is a container, usually earthenware, for carrying fire.

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First Battle of Fallujah

The First Battle of Fallujah, also known as Operation Vigilant Resolve, was an operation to root out extremist elements of Fallujah as well as an attempt to apprehend the perpetrators of the killing of four U.S. contractors in March 2004.

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First Crusade

The First Crusade (1095–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095.

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Flag of Iraq

The flag of Iraq (علم العراق) includes the three equal horizontal red, white, and black stripes of the Arab Liberation flag.

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Flag of Israel

The flag of Israel (דגל ישראל Degel Yisra'el; علم إسرائيل ʿAlam Israʼīl) was adopted on 28 October 1948, five months after the establishment of the State of Israel.

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Foreign relations of Iraq

Since 1980, the foreign relations of Iraq were influenced by a number of controversial decisions by the Saddam Hussein administration.

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Foreign relations of Syria

Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbors, and securing the return of the Golan Heights, have been the primary goals of Syria's foreign policy.

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Foreign relations of the Arab League

The Arab League was founded in 1945, has 22 members and four observer members: Brazil, Eritrea, India and Venezuela.

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Forward Operating Base Iskandariyah

Forward Operating Base Iskandariyah (Arabic:إسكندرية), or FOB Iskandariyah, was a United States military forward operating base located on the grounds of the Musayyib Power Plant and the banks of the Euphrates River, north of the town of Musayyib, Babil Governorate, Iraq from 2003 to 2009.

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Four corners of the world

Several cosmological and mythological systems portray four corners of the world or four quarters of the world corresponding approximately to the four points of the compass (or the two solstices and two equinoxes).

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Four rivers

Four rivers may refer to.

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Francis Rawdon Chesney

Francis Rawdon Chesney (16 March 1789 – 30 January 1872) was a British general and explorer.

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Frederick Stanley Maude

Lieutenant General Sir Frederick Stanley Maude KCB, CMG, DSO (24 June 1864 – 18 November 1917) was a British Army officer.

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French exonyms

Below is a list of French language exonyms for places in non-French-speaking areas.

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French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (Mandat français pour la Syrie et le Liban; الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان) (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded after the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire concerning Syria and Lebanon.

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Friedrich Sarre

Friedrich Paul Theodor Sarre (22 June 1865, Berlin – 31 May 1945, Neubabelsberg) was a German Orientalist, archaeologist and art historian.

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Full translation of the Behistun Inscription

The following translation of the Behistun Inscription was made by L.W. King and R.C. Thompson Where names are rendered by the Greek or Biblical form, the Persian original regularly follows in square brackets.

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Gabol

The Gabol (گبول) is a Baloch tribe having a distinct identity through the centuries, and not a branch of any other Baloch tribe.

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Gaius Caesar

Gaius Caesar (Latin: Gaius Julius Caesar; 20 BC – 21 February AD 4) was consul in AD 1 and the grandson of Augustus, the first emperor of the Roman Empire.

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Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus

Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus (AD 190-243) was an officer of the Roman Imperial government in the first half of Third Century. Most likely of Oriental-Greek origins, he was a Roman citizen, probably of equestrian rank. He began his career in the Imperial Service as the commander of a cohort of auxiliary infantry and rose to become Praetorian Prefect, the highest office in the Imperial hierarchy, with both civilian and military functions. His brilliant career reflected his mastery of contemporary cultural norms and his reputation for administrative competence, but also his ability to access patronage at the highest level. His official life was spent mainly in fiscal postings and he typified the powerful procuratorial functionaries who came to dominate the Imperial government in the second quarter of the Third Century. Nevertheless, as Praetorian Prefect, he also seems to have proved himself more than competent in his military role. Although he was on several occasions appointed to positions that contemporary Administrative Law reserved for officials of senatorial rank, he remained an equestrian until the end: it is possible that he deliberately avoided adlection to the Roman Senate preferring to exercise real power in offices from which senators were excluded. Unlike his successor in the Praetorian Prefecture, Philip the Arab, he did not take advantage of the youth and inexperience of his Imperial master (and son-in-law), Gordian III, to seize the Empire for himself. He died in obscure circumstances, possibly murdered, in the course of a successful campaign to drive the forces of the Persian "King of Kings", Shapur I, from Rome's oriental territories. On his death the war against the Persians that he had directed so masterfully fell almost immediately into disarray to the long-term detriment of the Empire.

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Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes

Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes, also known as Julius Archelaus Epiphanes; Epiphanes; Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes or simply known as Gaius (Greek: ο Γάιος Ιούλιος Αρχέλαος Αντίοχος Επιφανής, 38-92 AD) was an influential prince of the Kingdom of Commagene, who lived in the 1st century.

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Galerius

Galerius (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus; c. 250 – April or May 311) was Roman Emperor from 305 to 311.

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Ganibatum

Ganibatum is a place and people mentioned in the 18th century BC Old Babylonian texts from Mari (modern Tell Harari).

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Garden of Eden

The Garden of Eden (Hebrew גַּן עֵדֶן, Gan ʿEḏen) or (often) Paradise, is the biblical "garden of God", described most notably in the Book of Genesis chapters 2 and 3, and also in the Book of Ezekiel.

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Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise)

The concept of a Garden of the gods or a divine paradise might be of Sumerian origin, or so it is argued by Samuel Noah Kramer.

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Garra elegans

Garra elegans,Behrens-Chapuis, S., Herder, F., Esmaeili, H.R., Freyhof, J., Hamidan, N.A., Özuluğ, M., Šanda, R. & Geiger, M.F. (2015): Adding nuclear rhodopsin data where mitochondrial COI indicates discrepancies – can this marker help to explain conflicts in cyprinids? DNA Barcodes, 3 (1): 187-199. previously Hemigrammocapoeta elegans, is a species of cyprinid fish.

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Gaziantep

Gaziantep, previously and still informally called Antep (Այնթապ, Kurdish: Dîlok), is a city in the western part of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Region, some east of Adana and north of Aleppo, Syria.

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Generations of Noah

The Generations of Noah or Table of Nations (of the Hebrew Bible) is a genealogy of the sons of Noah and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood, focusing on the major known societies.

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Geography

Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth.

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Geography of Iraq

The geography of Iraq is diverse and falls into five main regions: 1.

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Geography of Mesopotamia

The geography of Mesopotamia, encompassing its ethnology and history, centered on the two great rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates.

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Geography of Syria

Syria is located in Southwestern Asia, north of the Arabian Peninsula, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Geography of Turkey

Turkey is situated in Anatolia (95%) and the Balkans (5%), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria.

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George A.W. Lamond

Lt.-Col. George Alexander Walker Lamond (23 July 1878 – 25 February 1918) was a Scottish rugby union player and British Army officer who died during World War I.Bath, Richard (ed.) The Scotland Rugby Miscellany, p. 109.

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George Mardikian

George Magar Mardikian (November 7, 1903 – October 23, 1977) was an Armenian-American restaurateur, chef, author and philanthropist who opened the well-known Omar Khayyam's restaurant in San Francisco, California, in 1938.

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Geostrategy

Geostrategy, a subfield of geopolitics, is a type of foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as they inform, constrain, or affect political and military planning.

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Gerard Leachman

Lieutenant-Colonel Gerard Evelyn Leachman, CIE, DSO (27 July 1880, Petersfield, Hampshire – 12 August 1920, Iraq) was an English soldier and intelligence officer who travelled extensively in Arabia.

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Gerger

Gerger (translit) is a town and a district of Adıyaman Province of Turkey.

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Germanicus

Germanicus (Latin: Germanicus Julius Caesar; 24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and a prominent general of the Roman Empire, who was known for his campaigns in Germania.

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Ghammas

Ghammas or Al Ghammas (غماس) is a town in Al-Shamiya District, Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq.

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Gihon

Gihon is the name of the second river mentioned in the second chapter of the biblical Book of Genesis.

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Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh was a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk, a major hero in ancient Mesopotamian mythology, and the protagonist of the Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem written in Akkadian during the late second millennium BC.

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Glory River

The Glory River (Nahar al-Aaz), Glory Canal or Prosperity Canal is a shallow canal in Iraq about two kilometers wide built by Saddam Hussein in 1993 to redirect water flowing from the Tigris river into the Euphrates, near their confluence at the Shatt al-Arab.

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Glycon

Glycon (Γλύκων Glýkon,: Γλύκωνος Glýkonos), also spelled Glykon, was an ancient snake god.

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Glyptothorax

Glyptothorax is a genus of catfishes order Siluriformes of the family Sisoridae.

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Gnosticism

Gnosticism (from γνωστικός gnostikos, "having knowledge", from γνῶσις, knowledge) is a modern name for a variety of ancient religious ideas and systems, originating in Jewish-Christian milieus in the first and second century AD.

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Gordian dynasty

The Gordian dynasty, sometimes known as the Gordianic dynasty, was short-lived, ruling the Roman Empire from 238–244AD.

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Gordian III

Gordian III (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius Augustus; 20 January 225 AD – 11 February 244 AD) was Roman Emperor from 238 AD to 244 AD.

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Gotarzes II of Parthia

Gotarzes II of Parthia (𐭂𐭅𐭕𐭓𐭆 Gōtarz, Γωτάρζης Gōtarzēs; flourished 1st century) was a Prince of Iranian ancestry.

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Greater Armenia

Greater Armenia (Մեծ Հայք, Mets Hayk') is the name given to the state of Armenia that emerged on the Armenian Highlands under the reign of King Artaxias I at the turn of the second century BC.

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Greater Israel

Greater Israel (ארץ ישראל השלמה; Eretz Yisrael Hashlema) is an expression, with several different Biblical and political meanings over time.

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Greg Kelly

Gregory Raymond "Greg" Kelly (born December 17, 1968) is an American News Anchor.

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Greylag goose

The greylag goose (Anser anser) is a species of large goose in the waterfowl family Anatidae and the type species of the genus Anser.

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Guardians of Independence

The Guardians of Independence (Arabic: حارس الاستقلال; Haras al Istiqlal) were a secretive, clandestine political group established in early 1919 to oppose the British occupation of Iraq following World War I. Jafar abu al-Timman was its main organizer and leader.

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Gudea cylinders

The Gudea cylinders are a pair of terracotta cylinders dating to circa 2125 BC, on which is written in cuneiform a Sumerian myth called the Building of Ningursu's temple.

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Gunboat

A gunboat is a naval watercraft designed for the express purpose of carrying one or more guns to bombard coastal targets, as opposed to those military craft designed for naval warfare, or for ferrying troops or supplies.

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Habuba Kabira

Habuba Kabira (Tell Qanas) is the site of an Uruk settlement along the Euphrates in Syria, founded during the later part of the Uruk period.

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Haburman Bridge

Haburman Bridge, also known as Çermik Bridge, (Haburman Köprüsü or Çermik Köprüsü) is a historic bridge in Diyarbakır Province, southeastern Turkey.

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Hadadezer bar Rehob

Hadadezer (''bib'' Heb: Ḥăḏaḏeʹzer; meaning "Hadad helps"), son of Rehob, was king of Zobah, a Syrian (Aramaean) kingdom that may have been in the Beqaa valley of Lebanon, extended along the eastern side of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains reaching Hamath to the north.

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Haditha

Haditha (حديثة, al-Haditha) is a city in the western Iraqi Al Anbar Governorate, about northwest of Baghdad.

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Haditha Dam

The Haditha Dam (سد حديثة) or Qadisiya Dam is an earth-fill dam on the Euphrates, north of Haditha (Iraq), creating Lake Qadisiyah (Buhayrat al-Qadisiyyah).

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Hadrian

Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138 AD) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.

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Haffar

During the early Islamic centuries, the Daylamite Buwayhid king, Panah Khusraw Adud ad-Dawlah, ordered the digging of a canal to join the Karun River, which at the time emptied independently into the Persian Gulf through the Bahmanshir channel, to the Shatt al-Arab waterway (known as Arvand Rud in Iran), the joint estuary of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

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Hajin

Hajin (هجين, also spelled Hajeen) is a small city in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, located along the Euphrates River, south of Deir ez-Zor.

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Halabisah

Halabisah (also: Halabisa, Al-Halabsa, Halabsah, Al-Halabesa, Qaryat al Halabisah, Qaryat al Ḩalābisah) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate west of the city of Fallujah and south of the river Euphrates.

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Halabiye

Halabiye (حلبيّة, Latin/Greek: Zenobia, Birtha) is an archaeological site on the right bank of the Euphrates River in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria.

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Halabiye Dam

The Halabiye Dam (or Zalabiye Dam) is a proposed dam on the Euphrates in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria.

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Halfeti

Halfeti (روم قلعه, Rumkale, Xelfetî) is a small farming district on the east bank of the river Euphrates in Şanlıurfa Province in Turkey, 120 km from the city of Şanlıurfa.

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Hama

Hama (حماة,; ܚܡܬ Ḥmṭ, "fortress"; Biblical Hebrew: חֲמָת Ḥamāth) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria.

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Hamdi Ulukaya

Hamdi Ulukaya (born October 26, 1972) is a Turkish businessman, entrepreneur, investor, and philanthropist of Kurdish background, based in the United States.

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Hammar Marshes

The Hammar Marshes (Iraq) are a large complex of wetlands in Iraq that are part of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, along with the Mesopotamian Marshes which also encompass the Hawizeh and Central Marshes.

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Hamza, Iraq

Hamza (الحمزة) is a city in Hamza District, Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq.

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Hananu Revolt

The Hananu Revolt (also known as the Aleppo RevoltMoubayed 2006, p. 604. or the Northern revolts) occurred in 1920–1921 in the western countryside of Aleppo and its purpose was to drive out French military forces from northern Syria.

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Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World as listed by Hellenic culture, described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks, and said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq.

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Haplogroup M (mtDNA)

Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haqlaniyah

Al-Haqlaniyah (Arabic: الحقلانية) is an Iraqi town on the Euphrates River in Al-Anbar province.

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Haradum

Haradum (modern Khirbit ed-Diniye, Iraq) was an ancient Near East city on the middle Euphrates about 90 kilometers southeast of Mari.

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Harald Hardrada

Harald Sigurdsson (– 25 September 1066), given the epithet Hardrada (harðráði, modern Norwegian: Hardråde, roughly translated as "stern counsel" or "hard ruler") in the sagas, was King of Norway (as Harald III) from 1046 to 1066.

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Harun al-Rashid

Harun al-Rashid (هَارُون الرَشِيد Hārūn Ar-Rašīd; "Harun the Orthodox" or "Harun the Rightly-Guided," 17 March 763 or February 766 — 24 March 809 (148–193 Hijri) was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. His epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox," "the Just," "the Upright," or "the Rightly-Guided." Al-Rashid ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. His time was marked by scientific, cultural, and religious prosperity. Islamic art and music also flourished significantly during his reign. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade. During his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. A Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked. The fictional The Book of One Thousand and One Nights is set in Harun's magnificent court and some of its stories involve Harun himself. Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious. Some of the Twelver sect of Shia Muslims blame Harun for his supposed role in the murder of their 7th Imam (Musa ibn Ja'far).

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Hasai

Hasai (also: Hasi) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate south of the city of Fallujah and in the north west of Amiriyah Fallujah, about 3km from a loop of the river Euphrates.

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Hasankeyf

Hasankeyf (Heskîf, حصن كيفا,, Κιφας, Cepha, ܟܐܦܐ) is an ancient town and district located along the Tigris River in the Batman Province in southeastern Turkey.

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Hasmonean dynasty

The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנַּאִים, Ḥašmōna'īm) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during classical antiquity.

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Hass Murad Pasha

Hass Murad Pasha was an Ottoman commander of Eastern Roman origin.

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Hatay Province

Hatay Province (Hatay ili) is a province in southern Turkey, on the eastern Mediterranean coast. The administrative capital is Antakya (Antioch), and the other major city in the province is the port city of İskenderun (Alexandretta). It is bordered by Syria to the south and east and the Turkish provinces of Adana and Osmaniye to the north. The province is part of Çukurova (Cilicia), a geographical, economical and cultural region that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay. There are border crossing points with Syria in the district of Yayladağı and at Cilvegözü in the district of Reyhanlı. Sovereignty over the province remains disputed with neighbouring Syria, which claims that the province was separated from itself against the stipulations of the French Mandate of Syria in the years following Syria's independence from the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Although the two countries have remained generally peaceful in their dispute over the territory, Syria has never formally renounced its claims to it.

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Hatla

Hatla (Hatlah) is a district of city Deir ez-Zor located along the Euphrates River, southeast of Deir ez-Zor.

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Hattic language

Hattic (Hattian) was a non-Indo-European agglutinative language spoken by the Hattians in Asia Minor between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC.

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Hauran

Hauran (حوران / ALA-LC: Ḥawrān), also spelled Hawran, Houran and Horan, known to the Ancient Greeks and Romans as Auranitis, is a volcanic plateau, a geographic area and a people located in southwestern Syria and extending into the northwestern corner of Jordan.

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Hayasa-Azzi

Hayasa-Azzi or Azzi-Hayasa (Հայասա) was a Late Bronze Age confederation formed between two kingdoms of Armenian Highlands, Hayasa located South of Trabzon and Azzi, located north of the Euphrates and to the south of Hayasa.

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Hayyah Kabirah

Hayyah Kabirah (Hāyyāh Kābīrāh), also spelled Hayya Kabir (Hayye Kebir, Hāyya Kābīr) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northeast of Aleppo and south of the Euphrates River.

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Hīt

Hīt, also spelled Heet (هيت), ancient name Is, is an Iraqi city in Al-Anbar province.

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Heather Dewey-Hagborg

Heather Dewey-Hagborg (born June 4, 1982, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an information artist and bio-hacker.

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Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (Ha-Luah ha-Ivri) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances.

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Hebrew language

No description.

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Hekimhan

Hekimhan, (Hekîmxan.), is a district of Malatya Province of Turkey.

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Helam

Helam (חֵילָם, ḥêlām; meaning "stronghold", or "place of abundance") is a Hebrew Bible place name.

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Hellenistic period

The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year.

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Helmuth von Moltke the Elder

Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke (26 October 1800, Parchim, Mecklenburg-Schwerin – 24 April 1891, Berlin) was a German Field Marshal.

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Henri de Contenson

Henri de Contenson Henri de Contenson (born 4 March 1926 in Paris), is a French Archaeologist and was the Research Director at CNRS, The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research), a research organization funded by France's Ministry of Research.

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Henry Adrian Churchill

Henry Adrian Churchill CB (16 September 1828 – 12 July 1886) was an archaeological explorer of ancient Mesopotamia and a British diplomat who stopped much of the commercial slavery in Zanzibar and helped prevent a war between Zanzibar and Oman.

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Henry Blosse Lynch

Henry Blosse Lynch (18071873) was an Anglo-Irish explorer.

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Henry Maundrell

Henry Maundrell (1665–1701) was an academic at Oxford University and later a Church of England clergyman, who served from 20 December 1695 as chaplain to the Levant Company in Syria.

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Hephaestion

Hephaestion (Ἡφαιστίων Hephaistíon; c. 356 BC – 324 BC), son of Amyntor, was an ancient Macedonian nobleman and a general in the army of Alexander the Great.

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Heraclius' campaign of 622

The Heraclius' campaign of 622, erroneously also known as the Battle of Issus, was a major campaign in the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628 by emperor Heraclius that culminated in a crushing Byzantine victory in Anatolia.

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Hereford Mappa Mundi

The Hereford Mappa Mundi is a medieval map of the known world (mappa mundi in Latin), of a form deriving from the T and O pattern, dating from c. 1300.

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Herman Bicknell

Herman Bicknell (2 April 1830 – 14 March 1875) was an FRAS, British surgeon, orientalist, and linguist, son of Elhanan Bicknell.

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Herod Antipas

Herod Antipater (Ἡρῴδης Ἀντίπατρος, Hērǭdēs Antipatros; born before 20 BC – died after 39 AD), known by the nickname Antipas, was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter") and is referred to as both "Herod the Tetrarch" and "King Herod" in the New Testament although he never held the title of king.

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Herodotus

Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος, Hêródotos) was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire (modern-day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (484– 425 BC), a contemporary of Thucydides, Socrates, and Euripides.

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Hethum I, King of Armenia

Hethum I (1213 – 21 October 1270) (also transliterated Hethoum, Hetoum, Het'um, or Hayton from Armenian: Հեթում Ա) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (also known as "Little Armenia") from 1226 to 1270.

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Hieros gamos

Hieros gamos or Hierogamy (Greek ἱερὸς γάμος, ἱερογαμία "holy marriage") is a sexual ritual that plays out a marriage between a god and a goddess, especially when enacted in a symbolic ritual where human participants represent the deities.

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Highway of Death

The Highway of Death (ṭarīq al-mawt) refers to a six-lane highway between Kuwait and Iraq, officially known as Highway 80.

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Hillah

Hillah (الحلة al-Ḥillah), also spelled Hilla, is a city in central Iraq on the Hilla branch of the Euphrates River, south of Baghdad.

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Hilly Flanks

The Hilly Flanks is an area curving around the Tigris, Euphrates, and Jordan valleys in Western Asia.

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Himeria

Himeria was a city and bishopric in the Roman province of Osrhoene, whose metropolitan see was Edessa.

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Hindiya Barrage

The Hindiya Barrage is located on the Euphrates south of the town of Musayyib in Babil Governorate, Iraq.

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Historical ecology

Historical ecology is a research program that focuses on the interactions between humans and their environment over long-term periods of time, typically over the course of centuries.

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History of agriculture

The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively.

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History of Anatolia

The history of Anatolia (Asia Minor) can be roughly subdivided into prehistory, Ancient Near East (Bronze Age and Early Iron Age), Classical Anatolia, Hellenistic Anatolia, Byzantine Anatolia, the age of the Crusades followed by the gradual Seljuk/Ottoman conquest in the 13th to 14th centuries, Ottoman Anatolia (14th to 19th centuries) and the modern history of the Republic of Turkey.

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History of Armenia

Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat.

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History of art

The history of art focuses on objects made by humans in visual form for aesthetic purposes.

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History of astronomy

Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy).

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History of beer

Beer is one of the oldest beverages humans have produced, dating back to at least the 5th millennium BC in Iran, and was recorded in the written history of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and spread throughout the world.

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History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty

The history of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali Pasha dynasty (1805–1953) spanned the later period of Ottoman Egypt, the Khedivate of Egypt under British patronage, and the nominally independent Sultanate of Egypt and Kingdom of Egypt, ending with the Revolution of 1952 and the formation of the Republic of Egypt.

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History of geography

The history of geography includes many histories of geography which have differed over time and between different cultural and political groups.

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History of masturbation

The history of masturbation describes broad changes in society concerning the ethics, social attitudes, scientific study, and artistic depiction of masturbation over the history of human sexuality.

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History of Mesopotamia

The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Lower Paleolithic period up to the Late antiquity.

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History of navigation

The history of navigation is the history of seamanship, the art of directing vessels upon the open sea through the establishment of its position and course by means of traditional practice, geometry, astronomy, or special instruments.

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History of silk

The production of silk originates in China in the Neolithic (Yangshao culture, 4th millennium BC).

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History of Sumer

The history of Sumer, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods, spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC, ending with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur around 2004 BC, followed by a transitional period of Amorite states before the rise of Babylonia in the 18th century BC.

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History of the Arab League

In its early years, the Arab League concentrated mainly on economic, cultural and social programs.

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History of the Byzantine Empire

This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD.

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History of the city

Towns and cities have a long history, although opinions vary on which ancient settlement are truly cities.

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History of the Eastern Orthodox Church

The history of the Eastern Orthodox Church is traced back to Jesus Christ and the Apostles.

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History of the Indian Navy

Dominant powers in present-day India have possessed navies for many centuries.

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History of the Jews in Baghdad

Not to be confused with Baghdadi Jews – Jewish emigrants from Baghdad and elsewhere in Iraq, as well as Jews from Syrian and Yemenite origin who settled on trade routes, in South and Southeast Asia as well as the west, and formed immigrant communities.

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History of the M1 Abrams

The M1 Abrams tank has been in service since 1980.

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History of the Middle East

Home to the Cradle of Civilization, the Middle East (usually interchangeable with the Near East) has seen many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations.

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History of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I. As sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (today named Istanbul) in 1453, the state grew into a mighty empire.

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History of the petroleum industry

The petroleum industry is not of recent origin, but petroleum's current status as the key component of politics, society, and technology has its roots in the early 20th century.

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History of the Roman Empire

The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of Ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of the last Western emperor in 476 AD.

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History of the Song dynasty

The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝; pinyin: Sòng cháo; 960–1279) of China was a ruling dynasty that controlled China proper and southern China from the middle of the 10th century into the last quarter of the 13th century.

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Hittites

The Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC.

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HMS Cricket (1915)

HMS Cricket was a Royal Navy Insect-class gunboat.

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HMS Euphrates

Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Euphrates, after the Euphrates river.

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HMS Gnat (T60)

HMS Gnat was a Royal Navy Insect class gunboat.

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HMS Ocean (1898)

The fourth HMS Ocean was a pre-dreadnought battleship of the British Royal Navy and a member of the.

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Holidays in the Danger Zone

Holidays in the Danger Zone is a series of documentaries, produced by the BBC This World and originally broadcast on BBC Four in the UK.

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Holy Land

The Holy Land (Hebrew: אֶרֶץ הַקּוֹדֶשׁ, Terra Sancta; Arabic: الأرض المقدسة) is an area roughly located between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea that also includes the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River.

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Hoshea

See also Hosea, who has the same name in Biblical Hebrew. Hoshea (Osee) was the last king of the Israelite Kingdom of Israel and son of Elah (not the Israelite king Elah).

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House of Suhi

The House of Suhi was a dynasty of rulers of Carchemish.

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Hubur

Hubur is a Sumerian term meaning "river", "watercourse" or "netherworld", written ideographically with the cuneiform signs.

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Hurrians

The Hurrians (cuneiform:; transliteration: Ḫu-ur-ri; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri or Hurriter) were a people of the Bronze Age Near East.

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Husaybah

Husaybah (حصيبة) is a city on the Euphrates river in the Al-Qa'im District of Al-Anbar province in Iraq, adjacent to the Al-Qa'im border crossing to Syria.

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Husayn ibn Ali

Al-Ḥusayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (الحسين ابن علي ابن أبي طالب; 10 October 625 – 10 October 680) (3 Sha'aban AH 4 (in the ancient (intercalated) Arabic calendar) – 10 Muharram AH 61) (his name is also transliterated as Husayn ibn 'Alī, Husain, Hussain and Hussein), was a grandson of the Islamic ''Nabi'' (نَـبِي, Prophet) Muhammad, and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam), and Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah.

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Husayn ibn Hamdan

Husayn ibn Hamdan ibn Hamdun ibn al-Harith al-Taghlibi was an early member of the Hamdanid family, who distinguished himself as a general for the Abbasid Caliphate and played a major role in the Hamdanids' rise to power among the Arab tribes in the Jazira.

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Hydroelectricity in Turkey

Hydroelectricity is a critical source of energy in Turkey and substantial amounts of it can be generated due to Turkey's mountainous landscape, abundance of rivers, and it's position surrounded by three seas.

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Ibbi-Sin

Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned c. 1963 BC-1940 BC (Short chronology).

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Iblul-Il

Iblul-Il (reigned c. 2380 BC), was the most energetic king (Lugal) of the second Mariote kingdom, noted for his extensive campaigns in the middle Euphrates valley against the Eblaites, and in the upper Tigris region against various opponents, which asserted the Mariote supremacy in the Syrian north.

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Ibn Nazif

Abu'l Fada'il Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali ibn Muzhir ibn Barakat, commonly known as Ibn Nazif al-Hamawi (/ALA-LC: Ibn Naẓīf al-Ḥamawī), was a 13th-century Muslim chronicler and historian of the Ayyubid era.

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Ichthyotherapy

Ichthyotherapy is the use of fish such as Garra rufa for cleaning skin wounds or treating other skin conditions.

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Image of Edessa

According to Christian tradition, the Image of Edessa was a holy relic consisting of a square or rectangle of cloth upon which a miraculous image of the face of Jesus had been imprinted—the first icon ("image").

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Impalement

Impalement, as a method of execution and also torture, is the penetration of a human by an object such as a stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by complete or partial perforation of the torso.

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Imperial Roman army

The Imperial Roman army are the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the Roman Empire from about 30 BC to 476 AD.

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Imports to Ur

Imports to Ur reflect the cultural and trade connections of the Sumerian city of Ur.

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Inanna

Inanna was the ancient Sumerian goddess of love, beauty, sex, desire, fertility, war, combat, justice, and political power.

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Index of Turkey-related articles

Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to Turkey include.

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Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface).

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Indus River

The Indus River (also called the Sindhū) is one of the longest rivers in Asia.

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Insect-class gunboat

The Insect-class gunboats (or large China gunboatsThe s were "small China gunboats") were a class of small, but well-armed Royal Navy ships designed for use in shallow rivers or inshore.

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Insurgency in Sindh

The Insurgency in Sindh is an armed conflict between the Government of Pakistan and the Sindhi Nationalists who wish to create an independent state called Sindhudesh.

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Interbasin transfer

Interbasin transfer or transbasin diversion are (often hyphenated) terms used to describe man-made conveyance schemes which move water from one river basin where it is available, to another basin where water is less available or could be utilized better for human development.

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International military intervention against ISIL

In response to rapid territorial gains made by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during the first half of 2014, and its universally-condemned executions, reported human rights abuses and the fear of further spillovers of the Syrian Civil War, many states began to intervene against it in both the Syrian Civil War and the Iraqi Civil War (2014–present).

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Iran–Iraq relations

Iran–Iraq relations (Persian: روابط ایران و عراق; Arabic: العلاقات العراقية الإيرانية) extend for millennia into the past.

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Iranian Plateau

The Iranian Plateau or the Persian Plateau is a geological formation in Western Asia and Central Asia.

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Iraq

Iraq (or; العراق; عێراق), officially known as the Republic of Iraq (جُمُهورية العِراق; کۆماری عێراق), is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west.

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Iraq War

The Iraq WarThe conflict is also known as the War in Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, and Gulf War II.

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Iraq War in Anbar Province

The Iraq War in Anbar Province, also known as the Al Anbar campaign, consisted of fighting between the United States military, together with Iraqi Government forces, and Sunni insurgents in the western Iraqi province of Al Anbar.

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Iraq–Syria border

The Iraqi–Syrian border runs for a total length of 599 km across Upper Mesopotamia and the Syrian desert.

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Iraq–Syria relations

Iraq–Syria relations are marked by long-shared cultural and political links, as well as former regional rivalry.

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Iraq–Turkey relations

Iraqi–Turkish relations are foreign relations between Iraq and Turkey.

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Iraqi dinar

The Dinar (Arabic: دينار,.

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Iraqi Republic Railways

Iraqi Republic Railways Company (IRR) (الشركة العامة لسكك الحديد العراقية) is the national railway operator in Iraq.

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Iraqi revolt against the British

The Iraqi revolt against the British, also known as the 1920 Iraqi Revolt or Great Iraqi Revolution, started in Baghdad in the summer of 1920 with mass demonstrations by Iraqis, including protests by embittered officers from the old Ottoman army, against the British occupation of Iraq.

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Irkabtum

Irkabtum (reigned c. Middle 17th century BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding his father Niqmi-Epuh.

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Irrigation in Iran

Irrigation in Iran covers 89,930 km2 making it the fifth ranked country in terms of irrigated area.

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Isa ibn Muhanna

Sharaf ad-Din Isa ibn Muhanna at-Ta'i, better known as Isa ibn Muhanna (d. 1284/85), was an emir (commander/prince) of the Al Fadl, a Bedouin dynasty that dominated the Syrian Desert and steppe during the 13th–15th centuries.

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Isaiah 11

Isaiah 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Isaiah 8

Isaiah 8 is the eighth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Ishaq ibn Kundaj

Ishaq ibn Kundaj, or Kundajiq, was a Turkic military leader who played a prominent role in the turbulent politics of the Abbasid Caliphate in the late 9th century.

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Iskandariya

Al-Iskandariya or Alexandria (الإسكندرية, also given as Iskandariyah, Iskanderiyah, Iskanderiya, Iskanderiyeh or Sikandariyeh or Al Askandariyah) is an ancient city in central Iraq, one of a number of towns in the Near East named after Alexander the Great (Al-Iskandar in Arabic).

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Islamic glass

The influence of the Islamic world to the history of glass is reflected by its distribution around the world, from Europe to China, and from Russia to East Africa.

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Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age is the era in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 14th century, during which much of the historically Islamic world was ruled by various caliphates, and science, economic development and cultural works flourished.

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Isuwa

Isuwa (transcribed Išuwa and sometimes rendered Ishuwa) was the ancient Hittite name for one of its neighboring Anatolian kingdoms to the east, in an area which later became the Luwian Neo-Hittite state of Kammanu.

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Italian exonyms

Below is list of Italian language exonyms for places in non-Italian-speaking areas of Europe: In recent years, the use of Italian exonyms for lesser known places has significantly decreased, in favour of the foreign toponym.

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Ivah

Ivah (or Ava) was a city in Assyria, it lies on the Euphrates river between the cities of Sepharvaim and Henah.

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J. P. Blecksmith

James Patrick Blecksmith (September 26, 1980 – November 11, 2004) was an American military officer who was the first officer killed in Operation Phantom Fury during Operation Iraqi Freedom II.

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Jack M. Sasson

Jack M. Sasson, now retired, taught most recently as Mary Jane Werthan Professor of Jewish Studies and Hebrew Bible at Vanderbilt Divinity School and before that as a Professor of Classics at Vanderbilt University.

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Jacob Obermeyer

Jacob Obermeyer (21 March 1845 in Steinhart – 1 March 1938 in Würzburg) was a Bavarian Jewish oriental researcher, scholar and a traveler, and the grandfather of the Israeli agent Meir Max Bineth.

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Jacob of Edessa

Jacob of Edessa (or James of Edessa) (Ya'qub Urhoy) (c. 640 – 5 June 708) was one of the most distinguished of Syriac writers.

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Jacob of Serugh

Jacob of Sarug (ܝܥܩܘܒ ܣܪܘܓܝܐ, Yaʿqûḇ Srûḡāyâ; his toponym is also spelled Serug or Serugh; Iacobus Sarugiensis; 451 – 29 November 521 AD), also called Mar Jacob, was one of the foremost Syriac poet-theologians among the Syriac, perhaps only second in stature to Ephrem the Syrian and equal to Narsai.

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Jacques Cauvin

Professor Jacques Cauvin (1930 – 26 December 2001) was a French archaeologist who specialised in the prehistory of the Levant and Near East.

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Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu (Persian: جلال ‌الدین خوارزمشاه; Turkmen: Jelaleddin Meňburun or Jelaleddin Horezmşa; full name: Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Manguberdi ibn Muhammad) or Manguberdi (Turkic for "Godgiven"), also known as Jalâl ad-Dîn Khwârazmshâh, was the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire.

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James Bucknall Bucknall Estcourt

James Bucknall Bucknall Estcourt (1803-1855), was a major-general and MP.

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James Fitzjames

Captain James Fitzjames (27 July 1813–after 1848?) was a British Royal Navy officer who participated in two major exploratory expeditions, the Euphrates Expedition and the Franklin Expedition to the Arctic, and a third up the Yellow River into China.

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Jannah

Jannah (جنّة; plural: Jannat), lit.

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January 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

January 22 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - January 24 All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 5 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

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Jarabulus

Jarabulus (جرابلس / ALA-LC: Jarābulus; Cerablus, North Syrian Arabic: Jrāblos), is a Syrian city administratively belonging to Aleppo Governorate.

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Jarabulus District

Jarabulus District (manṭiqat Ğarābulus) is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, on the border with Turkey.

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Jarabulus Tahtani

Jarabulus Tahtani (lit) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Jarrahids

The Jarrahids (also known as Banu al-Jarrah) were an Arab dynasty that intermittently ruled Palestine and controlled Transjordan and northern Arabia in the late 10th and early 11th centuries.

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Jassem Alwan

Jassem Alwan (جاسم علوان; given name also spelled Jasim) (born July 4, 1928) was a prominent colonel in the Syrian Army, particularly during the period of the United Arab Republic (UAR) (1958–1961) when he served as the Commander of the Qatana Base near Damascus.

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Jebel Sasan

Jebel Sasan (جبل ساسان,چياى ساسان) is a large hill in the Tel Afar District of Nineveh Province of northern Iraq.

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Jeremiah 2

Jeremiah 2 is the second chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Jessica Lynch

Jessica Dawn Lynch (born April 26, 1983) is a former United States Army soldier who served in the 2003 invasion of Iraq by U.S. and allied forces.

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Jia Dan

Jia Dan (730 – October 27, 805Hsu (1988), 96.http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype.

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Johann Wilhelm Helfer

Johann Wilhelm Helfer also known as Jan Vilém Helfer (February 5, 1810, Prague - January 30, 1840, Andaman Islands) was a Bohemian physician, explorer and naturalist.

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John Barker (diplomat)

John Barker (9 March 1771 – 5 October 1849) was an English diplomat and horticulturist.

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John Benjamin Macneill

Sir John Benjamin Macneill FRS (1793 – 2 March 1880) was an eminent Irish civil engineer of the 19th century, closely associated with Thomas Telford.

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John Eldred

John Eldred (1552–1632) was an English traveller and merchant.

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John II Komnenos

John II Komnenos or Comnenus (Ίωάννης Βʹ Κομνηνός, Iōannēs II Komnēnos; 13 September 1087 – 8 April 1143) was Byzantine Emperor from 1118 to 1143.

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John Jackson (travel writer)

John Jackson (died 1807) was a British traveller and writer.

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John Kourkouas

John Kourkouas (Ἰωάννης Κουρκούας, fl. circa 915–946), also transliterated as Kurkuas or Curcuas, was one of the most important generals of the Byzantine Empire.

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John Nixon (Indian Army officer)

General Sir John Eccles Nixon, GCMG, KCB (16 August 1857 – 15 December 1921) was senior commander of the British Indian Army.

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John van Ess

The Rev.

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Joscelin I, Count of Edessa

Joscelin of Courtenay (or Joscelin I) (died 1131), Prince of Galilee and Lord of Turbessel (1115–1131) and Count of Edessa (1119–1131), ruled over the County of Edessa during its zenith, from 1118 to 1131.

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Joscelin II, Count of Edessa

Joscelin II of Edessa (died 1159) was the fourth and last ruling count of Edessa.

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Josiah

Josiah or Yoshiyahu was a seventh-century BCE king of Judah (c. 649–609) who, according to the Hebrew Bible, instituted major religious reforms.

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Julian (emperor)

Julian (Flavius Claudius Iulianus Augustus; Φλάβιος Κλαύδιος Ἰουλιανὸς Αὔγουστος; 331/332 – 26 June 363), also known as Julian the Apostate, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.

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Julian of Mesopotamia

Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia adopted the ascetic life during the reign of Roman emperor Julian the Apostate in the fourth century AD.

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Julian's Persian War

Julian's Persian War, or the Perso-Roman War of 363, was the last undertaking of the Roman emperor Julian, begun in March 363.

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July 2013 Iraq attacks

During the first two weeks of July 2013, a series of coordinated bombings and shootings struck across several cities in Iraq, killing at least 389 people and injuring more than 800 others.

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Jupiter Dolichenus

Jupiter Dolichenus was a Roman god whose mystery cult was widespread in the Roman Empire from the early-2nd to mid-3rd centuries AD.

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Jurf Al Sakhar Bridge

Stretching across the Euphrates in the tiny Iraqi village of Jurf Al Sakhar southwest of Baghdad, the 4-lane Jurf Al Sakhar Bridge was a primary target of Operation Phantom Fury in November 2004.

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Justin LeHew

Justin D. LeHew (born 1970 in Columbus Grove, Ohio) is a United States Marine serving in the War on Terror.

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Justinian (general)

Justinian (Iustinianus, Ἰουστινιανός, after 525–582) was an East Roman (Byzantine) aristocrat and general, and a member of the ruling Justinian dynasty.

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Justinianopolis in Armenia

The area around Justinianopolis (Erzincan) in 2011. Justinianopolis in Armenia also known as Iustinianopolis was a Roman and Byzantine era city and bishopric in Lesser Armenia.

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JustPaste.it

Justpaste.it is a site that allows users to paste text (including HTML markup for formatting and display of images) and distribute the resulting link.

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Kadmonites

Kadmonites was according to the Hebrew Bible a tribe, mentioned as inhabiting the land promised by God in a covenant to Abraham in.

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Kammanu

Kammanu was a Luwian speaking Neo-Hittite state in a plateau (Malatya Plain) to the north of the Taurus Mountains and to the west of Euphrates river in the late 2nd millennium BC, formed from part of Kizzuwatna after the collapse of the Hittite Empire.

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Karababa Bridge

The Karababa Bridge (Karababa Köprüsü) is a road bridge between the Adıyaman and Şanlıurfa provinces crossing the Euphrates just downstream of the Atatürk Dam.

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Karakaya Dam

The Karakaya Dam, is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey, built on the Euphrates River and completed in 1987.

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Karamagara Bridge

The Karamagara Bridge (Karamağara Köprüsü, "Bridge of the Black Cave") is a Byzantine or late Roman bridge in the ancient region of Cappadocia in eastern Turkey, and possibly the earliest known pointed arch bridge.

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Karasu (Euphrates)

The Karasu (Turkish for 'black water') or Western Euphrates is a long river in eastern Turkey, one of the two sources of the Euphrates.

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Karasu relief

The Karasu relief, also known as the Süpürgüç relief after the earlier name of the nearby town of Akbudak, is a rock relief located on a tributary of the Euphrates and derives from the Neo-Hittite period.

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Karbala provincial headquarters raid

The Karbala provincial headquarters raid was an infiltration attack carried out on January 20, 2007 by insurgent commandos, with possible Iranian involvement, on the American contingent of the Joint Security Station located within the Iraqi Police headquarters.

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Karbeas

Karbeas (Καρβέας), also Karbaias (Καρβαίας), was a Paulician leader, who, following the anti-Paulician pogroms in 843, abandoned his service in the Byzantine army and went over to the Arabs.

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Karen Jeppe

Karen Jeppe (1 July 1876 – 7 July 1935) was a Danish missionary and social worker, known for her work aid worker with Ottoman Armenian refugees and survivors of the Armenian Genocide, mainly widows and orphans, from 1903 until her death in Syria in 1935.

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Karkamış

No description.

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Karkamış Bridge

The Karkamış Bridge (Karkamış Köprüsü) is a Parker-truss bridge carrying the Çobanbey-Nusaybin railway across the Euphrates in southeastern Turkey.

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Karkamış Dam

Karkamış Dam is one of the 21 dams of the Southeastern Anatolia Project of Turkey.

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Karkheh River

The Karkheh or Karkhen (perhaps the river known as the Gihon—one of the four rivers of Eden/Paradise to the Bible and as the Choaspes in ancient times; also called Eulæus; Hebrew: אולי Ulai) is a river in Khūzestān Province Andimeshk city, Iran (ancient Susiana) that rises in the Zagros Mountains, and passes west of Shush (ancient Susa), eventually falling in ancient times into the Tigris just below its confluence with the Euphrates very near to the Iran-Iraq border.

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Karun

The Kārūn (کارون) is Iran's most effluent and only navigable river.

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Katepano

The katepánō (κατεπάνω, lit. " placed at the top", or " the topmost") was a senior Byzantine military rank and office.

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Katherine Magarian

Katherine (Chakoian) Magarian (April 10, 1906, Baghin-Palou/Բալու, Armenia; (present day Palu, Elazığ, Turkey; formerly Romanopolis in Greek) - December 27, 2000, North Kingstown, Rhode Island, United States) was a survivor of the Armenian genocide whose testimony was widely published.

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Kayseri

Kayseri is a large and industrialised city in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

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Kâhta Çayı

The Kâhta Çayı is a river in Adıyaman Province, Turkey, mostly in Kâhta district, rising in the southeast Taurus Mountains and draining into the reservoir of the Atatürk Dam.

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Kömürhan Bridge

The Kömürhan Bridge is a box-girder bridge that carries the Elazığ-Malatya highway over the Firat River in eastern Turkey.

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Kığı Dam

Kığı Dam is a rock-fill embankment dam on the Peri River (a tributary of the Euphrates) in Bingöl Province, Turkey.

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Kızılırmak River

The Kızılırmak (Turkish for "Red River"), also known as the Halys River (Ἅλυς), is the longest river entirely within Turkey.

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Keban Dam

The Keban Dam (Keban Barajı) is a hydroelectric dam on the Euphrates, located in the Elazığ Province of Turkey.

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Keith Broomfield

Keith Broomfield (August 3, 1979 – June 3, 2015) was an American volunteer fighter who was killed while serving with the Kurdish YPG in Syria.

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Khabur (Euphrates)

The Khabur River is the largest perennial tributary to the Euphrates in Syrian territory.

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Khalid ibn al-Walid

Abū Sulaymān Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīrah al-Makhzūmī (أبو سليمان خالد بن الوليد بن المغيرة المخزومي‎; 585–642), also known as Sayf ullah al-Maslūl (سيف الله المسلول; Drawn Sword of God) was a companion of Muhammad.

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Khalidiya Island

Khalidiya Island (Arabic: جزيرة الخالدية Jazīrat al-Khāldiyat, Jazirah al-Khaldiyah, Jazeera Khaldiya, Jazirah al-Khalidiyah, Khalediya Island) is a river peninsula and populated area in Al-Anbar Province, in central Iraq.

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Khan al Baghdadi

Khan al-Baghdadi (خان البغدادي Ḫān al-Baġdādī) or al-Baghdadi is an Iraqi city on the Euphrates River in al-Anbar province (Hīt District).

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Khanlar Mirza

Khanlar Mirza whose royal title was Ehtesham-ed-Dowleh was one of the most prominent princes of the Qajar dynasty.

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Khashshum

Khashshum, (also given as Ḫaššum, Hassu, Hassuwa or Hazuwan) was a Hurrian city-state, located in southern Turkey most probably on the Euphrates river north of Carchemish.

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Khawr Abd Allah

The Khawr Abd Allah is today an estuary, but once was the point where the Euphrates and Tigris rivers (Shatt al-Arab) emptied into the Persian Gulf.

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Khiamian

The Khiamian (also referred to as El Khiam or El-Khiam) is a period of the Near-Eastern Neolithic, marking the transition between the Natufian and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A. Some sources date it from about 12,000 to 1,500 BP.

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Khosrovidukht (sister of Tiridates III of Armenia)

This article is about Khosrovidukht, the Armenian Princess of the Arsacid dynasty who lived in the 3rd century and 4th century.

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Khwarazmian dynasty

The Khwarazmian dynasty (also known as the Khwarezmid dynasty, the Anushtegin dynasty, the dynasty of Khwarazm Shahs, and other spelling variants; from ("Kings of Khwarezmia") was a PersianateC. E. Bosworth:. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian." Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin. The dynasty ruled large parts of Central Asia and Iran during the High Middle Ages, in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuqs and Qara-Khitan, and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia in the 13th century. The dynasty was founded by commander Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkish slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor of Khwarezm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarezm.Encyclopædia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty",.

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Khwarwaran

Khvārvarān, was a military quarter of the Sasanian Empire.

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Kieran Lalor

Kieran Michael Lalor (born January 23, 1976) is an American politician, entrepreneur and author who founded Iraq Vets for Congress (a political action committee).

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Kilis Province

Kilis Province (Kilis ili) is a province in south-central Turkey, on the border with Syria. It used to be the southern part of the province of Gaziantep and was formed in 1994. The town of Kilis is home to around 67% of the inhabitants of the province; the other towns and villages are very small.

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King's Highway (ancient)

The King’s Highway was a trade route of vital importance in the ancient Near East, connecting Africa with Mesopotamia.

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Kingdom of Commagene

The Kingdom of Commagene (Βασίλειον τῆς Kομμαγηνῆς; Կոմմագենեի թագավորություն) was an ancient Armenian kingdom of the Hellenistic period, located in and around the ancient city of Samosata, which served as its capital.

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Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)

The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible.

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Kingdom of Judah

The Kingdom of Judah (מַמְלֶכֶת יְהוּדָה, Mamlekhet Yehudāh) was an Iron Age kingdom of the Southern Levant.

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Kingdom of Khana

The Kingdom of Khana (end of 18th century BC – middle of 17th century BC) emerged during the decline of the First Babylonian Dynasty.

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Kirjath-huzoth

Kirjath-huzoth or Qiryath Chutsoth, meaning city of streets or (in the Septuagint), city of villages,, was a Moabite city which some identify with Kirjathaim in eastern Jordan.

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Kisurra

Kisurra (modern Tell Abu Hatab, Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian tell (hill city) situated on the west bank of the Euphrates, north of Shuruppak.

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Kuara (Sumer)

Kuara (also known as Kisiga, Ku'ara, modern Tell al-Lahm site, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq) is an archaeological site in Dhi Qar Province (Iraq).

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Kubaba

Kubaba (in the Weidner or Esagila Chronicle; Sumerian: Kug-Bau) is the only queen on the Sumerian King List, which states she reigned for 100 years – roughly in the Early Dynastic III period (ca. 2500-2330 BC) of Sumerian history.

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Kufa

Kufa (الْكُوفَة) is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf.

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Kuphar

A kuphar (also transliterated kufa, kuffah, quffa, quffah, etc.) is a type of coracle or round boat traditionally used on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in ancient and modern Mesopotamia.

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Kurdish calendar

The Kurdish calendar was originally a lunisolar calendar related to the Babylonian calendar, but is now a solar calendar related to the Iranian calendar.

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Kurdish rebellions in Turkey

Kurdish rebellions in Turkey refer to Kurdish nationalist uprisings in Turkey, beginning with the Turkish War of Independence and the consequent transition from the Ottoman Empire into the modern Turkish state and lasting until present with the ongoing Kurdish-Turkish conflict.

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Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)

In late July 2015, the third phase of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict between various Kurdish insurgent groups and the Turkish government erupted following a failed two and a half year-long peace process, aimed at resolving the long-running conflict.

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Kurdistan

Kurdistan (کوردستان; lit. "homeland of the Kurds") or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural historical region wherein the Kurdish people form a prominent majority population and Kurdish culture, languages and national identity have historically been based.

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Kurds in Syria

Kurds in Syria refers to people born in or residing in Syria who are of Kurdish origin.

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Kutha

Kutha, Cuthah, or Cutha (Sumerian: Gudua, modern Tell Ibrahim) is an archaeological site in Babil Governorate, Iraq.

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La Dori

La Dori, overo Lo schiavo reggio (Doris, or The Royal Slave) is a tragi-comic opera in a prologue and three acts composed by Antonio Cesti to a libretto by Giovanni Filippo Apolloni.

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Lagash

Lagash (cuneiform: LAGAŠKI; Sumerian: Lagaš) is an ancient city located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah, Iraq.

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Lake Assad

Lake Assad (بحيرة الأسد, Buhayrat al-Assad) is a reservoir on the Euphrates in Raqqa Governorate, Syria.

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Lake Habbaniyah

Lake Habbaniyah is a lake located halfway between Ramadi and Fallujah near Al-Taqaddum (TQ) Air Base in Al Habbaniyah in Anbar Province, Iraq.

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Lake Milh

Lake Milh (literally Sea of Salt, pronounced Bahr al-Milh), also known as Razzaza Lake, is located a few miles west of Karbala, Iraq.

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Lake Tharthar

Lake Tharthar (also Therthar), and known in Iraq as Buhayrat ath-Tharthar (بحيرة الثرثار), is an artificial lake opened in 1956, situated 100 kilometers northwest of Baghdad between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers.

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Lake Van

Lake Van (Van Gölü, Վանա լիճ, Vana lič̣, Gola Wanê), the largest lake in Turkey, lies in the far east of that country in the provinces of Van and Bitlis.

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Lakhmids

The Lakhmids (اللخميون) or Banu Lakhm (بنو لخم) were an Arab kingdom of southern Iraq with al-Hirah as their capital, from about 300 to 602 AD.

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Land of Israel

The Land of Israel is the traditional Jewish name for an area of indefinite geographical extension in the Southern Levant.

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Language of Jesus

It is generally agreed by historians that Jesus and his disciples primarily spoke Aramaic (Jewish Palestinian Aramaic), the common language of Judea in the first century AD, most likely a Galilean dialect distinguishable from that of Jerusalem.

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Languages of Syria

Arabic is the official language of Syria and is the most widely spoken language in the country.

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Laodicea Combusta

Laodicea Combusta (Λαοδίκεια Κατακεκαυμένη, Laodikeia Katakekaumenê, "Laodicea the Burned") or Laodicea (Λαοδίκεια), and later known as Claudiolaodicea, was a Hellenistic city in central Anatolia, in the region of Pisidia; its site is currently occupied by Ladik, Konya Province, in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

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Last Glacial Maximum

In the Earth's climate history the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was the last time period during the last glacial period when ice sheets were at their greatest extension.

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Latakia

Latakia, Lattakia or Latakiyah (اللَاذِقِيَّة Syrian pronunciation), is the principal port city of Syria, as well as the capital of the Latakia Governorate.

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Lech-Lecha

Lech-Lecha, Lekh-Lekha, or Lech-L'cha (leḵ-ləḵā — Hebrew for "go!" or "leave!", literally "go for you" — the fifth and sixth words in the parashah) is the third weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading.

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Legio IV Scythica

Legio quarta Scythica ("Scythian Fourth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded c. 42 BC by the general Mark Antony, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence its other cognomen, Parthica.

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Legio XII Fulminata

The Legio duodecima Fulminata ("Thunderbolt Twelfth Legion"), also known as Paterna, Victrix, Antiqua, Certa Constans, and Galliena, was a legion of the Imperial Roman army.

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Legio XVI Flavia Firma

Legio sexta decima Flavia firma ("Steadfast Flavian Sixteenth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army.

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Lehi (militant group)

Lehi (לח"י – לוחמי חרות ישראל Lohamei Herut Israel – Lehi, "Fighters for the Freedom of Israel – Lehi"), often known pejoratively as the Stern Gang,"This group was known to its friends as LEHI and to its enemies as the Stern Gang." Blumberg, Arnold.

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Leslie Davis

Leslie A. Davis (April 29, 1876–1960) was an American diplomat and wartime US consul to Harput, Ottoman Empire from 1914 to 1917, who witnessed the Armenian Genocide.

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Lesser Armenia

Lesser Armenia (Փոքր Հայք, Pokr Hayk; Armenia Minor), also known as Armenia Minor and Armenia Inferior, comprised the Armenian–populated regions primarily to the west and northwest of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia (also known as Kingdom of Greater Armenia).

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List of active rebel groups

This is a list of active rebel factions around the world whose domains may be subnational, transnational or international.

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List of ancient Greek cities

This is a small list of ancient Greek cities, including colonies outside Greece proper.

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List of ancient peoples of Anatolia

This is a list of ancient peoples of Anatolia in the prehistoric period.

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List of animals in the Bible

This is a list of animals whose names appear in the Bible.

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List of Aramaic place names

This is a list of Aramaic place names; list of the names of places as they exist in the Aramaic language.

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List of battles since 2001

2001 Category:21st-century conflicts.

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List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

These are biblical figures unambiguously identified in contemporary sources according to scholarly consensus.

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List of biblical names starting with E

A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N – O – P – Q – R – S – T – U – V – Y – Z.

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List of Byzantine inventions

This is a list of Byzantine inventions.

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List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent

The imperial campaignsZürcher (1999), p. 38.

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List of castles in Syria

This is a list of castles in Syria.

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List of cities and towns on the Euphrates River

This article provides a detailed list of the cities and towns along the Euphrates River in order of country.

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List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War

This is a list of coalition (Multi-National Force – Iraq) military operations of the Iraq War.

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List of country-name etymologies

This list covers English language country names with their etymologies.

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List of cultural references in the Divine Comedy

The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri is a long allegorical poem in three parts (or canticas): the Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise), and 100 cantos, with the Inferno having 34, Purgatorio having 33, and Paradiso having 33 cantos.

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List of dams and reservoirs in Iraq

The following is a list of dams and reservoirs in Iraq.

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List of divided islands

This is a list of islands whose land is divided by one or more international borders.

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List of drainage basins by area

The list of drainage basins by area identifies basins (also known as watersheds or catchments), sorted by area, which drain to oceans, mediterranean seas, rivers, lakes and other water bodies.

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List of English words of Persian origin

As Indo-European languages, English and Persian are daughter languages of their common ancestral Proto-Indo-European, and still share many cognate words of similar forms.

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List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)

This is a list of freshwater ecoregions as compiled by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

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List of Greek inventions and discoveries

This article is a list of major inventions and scientific and mathematical discoveries by Greek people from antiquity through the present day.

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List of Greek place names

This is a list of Greek place names as they exist in the Greek language.

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List of hydroelectric power stations in Turkey

The following is a list of hydroelectric power stations in Turkey with a nameplate capacity > 10 MW.

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List of indigenous peoples

This is a partial list of the world's indigenous / aboriginal / native people.

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List of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members

This is a list of current and former members of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and its previous incarnations, including operating as a branch of al-Qaeda known as al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), from 2004–2006.

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List of islands of Iraq

The following is an incomplete list of islands of Iraq.

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List of largest hydroelectric power stations

This article provides a list of the largest hydroelectric power stations by generating capacity.

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List of Martian canals

The supposed Martian canals were named, by Schiaparelli and others, after real and legendary rivers of various places on Earth or the mythological underworld.

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List of Mesopotamian deities

Deities in ancient Mesopotamia were almost exclusively anthropomorphic.

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List of motifs on banknotes

This is a list of current motifs on the banknotes of different countries.

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List of Neo-Hittite kings

The Neo-Hittite states are sorted according to their geographical position.

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List of patrol vessels of the Ottoman steam navy

This is a list of patrol naval vessels of the Ottoman Navy.

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List of places in Iraq

This is a list of places in Iraq.

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List of rail accidents in Turkey

This list of rail accidents in Turkey provides details of significant railway crashes in Turkey involving railway rolling stocks and with fatalities.

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List of renamed cities, towns and regions in Turkey

No description.

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List of reservoirs by surface area

This is a listing of the reservoirs (artificial lakes) in the world with a surface area exceeding.

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List of reservoirs by volume

The classification of a reservoir by volume is not as straightforward as it may seem.

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List of rivers by length

This is a list of the longest rivers on Earth.

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List of rivers of Asia

No description.

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List of rivers of Iraq

This is a list of rivers in Iraq.

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List of rivers of Syria

Tributaries are listed under the river into which they flow.

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List of rivers of Turkey

Rivers of Turkey can be divided into several groups depending on where they flow.

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List of Roman usurpers

The following is a list of usurpers in the Roman Empire.

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List of shipwrecks in 1916

The list of shipwrecks in 1916 includes some ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during 1916.

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List of shipwrecks in 1924

The list of shipwrecks in 1924 includes a chronological list of all shipwrecks in 1924.

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List of shipwrecks in May 1836

The list of shipwrecks in May 1836 includes some ships sunk, wrecked or otherwise lost during May 1836.

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List of Syrian monarchs

The Syrian monarchs ruled Syria as kings and queens regnant.

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List of tallest dams

This is a list of the tallest dams in the world over in height.

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List of terrorist incidents in April 2016

This is a timeline of terrorist incidents which took place in April 2016, including attacks by violent non-state actors for political motives.

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List of terrorist incidents in June 2016

This is a list of terrorist attacks and other incidents which occurred in June 2016.

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List of the longest Asian rivers

This a list of the thirty-three Asian rivers over in length.

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List of tributaries of the Tigris

This is a list of tributaries of the Tigris by order of entrance.

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List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian Civil War

The following is a list of United States′s attacks on forces belonging to, or allied with the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War.

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List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.

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List of World War II military operations

This is a list of known World War II era codenames for military operations, and missions commonly associated with World War II.

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LNWR Dreadnought Class

The LNWR Dreadnought class was a class of 40 passenger three-cylinder compound 2-2-2-0 locomotives designed by F. W. Webb for the London and North Western Railway, and manufactured by them in their Crewe Works between 1884 and 1888.

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Lorence G. Collins

Lorence Gene "Larry" Collins, born November 19, 1931, in Vernon, Kansas is an American petrologist, best known for his extensive research on metasomatism.

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Lot (biblical person)

Lot was a patriarch in the biblical Book of Genesis chapters 11–14 and 19.

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Lower Germanic Limes

The Lower Germanic LimesNach Margot Klee: Grenzen des Imperiums.

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Lucian

Lucian of Samosata (125 AD – after 180 AD) was a Hellenized Syrian satirist and rhetorician who is best known for his characteristic tongue-in-cheek style, with which he frequently ridiculed superstition, religious practices, and belief in the paranormal.

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Lucius Caesennius Paetus

Lucius Junius Caesennius Paetus (c. 20 - 72?) was a Roman senator, and member of the gens Caesennian and Junian, who held several offices in the emperor's service.

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Ludovico di Varthema

Ludovico di Varthema, also known as Barthema and Vertomannus (c. 1470 – 1517), was an Italian traveller, diarist and aristocrat known for being the first non-Muslim European to enter Mecca as a pilgrim.

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Lykandos

Lykandos or Lycandus (Λυκανδός) was the name of a Byzantine fortress and military-civilian province (or thema), known as the Theme of Lykandos, in the 10th–11th centuries.

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Macrovipera lebetina

Macrovipera lebetina is a venomous viper species found in North Africa, much of the Middle East, and as far east as Kashmir.

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Malahameh

Malahameh is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate north west of the city of Fallujah, north of Habbaniyah and river Euphrates, and north west of Albu Shejel.

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Malahma

Malahma (also: al-Malahma) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate north west of the city of Fallujah, north of Habbaniyah and river Euphrates, and west of Albu Shejel.

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Malatya

Malatya (Մալաթիա Malat'ya; Meletî; ܡܠܝܛܝܢܐ Malīṭīná; مالاتيا) is a large city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital of Malatya Province.

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Malatya Plain

The Malatya Plain is a plain in Eastern Turkey, associated with the Malatya Province.

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Malik al-Ashtar

Malik Al-Ashtar (مالك الأشتر) (also known as Malik bin al-Harith al-Nakha'i) was one of the most loyal companions of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Mamuret-ul-Aziz Vilayet

The Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz,Vilayet of Ma'muretül'aziz, Redhouse Yeni Türkçe-İngilizce Sözlük, On İkinci Basım, Redhouse Yayınevi, 1991,, p. 729, Ma'mûretü'l-Azîz, Ma'muretül Aziz or Mamûretü'l-Azîz (Ottoman: Vilâyet-i Ma'muretül'azizor Ma'muretül'aziz Vilâyeti, (The Yearbook of the Vilayet of Ma'muretül'aziz), 1894, "Yearbook of the Vilayet of Ma'muretül'aziz"), Ma'muretül'aziz Vilâyet matbaası,, 1312.

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Manbij

Manbij (منبج, Minbic) is a city in the northeast of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, 30 kilometers west of the Euphrates.

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Manbij offensive

The Manbij offensive, code-named Operation Martyr and Commander Faysal Abu Layla by the SDF, was a 2016 military offensive operation by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to capture the city of Manbij from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and eventually, the ISIL-held areas through Al-Bab to Herbel, in the area referred to as the "Manbij Pocket" in the northern Aleppo Governorate.

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Manbij Plain

Manbij plain (سهل منبج) is a vast plain on the eastern Aleppo plateau in northern Syria and southeastern Turkey.

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Mandaeism

Mandaeism or Mandaeanism (مندائية) is a gnostic religion with a strongly dualistic worldview.

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Mandatory Iraq

The Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration, or Mandatory Iraq (الانتداب البريطاني على العراق), was created in 1921, following the 1920 Iraqi Revolt against the proposed British Mandate of Mesopotamia, and enacted via the 1922 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty.

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Mangar (fish)

The mangar (Luciobarbus esocinus) is a large vulnerable species of ray-finned fish in the genus Luciobarbus, native to the drainage basins of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey.

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Manuel I of Trebizond

Manuel I Megas Komnenos (Greek: Μανουήλ Α΄ Μέγας Κομνηνός, Manouēl I Megas Komnēnos) (died March 1263) was an Emperor of Trebizond, from 1238 until his death.

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Mara bar Serapion

Mara bar 'Serapion, (ܡܪܐ ܒܪ ܣܪܦܝܘܢ), sometimes spelled Mara bar Sarapion, was a Syriac Stoic philosopher in the Roman province of Syria.

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Marad

Marad (Sumerian: Marda, modern Tell Wannat es-Sadum or Tell as-Sadoum, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian tell (hill city).

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Marc Garlasco

Marc Garlasco (born September 4, 1970) is an American former Pentagon senior intelligence analyst, now senior civilian protection officer for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) and senior military advisor for the Human Rights Council (HRC).

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Marcus Licinius Crassus

Marcus Licinius Crassus (c. 115 – 6 May 53 BC) was a Roman general and politician who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

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Marcus Sedatius Severianus

Marcus Sedatius Severianus (Latin: Marcus Sedatius C. f. Severianus Iulius Acer Metillius Nepos Rufinus Ti. Rutilianus Censor; (ILS, 1981) Ancient Greek: Μ. Σηδάτιος Σεουηριανὸς;Studia Pontica III, p.244 no.271 ca. 105-161/162) was a senator, consul, and Roman general during the 2nd-century AD, originally from Gaul.

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Marcus Velleius Paterculus

Marcus Velleius Paterculus (c. 19 BC – c. AD 31), also known as Velleius was a Roman historian.

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Marduk

Marduk (cuneiform: dAMAR.UTU; Sumerian: amar utu.k "calf of the sun; solar calf"; Greek Μαρδοχαῖος, Mardochaios) was a late-generation god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon.

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Marduk-apla-usur

Marduk-apla-uṣur, inscribed dAMAR.UTU-A-ŠE,Dynastic Chronicle (ADD 888) vi 3’-5’.

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Mari, Syria

Mari (modern Tell Hariri, تل حريري) was an ancient Semitic city in modern-day Syria.

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Maria (empress)

Maria (died 407) was the first Empress consort of Honorius, Western Roman Emperor.

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Marine Wing Support Squadron 373

The Marine Wing Support Squadron 373 (MWSS 373) is an aviation ground support unit of the United States Marine Corps.

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Maritime history

Maritime history is the study of human interaction with and activity at sea.

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Mark Antony

Marcus Antonius (Latin:; 14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony or Marc Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire.

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Marma al-Hajar

Marma al-Hajar (Marmā al-Ḥajar), alternatively referred to as Dhashtan (Ṭāsh Awtān), is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Marsh Arabs

The Marsh Arabs (عرب الأهوار ʻArab al-Ahwār "Arabs of the Marshlands"), also referred to as the Maʻdān (معدان "dweller in the plains") or shroog (شروگ, "those from the east")—the latter two often considered derogatory in the present day—are inhabitants of the Tigris-Euphrates marshlands in the south and east of Iraq and along the Iranian border.

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Marwanids

The Marwanids (990–1085) were a Kurdish Muslim dynasty in the Diyar Bakr region of Upper Mesopotamia (present day northern Iraq/southeastern Turkey) and Armenia, centered on the city of Amid (Diyarbakır).

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Masgouf

Semeç Masgûf (Arabic: سمچ مسگوف), or simply masgûf, is a Mesopotamian dish consisting of seasoned, grilled carp; it is often considered the national dish of Iraq.

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Mashoof

A mashoof (Arabic:مشحوفف), also transliterated mashuf, is a long and narrow canoe traditionally used on the marshes and rivers of southern Iraq.

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Maskanah

Maskanah (مسكنة) also spelled, Meskene is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Manbij District of the Aleppo Governorate.

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Masturbation

Masturbation is the sexual stimulation of one's own genitals for sexual arousal or other sexual pleasure, usually to the point of orgasm.

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Matthew 4:24

Matthew 4:24 is the twenty-fourth verse of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.

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May 2007 abduction of U.S. soldiers in Iraq

The May 2007 abduction of U.S. soldiers in Iraq occurred when Iraqi insurgents attacked a military outpost in Al Taqa, Iraq, killing four U.S. Army soldiers and an Iraqi soldier before capturing Private Byron Wayne Fouty, Specialist Alex Ramon Jimenez, and Private First Class Joseph John Anzack Jr. on May 12, 2007.

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Mayadin

Mayadin (الميادين/ALA-LC: al-Miyādīn) is a town in eastern Syria.

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Mazaalah

Mazaalah (Māz‘ālāh) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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McClelland sherd

The McClelland sherd, Tell Jisr sherd or El-Jisr sherd is a fragment of pottery discovered by McClelland at Tell Jisr, near Rashaya in Lebanon and first studied by George E. Mendenhall in 1971.

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Meanings of minor planet names: 13001–14000

003 | 13003 Dickbeasley || 1982 FN || Richard ("Dick") E. Beasley (1934–1992) was a noted calligrapher and multi-media artist.

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Meanings of minor planet names: 15001–16000

|- | 15001 Fuzhou || || Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian Province, P.R. China.

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Mecca

Mecca or Makkah (مكة is a city in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula, and the plain of Tihamah in Saudi Arabia, and is also the capital and administrative headquarters of the Makkah Region. The city is located inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of above sea level, and south of Medina. Its resident population in 2012 was roughly 2 million, although visitors more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj (حَـجّ, "Pilgrimage") period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah (ذُو الْـحِـجَّـة). As the birthplace of Muhammad, and the site of Muhammad's first revelation of the Quran (specifically, a cave from Mecca), Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslims. Mecca is home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islam's holiest site, as well as being the direction of Muslim prayer. Mecca was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, acting either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger polities. It was conquered by Ibn Saud in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, home to structures such as the Abraj Al Bait, also known as the Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel, the world's fourth tallest building and the building with the third largest amount of floor area. During this expansion, Mecca has lost some historical structures and archaeological sites, such as the Ajyad Fortress. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj. As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the Muslim world,Fattah, Hassan M., The New York Times (20 January 2005). even though non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city.

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Median Wall

The Median Wall was a wall built to the north of the ancient city of Babylon at a point where the distance between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates decreases considerably.

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Megali Idea

The Megali Idea (Μεγάλη Ιδέα, Megáli Idéa, "Great Idea") was an irredentist concept of Greek nationalism that expressed the goal of establishing a Greek state that would encompass all historically ethnic Greek-inhabited areas, including the large Greek populations that were still under Ottoman rule after the Greek War of Independence (1830) and all the regions that traditionally belonged to Greeks in ancient times (the Southern Balkans, Anatolia and Cyprus).

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Mehmed Namık Pasha

Mehmed Emin Namık Pasha (1804 – 1892) was a prominent Ottoman statesman and military reformer, who is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the modern Ottoman Army.

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Meir Kahane

Meir David HaKohen Kahane (מאיר דוד כהנא; August 1, 1932 – November 5, 1990) was an American-Israeli ordained Orthodox rabbi, writer, and ultra-nationalist politician who served one term in Israel's Knesset.

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Melid

Melid (Hittite: Malidiya and possibly also Midduwa; Akkadian: Meliddu; Urartian: Melitea; Latin: Melitene) was an ancient city on the Tohma River, a tributary of the upper Euphrates rising in the Taurus Mountains.

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Meno (general)

Meno (Greek: Mένων, Menon; c. 423 – c. 400 BC), son of Alexidemus, was an ancient Thessalian political figure.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.

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Mesopotamia (Roman province)

Mesopotamia was the name of two distinct Roman provinces, the one a short-lived creation of the Roman Emperor Trajan in 116–117 and the other established by Emperor Septimius Severus in ca.

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Mesopotamia, Oxford

Mesopotamia is a narrow ait (about 800 yards by 30 yards) that forms part of the University Parks in Oxford, England.

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Mesopotamian Arabic

Mesopotamian Arabic, or Iraqi Arabic, is a continuum of mutually-intelligible varieties of Arabic native to the Mesopotamian basin of Iraq as well as spanning into Syria, Iran, southeastern Turkey, and spoken in Iraqi diaspora communities.

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Mesopotamian campaign

The Mesopotamian campaign was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the Allies represented by the British Empire, mostly troops from Britain, Australia and the British Indian, and the Central Powers, mostly of the Ottoman Empire.

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Mesopotamian Marshes

The Mesopotamian Marshes or Iraqi Marshes are a wetland area located in southern Iraq and partially in southwestern Iran and Kuwait.

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Micah 7

Micah 7 is the seventh (and the last) chapter of the Book of Micah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Michael Bourtzes

Michael Bourtzes (Μιχαήλ Βούρτζης, Arabic: Miḥā’īl al-Burdjī; ca. 930/35 – after 996) was a leading Byzantine general of the latter 10th century.

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Middle East

The Middle Easttranslit-std; translit; Orta Şərq; Central Kurdish: ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین, Rojhelatî Nawîn; Moyen-Orient; translit; translit; translit; Rojhilata Navîn; translit; Bariga Dhexe; Orta Doğu; translit is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa).

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Middle Eastern cuisine

Middle Eastern cuisine is the cuisine of the various countries and peoples of the Middle East.

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Middle Eastern empires

Middle Eastern empires have existed in the Middle East at various periods between 5000 BCE and 1924 CE; they have been instrumental in the spreading of ideas, technology and religions within Middle Eastern territories and to outlying territories.

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Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I saw action between 29 October 1914 and 30 October 1918.

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Mike Davis (boat builder)

Mike Davis (December 6, 1939 – November 3, 2008) was a boat builder who was a hands-on advocate for making recreational boat usage available on the Hudson River from New York City and New Jersey.

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Military career of Ali

Ali bin Abi Talib took part in all the battles of Prophet Muhammad's time, except the Battle of Tabuk, as standard bearer.

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Military equipment of ISIL

This is a list of some of the military equipment used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

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Military history of Africa

The military history of Africa is one of the oldest military histories in the world.

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Military history of Canada

The military history of Canada comprises hundreds of years of armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Canada, and interventions by the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping worldwide.

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Military history of China before 1911

The recorded military history of China extends from about 2200 BC to the present day.

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Military history of France

The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas including modern France, the European continent, and a variety of regions throughout the world.

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Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire arose in the 10th century BC.

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Minoa

Minoa is the name of several Bronze-Age cities on the coasts of the Aegean islands and Corfu in Greece, as well as Sicily.

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Mitanni

Mitanni (Hittite cuneiform; Mittani), also called Hanigalbat (Hanigalbat, Khanigalbat cuneiform) in Assyrian or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia from c. 1500 to 1300 BC.

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Mithridates II of Commagene

Mithridates II Antiochus Epiphanes Philorhomaeus Philhellen Monocrites (Μιθριδάτης Ἀντίοχος ὀ Ἐπιφανής Φιλορωμαίος Φιλέλλην Μονοκρίτης, died 20 BC), also known as Mithridates II of Commagene, was a man of Armenian and Greek descent who lived in the 1st century BC.

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Mithridates II of Parthia

Mithridates II (meaning "Gift of Mithra") was king of Parthian Empire from 121 to 91 BC.

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Mizrah

Mizrah is the Hebrew word for "east" and the direction that Jews in the Diaspora face during prayer.

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Molad

Molad (מולד, plural Moladot, מולדות) is a Hebrew word meaning "birth" that also generically refers to the time at which the New Moon is "born".

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Mongol invasions of the Levant

Starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof.

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Mongol raids into Palestine

Mongol raids into Palestine took place towards the end of the Crusades, following the temporarily successful Mongol invasions of Syria, primarily in 1260 and 1300.

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Mostogradnja

Mostogradnja (Građevinsko preduzeće Mostogradnja a.d. Beograd) is a Serbian bridge building company, with headquarters in Belgrade, Serbia.

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Mount Nemrut

Nemrut or Nemrud (Nemrut Dağı; Çiyayê Nemrûdê; Նեմրութ լեռ) is a mountain in southeastern Turkey, notable for the summit where a number of large statues are erected around what is assumed to be a royal tomb from the 1st century BC.

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Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal

Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal (died 1062) was the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo from 1042 until 1057, and again from 1061 until his death.

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Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah

Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah al-Tayyi, in some sources erroneously called Daghfal ibn Mufarrij, was an emir of the Jarrahid family and leader of the Tayy tribe.

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Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj

Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, also known as Muhammad al-Afshin (died 901), an Iranian appointed general of al-Mu'tadid, was the first Sajid amir of Azerbaijan, from 889 or 890 until his death.

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Muhammad ibn Marwan

Muḥammad ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam (died 719/720) was an Umayyad prince and one of the most important generals of the Caliphate in the period 690–710, and the one who completed the Arab conquest of Armenia.

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Muhammad ibn Muslim and Ibraheem ibn Muslim

Muhammad ibn Muslim (محمد بن مسلم) and Ibraheem ibn Muslim (إبراهيم بن مسلم) were the sons of Muslim ibn Aqeel and the grandsons of Aqeel ibn Abu Talib.

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Muhammad ibn Ra'iq

Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ra'iq (محمد بن رائق) (died 13 February 942), usually simply Ibn Ra'iq, was a senior official of the Abbasid Caliphate, who exploited the caliphal government's weakness to become the first amir al-umara ("commander of commanders", de facto regent) of the Caliphate in 936.

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Muhanna ibn Isa

Husam ad-Din Muhanna ibn Isa (also known as Muhanna II; d. 1335) was the lord of Palmyra and amir al-ʿarab (commander of the Bedouins) under the Mamluk Sultanate.

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Muhibbe Darga

Muhibbe Darga (13 June 1921 – 6 March 2018) was a Turkish archaeologist.

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Mulay

Mulay, Mûlay, Bulay, or Molay for the Franks, was a general under the Mongol Ilkhanate ruler Ghazan at the end the 13th century.

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Mumbaqat

Tall Munbāqa (also Ekalte (Mumbaqat)) is a 5000-year-old town complex in northern Syria now lying in ruins.

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Murat River

The Murat River or Eastern Euphrates (Murat Nehri, Արածանի Aratsani) is the major source of the Euphrates River.

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Mureybet

Mureybet (مريبط) is a tell, or ancient settlement mound, located on the west bank of the Euphrates in Raqqa Governorate, northern Syria.

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Musa bin Nusayr

Musa bin Nusayr (موسى بن نصير Mūsá bin Nuṣayr; 640–716) served as a governor and general under the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I. He ruled over the Muslim provinces of North Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania (Spain, Portugal, Andorra and part of France).

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Musa ibn Muhanna

Muzaffar ad-Din Musa ibn Muhanna (died November 1341) was the amir al-ʿarab (commander of the Bedouin tribes) in Syria and lord of Salamiyah and Palmyra under the Mamluks in 1335–November 1341.

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Musayyib

Musayyib (المسيب) is an increasing majority Shia Arab town in the Babil Province, Iraq.

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Museum of Lebanese Prehistory

The Museum of Lebanese Prehistory (Musée de Préhistoire Libanaise) is a museum of prehistory and archaeology in Beirut, Lebanon.

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Mushezib-Marduk

Mushezib-Marduk (r. 693 BC - 689 BC), Chaldean prince chosen as King of Babylon after Nergal-ushezib.

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Mushki

The Mushki were an Iron Age people of Anatolia who appear in sources from Assyria but not from the Hittites.

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Muslim conquest of Persia

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, led to the end of the Sasanian Empire of Persia in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran (Persia).

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Mustafa Kemal Kurdaş

Mustafa Kemal Kurdaş (1920 – April 19, 2011) was a Turkish economist who served as Turkish Minister of Finance, the IMF’s adviser to Latin American governments, president of the Middle East Technical University and deputy head of the Turkish Treasury.

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Muzeraa, Iraq

Muzeraa (مزريعة) is a village in of Basrah Governorate, south Iraq.

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Naassenes

The Naassenes (Greek Naasseni, possibly from Hebrew נָחָשׁ naḥash, snake) were a Christian Gnostic sect known only through the writings of Hippolytus of Rome.

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Nabataeans

The Nabataeans, also Nabateans (الأنباط  , compare Ναβαταῖος, Nabataeus), were an Arab people who inhabited northern Arabia and the Southern Levant.

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Nabonidus

Nabonidus (𒀭𒀝𒉎𒌇, "Nabu is praised") was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, reigning from 556–539 BC.

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Nadītu

Nadītu or Naditu is the designation of a legal position for women in Babylonian society and for Sumerian temple slaves.

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Nahj al-Balagha

The Nahj al-Balagha (نهج البلاغة,; "The Peak of Eloquence") is the most famous collection of sermons, letters, tafsirs and narrations attributed to Ali, cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.

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Nahor, son of Serug

Nahor, Nachor, or Naghor (Heb. נָחֹור Nāḥōr) is the son of Serug according to the Hebrew Bible.

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Nahor, son of Terah

In the account of Terah's family mentioned in, Nahor II (Heb. נָחֹור Nāḥōr) is listed as the son of Terah, amongst two other brothers, Abram and Haran.

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Nahrain University

جامعة النهرين - Nahrain University.jpg|Nahrain University Entrance Nahrain University (Arabic: جامعة النهرين), (also known as Al-Nahrain University) formerly Saddam University), is a coeducational public university established in 1987 and located in Baghdad, Iraq. The university offers undergraduate and postgraduate education as well as research opportunities. Until 2003, the university was known as Saddam University, which was then changed to its current name "Nahrain" meaning The Two Rivers (as in the two rivers of Iraq: Tigris and Euphrates).

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Najaf

Najaf (اَلـنَّـجَـف; BGN: An-Najaf) or An Najaf Al Ashraf (النّجف الأشرف) is a city in central-south Iraq about 160 km (100 mi) south of Baghdad.

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Najd

Najd or Nejd (نجد, Najd) is a geographical central region of Saudi Arabia, alone accounting for almost a third of the population of the country.

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Namchongang Trading Corporation

Namchongang Trading Corporation (AKA Namhung Trading Corporation or Namhung) is a North Korean "trading company subordinate to the General Bureau of Atomic Energy (GBAE)".

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Namerimburrudû

Namerimburrudû or “curse-breaking” incantations, inscribed KA-INIM-MA NAM-ÉRIM-BÚR-RU-DA-KAM, are ancient Mesopotamian spells composed to avert the effects of breaking oaths, namely the curses which result from them.

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Names of the Levant

Over recorded history, there have been many names of the Levant, a large area in the Middle East, or its constituent parts.

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Narseh

Narseh (𐭭𐭥𐭮𐭧𐭩 نرسه., Narsē, whose name is also sometimes written as Narses or Narseus) was the seventh Sasanian king of Ērānshahr (293–302).

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Nasiriyah

Nasiriyah (الناصرية; BGN: An Nāşirīyah; also spelled Nassiriya or Nasiriya) is a city in Iraq.

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Nasiriyah Drainage Pump Station

The Nasiriyah Drainage Pump Station is a land drainage pumping station in Iraq 10 km southeast of Nasiriyah in the province of Dhi Qar.

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National Museum of Aleppo

The National Museum of Aleppo (متحف حلب الوطني) is the largest museum in the city of Aleppo, Syria, and was founded in 1931.

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Near Eastern archaeology

Near Eastern Archaeology (sometimes known as Middle Eastern archaeology) is a regional branch of the wider, global discipline of archeology.

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Nearchus

Nearchus or Nearchos (Νέαρχος; – 300 BC) was one of the officers, a navarch, in the army of Alexander the Great.

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Nebuchadnezzar II

Nebuchadnezzar II (from Akkadian dNabû-kudurri-uṣur), meaning "O god Nabu, preserve/defend my firstborn son") was king of Babylon c. 605 BC – c. 562 BC, the longest and most powerful reign of any monarch in the Neo-Babylonian empire.

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Nebuchadnezzar III

Nebuchadnezzar III ruled over Babylon (c. 522 BC).

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Neelwafurat.com

Neelwafurat.com (Arabic نيل و فرات.كوم) is an Internet e-commerce website, similar to amazon.com, which serves primarily the Middle East and Arab World.

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Nehardea

Nehardea or Nehardeah (nəhardəʿā "river of knowledge") was a city of Babylonia, situated at or near the junction of the Euphrates with the Nahr Malka (also known as Nâr Sharri, Ar-Malcha, Nahr el-Malik, and King's Canal), one of the earliest centers of Babylonian Judaism.

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Neo-Babylonian Empire

The Neo-Babylonian Empire (also Second Babylonian Empire) was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 626 BC and ended in 539 BC.

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Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution, Neolithic Demographic Transition, Agricultural Revolution, or First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly larger population possible.

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Nevalı Çori

Nevalı Çori (Nevali Çori) was an early Neolithic settlement on the middle Euphrates, in Şanlıurfa Province, Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey.

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Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition

The Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition was a diplomatic mission to Afghanistan sent by the Central Powers in 1915–1916.

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Nilus (mythology)

Nilus or Neilos (Ancient Greek: Νειλος or Νεῖλόν), in Greek mythology, was one of the Potamoi, children of Oceanus and Tethys.

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Ninth Crusade

The Ninth Crusade, which is sometimes grouped with the Eighth Crusade, is commonly considered to be the last major medieval Crusade to the Holy Land.

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Ninurta

Ninurta, also known as Ningirsu, was a Mesopotamian god of farming, healing, hunting, law, scribes, and war who was first worshipped in early Sumer.

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Nippur

Nippur (Sumerian: Nibru, often logographically recorded as, EN.LÍLKI, "Enlil City;": Vol. 1, Part 1. Accessed 15 Dec 2010. Akkadian: Nibbur) was among the most ancient of Sumerian cities.

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Nissibi Euphrates Bridge

The Nissibi Euphrates Bridge (Nissibi Köprüsü) is a cable-stayed bridge completed on May 21, 2015, spanning the Lake Atatürk Dam on the Euphrates River at the provincial border of Adıyaman–Şanlıurfa in southeastern Turkey.

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Nitocris

Nitocris (Νίτωκρις) has been claimed to have been the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt's Sixth Dynasty.

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Nizip

Nizip (نسيب, Bêlqîs, نزيب, is a district and city of Gaziantep Province of southeastern Turkey. As of 2010, the population of the city is 96,229. It is located 45 km from the city of Gaziantep, 95 km from Şanlıurfa (Edessa), and 35 km from Karkamış, which is an old city also known historically as Carchemish.

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Noach (parsha)

Noach, Noiach, Nauach, Nauah, or Noah (Hebrew for the name "Noah", the third word, and first distinctive word, of the parashah) is the second weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading.

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Normans

The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Normanni) were the people who, in the 10th and 11th centuries, gave their name to Normandy, a region in France.

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North Atlantic Drift (album)

North Atlantic Drift is the sixth album by Ocean Colour Scene.

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Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)

The Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016) refers to a military operation launched northwest of Aleppo in early February 2016 by the Syrian Arab Army and its allies.

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Northern bald ibis

The northern bald ibis, hermit ibis, or waldrapp (Geronticus eremita) is a migratory bird found in barren, semi-desert or rocky habitats, often close to running water.

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Northern Sun Battalion

The Northern Sun Battalion (Katā'ib Šams aš-Šamāl) is an armed rebel group affiliated with the Free Syrian Army and part of the Syrian Democratic Forces that has been active during the Syrian Civil War.

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Nuhašše

Nuhašše, also Nuhašša, was a region in northwestern Syria that flourished in the 2nd millennium BC.

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Numayrid dynasty

The Numayrids were an Arab dynasty based in Diyar Mudar (western Upper Mesopotamia).

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Nur ad-Din (died 1174)

Nūr ad-Dīn Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿImād ad-Dīn Zengī (February 1118 – 15 May 1174), often shortened to his laqab Nur ad-Din (نور الدين, "Light of the Faith"), was a member of the Oghuz Turkish Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.

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Oak (wine)

Oak is used in winemaking to vary the color, flavor, tannin profile and texture of wine.

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Occupation of Western Armenia

The occupation of Western Armenia by the Russian Empire during World War I began in 1915 formally ended by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

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Oceanic trench

Oceanic trenches are topographic depressions of the sea floor, relatively narrow in width, but very long.

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Odaenathus

Septimius Udhayna, Latinized as Odaenathus (Palmyrene:, spelled Oḏainaṯ; أذينة; 220 – 267 AD), was the founder king (Mlk) of the Palmyrene Kingdom centered at Palmyra, Syria.

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Oil sands

Oil sands, also known as tar sands or crude bitumen, or more technically bituminous sands, are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit.

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Old Assyrian Empire

The Old Assyrian Empire is one of four periods in which the history of Assyria is divided, the other three being the Early Assyrian Period, the Middle Assyrian Period, and the New Assyrian Period.

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Old Bridge, Hasankeyf

The Old Bridge (Eski Köprü), also known as the Old Tigris Bridge, is a ruined four-arch bridge spanning the Tigris River in the town of Hasankeyf in Batman Province in southeastern Turkey.

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Omar Amiralay

Omar Amiralay (عمر أميرالاي) (1944 — 5 February 2011) was a Syrian documentary film director and prominent civil society activist.

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Operation al-Shabah

Operation al-Shabah (lit) was launched in May 2013 by the Iraqi Army, with the stated aim of severing contact between the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the al-Nusra Front in Syria by clearing militants from the border area with Syria and Jordan.

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Operation Euphrates Shield

Operation Euphrates Shield (Fırat Kalkanı Harekâtı) was a cross-border operation by the Turkish military and Turkey-aligned Syrian opposition groups in the Syrian Civil War which led to the Turkish occupation of northern Syria. Operations were carried out in the region between the Euphrates river to the east and the rebel-held area around Azaz to the west. The Turkish military and Turkey-aligned Syrian rebel groups, some of which used the Free Syrian Army label, fought against forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as well as against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) from 24 August 2016. On 29 March 2017, the Turkish military officially announced that Operation Euphrates Shield was "successfully completed". The Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on the first day of the operation that it was aimed against both the ISIL and Syrian Kurdish "terror groups that threaten our country in northern Syria". The objective to capture Manbij, under the de facto control of the Rojava administration, that had been promulgated by the Turkish president at the end of February 2017 remained unfulfilled.

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Operation Granby

Operation GRANBY, commonly abbreviated Op GRANBY, was the code name given to the British military operations during the 1991 Gulf War.

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Operation Impact

On 3 October 2014, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that he would put forth a motion to send Canadian forces to participate in the coalition for military intervention against ISIL by deploying combat aircraft.

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Operation Iron Hammer (Iraq 2005)

Operation Iron Hammer, also called Operation Matraqa Hadidia, was a military undertaking by the United States Armed Forces, and the New Iraqi Army, which was conducted east of Hīt, Iraq, from 30 November, to 3 January 2006, during the Iraq War, against the Iraqi insurgency.

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Operation Marne Courageous

Operation Marne Courageous was a military operation in 2007 conducted by the United States 101st Airborne Division and Iraqi Security Forces between 16 - 19 November 2007 in Anbar province, Iraq.

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Operation Mawtini

Operation Mawtini was launched on 15 July 2007 by the Regimental Combat Team 2, located in western Al Anbar province, to neutralize attempts by anti-Iraqi Forces to re-establish a presence in key urban areas along the Euphrates River valley.

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Operation Phantom Strike

Operation Phantom Strike was a major offensive launched by the Multi-National Corps - Iraq on 15 August 2007 in a crackdown to disrupt both the al-Qaeda-affiliated Islamic State of Iraq and Shia insurgent operations in Iraq.

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Operation Polar Tempest

A midnight mission by combined U.S. and Iraqi army forces resulted in 12 men being detained for questioning on suspicion of terrorist activity.

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Operation Shader

Operation Shader is the operational code name given to the contribution of the United Kingdom in the ongoing military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

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Operation Steel Curtain

Operation Steel Curtain (Arabic: الحجاب الفولاذي Al Hejab Elfulathi) was a military operation executed by coalition forces in early November 2005 to reduce the flow of foreign insurgents crossing the border and joining the Iraqi insurgency.

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Operation Valiant Guardian

Operation Valiant Guardian began in 2007 and was part of the Iraq War.

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Operational history of the Sukhoi Su-25

In total, the Sukhoi Su-25 amassed a total of 60,000 sorties throughout its service in Afghanistan until the Soviet withdrawal in February 1989.

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Opis

Opis (Akkadian Upî or Upija; Ὦπις) was an ancient Babylonian city near the Tigris, not far from modern Baghdad.

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Order of Free Gardeners

The Order of Free Gardeners is a fraternal society that was founded in Scotland in the middle of the 17th century and later spread to England and Ireland.

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Order of the Two Rivers

The Order of the Two Rivers (Wisam Al Rafidain) was an Order awarded by the Kings of Iraq and then the Presidents of Iraq.

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Orodes II

Orodes II of Parthia (ارد دوم), (also called Hyrodes Anaridius) was the king of the Parthian Empire from 57 BC to 37 BC.

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ORP Kontradmirał Xawery Czernicki

ORP Kontradmiral Xawery Czernicki is a multitask logistical support ship of the Polish Navy. The ship's design was based on a hull of the 130 class degaussing station planned by the Construction Bureau of the Refurbishing Shipyard in Gdańsk. The hull was ordered by the Russian Navy, but the contract was halted and it was decided to complete the ship for the Polish Navy. She was named after Xawery Czernicki. The ship was built at the Northern Shipyard in Gdańsk and is the biggest to have been built for the Polish Navy in a Polish shipyard. The only ship of her class, she was designed as a logistical support vessel, to transport troops and supplies for the NATO forces worldwide, and to cooperate with air transport and Polish vessels in distant seas. She can carry up to 140 troops with vehicles, food and equipment, and can conduct offensive landing operations using landing ships, helicopters and armoured personnel carriers, as well as evacuating of troops and civilians. The ship can transport containers, fresh water, food and other supplies, and repair other vessels at open seas. Czernicki took part in the Afghan and Iraq wars. During operation Enduring Freedom she joined the United States Fifth Fleet in the Indian Ocean. After change of crew, she took part in the Iraq invasion, patrolling the Euphrates estuary and serving as a floating base for commando operations. After the conclusion of the invasion she returned to home port in Poland for refit and upgrades.

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Osman's Dream

Osman's Dream is a mythological story relating to the life of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire.

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Otoyol 52

Otoyol 52 (Motorway 52), abbreviated as O-52, Adana-Şanlıurfa Otoyolu (Adana-Şanlıurfa Motorway), is a toll motorway in the regions of Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia in Turkey, connecting the cities Adana and Şanlıurfa.

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Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)

The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.

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Outline of Iraq

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Iraq: Iraq – sovereign country located in Western Asia.

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Oxynoemacheilus araxensis

Oxynoemacheilus araxensis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Oxynoemacheilus.

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Oxynoemacheilus argyrogramma

Oxynoemacheilus argyrogramma, the two-spot loach is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Oxynoemacheilus.

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Oxynoemacheilus bergianus

Oxynoemacheilus bergianus, the Kura sportive loach, is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Oxynoemacheilus.

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Oxynoemacheilus kaynaki

Oxynoemacheilus kaynaki, the medil loach, is a species of stome loach which is found in the Göksu, a right hand tributary of the Euphrates in southeast Anatolia, Turkey.

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Oxynoemacheilus longipinnis

Oxynoemacheilus longipinnis is a species of loach in the family Nemacheilidae endemic to the Meymeh River, formerly a part of the Tigris-Euphrates system in Iran.

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Oxynoemacheilus paucilepis

Oxynoemacheilus paucilepis, the Mancilik dwarf loach is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Oxynoemacheilus.

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Oxynoemacheilus samanticus

Oxynoemacheilus samanticus, the Kizilirmak sportive loach, is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Oxynoemacheilus.

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Pacorus I

Pacorus I (died 38 BC) was a Parthian prince, who was the son of King Orodes II and Queen Laodice.

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Palmyra

Palmyra (Palmyrene: Tadmor; تَدْمُر Tadmur) is an ancient Semitic city in present-day Homs Governorate, Syria.

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Palmyra (modern)

Palmyra (Palmyrene: 𐡕𐡃𐡌𐡅𐡓 Tadmor; تدمر Tadmor) is a city in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate.

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Palmyrene Empire

The Palmyrene Empire was a splinter state centered at Palmyra which broke away from the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century.

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Pan Am Flight 121

Pan Am Flight 121 was a scheduled Pan American World Airways flight from Karachi to Istanbul.

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Paolo Matthiae

Paolo Matthiae (born 1940) is an Italian archaeologist.

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Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)

The Parachute Regiment, colloquially known as the Paras, is an elite airborne infantry regiment of the British Army.

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Parshatatar

Parshatatar, Paršatar, Barattarna, or Parattarna was the name of a Hurrian king of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC.

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Parthian art

Parthian art was Iranian art made during the Parthian Empire from 247 BC to 224 AD, based in the Near East.

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Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran and Iraq.

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Parthian language

The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is a now-extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Parthia, a region of northeastern ancient Iran.

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Partition of Babylon

The Partition of Babylon designates the attribution of the territories of Alexander the Great between his generals after his death in 323 BC.

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Pasitigris

The classical and late classical name for the Karun river--one of the four rivers of Paradise or the Biblical Eden.

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Patricius (consul 500)

Flavius Patricius (Πατρίκιος, died after 519) was a prominent East Roman (Byzantine) general and statesman during the reign of Byzantine emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518).

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Patrick Miller (soldier)

Patrick Wayne Miller (born January 15, 1980) is a United States Army soldier.

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Paul Ray Smith

Paul Ray Smith (24 September 1969 – 4 April 2003) was a United States Army Sergeant First Class who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions in Operation Iraqi Freedom.

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Pelagos (album)

Pelagos is a solo piano album by Stefano Battaglia.

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Pembelik Dam

The Pembelik Dam is a gravity dam on the Peri River (a tributary of the Euphrates), in Karakoçan district of Elazığ Province, Turkey.

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Perates

The Perates or Peratae (Περατής, "to pass through"; πέρας, "to penetrate") were a Gnostic sect from the 2nd century AD.

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Peri River

The Peri River is a principle left-bank tributary of the Euphrates River in eastern Turkey.

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Peroz I

Peroz I (Middle Persian:; New Persian: پیروز Pirouz, lit. "the Victor") was the eighteenth king of the Sasanian Empire, who ruled from 459 to 484.

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Persecution of Zoroastrians

Persecution of Zoroastrians is the religious persecution inflicted upon the followers of the Zoroastrian faith.

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Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf (lit), (الخليج الفارسي) is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia.

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Persian wars of Constantius II

The Persian wars of Constantius II, or the Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 were a series of military conflicts fought between the Roman Empire and the Neo-Persian Sassanid Empires between 337 and 361 A.D. They were a result of long-standing aggression between the rival powers over influence in the border kingdoms of Armenia and Iberia, as well as the desire of Shapur II, after his victory over the Arabs, to consolidate the resurgence of Persia under his rule, and revoke the unfavorable terms of the Treaty of Nisibis (A.D. 298), which had concluded the previous war between the empires (at the end of the preceding century).

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Persianate society

A Persianate society, or Persified society, is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art and/or identity.

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Perso-Roman Peace Treaty of 363

The Peace Treaty of 363 between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanid Persian Empire was the consequent treaty from the catastrophic Roman defeat in the war of 363 in which a large Roman army led by the emperor, Julian the Apostate, was trapped and forced into signing a humiliating treaty by which numerous territorial and diplomatic concessions were given to the Persians.

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Petachiah of Regensburg

Petachiah of Regensburg, also known as Petachiah ben Yakov, Moses Petachiah, and Petachiah of Ratisbon, was a Bohemian rabbi of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries CE.

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Peter Cusack (musician)

Peter Cusack is an artist and musician who is a member of CRiSAP (Creative Research in Sound Arts Practice), and is a research staff member and founding member of the London College of Communication in the University of the Arts London.

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Pethor

Pethor or Petor is identified in the Hebrew Bible as the home of the prophet (or diviner) Balaam, near to the Euphrates River (literally, the River).

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Petroleum

Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.

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Petroleum industry in Syria

The petroleum industry in Syria forms a major part of the economy of Syria.

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Petroleum seep

A petroleum seep is a place where natural liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons escape to the earth's atmosphere and surface, normally under low pressure or flow.

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Petrus Siculus

Petrus Siculus or Peter Sikeliotes (Πέτρος Σικελιώτης) was either a monk or a learned nobleman, who in 870 was sent as a legate from the Byzantine emperor Basil I to the Paulician leader Chrysocheir, negotiating for an exchange of prisoners.

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Philip the Arab

Marcus Julius Philippus (Marcus Julius Philippus Augustus 204 – 249 AD), also known commonly by his nickname Philip the Arab (Philippus Arabus, also known as Philip or Philip I), was Roman Emperor from 244 to 249.

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Philopappos

Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos or Philopappus (Γάϊος Ἰούλιος Ἀντίοχος Ἐπιφανής Φιλόπαππος; 65–116), was a Prince of the Kingdom of Commagene who lived in the Roman Empire during the 1st century and 2nd century.

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Phoenicia

Phoenicia (or; from the Φοινίκη, meaning "purple country") was a thalassocratic ancient Semitic civilization that originated in the Eastern Mediterranean and in the west of the Fertile Crescent.

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Phraates II

Phraates II was king of the Parthian Empire from 132 BC to 126 BC.

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Piruz Nahavandi

Piruz Nahavandi also spelled Pirouz Nahawandi (پیروز نهاوندی, Pīruz Nahāvandī or فیروز نهاوندی Fīruz Nahāvandī), also known by the Arabic teknonymy Abu Lululah (أَبُو لُؤْلُؤَة) was a Persian Sasanian general who served under the chief-commander of the Sassanian army Rostam Farrokhzad, but was captured in the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (or Battle of Nahavand) in 636 CE when the Sasanians were defeated by the Muslim army of Umar ibn al-Khattab on the western bank of the Euphrates River.

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Pisces (astrology)

Pisces (♓️) (Ἰχθύες Ikhthyes) is the twelfth astrological sign in the Zodiac.

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Pishon

The Pishon (Pîšōn) is one of four rivers (along with Hiddekel (Tigris), Phrath (Euphrates) and Gihon) mentioned in the Biblical Book of Genesis.

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Pitru

Pitru was an ancient town off the Sajur (Sagura and Sagurru) (+36° 39' 16.62", +38° 4' 7.96"), a western tributary of the Euphrates, approximately 12.5 miles south of ancient Carchemish.

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Piyassili

Piyassili (also transliterated as Piyaššili; died ca. 1315 BC), also known as Sarri-Kusuh (or Šarri-Kušuḫ), was a Hittite prince and a middle son of King Šuppiluliuma I—younger than the heir Arnuwanda II, but older than the eventual successor Muršili II and probably older than the ill-fated Zannanza too.

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Polish exonyms

Below is list of Polish language exonyms for places in non-Polish-speaking areas of Europe.

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Political history of the world

The political history of the world is the history of the various political entities created by the human race throughout their existence and the way these states define their borders.

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Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), usually known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic.

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Pontoon bridge

A pontoon bridge (or ponton bridge), also known as a floating bridge, uses floats or shallow-draft boats to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel.

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Potamoi

The Potamoi (Ποταμοί, "Rivers") are the gods of rivers and streams of the earth in Greek mythology.

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Prath

Prath may refer to.

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Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia.

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Prehistory of Anatolia

The prehistory of Anatolia stretches from the Paleolithic erahttp://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-stone-tool-turkey-02370.html through to the appearance of classical civilisation in the middle of the 1st millennium BC.

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Prehistory of the Armenians

The history of Armenia dates back to the 6th century BC Orontid Dynasty The country's name "Armenia" is a creation of the 6th century BC.

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Presidency of Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad served as the President of Syria from 1970 until his death in 2000.

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Promised Land

The Promised Land (הארץ המובטחת, translit.: Ha'Aretz HaMuvtahat; أرض الميعاد, translit.: Ard Al-Mi'ad; also known as "The Land of Milk and Honey") is the land which, according to the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), was promised and subsequently given by God to Abraham and his descendants, and in modern contexts an image and idea related both to the restored Homeland for the Jewish people and to salvation and liberation is more generally understood.

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Psalm 137

Psalm 137 (Greek numbering: Psalm 136) is the 137th psalm of the Book of Psalms, a Communal lament about being in exile after the Babylonian captivity, and yearning for Jerusalem.

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Pseudo-Nero

After the emperor Nero committed suicide near the villa of his freedman Phaon in June of 68 AD, various Nero impostors appeared between the autumn of 69 AD and the reign of the emperor Domitian.

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Pumbedita Academy

Pumbedita Academy (sometimes Pumbeditha, Pumpedita, or Pumbedisa; ישיבת פומבדיתא) was a yeshiva in Babylon during the era of the Amoraim and Geonim sages.

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Qal'at Ja'bar

Qal'at Ja'bar (قلعة جعبر, Caber Kalesi) is a castle on the left bank of Lake Assad in Raqqa Governorate, Syria.

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Qal'at Najm

Qal'at Najm (قلعة نجم) is a castle located on the right bank of the Euphrates, near the town of Manbij (Syria).

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Qandariyah

Qandariyah (Qundurīyah or Gındırıya, Gundurīya) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Qasr al-Banat

Qasr al-Banat, Girls castle or Palace of the Ladies, are a set of brick ruins of a residence dating from 12th century in the Syrian city of Raqqa.

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Qays–Yaman rivalry

The Qays–Yaman rivalry refers to the historical rivalry and blood feud between the factions of the Qays (who were Adnanites or northern Arabians) and Yaman (who were Qahtanites or southern Arabians) in the Arab world.

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Queiq River

The Queiq (Modern Standard Arabic: قويق, Quwayq,; North Syrian Arabic: ʾWēʾ), with many variant spellings, anciently known as the Belus (Βήλος, Bēlos) and Chalos, and also known in English as the Aleppo River, is a river and valley of the Aleppo Governorate, Syria and Turkey.

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Quintus Labienus

Quintus Labienus Parthicus (died 39 BC) was the son of Titus Labienus.

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Rabi`ah

Rabi`ah ibn Nizar (ربيعة) is the patriarch of one of two main branches of the "North Arabian" (Adnanite) tribes, the other branch being founded by Mudhar.

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Radhanite

The Radhanites (also Radanites, Arabic الرذنية ar-Raðaniyya; Hebrew sing. רדהני Radhani, pl. רדהנים Radhanim) were medieval Jewish merchants.

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RAF Habbaniya

Royal Air Force Station Habbaniya, more commonly known as RAF Habbaniya, (originally RAF Dhibban) was a Royal Air Force station at Habbaniyah, about west of Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, on the banks of the Euphrates near Lake Habbaniyah.

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Rafetus

Rafetus is a genus of highly endangered softshell turtles in the Trionychidae family.

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Raimbaud

Raimbaud was an Italo-Norman chief who served under Philaretus Brachamius from 1073 to 1074.

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Ralph Fitch

Ralph Fitch (c. 1550 – 1611) was a gentleman merchant of London and one of the earliest English travellers and traders to visit Mesopotamia, the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, India and Southeast Asia.

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Ramadi

Ramadi (الرمادي Ar-Ramādī; also formerly rendered as Rumadiyah or Rumadiya) is a city in central Iraq, about west of Baghdad and west of Fallujah.

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Ramadi Barrage

Ramadi Barrage is a two-section diversion dam on the Euphrates River adjacent (west) of Ramadi, Iraq.

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Ramadi under U.S. military occupation

Ramadi, the capital of Iraq's Al Anbar Governorate, was under U.S. military occupation during the Iraq war.

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Rapiqum

Rapiqum was a city of Ancient Mesopotamia during the second millennium BC.

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Raqqa

Raqqa (الرقة; Kurdish: Reqa) also called Raqa, Rakka and Al-Raqqah is a city in Syria located on the northeast bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.

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Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)

The Raqqa campaign (codenamed Operation Wrath of Euphrates) was a military operation launched by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the Raqqa Governorate, with the goal of isolating and eventually capturing the Islamic State's capital city, Raqqa.

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Raqqa Governorate

Raqqa Governorate (Muḥāfaẓat ar-Raqqah) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.

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Raqqa Subdistrict

Raqqa Subdistrict or ar-Raqqah Nahiyah (ناحية الرقّة), a subdistrict of Raqqa District, is the central area of Raqqa Governorate (Syria), including the city of Raqqa and the nearby countryside North of the Euphrates.

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Ras al-Ayn

Ras al-Ayn (Raʾs al-ʿAyn, Resülayn, Serê Kaniyê, Rēš Aynā), also spelled Ras al-Ain, is a city in al-Hasakah Governorate in northeastern Syria, on the border with Turkey.

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Ras al-Ayn Qibli

Ras al-Ayn Qibli (رأس العين قبلي) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, northeast of Aleppo and south of district center Ayn al-Arab.

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Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ) (632–661) was the first of the four major caliphates established after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.

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Rawa, Iraq

Rawa (راوة) or Rawah is an Iraqi town on the Euphrates river.

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Raynald of Châtillon

Raynald of Châtillon, also known as Reynald or Reginald of Châtillon (Renaud de Châtillon; 1125 – 4 July 1187), was Prince of Antioch from 1153 to 1160 or 1161, and Lord of Oultrejordain from 1175 until his death.

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Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger

The Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger was a major Byzantine civil war fought mostly in Asia Minor.

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Recep's chub

Recep's chub (Alburnoides recepi) is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae.

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Rehoboth (Bible)

Rehoboth (רְחוֹבוֹת, Reḥovot; lit. broad places) is the name of three Biblical places.

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Rehoboth Beach, Delaware

Rehoboth Beach is a city on the Atlantic Ocean along the Delaware Beaches in eastern Sussex County, Delaware, United States.

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Reign of Cleopatra

The reign of Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt began with the death of her father, the ruling pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes, by March 51 BC.

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Resafa

Resafa (الرصافة), known in Byzantine times as Sergiopolis (which has namesakes) and briefly as Anastasiopolis, was a city located in the Roman province of Euphratensis, in modern-day Syria.

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Revelation 9

Revelation 9 is the ninth chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Riblah

The ancient town of Riblah, today a tell covered by a cemetery not far from the town of Ribleh on the Syrian side of the border with Lebanon, was in biblical times located on the northern frontier of the land of Canaan.

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River

A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river.

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River valley civilization

A river civilization or river culture is an agricultural nation or civilization situated beside and drawing sustenance from a river.

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Rivers (Holidays in the Danger Zone)

Holidays in the Danger Zone: Rivers is a five-part travel documentary on dangerous rivers, part of the Holidays in the Danger Zone series, produced and broadcast by BBC This World.

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Rivers of Babylon

"Rivers of Babylon" is a Rastafari song written and recorded by Brent Dowe and Trevor McNaughton of the Jamaican reggae group The Melodians in 1970.

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Robert Koldewey

Robert Johann Koldewey (10 September 1855 – 4 February 1925) was a German archaeologist, famous for his in-depth excavation of the ancient city of Babylon in modern-day Iraq.

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Roman Armenia

Roman Armenia refers to the rule of parts of Greater Armenia by the Roman Empire, from the 1st century AD to the end of Late Antiquity.

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Roman bridge

Roman bridges, built by ancient Romans, were the first large and lasting bridges built.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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Roman military frontiers and fortifications

Roman military borders and fortifications were part of a grand strategy of territorial defense in the Roman Empire, although this is a matter of debate.

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Roman navy

The Roman navy (Classis, lit. "fleet") comprised the naval forces of the Ancient Roman state.

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Roman roads

Roman roads (Latin: viae Romanae; singular: via Romana meaning "Roman way") were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.

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Roman Syria

Syria was an early Roman province, annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War, following the defeat of Armenian King Tigranes the Great.

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Roman–Iranian relations

Relations between the Rome and Iranian states were established c. 96 BCE.

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Roman–Parthian War of 161–166

The Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (also called the Parthian War of Lucius Verus) was fought between the Roman and Parthian Empires over Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia.

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Roman–Parthian War of 58–63

The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 or the War of the Armenian Succession was fought between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire over control of Armenia, a vital buffer state between the two realms.

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Roman–Parthian Wars

The Roman–Parthian Wars (66 BC – 217 AD) were a series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.

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Roman–Persian Wars

The Roman–Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian.

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Romanos IV Diogenes

Romanos IV Diogenes (Ρωμανός Δ΄ Διογένης, Rōmanós IV Diogénēs), also known as Romanus IV, was a member of the Byzantine military aristocracy who, after his marriage to the widowed empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, was crowned Byzantine emperor and reigned from 1068 to 1071.

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Romans in Persia

Romans in Persia is related to the brief invasion and occupation of western and central areas of Parthia (modern-day Iran) by the Romans during their empire.

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Rome

Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).

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Rostam Farrokhzād

Rostam Farrokhzād (رستم فرخزاد) was an Iranian nobleman from the Ispahbudhan family, who served as the spahbed ("army chief") of Adurbadagan and Khorasan during the reign of Boran (r. 631–632) and Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651).

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Royal Cemetery at Ur

The Royal Cemetery at Ur is an archaeological site in modern-day Dhi Qar Governorate in southern Iraq.

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Ruben I, Prince of Armenia

Ruben I, (Ռուբեն Ա), also Roupen I or Rupen I, (1025/1035 – Kormogolo, 1095) was the first lord of Armenian Cilicia or “Lord of the Mountains” (1080/1081/1082 – 1095).

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Rumana subdistrict

The Rumana Subdistrict (ناحية الرمانة) is a subdistrict of Al-Qa'im District, located on the north side of the Euphrates in west Al Anbar Governorate, on the Iraq-Syria border.

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Rumkale

Rumkale was a powerful fortress on the river Euphrates, 50 km west of Şanlıurfa.

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Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

The Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War began in September 2015, after an official request by the Syrian government for military aid against rebel and jihadist groups.

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Rye

Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.

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Sa'id al-'As

Sa'id al-'As (سعيد العاص) (1889 – 6 October 1936) was a Syrian nationalist, a former officer in the Ottoman army and a high-ranking commander of rebel forces during the Great Syrian Revolt against French rule in Syria and the 1936 revolt against British rule in Palestine.

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Sabkhat al-Jabbul

Sabkhat al-Jabbūl or Mamlahat al-Jabbūl or Lake Jabbūl (سبخة الجبول) is a large, traditionally seasonal, saline lake and concurrent salt flats 30 km southeast of Aleppo, Syria, in the Bāb District of Aleppo Governorate.

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Sack of Amorium

The Sack of Amorium by the Abbasid Caliphate in mid-August 838 was one of the major events in the long history of the Arab–Byzantine Wars.

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Sacred prostitution

Sacred prostitution, temple prostitution, cult prostitution, and religious prostitution are general terms for a sexual rite consisting of sexual intercourse or other sexual activity performed in the context of religious worship, perhaps as a form of fertility rite or divine marriage (hieros gamos).

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Saddam al-Jamal

Saddam Omar al-Jamal (صدام الجمل) is a Syrian Islamic militant and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant leader.

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Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.

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Saddat al Hindiyah

Saddat al Hindiyah is a city on the Euphrates River in Iraq.

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Saʿumu

Saʿumu was a king (Lugal) of the second Mariote kingdom who reigned c. 2416-2400 BC.

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Safavid dynasty

The Safavid dynasty (دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.

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Sagittarius (constellation)

Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac.

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Saint Mari

Saint Mari, also known as Mares and originally named Palut, was a saint of the Church of the East.

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Sajur River

The Sājūr River (نهر الساجور, Sayur Çayı) is a long river originating in Turkey and flowing into the Euphrates in Syria.

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Saladin

An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب / ALA-LC: Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb; سەلاحەدینی ئەییووبی / ALA-LC: Selahedînê Eyûbî), known as Salah ad-Din or Saladin (11374 March 1193), was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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Salih ibn Mirdas

Abū ʿAlī Ṣāliḥ ibn Mirdās, also known by the laqab (honorific epithet) Asad al-Dawla ("Lion of the State") (died May 1029), was the founder of the Mirdasid dynasty of Aleppo, ruling between 1025 until his death.

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Salix babylonica

Salix babylonica (Babylon willow or weeping willow) is a species of willow native to dry areas of northern China, but cultivated for millennia elsewhere in Asia, being traded along the Silk Road to southwest Asia and Europe.

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Samagar

Samagar, also Cemakar, was a Mongol general of the Il-Khan ruler Abaqa Khan (1234–1282), mentioned as leading a Mongol invasion force in 1271, in attempted coordination with the Ninth Crusade.

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Samawah

Samawah or As-Samawah (Arabic language: السماوة) is a city in Iraq, 280 kilometres (174 mi) southeast of Baghdad.

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Samosata

Samosata (Armenian: Շամուշատ, Shamushat, Σαμόσατα Samósata, ܫܡܝܫܛ šmīšaṭ) was an ancient city on the right (west) bank of the Euphrates, whose ruins exist at the previous location of the modern city of Samsat, Adıyaman Province, Turkey but are no longer accessible as the site was flooded by the newly constructed Atatürk Dam.

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Samsat

Samsat (Սամոսատ Samosata) is a small town and district in the Adıyaman Province of Turkey, situated on the upper Euphrates river.

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Samsu-Ditana

Samsu-ditāna, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform sa-am-su-di-ta-na in the seals of his servants, the 11th and last king of the Amorite or First Dynasty of Babylon, reigned for 31 years,BM 33332 Babylonian King List A i 2.

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Samsu-iluna

Samsu-iluna (Amorite: Shamshu; c. 1750–1712 BC) was the seventh king of the founding Amorite dynasty of Babylon, ruling from 1750 BC to 1712 BC (middle chronology), or from 1686 to 1648 BC (short chronology).

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Samuha

Šamuḫa (possibly sited at Kasanlı Pıran) was a city of the Hittites, a religious centre and for a few years military capital for the empire.

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Sangara (king)

Sangara or Sangar was a king of Carchemish, who until recently was known only from Assyrian sources, but who in 2015 was also identified in Hieroglyphic Luwian by the Turco-Italian Archaeological Expedition at Karkemish.

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Saracen

Saracen was a term widely used among Christian writers in Europe during the Middle Ages.

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Sardanapalus (play)

Sardanapalus (1821) is a historical tragedy in blank verse by Lord Byron, set in ancient Nineveh and recounting the fall of the Assyrian monarchy and its supposed last king.

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Sargon II

Sargon II (Assyrian Šarru-ukīn (LUGAL-GI.NA 𒈗𒄀𒈾).; Aramaic סרגן; reigned 722–705 BC) was an Assyrian king.

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Sarrin

Sarrin (صرين, also spelled Serrin or Sareen) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Aleppo Governorate, located northeast of Aleppo.

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Sasanian defense lines

The defense lines (or "limes") of the Sasanians were part of their military strategy and tactic.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire, also known as the Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire (known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr in Middle Persian), was the last period of the Persian Empire (Iran) before the rise of Islam, named after the House of Sasan, which ruled from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognised as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighbouring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1-3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 The Sasanian Empire was founded by Ardashir I, after the fall of the Parthian Empire and the defeat of the last Arsacid king, Artabanus V. At its greatest extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of today's Iran, Iraq, Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatif, Qatar, UAE), the Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan), Egypt, large parts of Turkey, much of Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Yemen and Pakistan. According to a legend, the vexilloid of the Sasanian Empire was the Derafsh Kaviani.Khaleghi-Motlagh, The Sasanian Empire during Late Antiquity is considered to have been one of Iran's most important and influential historical periods and constituted the last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest and the adoption of Islam. In many ways, the Sasanian period witnessed the peak of ancient Iranian civilisation. The Sasanians' cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India. It played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture in art, architecture, music and other subject matter was transferred from the Sasanians throughout the Muslim world.

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Saspers

Saspers (სასპერები, sasp'erebi, other names include Saspeirs, Saspines, Sapinians, and Sapirians) are a people of uncertain origin mentioned by Herodotus.

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Satala

Located in Turkey, the settlement of Satala (Սատաղ Satał), according to the ancient geographers, was situated in a valley surrounded by mountains, a little north of the Euphrates, where the road from Trapezus to Samosata crossed the boundary of the Roman Empire, when it was a bishopric, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Sawa lake

Sawa lake (بحيرة ساوة.) is an Endorheic basin located in the Iraqi governorate of Muthanna near to the Euphrates River, some to the west of Al-Samawa city.

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Sayf al-Dawla

Ali ibn Abu'l-Hayja 'Abdallah ibn Hamdan ibn al-Harith al-Taghlibi (سيف الدولة أبو الحسن ابن حمدان), more commonly known simply by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Sayf ud-Dawla ("Sword of the Dynasty"), was the founder of the Emirate of Aleppo, encompassing most of northern Syria and parts of western Jazira, and the brother of al-Hasan ibn Abdallah ibn Hamdan (better known as Nasir al-Dawla).

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Scouting and Guiding in Iraq

The Scout and Guide movement in Iraq is served by.

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Sealand Dynasty

The Sealand Dynasty, (URU.KÙKIWhere ŠEŠ-ḪA of King List A and ŠEŠ-KÙ-KI of King List B are read as URU.KÙ.KI) or the 2nd Dynasty of Babylon (although it was independent of Amorite ruled Babylon), very speculatively c. 1732–1460 BC (short chronology), is an enigmatic series of kings attested to primarily in laconic references in the king lists A and B, and as contemporaries recorded on the Assyrian Synchronistic king list A.117.

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Sebasteia (theme)

The Theme of Sebasteia (θέμα Σεβαστείας) was a military-civilian province (thema or theme) of the Byzantine Empire located in northeastern Cappadocia and Armenia Minor, in modern Turkey.

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Second Battle of Fallujah

The Second Battle of Fallujah—code-named Operation Al-Fajr (Arabic: الفجر "the dawn") and Operation Phantom Fury—was a joint American, Iraqi, and British offensive in November and December 2004, considered the highest point of conflict in Fallujah during the Iraq War.

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Second Temple

The Second Temple (בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי, Beit HaMikdash HaSheni) was the Jewish Holy Temple which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE.

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Second Temple period

The Second Temple period in Jewish history lasted between 530 BCE and 70 CE, when the Second Temple of Jerusalem existed.

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Seleucia

Seleucia, also known as or, was a major Mesopotamian city of the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires.

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Seleucia (Sittacene)

Seleucia (Σελεύκεια, also transliterated as Seleuceia, Seleukeia, Seleukheia; formerly Coche or Mahoza, also Veh Ardashir) was an ancient city near the Euphrates river and across the Tigris from the better-known Seleucia on the Tigris, in Sittacene, Mesopotamia.

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Seleucid army

The Seleucid army was the army of the Seleucid Empire, one of the numerous Hellenistic states that emerged after the death of Alexander the Great.

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Seleucus VI Epiphanes

Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator (Σέλευκος Ἐπιφανής Νικάτωρ; unknown–94BC) was a Hellenistic Seleucid monarch who reigned as the King of Syria between 96 and 94BC.

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Semen

Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa.

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Semiramis

Semiramis (Assyrian;ܫܲܡܝܼܪܵܡ Shamiram,; Σεμίραμις, Շամիրամ Shamiram) was the legendary Lydian-Babylonian wife of Onnes and Ninus, succeeding the latter to the throne of Assyria.

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Seola

Seola is an antediluvian novel published in 1878, written by Ann Eliza Smith.

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Sepharvaim

Sepharvaim - taken by a king of Assyria, probably Sargon II, (cited in the Old Testament in 2 Kings 17:24, 31; 18:34; 19:13; Isa. 37:13).

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September 1915

The following events occurred in September 1915.

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Septimius Severus

Septimius Severus (Lucius Septimius Severus Augustus; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211), also known as Severus, was Roman emperor from 193 to 211.

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Sergius and Bacchus

Saints Sergius (or Serge) and Bacchus were fourth-century Roman Christian soldiers revered as martyrs and military saints by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches.

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Seven bowls

The seven bowls (phialas, sing. φιάλη phialē; also translated as cups or vials) are a set of plagues mentioned in Revelation 16.

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Seven trumpets

In the Book of Revelation, Seven trumpets are sounded, one at a time, to cue apocalyptic events received in the Revelation of Christ Jesus, by John of Patmos.

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Seventh-day Adventist eschatology

The Seventh-day Adventist Church holds a unique system of eschatological (or end-times) beliefs.

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Severus Alexander

Severus Alexander (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus; c.207 - 19 March 235) was Roman Emperor from 222 to 235 and the last emperor of the Severan dynasty.

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Severus Sebokht

Severus Sebokht (ܣܘܪܘܣ ܣܝܒܘܟܬ), also Seboukt of Nisibis, was a Syrian scholar and bishop who was born in Nisibis, Syria in 575 and died in 667.

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Seyrantepe Dam

The Seyrantepe Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Peri River (a tributary of the Euphrates), located northwest of Karakoçan on the border of Elazığ and Tunceli Provinces, Turkey.

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Shahba Canton

The Shahba Canton (Kantona Şehba, مقاطعة الشهباء, translit) is a de facto autonomous region in the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria.

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Shaikh Habib Al-Raee

Shaikh Habib Al-Raee (شیخ حبیب الراعی.) was an elevated Sufi saint and maintains a grand status amongst all the Shaikhs.

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Shalmaneser I

Shalmaneser I (Shulmanu-asharedu; 1274 BC – 1245 BC or 1265 BC – 1235 BC) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365 - 1050 BC).

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Shamash-mudammiq

Šamaš-mudammiq, inscribed mdŠamaš-mumudammiq (mdUTU-mu-SIG5),Synchronistic King List fragment, KAV 182, Ass 13956dh, iii 9.

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Shammar

The tribe of Shammar (Arabic: شمّر Šammar) is a tribal Arab Qahtanite confederation, descended from the ancient tribe of Tayy.

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Shamshi-Adad I

Shamshi-Adad I (Šamši-Adad I; Amorite: Shamshi-Addu I; fl. c. 1809 BC – c. 1776 BC by the middle chronology) was an Amorite who had conquered lands across much of Syria, Anatolia, and Upper Mesopotamia for the Old Assyrian Empire.

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Shatt al-Arab

Arvand Rud (اَروَندرود, Swift River) or Shatt al-Arab (شط العرب, River of the Arabs) is a river of some 200 km (120 mi) in length, formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq.

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Shatt en-Nil

The Shatt en-Nil Is a dry river bed/canal in southern Iraq.

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Shaushtatar

Shaushtatar (also spelled Šauštatar) was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC.

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Shechem

Shechem, also spelled Sichem (שְׁכָם / Standard Šəḵem Tiberian Šeḵem, "shoulder"), was a Canaanite city mentioned in the Amarna letters, and is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as an Israelite city of the tribe of Manasseh and the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel.

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Shibl al-Dawla Nasr

Abu Kamil Nasr ibn Salih ibn Mirdas (died 22 May 1038), also known by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Shibl al-Dawla ("Lion cub of the Dynasty"), was the second Mirdasid emir of Aleppo, ruling between 1029/30 until his death.

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Shoshana Johnson

Shoshana Nyree Johnson (born January 18, 1973) is a Panamanian-born former United States soldier, and the first African-American female prisoner of war in the military history of the United States.

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Shu-Sin

Shu-sin was king of Sumer and Akkad, and was the penultimate king of the Ur III dynasty.

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Shuah

Shuah (שׁוּחַ) is the name of one of four minor Biblical figures.

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Shuruppak

Shuruppak (𒋢𒆳𒊒𒆠, "the healing place"), modern Tell Fara, was an ancient Sumerian city situated about 55 kilometres (35 mi) south of Nippur on the banks of the Euphrates in Iraq's Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate.

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Shuyukh Fawqani

Shuyukh Fawqani (lit; Şexlêr Jorin) is a town in northeastern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Shuyukh Tahtani

Shuyukh Tahtani (lit; Şexlêr Jur) is an Arab town in northeastern Aleppo Governorate, in Syria Located on the eastern banks of river Euphrates, behind the wetlands of the Shuyukh Plain, the town has a population of 4,338, as per the 2004 census, and is administrative center of Nahiya Shuyukh Tahtani.

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Siamanto

Atom Yarjanian (Ատոմ Եարճանեան), better known by his pen name Siamanto (Սիամանթօ) (15 August 1878 – August 1915), was an influential Armenian writer, poet and national figure from the late 19th century and early 20th century.

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Siba subdistrict

Siba Subdistrict (السيبة) is a subdistrict located in Iraqi Basra Governorate, at the West bank of Shatt al-Arab Its seat is the town of Siba.

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Siege of Amida

The Siege of Amida took place when the Sassanians under Shapur II besieged the Roman city of Amida in 359.

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Siege of Edessa

The Siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the crusader County of Edessa to Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo.

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Siege of Kamacha

The siege of Kamacha by the Abbasid Caliphate took place in autumn 766, and involved the siege of the strategically important Byzantine fortress of Kamacha on the eastern bank of the Euphrates river, as well as a large-scale raid across eastern Cappadocia by a part of the Abbasid invasion army.

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Siege of Kobanî

The Siege of Kobanî was launched by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (also known as ISIL, ISIS, or Daesh) militants on 13 September 2014, in order to capture the Kobanî Canton and its main city of Kobanî (also known as Kobanê or Ayn al-Arab) in northern Syria, in the de facto autonomous region of Rojava. By 2 October 2014, ISIL succeeded in capturing 350 Kurdish villages and towns within the vicinity of Kobanê, generating a wave of some 300,000 displaced Kurds, who fled across the border into Turkey's Şanlıurfa Province. By January 2015, this had risen to 400,000. The Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) backed by Euphrates Volcano joint operations room, some Free Syrian Army (FSA) reinforcements, heavily armed Peshmerga of the Kurdistan Regional Government, and American and US-allied Arab militaries' airstrikes began to recapture Kobane. On 26 January 2015, the YPG and its allies, along with the continued US-led airstrikes, began to retake the city, driving ISIL into a steady retreat. The city of Kobanê was fully recaptured on 27 January; however, most of the remaining villages in the Kobanî Canton remained under ISIL control. Kurdish militia along with allied Arab armed groups backed by further airstrikes, then made rapid advances in rural Kobanî, with ISIL withdrawing 25 km from the city of Kobanî by 2 February. By late April 2015, ISIL had lost almost all of the villages it had captured in the Canton, but maintained control of a few dozen villages it seized in the northwestern part of the Raqqa Governorate. In late June 2015, ISIL launched a new offensive against the city, killing at least 233 civilians. The militants were quickly driven back. The battle for Kobanî was considered a turning point in the war against ISIL.

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Siege of Maiozamalcha

During the Siege of Maiozamalcha, 363 CE, the Roman army stormed, pillaged, and destroyed the city of Maiozamalcha, before continuing onward to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon.

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Siege of Pirisabora

The Siege of Pirisabora took place when the Roman Emperor Julian besieged the city of Pirisabora in April 363.

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.

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Sin (mythology)

Sin (Akkadian: 𒂗𒍪 Su'en, Sîn) or Nanna (Sumerian: 𒀭𒋀𒆠 DŠEŠ.KI, DNANNA) was the god of the moon in the Mesopotamian mythology of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia.

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Sino-Roman relations

Sino-Roman relations comprised the mostly indirect contact, flow of trade goods, information, and occasional travellers between the Roman Empire and Han Empire of China, as well as between the later Eastern Roman Empire and various Chinese dynasties.

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Sippar

Sippar (Sumerian:,Zimbir) was an ancient Near Eastern Sumerian and later Babylonian tell (hill city) on the east bank of the Euphrates river, located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah in Iraq's Babil Governorate, some 60 km north of Babylon and 30 km southwest of Baghdad.

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Sirin

Sirin is a mythological creature of Russian legends, with the head and chest of a beautiful woman and the body of a bird (usually an owl).

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Smoothtooth blacktip shark

The smoothtooth blacktip shark (Carcharhinus leiodon) is a species of requiem shark in the family Carcharhinidae.

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Solomon

Solomon (שְׁלֹמֹה, Shlomoh), also called Jedidiah (Hebrew Yədidya), was, according to the Hebrew Bible, Quran, Hadith and Hidden Words, a fabulously wealthy and wise king of Israel who succeeded his father, King David. The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE, normally given in alignment with the dates of David's reign. He is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, which would break apart into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah shortly after his death. Following the split, his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone. According to the Talmud, Solomon is one of the 48 prophets. In the Quran, he is considered a major prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him by the Arabic variant Sulayman, son of David. The Hebrew Bible credits him as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem, beginning in the fourth year of his reign, using the vast wealth he had accumulated. He dedicated the temple to Yahweh, the God of Israel. He is portrayed as great in wisdom, wealth and power beyond either of the previous kings of the country, but also as a king who sinned. His sins included idolatry, marrying foreign women and, ultimately, turning away from Yahweh, and they led to the kingdom's being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam. Solomon is the subject of many other later references and legends, most notably in the 1st-century apocryphal work known as the Testament of Solomon. In the New Testament, he is portrayed as a teacher of wisdom excelled by Jesus, and as arrayed in glory, but excelled by "the lilies of the field". In later years, in mostly non-biblical circles, Solomon also came to be known as a magician and an exorcist, with numerous amulets and medallion seals dating from the Hellenistic period invoking his name.

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Somkhiti

Somkhiti (სომხითი) was an ambiguous geographic term used in medieval and early modern Georgian historical sources to refer to Armenia on one hand and to the Armeno-Georgian marchlands along the river valleys of Debed and Khrami on the other hand.

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Song dynasty

The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279.

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Song of Armouris

The Song of Armouris or Armoures (Ἄσμα τοῦ Ἀρμούρη) is a heroic Byzantine ballad, and probably one of the oldest surviving acritic songs, dating from the 11th century.

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Southeastern Anatolia Project

The Southeastern Anatolia Project (Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi, GAP) is a multi-sector integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development for the 9 million people (2005) living in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey.

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Spanish exonyms

The following is a list of Spanish exonyms, that is to say names for places that do not speak Spanish that have been adapted to Spanish spelling rules, or are historic Spanish names for places even if they do not directly reflect a place's current or native name.

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Speri (region)

Speri, also known as Sper (Sber or Sper, სპერი Speri), is a historical region now part of the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.

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St Mary's Priory Church, Monmouth

St Mary's Priory Church, in Whitecross Street, Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales, is an Anglican church founded as a Benedictine priory in 1075.

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State communications in the Neo-Assyrian Empire

The state communications in the Neo-Assyrian Empire allowed the Assyrian king and his officials to send and receive messages across the empire quickly and reliably.

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State Hydraulic Works

The State Hydraulic Works (Devlet Su İşleri) is a state agency organized under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Turkey responsible for the utilization of all the country's water resources.

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State of Aleppo

The State of Aleppo (1920–1924; État d'Alep; دولة حلب) was one of the five states that were established by the French High Commissioner in Syria and Lebanon General Henri Gouraud in the French Mandate of Syria which followed the San Remo conference and the collapse of King Faisal I's short-lived monarchy in Syria.

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Statue of Idrimi

The Statue of Idrimi is an important ancient Middle Eastern sculpture found at the site of Alalakh by the British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1930s.

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Strata Diocletiana

The Strata Diocletiana (Latin for "Road of Diocletian") was a fortified road that ran along the eastern desert border, the limes Arabicus, of the Roman Empire.

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Stylus

A stylus, plural styli or styluses, is a writing utensil or a small tool for some other form of marking or shaping, for example, in pottery.

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Suhayb ar-Rumi

Suhayb ar-Rumi (صهيب الرومي) (born c. 587), also known as Suhayb ibn Sinan, was a former slave in the Byzantine Empire who went on to become an esteemed companion of Muhammad and revered member of the early Muslim community.

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Suhum

Suhum or Suḫu was an ancient geographic region around the middle course of the Euphrates river, south of Mari.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

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Suleyman Shah

Suleyman Shah (سلیمان شاه; Modern Süleyman Şah) was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kaya Alp and the father of Ertuğrul, who was, in turn, the father of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire.

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Sumer

SumerThe name is from Akkadian Šumeru; Sumerian en-ĝir15, approximately "land of the civilized kings" or "native land".

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Sumu-Epuh

Sumu-Epuh (reigned Middle chronology) is the first attested king of Yamhad (Halab).

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Sura (city)

Sura was a city in the southern part of ancient Babylonia, located east of the Euphrates River.

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Sura, Syria

Sura (Suriya), was an ancient city on the Euphrates River in northern Syria, today on a site 25 km west of Raqqa and 35 km north of Resafa.

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Suruç

Suruç (italic) is a rural district and city of Şanlıurfa Province of Turkey, on a plain near the Syrian border south-west of the city of Urfa (36° 58' 33.9" N, 38° 25' 32.8" E).

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Swedish exonyms

Below is list of Swedish language exonyms for places in non-Swedish-speaking areas of the world.

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Sweyhat

Tell es-Sweyhat is the name of a large archaeological site on the Euphrates River in northern Syria.

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Syria

Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.

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Syria (region)

The historic region of Syria (ash-Shām, Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; in modern literature called Greater Syria, Syria-Palestine, or the Levant) is an area located east of the Mediterranean sea.

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Syria Palaestina

Syria Palaestina was a Roman province between 135 AD and about 390.

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Syria–Lebanon Campaign

The Syria–Lebanon campaign, also known as Operation Exporter, was the British invasion of Vichy French Syria and Lebanon from June–July 1941, during the Second World War.

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Syria–Turkey border

The border between the Syrian Arab Republic and the Republic of Turkey is about long.

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Syria–Turkey relations

Turkey shares its longest common border with Syria; various geographic and historical links also tie the two neighboring countries together.

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Syrian Border Security Force

The Syrian Border Security Force (BSF) is a reported U.S.-trained border security force which is to deploy along Syria's borders with Turkey, Iraq and the Euphrates, with the strategic aim of containing remnants of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

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Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes

The Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes were a series of campaigns undertaken by the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimiskes against the Fatimid Caliphate in the Levant and against the Abbasid Caliphate in Syria.

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Syrian Democratic Forces military councils

Throughout 2016, the Syrian Democratic Forces have established four separate military councils (three in the Shahba region) in order to facilitate and conduct military operations.

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Syrian Desert

The Syrian Desert (بادية الشام, Bâdiyat aş-Şâm), also known as the Hamad, is a combination of steppe and desert covering of the Middle East, including parts of south-eastern Syria, northeastern Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, and western Iraq.

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Syrian Railways

General Establishment of Syrian Railways (المؤسسة العامة للخطوط الحديدية, Chemins de fer syriens, CFS) is the national railway operator for the state of Syria, subordinate to the Ministry of Transportation.

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Syrian Turkmen

Syrian Turkmen (also referred to as Syrian Turkomans or simply Syrian Turks or Turks of Syria) (تركمان سوريا, Suriye Türkmenleri or Suriye Türkleri), are Syrian citizens of mainly Turkish origin whose families had migrated to Syria from Anatolia during the centuries of Ottoman rule (1516-1918).

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Syrians

Syrians (سوريون), also known as the Syrian people (الشعب السوري ALA-LC: al-sha‘ab al-Sūrī; ܣܘܪܝܝܢ), are the inhabitants of Syria, who share a common Levantine Semitic ancestry.

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Tablet of Shamash

The Tablet of Shamash is a stone tablet recovered from the ancient Babylonian city of Sippar in southern Iraq in 1881; it is now a major piece in the British Museum's ancient Middle East collection.

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Tabqa Dam

The Tabqa Dam (سد الطبقة, Sadd al-Ṭabqa; Bendava Tebqa; Sekro d'Tabqa), or al-Thawra Dam as it is also named (سد الثورة, Sadd al-thawra, literally "Dam of the Revolution"), most commonly known as Euphrates Dam (سد الفرات, Sadd al-Furāt; Bendava Firatê; Sekro d'Frot), is an earthen dam on the Euphrates, located upstream from the city of Raqqa in Raqqa Governorate, Syria.

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Taghlib

The Banu Taghlib, also known as Taghlib ibn Wa'il, were an Arab tribe that originated in Najd, but inhabited Upper Mesopotamia from the late 6th century onward.

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Tala, Cyprus

Tala (Τάλα) is a large suburban village 6 km north of Paphos, Cyprus.

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Talmudic Academies in Babylonia

The Talmudic Academies in Babylonia, also known as the Geonic Academies, were the center for Jewish scholarship and the development of Halakha from roughly 589 to 1038 CE (Hebrew dates: 4349 AM to 4798 AM) in what is called "Babylonia" in Jewish sources, at the time otherwise known as Asōristān (under the Sasanian Empire) or Iraq (under the Muslim caliphate until the 11th century).

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Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

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Task Force Tarawa

Task Force Tarawa (TFT) was the name given to the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

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Tatar Dam

The Tatar Dam is a earth-fill dam on the Peri River (a tributary of the Euphrates), near the village of Tatarköy in Kovancılar district of Elazığ Province, Turkey.

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Tatian

Tatian of Adiabene, or Tatian the Syrian, Tatian the Assyrian, (Tatianus; Τατιανός; ܛܛܝܢܘܣ; c. 120 – c. 180 AD) was a Syrian Christian writer and theologian of the 2nd century.

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Tattenai

Tattenai (or Tatnai or Sisinnes) was a Biblical character and a Persian governor of the province west of the Euphrates River during the time of Zerubbabel and the reign of Darius I. He is best known for questioning King Darius in regard to the rebuilding of a temple for the Lord, God of Israel.

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Taurinius

Taurinius (also called Taurinus) was a Roman usurper who revolted against Severus Alexander in 232AD.

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Taurus Mountains

The Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları, Armenian: Թորոս լեռներ, Ancient Greek: Ὄρη Ταύρου) are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region of southern Turkey from the central Anatolian Plateau.

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Taybat al-Imam

Taybat al-Imam (طيبة الإمام, also spelled Tayyibat al-Imam or Taibet el-Imam) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located 18 kilometers northwest of Hama.

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Tayy

Tayy (طيء/ALA-LC: Ṭayy), also known as Ṭayyi or Taiesʾ, is a large and ancient Arab tribe, whose descendants today are the tribe of Shammar, who continue to live throughout the Middle Eastern states of the Arab world and the rest of the world.

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Technology

Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".

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Tektek Mountains

The Tektek Mountains (Tektek Dağlari, also Tektek Dagh) are a range of mountains located east of Şanlıurfa (Urfa, formerly Edessa) in southeastern Turkey near the border with Syria.

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Tel Hazor

Tel Hazor (תל חצור), also Hatzor and Tell el-Qedah (تل القضاه), is an archaeological tell at the site of ancient Hazor, located in Israel, Upper Galilee, north of the Sea of Galilee, in the southern Hula Valley overlooking Lake Merom.

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Tell Abu Hureyra

Tell Abu Hureyra (تل أبو هريرة) is an archaeological site in the Euphrates valley in modern Syria.

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Tell Aqab

Tell Aqab is an ancient Mesopotamian settlement located in northeastern Syria, occupied from the early Halaf period (6000 BCE) to c. 3800 BCE.

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Tell Aswad

Tell Aswad (تل أسود, "Black hill"), Su-uk-su or Shuksa, is a large prehistoric, neolithic tell, about in size, located around from Damascus in Syria, on a tributary of the Barada River at the eastern end of the village of Jdeidet el Khass.

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Tell Fray

Tell Fray is a tell, or settlement mound, on the east bank of the Euphrates in Raqqa Governorate, northern Syria.

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Tell Ghoraifé

Tell Ghoraifé (تل غريفة) is a prehistoric, Neolithic tell, about east of Damascus, Syria.

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Tell Halula

Tell Halula is a large, prehistoric, neolithic tell, about in size, located around east of Aleppo and northwest of Membij in the Raqqa Governorate of Syria.

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Tell Maghzaliyah

Tell Maghzaliyah (Tell Maghzalia) is a prehistoric aceramic Mesolithic and Neolithic site located approximately 7.5 km northwest of Yarim Tepe, with which it shows some similarities.

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Tell Mashnaqa

Tell Mashnaqa (تل مشنقة) is an archaeological site located on the Khabur River, a tributary to the Euphrates, about south of Al-Hasakah in northeastern Syria.

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Tell Shemshara

Tell Shemshara is an archaeological site located along the Little Zab in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, northeastern Iraq.

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Tell Taban

Tell Taban is an archaeological site in north-eastern Syria in the Al-Hasakah Governorate.

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Tell Zeidan

Tell Zeidan is an archaeological site of the Ubaid culture in northern Syria, from about 5500 to 4000 BC.

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Terah

Terah or Térach (תֶּרַח, Téraḥ, "Ibex, wild goat", or "Wanderer; loiterer") is a biblical figure in the Book of Genesis, son of Nahor, son of Serug and father of the Patriarch Abraham, all descendants of Shem's son Arpachshad.

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Terentius Maximus

Terentius Maximus was a Roman also known as the Pseudo-Nero who rebelled during the reign of Titus, but was suppressed.

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Terqa

Terqa is the name of an ancient city discovered at the site of Tell Ashara on the banks of the middle Euphrates in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria, approximately 80 km from the modern border with Iraq.

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Terumah (parsha)

Terumah, Terumoh, Terimuh, or Trumah (— Hebrew for "gift" or "offering," the twelfth word and first distinctive word in the parashah) is the nineteenth weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the seventh in the Book of Exodus.

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Thapsacus

Thapsacus (Thapsakos; תִּפְסַח Tipsah) was an ancient town along the western bank of the Euphrates river that would now lie in modern Syria or Turkey.

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The Ends of the Earth (novel)

The Ends of the Earth (original title: Il confine del Mondo) is the third and last part of Valerio Massimo Manfredi's trilogy on Alexander the Great.

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The Four Continents

The Four Continents, also known as The Four Rivers of Paradise, is a painting by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, made in the 1610s.

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The Knight in the Panther's Skin

The Knight in the Panther's Skin (ვეფხისტყაოსანი literally "one with a skin of a tiger") is a Georgian medieval epic poem, written in the 12th century by Georgia's national poet Shota Rustaveli.

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The Negro Speaks of Rivers

"The Negro Speaks of Rivers" is a poem by American writer Langston Hughes.

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The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (Протоколы сионских мудрецов) or The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion is an antisemitic fabricated text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination.

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The Richest Man in Babylon (book)

The Richest Man in Babylon is a book by George Samuel Clason that dispenses financial advice through a collection of parables set in ancient Babylon.

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The Three Marys

The Three Marys or Maries is a term referring to the women mentioned in the canonical gospels narratives of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection, several of whom were, or have been considered by Christian tradition, to have been named Mary (a very common name for Jewish women of the period).

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Theme (Byzantine district)

The themes or themata (θέματα, thémata, singular: θέμα, théma) were the main administrative divisions of the middle Eastern Roman Empire.

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Theophilus of Antioch

Theophilus, Patriarch of Antioch (Θεόφιλος ὁ Ἀντιοχεύς) succeeded Eros c. 169, and was succeeded by Maximus I c. 183, according to Henry Fynes Clinton, but these dates are only approximations.

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Theophobos

Theophobos (Θεόφοβος) or Theophobus, originally Nasir (ناصر), Nasr (نصر), or Nusayr (نصیر), was an Iranian commander of the Khurramites who converted to Christianity and entered Byzantine service under Emperor Theophilos (r. 829–843).

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Theora mesopotamica

Theora mesopotamica is a species of saltwater and brackish water clam, a bivalve mollusk in the family Semelidae.

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Thomas Skinner (soldier)

Thomas Skinner (1800? – 1843), was a British soldier and author.

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Thoros I, Prince of Armenia

Toros I (Թորոս Ա), also Thoros I, (unknown – 1129 / February 17, 1129 – February 16, 1130) was the third lord of Armenian Cilicia or “Lord of the Mountains” (c. 1100 / 1102 / 1103 – 1129 / 1130).

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Threshing board

A threshing board is an obsolete farm implement used to separate cereals from their straw; that is, to thresh.

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Thutmose I

Thutmose I (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis I, Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek; Ancient Egyptian: /ḏḥwty.ms/ Djehutymes, meaning "Thoth is born") was the third pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt.

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Thutmose II

Thutmose II (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis II, Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek; Ancient Egyptian: /ḏḥwty.ms/ Djehutymes, meaning "Thoth is born") was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt.

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Thutmose III

Thutmose III (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis III, Thothmes in older history works, and meaning "Thoth is born") was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

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Tiamat

In the religion of ancient Babylon, Tiamat (𒀭𒋾𒊩𒆳 or, Greek: Θαλάττη Thaláttē) is a primordial goddess of the salt sea, mating with Abzû, the god of fresh water, to produce younger gods.

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Tiberius II Constantine

Tiberius II Constantine (Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus; Τιβέριος Βʹ; 520 – 14 August 582) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 574 to 582.

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Tiger versus lion

Historically, the comparative merits of the tiger (Panthera tigris) versus the lion (Panthera leo) have been a popular topic of discussion by hunters, naturalists, artists and poets, and continue to inspire the popular imagination in the present day.

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Tiglath-Pileser I

Tiglath-Pileser I (from the Hebraic form of 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒊹𒊏 Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Ešarra") was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian period (1114–1076 BC).

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Tigranes the Great

Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great (Տիգրան Մեծ, Tigran Mets; Τιγράνης ὁ Μέγας Tigránes ho Mégas; Tigranes Magnus) (140 – 55 BC) was King of Armenia under whom the country became, for a short time, the strongest state to Rome's east.

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Tigris

Batman River The Tigris (Sumerian: Idigna or Idigina; Akkadian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼; دجلة Dijlah; ܕܹܩܠܵܬ.; Տիգրիս Tigris; Դգլաթ Dglatʿ;, biblical Hiddekel) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.

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Tigris and Euphrates

Tigris and Euphrates (Euphrat und Tigris) is a German-style strategy board game designed by Reiner Knizia and first published in 1997 by Hans im Glück.

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Tigris–Euphrates river system

The Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries, form a major river system in Western Asia.

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Til Barsip

Til Barsip or Til Barsib (Hittite Masuwari, modern Tell Ahmar; تل أحمر) is an ancient site situated in Aleppo Governorate, Syria by the Euphrates river about 20 kilometers south of ancient Carchemish.

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Tille Höyük

Tille Höyük is an archaeological site in Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey.

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Timeline of low-temperature technology

The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to –273.15 °C, –459.67 °F or 0 K).

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Timeline of Middle Eastern history

This timeline tries to compile dates of important historical events that happened in or that led to the rise of the Middle East.

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Timeline of the 2003 invasion of Iraq

This is a timeline of the events surrounding the United States-led invasion of Iraq in 2003.

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Timeline of the Assyrian Empire

The timeline of the Assyrian Empire lists the kings, their successors and the major events that occurred in the Assyrian history.

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Timeline of the Ilkhanate

This is a timeline of the Ilkhanate.

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Timeline of the Mongol Empire

This is the timeline of the Mongol Empire from the birth of Temüjin, later Genghis Khan, to the end of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, though the title of Khagan continued to be used by the rulers of the Northern Yuan dynasty, a far less powerful successor entity, until 1634.

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Timeline of the name "Palestine"

This article presents a list of notable historical references to the name Palestine as a place name in the Middle East throughout the history of the region, including its cognates such as "Filastin" and "Palaestina".

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Timeline of the Sasanian Empire

The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty is the name mused for the Persian dynasty which lasted from 224 to 651 AD.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (August–December 2014)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from August to December 2014.

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Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (September–December 2017)

The following is a timeline of the Syrian Civil War from September to December 2017.

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Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence

This chronology of the Turkish War of Independence is a timeline of events during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923).

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Tiridates I of Armenia

Tiridates I (Տրդատ Ա, Trdat A; 𐭕𐭉𐭓𐭉𐭃𐭕, Tīridāt; Τιριδάτης, Tiridátes) was King of Armenia beginning in 53 AD and the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia.

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Tishrin Dam

The Tishrin Dam (lit, Bendava Tişrîn, Sekro d'Teshrin) is a dam on the Euphrates, located east of Aleppo in Aleppo Governorate, Syria.

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Tishrin Dam offensive

The Tishrin Dam offensive, or Southern Kobanî offensive, was a military operation in the northeastern Aleppo Governorate during the Syrian Civil War, conducted by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to capture the strategic Tishrin Dam and the southern countryside of the Kobanî Canton from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

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Titus

Titus (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81.

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Tomb of Suleyman Shah

The Tomb of Suleyman Shah (Süleyman Şah Türbesi) is, according to Ottoman tradition, the grave (tomb, mausoleum) housing the relics of Suleyman Shah (c. 1178–1236), grandfather of Osman I (d. 1323/4), the founder of the Ottoman Empire.

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Tombos Stela

The Tombos Stela is an ancient Egyptian rock inscription found in the area of Tombos (Nubia), dated to Year 2 of pharaoh Thutmose I. It attests his military campaign into Nubia around the area of the 3rd cataract of the Nile.

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Toothache

Toothache, also known as dental pain,Segen JC.

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Tourism in Syria

Although it has some of the oldest cities in Western Asia, such as Damascus and Aleppo (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), tourism in Syria has been greatly reduced by the Syrian Civil War and its associated refugee crisis.

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Tourism in the Arab world

Tourism in the Arab World encompasses a wide array of activities and tourist attractions in an area spanning more than 13 million square kilometers.

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Trabzon

Trabzon, historically known as Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province.

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Traditional fishing boat

Traditionally, many different kinds of boats have been used as fishing boats to catch fish in the sea, or on a lake or river.

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Train ferry

A train ferry is a ship (ferry) designed to carry railway vehicles.

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Trajan

Trajan (Imperator Caesar Nerva Trajanus Divi Nervae filius Augustus; 18 September 538August 117 AD) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117AD.

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Trajan's Parthian campaign

Trajan's Parthian campaign, also known as Trajan's Parthian War, was engaged by Roman emperor Trajan in the year 115 against the Parthian Empire in Mesopotamia.

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Transport in Iraq

Transport in Iraq consists of railways, highways, waterways, pipelines, ports and harbors, marines and airports.

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Travel in Classical antiquity

Travel in Classical antiquity over long distances was a specialized undertaking.

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Treaty of Sèvres

The Treaty of Sèvres (Traité de Sèvres) was one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed after their defeat in World War I. Hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros.

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Triangle of Death (Iraq)

The Triangle of Death is a name given during the 2003–2010 occupation of Iraq by the U.S. and allied forces to a region south of Baghdad which saw major combat activity and sectarian violence from early 2003 into the fall of 2007.

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TT172

The Theban Tomb TT172 is located in El-Khokha, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor.

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Turco-Persian tradition

The composite Turco-Persian tradition, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991 refers to a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries (AD) in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan).

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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Turkish dialects

There is considerable dialectal variation in Turkish.

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Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Turkey, which had had a relatively friendly relationship with Syria over the decade prior to the start of the civil unrest in Syria in the spring of 2011, condemned the Syrian president Bashar Assad over the violent crackdown on protests in 2011 and later that year joined a number of other countries demanding his resignation.

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Turkish people

Turkish people or the Turks (Türkler), also known as Anatolian Turks (Anadolu Türkleri), are a Turkic ethnic group and nation living mainly in Turkey and speaking Turkish, the most widely spoken Turkic language.

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Turkish War of Independence

The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı "War of Liberation", also known figuratively as İstiklâl Harbi "Independence War" or Millî Mücadele "National Campaign"; 19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was fought between the Turkish National Movement and the proxies of the Allies – namely Greece on the Western front, Armenia on the Eastern, France on the Southern and with them, the United Kingdom and Italy in Constantinople (now Istanbul) – after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following the Ottomans' defeat in World War I. Few of the occupying British, French, and Italian troops had been deployed or engaged in combat.

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Turkish wine

Turkish wine is wine made in the transcontinental Eurasian country Turkey.

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Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army

The Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (abbreviated as TFSA), partially reorganized as the Syrian National Army (al-Jayš al-Watanī as-Sūrī, Suriye Millî Ordusu) by Turkey since 30 May 2017, is an armed Syrian opposition structure mainly composed of Syrian Arab and Syrian Turkmen rebels operating in northern Syria, mostly being a part of Operation Euphrates Shield or groups active in the area that are allied to the groups participating in the operation.

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Tushratta

Tushratta (Sanskrit Tvesa-ratha, "his chariot charges") was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten—approximately the late 14th century BC.

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Tuttul

The Bronze Age town of Tuttul is identified with the archaeological site of Tell Bi'a in Raqqa Governorate, northern Syria.

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Tyler Boudreau

Tyler E. Boudreau is an American military veteran.

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Ugarit

Ugarit (𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚, ʼUgart; أُوغَارِيت Ūġārīt, alternatively أُوجَارِيت Ūǧārīt) was an ancient port city in northern Syria.

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Umar

Umar, also spelled Omar (عمر بن الخطاب, "Umar, Son of Al-Khattab"; c. 584 CE 3 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.

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Umm al Binni lake

Umm al Binni lake is a mostly dry lake within the Central Marshes in Maysan Governorate in southern Iraq.

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Upper Armenia

Upper Armenia (Բարձր Հայք Bardzr Hayq) was the first province of Greater Armenia, located in present-day Turkey, roughly corresponding to the modern province of Erzincan, to the west of the Kura River.

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Upper Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia is the name used for the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.

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Uqair

Uqair (Arabic:عقير) is an ancient fort of Islamic origin, located in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.

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Ur

Ur (Sumerian: Urim; Sumerian Cuneiform: KI or URIM5KI; Akkadian: Uru; أور; אור) was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar (تل المقير) in south Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate.

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Urartu

Urartu, which corresponds to the biblical mountains of Ararat, is the name of a geographical region commonly used as the exonym for the Iron Age kingdom also known by the modern rendition of its endonym, the Kingdom of Van, centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands.

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Urfa

Urfa, officially known as Şanlıurfa (Riha); Ուռհա Uṙha in Armenian, and known in ancient times as Edessa, is a city with 561,465 inhabitants in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province.

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Uruk

Uruk (Cuneiform: URUUNUG; Sumerian: Unug; Akkadian: Uruk; وركاء,; Aramaic/Hebrew:; Orḥoē, Ὀρέχ Oreḥ, Ὠρύγεια Ōrugeia) was an ancient city of Sumer (and later of Babylonia), situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the dried-up, ancient channel of the Euphrates, some 30 km east of modern Samawah, Al-Muthannā, Iraq.

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Uruk period

The Uruk period (ca. 4000 to 3100 BC) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period.

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Uruk Trough

The Uruk Trough is an important prehistoric Middle Eastern sculpture found at the site of Uruk, Iraq.

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USS Meredith (DD-890)

USS Meredith (DD-890), a, was the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the United States Marine Corps Sergeant Jonathan Meredith, who saved the life of Lieutenant John Trippe of Vixen, during the Barbary Wars.

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Uzun Hasan

Uzun Hasan or Uzun Hassan (1423 – January 6, 1478) (اوزون حسن, Uzun Həsən; Uzun Hasan, where uzun means "tall"; اوزون حسن) was the 9th shahanshah of the Oghuz Turkic Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, also known as the White Sheep Turkomans, and generally considered to be its strongest ruler.

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V'Zot HaBerachah

V'Zot HaBerachah, VeZos HaBerachah, VeZot Haberakha, V'Zeis Habrocho, V'Zaus Haberocho, V'Zois Haberuchu, or Zos Habrocho (– Hebrew for "and this is the blessing," the first words in the parashah) is the 54th and final weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the 11th and last in the Book of Deuteronomy.

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Va'etchanan

Va'etchanan (— Hebrew for "and I pleaded," the first word in the parashah) is the 45th weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the second in the Book of Deuteronomy.

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Valdet Gashi

Valdet Enver Gashi (born in Pristina, Kosovo, former Yugoslavia on 10 April 1986 — 4 July, 2015) was a German kickboxer and Muay Thai fighter of Albanian origin and European and two-times world champion in the super lightweight division.

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Velioglu's chub

Velioglu's chub (Alburnoides velioglui) is a species of freshwater fish in the Cyprinidae family.

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Verney Lovett Cameron

Verney Lovett Cameron (1 July 1844 – 24 March 1894) was an English traveller in Central Africa and the first European to cross (1875) equatorial Africa from sea to sea.

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Via Maris

Via Maris is the modern name for an ancient trade route, dating from the early Bronze Age, linking Egypt with the northern empires of Syria, Anatolia and Mesopotamia — modern day Iran, Iraq, Israel, Turkey and Syria.

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Vietnamese exonyms

Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various cities and countries around the world.

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VMU-1

Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron 1 (VMU-1) is an unmanned aerial vehicle squadron in the United States Marine Corps that operates the RQ-7 Shadow and RQ-21 Blackjack.

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Vologases I of Parthia

Vologases I of Parthia (ولاش يکم) sometimes called Vologaeses or Vologeses or following Parthian usage, Walagash (بلاش Balāsh) was king of the Parthian Empire from about 51 until his death in 78.

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Wadi Ar'ar

Wadi Arar also known as Wadi `Ar`ar and Wādī `Ar`ar is a wadi in the central part of the Northern Borders Region of Saudi Arabia.

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Wadi Hauran

Wadi Hauran (alsoWadi Houran, Wādī Ḩawrān وادي حوران) is the longest Wadi in Iraq.

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Warbah Island

Warbah Island (جزيرة وربة) is an island belonging to Kuwait, located in the Persian Gulf, near the mouth of the Euphrates River.

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Warka Vase

The Warka Vase is a carved alabaster stone vessel found in the temple complex of the Sumerian goddess Inanna in the ruins of the ancient city of Uruk, located in the modern Al Muthanna Governorate, in southern Iraq.

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Wars of Alexander the Great

The wars of Alexander the Great were fought by King Alexander III of Macedon ("The Great"), first against the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Darius III, and then against local chieftains and warlords as far east as Punjab, India.

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Water

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

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Water conflict

Water conflict is a term describing a conflict between countries, states, or groups over an access to water resources.

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Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa

Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) primarily deals with three major river basins: the Jordan River Basin, the Tigris-Euphrates River Basin, and the Nile River Basin.

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Water management in Greater Damascus

Water management in Greater Damascus, a metropolitan area with more than 4 million inhabitants, is characterized by numerous challenges, including groundwater overexploitation, increasing water demand, intermittent supply, and pollution.

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Water politics

Water politics, sometimes called hydropolitics, is politics affected by the availability of water and water resources, a necessity for all life forms and human development.

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Water politics in the Jordan River basin

Water politics in the Jordan River basin refers to political issues of water within the Jordan River drainage basin, including competing claims and water usage, and issues of riparian rights of surface water along transnational rivers, as well as the availability and usage of ground water.

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Water politics in the Middle East

Water politics in the Middle East deals with control of the water resources of the Middle East, an arid region where issues of the use, supply, control, and allocation of water are of primary source.

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Water resources management in Syria

Water resources management in Syria is confronted with numerous challenges.

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Water security

Water security has been defined as "the reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks".

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Water supply and sanitation in Iraq

Water supply and sanitation in Iraq is characterized by poor water and service quality.

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Water supply and sanitation in Jordan

Water supply and sanitation in Jordan is characterized by severe water scarcity, which has been exacerbated by forced immigration as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Six-Day War in 1967, the Gulf War of 1990, the Iraq War of 2003 and the Syrian Civil War since 2011.

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Water wheel

A water wheel is a machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power, often in a watermill.

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Watermill

A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower.

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Western Asia

Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia.

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What the Ancients Did for Us

What the Ancients Did for Us is a 2005 BBC documentary series presented by Adam Hart-Davis that examines the impact of ancient civilizations on modern society.

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Wilayah

A wilayah (ولاية; Urdu and ولایت; vilayet) is an administrative division, usually translated as "state", "province", or occasionally as "governorate".

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Wildlife of Iraq

The wildlife of Iraq includes its flora and fauna and their natural habitats.

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Wildlife of Syria

The wildlife of Syria is the flora and fauna of Syria, a country at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.

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William Francis Ainsworth

William Francis Ainsworth (9 November 1807 – 27 November 1896) was an English surgeon, traveller, geographer and geologist, known also as a writer and editor.

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William Taylour Thomson

Sir William Taylour Thomson (1813-1883) was a British military officer and diplomat.

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William Willcocks

Sir William Willcocks KCMG (27 September 1852 in India – 28 July 1932 in Cairo, Egypt) was a British civil engineer during the high point of the British Empire.

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WMD conjecture in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq

WMD conjecture in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq concerns the immediate reactions and consequences to the failure by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the U.S.-led Iraq Survey Group (ISG) to find the alleged stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction during and after 2003 invasion of Iraq.

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Yam Suph

Yam Suph has traditionally been understood to refer to the saltwater inlet located between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, known in English as the Red Sea.

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Yamhad

Yamhad was an ancient Semitic kingdom centered on Ḥalab (Aleppo), Syria.

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Yarim-Lim I

Yarim-Lim I, also given as Yarimlim, (reigned) was the second king of the ancient Amorite kingdom of Yamhad in modern-day Aleppo, Syria.

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Yarim-Lim III

Yarim-Lim III (reigned c. Middle 17th century BC - c. 1625 BC - Middle chronology) was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Hammurabi II.

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Yasin al-Hashimi

Yasin al-Hashimi, born Yasin Hilmi Salman (ياسين الهاشمى‎; 1884–21 January 1937), was an Iraqi politician who twice served as the prime minister.

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Yasmah-Adad

Yasmah-Adad (Yasmah-Addu, Yasmakh-Adad, Ismah-Adad, Iasmakh-Adad) was the younger son of the Amorite king of Upper Mesopotamia, Shamshi-Adad I. He was put on throne of Mari by his father after a successful military attack following the assassination of Yahdun-Lim of Mari in 1795 B.C.E. He was responsible for the southwestern section of his father's kingdom (of which Mari was the capital) including the Balikh River, Habur River, and Euphrates River.

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Yedisu Dam

The Yedisu Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Peri River (a tributary of the Euphrates), in Kiğı district of Bingöl Province, Turkey.

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Yusuf Bayk

Yusuf Bey (Yusuf Bey, يوسف باي) or Yusuf Bayk (Yūsuf Bayk) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria.

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Yusufiyah

Yusufiyah (اليوسفية; also transliterated as Yusafiyah, Youssifiyah or Yusifiyah, occasionally prefixed with Al-) is a regional township in the country of Iraq, located in Baghdad Province.

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Zadig

Zadig ou la Destinée (Zadig, or The Book of Fate; 1747) is a novella and work of philosophical fiction by the Enlightenment writer Voltaire.

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Zakkur

Zakkur (or Zakir) was the ancient king of Hamath and Luhuti (also known as Nuhašše) in Syria.

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Zalabiye

Zalabiye (زلبيّة) is an archaeological site on the left bank of the Euphrates in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria.

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Zazana

Zazana (Old Persian: Zāzāna), In the Babylonian language Zazannu or Susa according to the inscription Zazzan I.Darius In the Behistun Inscription and The History Of Herodotus in his work city or Town or region İnternational Zaza History and culture symposium Zazana About: Stone inscription of the 20th Poetry at the very beginning to pass the name of such a place as Zazana.

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Zengid dynasty

The Zengid or Zangid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turk origin, which ruled parts of the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia on behalf of the Seljuk Empire.

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Zenobia

Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene: (Btzby), pronounced Bat-Zabbai; 240 – c. 274 AD) was a third-century queen of the Syria-based Palmyrene Empire.

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Zeugma Mosaic Museum

Zeugma Mosaic Museum, in the town of Gaziantep, Turkey, is the biggest mosaic museum in the world, containing 1700m2 of mosaics.

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Zeugma, Commagene

Zeugma (Ζεῦγμα) is an ancient city of Commagene; located in modern Gaziantep Province, Turkey.

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Zimri-Lim

Zimri-Lim was king of Mari from about 1775 to 1761 BC.

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Zobah

Zobah or Aram-Zobah (Hebrew צובה or ארם צובא) was an early Aramean state which extended from the Beqaa Valley along the eastern side of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains reaching Hamath to the north and Damascus to the south, at one time of considerable importance.

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Zor Sanjak

The Sanjak of Zor (Deyr-i-Zor sancağı) was a sanjak of the Ottoman Empire.

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Zurbahan

Zurbahan is a mountain in the district of Hekimhan, Malatya Province, Turkey.

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1070

Year 1070 (MLXX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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10th Indian Infantry Division

The 10th Indian Infantry Division was a war formed infantry division of the Indian Army during World War II.

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1110

Year 1110 (MCX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1157 Hama earthquake

The 1157 Hama earthquake occurred on 12 August after a year of foreshocks.

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116th Infantry Regiment (United States)

The 116th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the Virginia Army National Guard.

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13963 Euphrates

13963 Euphrates, provisional designation, is a resonant Griqua asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter.

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14th century BC

The 14th century BC is a century which lasted from the year 1400 BC until 1301 BC.

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15th century BC

The 15th century BC is a century which lasted from 1500 BC to 1401 BC.

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164

Year 164 (CLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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165

Year 165 (CLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1839

No description.

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187th Infantry Regiment (United States)

The 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment (Rakkasans) is a regiment of the 101st Airborne Division.

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18th Aviation Brigade (United States)

The 18th Aviation Brigade ("Black Barons") is an inactive aviation brigade of the United States Army.

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1922 in archaeology

The year 1922 in archaeology involved some significant events.

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1941 Iraqi coup d'état

The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état (Arabic: ثورة رشيد عالي الكيلاني), also called the Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup or the Golden Square coup, was a nationalist and pro-Nazi Coup d'état in Iraq on 1 April 1941 that overthrew the pro-British regime of Regent 'Abd al-Ilah and his Prime Minister Nuri al-Said and installed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as Prime Minister.

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1956 in Turkey

Events in the year 1956 in Turkey.

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197

Year 197 (CXCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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199

Year 199 (CXCIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1991 uprisings in Iraq

The 1991 uprisings in Iraq were a series of popular rebellions in northern and southern Iraq in March and April 1991 in a cease fire of the Persian Gulf War.

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1st Battalion, 7th Marines

The 1st Battalion, 7th Marines (1/7) is an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps.

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1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States)

The 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (formerly the 169th Infantry Brigade) was an infantry brigade of the United States Army.

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1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers

The 1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat.

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1st Newcastle Engineers

The 1st Newcastle Engineer Volunteers, later Northumbrian Divisional Engineers, was a Royal Engineer (RE) unit of Britain's Volunteer Force and Territorial Army founded in 1860.

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1st Reconnaissance Battalion

1st Reconnaissance Battalion (abbreviated as 1st Recon Bn) is a reconnaissance battalion in the United States Marine Corps.

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1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers

The 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery from 1859 to 1961.

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1st Wessex Artillery

The 1st Wessex Artillery was a volunteer unit of the British Army that existed under various titles from 1860 to 1971, including active service in World War I and World War II.

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2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)

The 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment was a cavalry regiment of the Australian Army that served during the Second World War and was later converted into a commando unit.

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20 Battery Royal Artillery

20 Battery Royal Artillery is the headquarters battery of the 16th Regiment Royal Artillery.

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2003 invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War (also called Operation Iraqi Freedom).

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2003 Nasiriyah bombing

The 2003 Nasiriyah bombing was a suicide attack on the Italian military police headquarters in Nasiriyah, Iraq, south of Baghdad on 12 November, 2003.

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2004 Fallujah ambush

The 2004 Fallujah ambush occurred on March 31, 2004, when Iraqi insurgents attacked a convoy containing four American contractors from the private military company Blackwater USA who were conducting a delivery for food caterers ESS.

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2015 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2015.

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2017 Abu Kamal offensive

The 2017 Abu Kamal offensive, codenamed Operation Fajr-3 (translated Operation Dawn 3), was a military offensive launched by the Syrian Arab Army and its allies against members of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.

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2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive

The 2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive was a military offensive launched by the Syrian Arab Army against members of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, following the breaking of the three-year siege of the city of Deir ez-Zor.

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2017 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2017.

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2017 Mayadin offensive

The 2017 Mayadin offensive was a military offensive launched by the Syrian Arab Army against members of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate, following the breaking of the three-year siege of the city of Deir ez-Zor.

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243

Year 243 (CCXLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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244

Year 244 (CCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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24th Infantry Division (United States)

The 24th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army.

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256

Year 256 (CCLVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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263

Year 263 (CCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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272

Year 272 (CCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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287

Year 287 (CCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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28th Infantry Division (United States)

The 28th Infantry Division ("Keystone") is a unit of the Army National Guard and is the oldest division-sized unit in the armed forces of the United States.

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293 BC

Year 293 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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296

Year 296 (CCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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2nd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (United States)

The 2nd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division was a mechanized infantry brigade of the United States Army.

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2nd Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers

The 2nd Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery from 1890 to 1955.

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2nd Marine Regiment (United States)

The 2nd Marine Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Marine Corps.

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301

Year 301 (CCCI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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311 BC

Year 311 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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325 BC

Year 325 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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325th Infantry Regiment (United States)

The 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment is a light infantry parachute insertion fighting force of the United States Army.

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332 BC

Year 332 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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358

Year 358 (CCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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359

Year 359 (CCCLIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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363

Year 363 (CCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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38 BC

Year 38 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar.

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388

Year 388 (CCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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3rd Cavalry Regiment (United States)

The 3rd Cavalry Regiment, formerly 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment ("Brave Rifles") is a regiment of the United States Army currently stationed at Fort Hood, Texas.

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3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion

3rd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion (3rd LAR) is a fast and mobilized armored terrestrial reconnaissance battalion of the United States Marine Corps.

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4

4 (four) is a number, numeral, and glyph.

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4 Gorkha Rifles

4 Gorkha Rifles is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army comprising Gurkha soldiers of Indian and Nepalese nationality, especially Magars and Gurungs hill tribes of Nepal.

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4.2 kiloyear event

The 4.2-kiloyear BP aridification event was one of the most severe climatic events of the Holocene period.

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40 BC

Year 40 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday or Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar.

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401 BC

Year 401 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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42 Martyrs of Amorium

The 42 Martyrs of Amorium (μβ′ μάρτυρες τοῦ Ἀμορίου) were a group of Eastern Roman senior officials taken prisoner by the Abbasid Caliphate in the Sack of Amorium in 838 and executed in 845, after refusing to convert to Islam.

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4th Cavalry Regiment (United States)

The 4th Cavalry Regiment is a United States Army cavalry regiment, whose lineage is traced back to the mid-19th century.

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506th Infantry Regiment (United States)

The 506th Infantry Regiment, originally designated the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (506th PIR) during World War II, is an airborne light infantry regiment of the United States Army.

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507th Maintenance Company

The 507th Maintenance Company was a United States Army unit which was ambushed during the Battle of Nasiriyah in the rapid advance towards Baghdad during 2003 invasion of Iraq on 23 March 2003.

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525

Year 525 (DXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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540

Year 540 (DXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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573

Year 573 (DLXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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576

Year 576 (DLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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581

Year 581 (DLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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582

Year 582 (DLXXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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602

Year 602 (DCII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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604

Year 604 (DCIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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625

Year 625 (DCXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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633

Year 633 (DCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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634

Year 634 (DCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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657

Year 657 (DCLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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666 (Aphrodite's Child album)

666 (The Apocalypse of John, 13/18) is a double album by psychedelic/progressive rock group Aphrodite's Child, released in 1972.

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67th Armored Regiment

The 67th Armor Regiment is an armored regiment in the United States Army first formed in 1929 in the Regular Army as the 67th Infantry Regiment (Light Tanks).

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69 BC

Year 69 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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693 BC

No description.

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701

Year 701 (DCCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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70th Armor Regiment

The 70th Armor Regiment is an armored (tank) unit of the United States Army.

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76th Punjabis

The 76th Punjabis was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army.

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831

Year 831 (DCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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84th Punjabis

The 84th Punjabis was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army.

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860s BC

This article concerns the period 869 BC – 860 BC.

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90th Punjabis

The 90th Punjabis were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army.

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91st Punjabis (Light Infantry)

The 91st Punjabis (Light Infantry) was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army.

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92 BC

Year 92 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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953

Year 953 (CMLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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99th Deccan Infantry

The 99th Deccan Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army.

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Eufrat, Euphrat, Euphratean, Euphrates R., Euphrates River, Euphrates river, Euphrátēs, Euprates, Firat River, Froṯ, Fırat River, Nahr ul-Furāt, Prāṯ, Pu-rat-tu, River Euphrates, The Euphrates, The Euphrates River, Yeṗrat, Ευφράτης, Εὐφράτης, Եփրատ, פרת, الفرات, نهر الفرات, ܦܪܬ.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates