Communication

5063 relations: A Bucket of Brains, A-segment, A. S. M. Shahjahan, A4 Holding, A6 (Croatia), Aarhus Letbane, Abdul Qadeer Khan, Abdus Salam Centre for Physics, Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm, Aberthaw power stations, Abortion in Hungary, AbsInt, Absinthe, Absurdistan (film), Académie de la Carpette anglaise, Academic Cooperation Association, Academic degree, Academic studies about Wikipedia, Academy of European Law, Accept (organization), Access to information, Access to public information in Kosovo, Access to public information in Montenegro, Access to public information in the Republic of Macedonia, Access to public information in Turkey, Accessibility, Accessible tourism, Accession of Albania to the European Union, Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union, Accession of Kosovo to the European Union, Accession of Macedonia to the European Union, Accession of Montenegro to the European Union, Accession of Serbia to the European Union, Accession of Turkey to the European Union, Accompanied combined transport, Accountability in the European Union, ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, ACEA agreement, Acquaintance rape, Acrylamide, Act of Entrustment, Actimel, Active ageing, Active mobility, Activision Blizzard, Actuarial Association of Europe, AD700, ADAC, Adam Posen, Adrian Curaj, ..., Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp., Adverse outcome pathway, Adviser, Advisory bodies to the European Union, Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe, Aegean Airlines, Aer Lingus, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeronord, Aflibercept, African Malaria Network Trust, African Union, African Union Commission, Aftermath of the Bronze Night, Aftermath of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016, Ageing of Europe, Agencies of the European Union, Agency for the Modernisation of Ukraine, Agenda 2000, Agios Dimitrios Power Plant, Agricultural attaché, Agricultural pollution, Agriculture in Germany, AgustaWestland AW609, Ahmed Benchemsi, Ahtium, Aid, Ainax, Air Bangladesh, Air Dynasty, Air Kasaï, Air Koryo, Air pollution, Air-Cobot, Airbnb, Airbus E-Fan X, Airbus Helicopters X6, Aircraft engine, Airlog, Airport Carbon Accreditation, Airport Regions Conference, Airport security, Aix-Marseille University, Akavan Erityisalojen Keskusliitto AEK ry v Fujitsu Siemens Computers Oy, Al Gore and information technology, Al-Husayni clan, Al-Qaeda, Alain Pompidou, Alaksandar Milinkievič, Alan Watson, Baron Watson of Richmond, ALARP, Albania–Greece relations, Albanian communities in Greece, Albanian language, Albert Coppé, Alberto Alemanno, Albiglutide, Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Alcazar (airline), Alcohol laws in Germany, Aleksandar Vučić, Alentejana, Alerta Răpire Copil, Alessandro Messina (economist), Alessia Mosca, Alex Eadie, Alexander Litvinenko, Alexander Stubb, Alexandre Dang, Alexis Michaelides, Algae fuel, Ali Hewson, Aliakbar Campwala, Alicante Innovation and Territory, Alina Obidniak, Alipogene tiparvovec, Alison Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich, Alistair Harrison, Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane, All European Academies, Allan Cameron (author), Allan Larsson, Allan Rosas, Allen Hickling, Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, Allianz vun Humanisten, Atheisten an Agnostiker, Allied Irish Banks, Alphonso (mango), Alrosa, Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive 2011, Alternative terms for free software, Altice Portugal, Altiero Spinelli, Amadeu Altafaj, Amalgam (dentistry), Amédée Turner, Ambassador of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States to the European Union, Ambassadors of the European Union, Ambient intelligence, Ambient network, AmbieSense, Ameco, Amel Association International, American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present), Americentrism, Amflora, Amir Ullah Khan, Ammiel Bushakevitz, Amnesty International, Amoud University, AMRI Global, Amygdalin, Amyntaio Power Plant, An Shouzhi, Ana de Palacio y del Valle-Lersundi, Ana Maiques, Ana Marija Popović, Analog high-definition television system, Anatoly Shvidenko, Anatoly Trofimov, Ancillary copyright for press publishers, Anders Fogh Rasmussen I Cabinet, Anders Hans Karlsson, Andorra–European Union relations, André Berger, André Sapir, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose, Andrea Di Paolo, Andreas Löschel, Andreas Schwab, Andrej Babiš, Andrej Plenković, Andrew Brons, Andrew Cahn, Andrey Kovatchev, Andrey Moguchy, Andris Piebalgs, Andriy Ginkul, Andriy Kobolyev, Android (operating system), Androulla Vassiliou, Andrus Ansip, Aneurin Hughes, Angelina Eichhorst, Angelus Silesius Meeting House, Anglesey Central Railway, Angolan legislative election, 2008, Animal Defenders International, Animal testing, Animal welfare, Animal welfare and rights in Spain, Anisus vorticulus, Anita Gradin, Ankara Agreement, Anna Diamantopoulou, Anna Lindh, Annan Plan for Cyprus, Anne Brunila, Anne Glover (biologist), Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Annik Honoré, ANO pro Evropu, António Borges, António Vitorino, Anthony Abela, Anti-austerity movement in Greece, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia, Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel by the European Union, Anti-Federalist League, Anti-lock braking system, Anti-Romanyism, Anti-Turkism, Anti-Vivisection Coalition, Antibiotic use in livestock, Anticlericalism and Freemasonry, Anton Muscatelli, Antonio Llardén, Antonio Luque López, Antonio Maria Costa, Antonio Preto, Antonio Quatraro, Antonio Ruberti, Antonio Stango, Antonio Tajani, Antonio Tizzano, Anubis (cipher), Apache Stanbol, APO Group, App Store (iOS), Apple Inc. litigation, Applicable divorce law regulation, Apprentices mobility, Aquaculture of salmonids, Arancha Gonzalez, Araxxe, Arbroath smokie, Arcandor, ArcelorMittal Bremen, Archaeology Data Service, Architects' Alliance of Ireland, Arctic policy of the European Union, Area of freedom, security and justice, Argan oil, Argentine Ambassador to the European Union, Arguments for and against drug prohibition, Ariadne (software), Ariana Afghan Airlines, Ariane 5 flight VA240, Ariane 6, Arion (record label), Aristarchos 2.3 m Telescope, Aristos Doxiadis, Armenia–European Union relations, Arnaud Jacomet, Aromanian language, Arouquesa, Arriva, Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield, Arthur D. Little, Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Artificial cell, Arts Council (Ireland), Arts in education, Ashfield by-election, 1977, Asia Urbs, Asia-Europe Museum Network, Asia–Europe Foundation, Asia–Europe Meeting, ASIC (French Association of Internet Community Services), Aspartame, Aspen Pharmacare, Aspera European Astroparticle network, Asset Description Metadata Schema, Asset forfeiture, Assizes of Ariano, Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe, Association for Democracy Assistance and Human Rights, Association for Liberal Thinking, Association Max Havelaar France, Association of European Border Regions, Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa, Association of Ukrainian Monitors on Human Rights Conduct in Law Enforcement, Astaxanthin, Astrid Gräfin von Hardenberg, Astromundus, Astronet, Astrophysical Virtual Observatory, Asunción Valdés, Atheism, Atifete Jahjaga, Atlantic Storm, Atomium - European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy, ATVOD, Audiovisual Sport, Auditor independence, Augustów, Austin & Pickersgill, Australia Group, Austria–Hungary relations, Austria–Republic of Macedonia relations, Austrian Airlines, Austrian Development Agency, Austrian Gas Grid Management, Austrian Institute of Economic Research, Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society, Automotive lighting, Autorité de la concurrence, Autostrada A12 (Italy), Avalanche, Aveiro, Portugal, Avon Gorge, Axel Börsch-Supan, Axel Kahn, Axel Voss, Axelle Red, Axmedis, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Azerbaijan–European Union relations, Azodicarbonamide, Azores regional election, 2012, Azure Window, École Centrale Paris, École nationale d'administration, École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes, École nationale de l'aviation civile, École supérieure d'optique, Élisabeth Guigou, Émile Noël, Étienne Davignon, Óscar Fanjul, Ørsted (company), Østfold University College, Şemdinli incident, Škoda Transportation, Štefan Füle, Żgħażagħ Azzjoni Kattolika, B-segment, Babelmed, Babraham Institute, Backscatter X-ray, Bahadir Kaleagasi, Baklava, Baku Initiative, Balochistan Rural Support Programme, Balsam of Peru, Baltic 21, Baltic Gas Interconnector, Baltic Pipe, Baltic Sea Region Programme, Balticconnector, Banca delle Marche, Banca Popolare di Vicenza, Banca Tercas, Banca Tirrenica, Bank of Ireland, Bankia, Banking union, Bans on Communist symbols, Barbados, Barbara Schober, Barcelona Charter, Barend Mons, Barrosã, Barroso Commission, Barry B. Hughes, Barry McSweeney, Base erosion and profit shifting (OECD project), Basel III, Battery Directive, Battle of Brightlingsea, Battle of Civitate, Bayer, Båtsfjord Airport, BBC, BBC Domesday Project, BBC News (TV channel), BDTH2, Beatrice Weder di Mauro, Bełchatów Power Station, Bech-Bodson Ministry, Bedem ljubavi – Mothers for Peace, Beef hormone controversy, Beit Shemesh, Belembaoghin, Belemboulghin, Belgian cuisine, Belgian Investment Company for Developing Countries, Belgians, Belgium, Belogradchik Rocks, Ben Hammersley, Ben O'Loughlin, Benecol, Benefit tourism, Benigembla, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Berit Svendsen, Berlaymont building, Berlin, Berlin Biennale, Berlin Declaration (2007), Berliner Literarische Aktion, Bermuda II Agreement, Bernard Berg, Bernard Connolly, Bernard Romain, Bernard Salome, Bertie Coxall, Bertil Andersson, Bertrand Gachot, Best available technology, Bianet, Bicycle safety, Big Society Capital, Biocidal Products Directive, Biofuel, Biofuel in the European Union, Biofuels by region, Bioinitiative Report, Biomedical research in the United States, Biometrics in schools, Bioprospecting, Biopure, BioSD, Biratnagar Eye Hospital, Biržai, Biržai Regional Park, Bird reserve, Birdlime, Birds Directive, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Bivolino, Björn Ottersten, Black Country Route, Black liquor, Black-tailed godwit, Blackdown Hills, Blackmouth catshark, Block Exemption Regulation, Blockade of the Gaza Strip, Blockupy movement, Blue Banana, Blue Brain Project, Blue Card (European Union), Blue Heart Campaign, Blue iguana, Bluetongue disease, Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bogdan Klich, Bomb-making instructions on the internet, Bombay duck, Bonsucro, Booz Allen Hamilton, Boris Divjak, Boris Johnson, Borough of Eastleigh, BOSS4GMES, Boxer TV Access, BP, Brad Smith (American lawyer), Bradford & Bingley, Brand piracy, Branko Bošnjaković, Breast cancer screening, Brendan Smith (politician), Brenner Base Tunnel, Brexit and arrangements for science and technology, Brexit negotiations, Breydel building, Brian Cowen, Brian Kennedy (gallery director), Brian Lenihan Jnr, Brian Sedgemore, BRICKS (software), Bright Computing, Brigitte Granville, Brigitte Mühlenbruch, Brigitte Young, Brigitte Zypries, Brinjevec, British Airways, British American Tobacco, British Association of Toy Retailers, British Business Bank, British Caledonian in the 1980s, British Energy, British Hospitality Association, British Midland International, British Pharmacopoeia, British Rail Class 374, British Rail Class 92, British undergraduate degree classification, Brivanib alaninate, Brivaracetam, Brno University of Technology, Broad measures of economic progress, Broadband Stakeholder Group, Broadcasting (Amendment) Act 2007, Broadcasting and the foundation of the Premier League, Broadcasting of sports events, Broadview TV, Brominated flame retardant, Brown University, BrowserChoice.eu, BRUA Pipeline, Brucellosis, Bruges Group (United Kingdom), Brusselization, Brussels, Brussels Agreement (2013), Brussels Airlines, Brussels and the European Union, Brussels Regime, Brussels South Charleroi Airport, Bryndza, Bryndza Podhalańska, BT Ireland, Budget of the European Union, Buffalo mozzarella, Bulgaria, Bulgaria and the euro, Bulgaria for Citizens Movement, Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, Bulindo, Bullion coin, Bulthaup, Bundesdatenschutzgesetz, Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken, Bundz, Bunker adjustment factor, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, Bureau of International Recycling, Burkina Faso, Buses in Malta, Business Anti-Corruption Portal, Business interoperability interface, Business Register System, Byrd Amendment, Bystroye Canal, C-segment, Cabinet (European Commission), Cabinet (government), Cabinet of Miro Cerar, Cadbury, Caetano Luís Pequito de Almeida Sampaio, Caisse des dépôts et consignations, Calabria, Caledonian MacBrayne, Calvià, Cam Donaldson, Cambashi, Campaign for Unmetered Telecommunications, Campaigning in the 2008 Austrian legislative election, Campus Party, Capacity building, Cape Verde, Capital Adequacy Directive, Capital levy, Capital Requirements Regulation 2013, Capo d'Otranto, CAPRI model, Car-Free Days, Carbon credit, Carbon governance in England, Cargolux, Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency, Carl Wright (civil servant), Carleton University, Carlo Piana, Carlos Moedas, Carmine, Carnegie Group, Carsten Schneider, Cartellverband, Cascade Funding, Caselex, Cases for reporting on Ergenekon, Cash for cars, Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara, Cast stone, Castellania (Valletta), Catalan independence referendum, 2017, Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014, Catalan Way, Catalonia, Catherine Ashton, Catherine Day, CBRN defense, CDS – People's Party, CE marking, CEBIT, CEC, CEC European Managers, Cecilia Malmström, Celso Arango, Celtworld, CEN Workshop Agreement, CEN/CENELEC Guide 6, Censorship in Serbia, Centavia, Center for Clean Air Policy, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics, Center for the Study of Bioethics, Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, Central European Labour Studies Institute, Central Finance and Contracts Unit (Turkey), Centre for Aviation, Transport and Environment, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Centre for International Education and Research, Centre for International Research on Economic Tendency Surveys, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Centre International de Formation Européenne, Centre Party (Finland), CEPIC, Ceramic matrix composite, CERCA Institute, CERN, Certified Emission Reduction, CEU Cardinal Herrera University, CFA franc, Cham Albanians, Chameria, Channel Tunnel, Chapel of the Resurrection, Brussels, Charlemagne building, Charlemagne Prize, Charles Wyplosz, Charlie McCreevy, Chart of accounts, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Chartered (professional), Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists, Chartered Institute of Credit Management (formerly Institute of Credit Management), Chartered Physicist, Château of Val-Duchesse, Cheadle Hulme School, Chef de Cabinet, Chelgate, Cheltenham & Gloucester, ChemChina, Chemistry Quality Eurolabels, Chemrec, Chiapas conflict, Chief economist, Child Online Protection, Child pornography, Child protection, Child sex tourism, Childnet, Children of Prisoners Europe, Children of War (2009 film), China Europe International Business School, China IPR SME Helpdesk, China-EU School of Law, Chinese Ambassador to the European Union, Chiquita Brands International, Chlorpropham, Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway, Chris Heaton-Harris, Chris Huhne, Chris Patten, Christian, Christian Aid, Christian de Boissieu, Christian Keysers, Christian Lindner, Christianity in Italy, Christina Scott, Christine Stix-Hackl, Christopher Tugendhat, Baron Tugendhat, Christopher Williams (academic), Christos Papoutsis, Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy, Chrysotile, Ciara Judge, Cillian Ryan, Cinema and Science, Cinzano, CIRCAMP, Circular economy, Citalopram, Citizen science, Citizens Online, Citizens Signpost Service, Citizenship of the European Union, Citrus black spot, City car, City of Brussels, City of Derry Airport, City of London and Westminster South by-election, 1977, City, University of London, CityFlyer Express, Ciudad de la Luz, Civicus, Civil service, Civil–military relations during the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government, Classification society, Classified information, Claude Cheysson, Claudia Maria Buch, Clean Energy Ministerial, Clean Sky, Clemens Fuest, ClientEarth, Climate change in Japan, Climate change mitigation, Cloud Security Alliance, Club of Madrid, Cluster development, Co-determination, Co-modality, Coal in Finland, Coats Group, COBRAcable, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Coeliac disease, Cohabitation (government), Colectiv nightclub fire, Collaboration tool, Collections Trust, Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation, Collective redress, College and university rankings, College transfer, Colletes halophilus, Collins Nweke, Colony collapse disorder, Combined transport, Comext, Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores, Comitology, Commission, Commission Directive 91/71/EEC, Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés, Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94, Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011, Commission v Anic Partecipazioni SpA, Commission v France, Commission v Germany, Commission v Ireland, Commission v Italy, Commission v United Kingdom, Commissioner, Committee of European Banking Supervisors, Committee of European Securities Regulators, Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics, Committees of the European Parliament, CommNet, Commodity market, Common Agricultural Policy, Common Commercial Policy (EU), Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base, Common external power supply, Common Security and Defence Policy, Common technical regulation, Communia, Communications in Gibraltar, Communities of innovation, Community Innovation Survey, Community method, Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies, Community rating, Comorian franc, Compact city, Comparative advertising, Comparison of free and open-source software licenses, Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism, Comparison shopping website, Compat.egov, Competition law, Competition law theory, Competition regulator, Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme, Complex metallic alloys, Complutense University of Madrid, Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, Computer programs and the Patent Cooperation Treaty, Concentration of media ownership, Concentric Sky, Concern (business), Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Concerns and controversies related to UEFA Euro 2012, Concert Communications Services, CONCORD, Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs, Conférence Olivaint, Confederation of European Scouts, Conference of Montreal, Confidence motions in Dáil Éireann, Congo Basin Forest Partnership, COnnecting REpositories, Connie Hedegaard, Conseil Européen des Jeunes Agriculteurs, Consent procedure, Conservation biology, Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 1990, Consorzio ICoN, Consumer price index by country, Consumer Protection Act 1987, Consumer protection in the United Kingdom, Consumer, Health and Food Executive Agency, Contango, Content and language integrated learning, Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, Control self-assessment, Convent Van Maerlant, Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community, Convention on the Future of Europe, Cooking, Cooling-off period (consumer rights), Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe, Coordination of Information on the Environment, Copenhagen criteria, Copenhagen Municipality, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Copernicus Programme, Coppé Authority, Copyright Directive, CORDIS, Core damage frequency, Coreu, Cornwall, Corporate accountability for human rights violations, Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland, Corridor D (Europe), Corruption in Angola, Corruption in Kosovo, Corruption in Romania, Corsica, COSHH, Cotonou Agreement, Council for Higher Education in Israel, Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe, Council of Europe, Council of European Energy Regulators, Council of European Municipalities and Regions, Council of the European Union, Counterpart Caribbean, Country, Country code top-level domain, CountyWatch, Courage Ltd v Crehan, Court of Cassation (Turkey), Covenant of Mayors, Crédit Lyonnais, Creative England, Creative Sector Tax Relief, Credito Fondiario (Fonspa), Crime in Bulgaria, Crime statistics, Crispin Tickell, Cristóbal Cobo, Cristian Diaconescu, Critical infrastructure protection, Criticism of Apple Inc., Criticism of Facebook, Criticism of Google, Criticism of Microsoft Windows, Criticism of Starbucks, Criticism of Windows 10, Croatia, Croatia and the euro, Croatia–Slovenia border disputes, Croatia–Syria relations, Croatian European Union membership referendum, 2012, Croatian Museum of Naïve Art, Crown Agents, Cruelty-free cosmetics, Csangos, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Cultural diversity, Cultural governance, Cultural policies of the European Union, Culture of Albania, Culture of Bulgaria, Culture of Europe, Culture of France, Culture of Germany, Culture of Yorkshire, Cumberland sausage, Cumerio, Curb weight, Currency symbol, Curti Zefhir, CUSIP, Customs declaration, CVCE.eu, Cyber-Duck, Cyberterrorism, Cycling in the Netherlands, Cycling infrastructure, Cyclone Anne, Cyclone Haruna, Cyclone Kina, Cyclone Nina, Cyclone Numa, Cypriot Annan Plan referendums, 2004, Cypriot pound, Cyprus, Cyprus Airways (1947-2015), Cyprus Merchant Marine, Cyprus Safer Internet Helpline, Cyprus Safer Internet Hotline, Cyprus Space Exploration Organisation, Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute, Cyril Hilsum, Czech College, D-segment, Dacian Cioloș, DADVSI, Dagmar Roth-Behrendt, DAI (company), Dakar Biennale, Dalia Grybauskaitė, Dan Lungu, Dan Steinbock, Danièle Bourcier, Daniel Boulud, Daniel Caspary, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Daniel E. Atkins, Daniel Gros, Daniel Morar, Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees, Danish euro referendum, 2000, Danish Society of Actuaries, Dansk Datamatik Center, DANTE, Danuta Hübner, Daphne Caruana Galizia, DARA (international organization), Daratumumab, Dariusz Rosati, Data mining, Data Protection Directive, Data retention, Data Retention Directive, Data Universal Numbering System, Data.gov.uk, Database marketing, David B. Audretsch, David Cleevely, David Conway (music historian), David Davis (British politician), David Kennedy (jurist), David O'Sullivan (civil servant), David S. Evans, David Ting, David Tudor Jones, David Vernon (professor), David Williamson, Baron Williamson of Horton, Dawson v. Thomson Airways Ltd, Daytime running lamp, Désirée H. Ladwig, DB Cargo UK, DB-ALM, De Beers, Death and funeral of Helmut Kohl, Death and funeral of Otto von Habsburg, Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito, Death Penalty Information Center, Deaths in December 2006, Deaths in January 2007, Debitel, Debt, Debt crisis, Decabromodiphenyl ether, Decartelization, Decimalisation, Decision (European Union), Deckmyn v Vandersteen, Declaration of Helsinki, Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia, Decline of the Glass–Steagall Act, Decompiler, Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, Deep-water coral, Delacon, Delegation of the European Union to Moldova, Delegation Theory, Delors Commission, Demetra+, Democracy International eV, Democratic deficit in the European Union, Democratic Party (Italy), Demographics of atheism, Demographics of Berlin, Demographics of Croatia, Demographics of Europe, Demographics of Lithuania, Demographics of the European Union, Demographics of Turkey, Denmark, Denmark and the European Union, Dennis Campbell Kennedy, Dental amalgam controversy, Depfa Bank, Deportation of Roma migrants from France, Derek Prag, Dermot Gallagher (civil servant), Dermot Gleeson (BBC), Design for All (in ICT), Design management, Design Management Europe Award, Desmoulin's whorl snail, Destructive fishing practices, Deutsche Börse, Deutscher Konsumentenbund, Development aid, Development Cooperation Instrument, Dextropropoxyphene, Diacetyl, DIALREL, Dietary supplement, Digital Champions, Digital dividend after digital television transition, Digital Single Market, Digital terrestrial television in Sweden, DigitalEurope, Dimitris Avramopoulos, Dimitris Mardas, Diogo Vasconcelos, Dipak Kalra, Diphenylamine, Diplom, Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War, Diprogulic acid, Direct applicability, Directive (European Union), Directive 2012/28/EU, Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, Directive on intra-EU-transfers of defence-related products (ICT), Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport, Director general, Directorate for Resource Management, Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Directorate-General, Directorate-General Communication, Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development, Directorate-General for Budget, Directorate-General for Climate Action, Directorate-General for Competition, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Directorate-General for Education and Culture, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Directorate-General for Energy, Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, Directorate-General for External Relations (European Commission), Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Directorate-General for Human Resources and Security, Directorate-General for Informatics, Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, Directorate-General for Interpretation, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Directorate-General for Justice and Home Affairs, Directorate-General for Legal Service, Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport, Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations, Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission), Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union (European Commission), Directorate-General for the Environment, Directorate-General for Trade, Dirk Helbing, Dirk Spierenburg, Dirk-Willem van Gulik, Disaster, Diseases and parasites in salmon, Dissenters' March, Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications, District heating, Distrigas, DLM Forum, Do Not Track legislation, Domenico Casalino, Domestic violence, Dominance (economics), Dominique Ristori, Donatella della Porta, Donegal South-West by-election, 2010, Dorin N. Poenaru, Dorna Sports, Dorte Olesen, DOTA-TATE, Douglas McIldoon, Douzelage, DowDuPont, Dragan Primorac, Dragoș Bucur, Draize test, Drax Group, Drax power station, Drengot family, Drinking Water Directive 1998, Drinking water quality standards, Driving in Slovenia, Driving licence in Croatia, Drug policy reform, Drywall, Dubbing (filmmaking), Dublin City University, Dublin Regulation, Dukagjin Pupovci, Dumping (pricing policy), Dundee, Dundee Airport, Dundee Law, Dunnage bag, Duquesne University School of Law, Duracell, Dustbot, Dutch general election, 2012, Dutch language, Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum, 2016, DVD region code, E-government factsheets, E-participation, E-segment, E.ON, E@I, Eagles Guidelines, Eamon Gilmore, Ear print analysis, Early Warning and Response System, Earth Journalism Network, East–West Interconnector, Eastern Orthodoxy in Albania, Eastern Partnership, EasyMile EZ10, EBAN, EBS d.a.c., EC, EC Regulation No. 1275/2008, ECall, EchoStar Mobile, Eco-efficiency, Eco-innovation, Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, Ecocide, Economic Adjustment Programme for Cyprus, Economic Adjustment Programme for Ireland, Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal, Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, Economic Instruments for Water Policies, Economics of Land Degradation Initiative, Economics of nuclear power plants, Economy of Belgium, Economy of Bulgaria, Economy of Cyprus, Economy of Europe, Economy of Ferizaj, Economy of Georgia (country), Economy of Greater Oslo, Economy of Greece, Economy of Hungary, Economy of Italy, Economy of Kosovo, Economy of Portugal, Economy of Slovakia, Economy of Spain, Economy of the Republic of Ireland, Economy of the United States, Ecopass, ECOTOOL, ECTP-CEU, ECTS grading scale, Ecuato Guineana, Eddy Wymeersch, Edgeryders, Edit Herczog, Edmund Stoiber, Education and Training 2010, Education in England, Education in Lithuania, Education in Malta, Education in Turkey, Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency, Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union, Edward McMillan-Scott, Edward Scicluna, Edward Snowden, EE Limited, EEA and Norway Grants, Eesti Ekspress, Eesti Päevaleht, EF English Proficiency Index, Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Haiti, Effects of the April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Effects of the Chernobyl disaster, Effort Sharing Regulation, EFTA Surveillance Authority v Iceland, Efva Lilja, Eggborough power station, Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units, EGovernment in Europe, EgyptAir Flight 181, El Hierro giant lizard, Elżbieta Bieńkowska, ELCIDIS, Election monitoring, Election Support Group, Elections Reform Support Group, Elections to the European Parliament, Electric aircraft, Electric car, Electric vehicle, Electric vehicle warning sounds, Electricity sector in Denmark, Electricity sector in Germany, Electricity sector in Ireland, Electricity sector in Portugal, Electricity sector in Spain, Electricity 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northern Iraq, 2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak, 2008–09 Belgian financial crisis, 2008–09 Keynesian resurgence, 2008–present Spanish financial crisis, 2009 flu pandemic, 2009 G20 London summit, 2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit, 2009 in aviation, 2009 in Ireland, 2009 Malagasy political crisis, 2009 Palma Nova bombing, 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute, 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami, 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi, 2010 European Union bank stress test, 2010 European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion, 2010 G20 Seoul summit, 2010 G20 Toronto summit, 2010 in British television, 2010 in Ireland, 2010 in rail transport, 2010 Pakistan floods, 2010 Shanghai Expo opening ceremony, 2011 cash for influence scandal, 2011 Census of the Czech Republic, 2011 G20 Cannes summit, 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, 2011 in Europe, 2011 in Germany, 2011 in science, 2011 Rome demonstration, 2012 Catalan independence demonstration, 2012 G20 Los Cabos summit, 2012 in aviation, 2012 in Hungary, 2012 in science, 2012 in the European Union, 2012 Romanian constitutional crisis, 2012 Romanian protests, 2012 Sudan Antonov An-26 crash, 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis, 2012–15 unrest in Romania, 2013 Bilderberg Conference, 2013 enlargement of the European Union, 2013 European floods, 2013 Goma Compagnie Africaine d'Aviation Fokker 50 crash, 2013 in France, 2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project, 2013–14 Bulgarian protests against the Oresharski cabinet, 2014 Bulgarian floods, 2014 Conference of Western Balkan States, Berlin, 2014 European Union bank stress test, 2014 G20 Brisbane summit, 2014 in Albania, 2014 in Ukraine, 2014 Ukrainian revolution, 2015 Copenhagen shootings, 2015 in Georgia (country), 2015 in Latvia, 2015 in the European Union, 2015 in the Philippines, 2015 New Year Honours, 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis, 2016 Brussels bombings, 2016 European Union bank stress test, 2016 Macedonian protests, 2016 Nice attack, 2017 Birthday Honours, 2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incident, 2017 in aviation, 2017 in the United Kingdom, 2017 Western Balkans Summit, Trieste, 2017 Westminster attack, 2050, 21st Century Fox, 22nd G7 summit, 29th G8 summit, 34th G8 summit, 3G, 50Hertz Transmission GmbH, 6th G7 summit, 7th G7 summit, 9th G7 summit. Expand index (5013 more) » « Shrink index

A Bucket of Brains

A Bucket of Brains is a studio EP/CD by the Flamin' Groovies, primarily consisting of seven songs recorded by the group while living in England and recording for the British branch of United Artists Records ("UA") in 1972.

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A-segment

The A-segment is a car classification defined by the European Commission as the first segment in the European market car classification (mini cars).

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A. S. M. Shahjahan

A.S.M. Shahjahan is former Adviser of 2001 Non-party interim Caretaker Government of Bangladesh.

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A4 Holding

A4 Holding S.p.A. known as Gruppo A4 Holding (previously as Serenissima Group), is an Italian holding company based in Verona, Veneto region.

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A6 (Croatia)

The A6 motorway (Autocesta A6) is a motorway in Croatia spanning.

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Aarhus Letbane

Aarhus Letbane (Aarhus light rail) is a light rail in the city of Aarhus, Denmark.

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Abdul Qadeer Khan

Abdul Qadeer Khan, NI, HI, FPAS (ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان; born 1935 or 1936), known as A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani former nuclear physicist and a metallurgical engineer, who founded the uranium enrichment program for Pakistan's atomic bomb project.

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Abdus Salam Centre for Physics

The Professor Abdus Salam Centre for Physics (عبداسلام ادارہ برائے طبیعیات), previously known as the National Centre for Physics is an academic national research institute for physics and mathematical sciences located in Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm

Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm is an offshore wind farm located around 3 kilometres off the east coast of Aberdeenshire, in the North Sea, Scotland.

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Aberthaw power stations

Aberthaw Power Station is a series of two coal-fired power stations on the coast of South Wales, near Barry in the Vale of Glamorgan.

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Abortion in Hungary

Abortion in Hungary was subject to legal liberalization as early as 1953.

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AbsInt

AbsInt is a software-development tools vendor based in Saarbrücken, Germany.

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Absinthe

Absinthe is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic (45–74% ABV / 90–148 U.S. proof) beverage.

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Absurdistan (film)

Absurdistan is a 2008 German-French comedy film written and directed by Veit Helmer.

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Académie de la Carpette anglaise

The Académie de la Carpette anglaise, which may be translated as the "English Doormat Academy" (the word carpette means both "rug" and "fawner"), is a French organisation that awards an annual prize to "members of the French élite who distinguish themselves by relentlessly promoting the domination of the English language over the French language in France and in European institutions." Whether admired or despised for its tongue-in-cheek rhetoric, the Academy has captured the attention of many in the French-speaking world who genuinely fear that the growing pervasiveness of English will lead to the decline and ultimate demise of French.

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Academic Cooperation Association

The Academic Cooperation Association (ACA) is an international think tank in the area of international cooperation in higher education.

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Academic degree

An academic degree is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, normally at a college or university.

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Academic studies about Wikipedia

Ever since Wikipedia was a few years old, there have been numerous academic studies about Wikipedia in peer-reviewed publications.

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Academy of European Law

The Academy of European Law (known by the German acronym ERA for “Europäische Rechtsakademie”) is an international centre for training and debate for lawyers.

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Accept (organization)

Accept is a non-governmental organization that advocates for the rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Romania.

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Access to information

Access to information is the ability for an individual to seek, receive and impart information effectively.

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Access to public information in Kosovo

Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right of access to information held by public bodies also known as "right to know".

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Access to public information in Montenegro

Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right of access to information held by public bodies also known as "right to know".

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Access to public information in the Republic of Macedonia

Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right of access to information held by public bodies also known as "right to know".

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Access to public information in Turkey

Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right of access to information held by public bodies also known as "right to know".

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Accessibility

Accessibility refers to the design of products, devices, services, or environments for people who experience disabilities.

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Accessible tourism

Accessible tourism is the ongoing endeavour to ensure tourist destinations, products and services are accessible to all people, regardless of their physical limitations, disabilities or age.

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Accession of Albania to the European Union

The Republic of Albania has been an official candidate for accession to the European Union (EU) since June 2014 and is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

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Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union

The accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union is the stated aim of the present relations between the two entities.

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Accession of Kosovo to the European Union

Accession of Kosovo to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU and Kosovo is recognized by the EU as a potential candidate for accession.

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Accession of Macedonia to the European Union

Accession of Macedonia to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

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Accession of Montenegro to the European Union

Accession of Montenegro to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

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Accession of Serbia to the European Union

The accession of Serbia to the European Union is the process of the Republic of Serbia being admitted to the European Union as a member state and it is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union

Turkey's application to accede to the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union (EU), was made on 14 April 1987.

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Accompanied combined transport

Accompanied combined transport is a form of intermodal transport, which is the movement of goods in one and the same loading unit or road vehicle, using successively two or more modes of transport without handling the goods themselves in changing modes.

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Accountability in the European Union

As with all public budgets, the EU's budget is also at risk of maladministration.

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ACE Electoral Knowledge Network

The ACE Electoral Knowledge Network is a web portal with information on elections designed to meet the needs of people working in the electoral field.

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ACEA agreement

The ACEA agreement refers to a voluntary agreement between the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) and the European Commission to limit the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by passenger cars sold in Europe.

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Acquaintance rape

Acquaintance rape is rape that is perpetrated by a person who is known to the victim.

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Acrylamide

Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C3H5NO.

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Act of Entrustment

An Act of Entrustment is one of four essential requirements which must be in place under European Union law in order to ensure that the financial compensation paid to an organisation providing a public service is not treated as "State Aid" as defined by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

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Actimel

Actimel (also known as DanActive in the United States and Canada) is a 'probiotic' yogurt-type drink produced by the French company Danone.

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Active ageing

Active ageing (active aging in the US) is a concept recently deployed by the European Commission, the World Health Organization, and used also in Human Resource Management.

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Active mobility

Active mobility, active travel, active transport or active transportation, is a form of transport of people and sometimes goods, that only uses the physical activity of the human being for the locomotion.

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Activision Blizzard

Activision Blizzard, Inc. is an American interactive entertainment company.

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Actuarial Association of Europe

The Actuarial Association of Europe (AAE) was established in 1978 as Groupe Consultatif des Associations d'Actuaires des Pays des Communautés Européennes (GC), to Groupe Consultatif Actuariel Européen in 2002, and on January 1, 2014.

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AD700

The AD700 technology initiative began in the early 1990s with the idea of developing a range of advanced materials that would permit the raising of main and reheat steam temperatures in pulverized fuel boilers up to and beyond.

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ADAC

The ADAC (Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club e.V.) (General German Automobile Club) is an automobile club in Germany, founded on May 24, 1903, as German Motorbiker Association ("Deutsche Motorradfahrer-Vereinigung"), and was renamed to its present name in 1911.

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Adam Posen

Adam Simon Posen (born 1966 in Brookline, Massachusetts) is an American economist and President of the Peterson Institute for International Economics (where he has worked since July 1997).

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Adrian Curaj

Adrian Curaj (born October 14, 1958) is a Romanian electrical engineer who was named Education Minister in the new government of Dacian Cioloș in November 2015.

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Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.

AMD v. Intel was a private antitrust lawsuit, filed in the United States by Advanced Micro Devices ("AMD") against Intel Corporation in June 2005.

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Adverse outcome pathway

An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is structured representation of biological events leading to adverse effects and is considered relevant to risk assessment.

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Adviser

An adviser or advisor is normally a person with more and deeper knowledge in a specific area and usually also includes persons with cross-functional and multidisciplinary expertise.

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Advisory bodies to the European Union

The advisory bodies to the European Union are organisations that are created in primary law by the treaties that constitute the EU but which lie outside the Union's main institutional structure.

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Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe

The Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE) is a European advisory body that aims to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the European Union in the field of aeronautics.

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Aegean Airlines

Aegean Airlines S.A. (Αεροπορία Αιγαίου Ανώνυμη Εταιρεία, Aeroporía Aigaíou Anónimi Etairía) is the largest Greek airline by total number of passengers carried, by number of destinations served and by fleet size.

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Aer Lingus

Aer Lingus (an anglicisation of the Irish aerloingeas meaning "air fleet") is the flag carrier airline of Ireland and the second-largest airline in the country.

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Aerolíneas Argentinas

Aerolíneas Argentinas (Argentine Airlines), formally Aerolíneas Argentinas S.A., is Argentina's largest airline and the country flag carrier.

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Aeronord

Aeronord was an airline based in Moldova, founded in 2006.

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Aflibercept

Aflibercept is a biopharmaceutical drug invented by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, approved in the United States and Europe for the treatment of wet macular degeneration under the trade name Eylea, and for metastatic colorectal cancer as Zaltrap.

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African Malaria Network Trust

The African Malaria Network Trust (AMANET) is a pan-African international NGO headquartered in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania which originally started its activities as African Malaria Vaccine Testing Network (AMVTN) in 1995 with the primary goal of preparing Africa in planning and conducting malaria vaccine trials.

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African Union

The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent, extending slightly into Asia via the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.

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African Union Commission

The Commission of the African Union acts as the executive/administrative branch or secretariat of the AU (and is somewhat analogous to the European Commission).

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Aftermath of the Bronze Night

Aftermath of the Bronze Night refers to the reactions and consequences of the Bronze Night, the controversy and riots in Estonia surrounding the 2007 relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, the Soviet World War II memorial in Tallinn.

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Aftermath of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

After the UK EU membership referendum held on 23 June 2016, in which a majority voted to leave the European Union, the United Kingdom experienced political and economic upsets, with spillover effects across the rest of the European Union and the wider world.

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Ageing of Europe

The ageing of Europe, also known as the greying of Europe, is a demographic phenomenon in Europe characterized by a decrease in fertility, a decrease in mortality rate, and a higher life expectancy among European populations.

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Agencies of the European Union

An agency of the European Union is a decentralised body of the European Union (EU), which is distinct from the institutions.

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Agency for the Modernisation of Ukraine

The Agency for the Modernisation of Ukraine (AMU) is a nongovernmental organization.

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Agenda 2000

Agenda 2000 was an action programme of the European Union whose main objectives were to reform the Common Agricultural Policy and Regional policy, and establish a new financial framework for the years 2000–06 with a view to the then upcoming Eastern Enlargement of the European Union.

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Agios Dimitrios Power Plant

Agios Dimitrios Power Station is a power plant located near Agios Dimitrios, Kozani, Greece, situated between the towns of Kozani and Ellispontos village.

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Agricultural attaché

An agricultural attaché is a diplomat who collects, analyzes, and acts on information on agriculture, agribusiness, food, and other related spheres in a foreign country or countries.

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Agricultural pollution

Agricultural pollution refers to biotic and abiotic byproducts of farming practices that result in contamination or degradation of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests.

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Agriculture in Germany

Agriculture in Germany is a small sector of the German economy, and it has declined in importance during the 20th century and by 1989 amounted to only 1.6 percent of the West German GDP.

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AgustaWestland AW609

The AgustaWestland AW609, formerly the Bell/Agusta BA609, is a twin-engined tiltrotor VTOL aircraft with a configuration similar to the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey.

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Ahmed Benchemsi

Ahmed Benchemsi (أحمد بن شمسي) is a Moroccan journalist.

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Ahtium

Ahtium plc is a Finnish former mining company, which filed for bankruptcy on 6 March 2018.

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Aid

In international relations, aid (also known as international aid, overseas aid, foreign aid or foreign assistance) is – from the perspective of governments – a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another.

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Ainax

Ainax was a listed holding company that owned shares in the Swedish truck maker Scania.

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Air Bangladesh

Air Bangladesh was an airline based in Bangladesh.

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Air Dynasty

Air Dynasty Heli Service Pvt.

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Air Kasaï

Air Kasaï is an airline with its head office on the property of N'Dolo Airport in Barumbu, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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Air Koryo

Air Koryo (formerly) is the state-owned national flag carrier airline of North Korea, headquartered in Sunan-guyŏk, Pyongyang.

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Air pollution

Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere.

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Air-Cobot

Air-Cobot (Aircraft Inspection enhanced by smaRt & Collaborative rOBOT) is a French research and development project of a wheeled collaborative mobile robot able to inspect aircraft during maintenance operations.

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Airbnb

Airbnb is an American company which operates an online marketplace and hospitality service for people to lease or rent short-term lodging including holiday cottages, apartments, homestays, hostel beds, or hotel rooms, to participate in or facilitate experiences related to tourism such as walking tours, and to make reservations at restaurants.

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Airbus E-Fan X

The Airbus/Rolls-Royce/Siemens E-Fan X is a hybrid-electric aircraft demonstrator being developed from a BAe 146 by a partnership of Airbus, Rolls-Royce plc and Siemens.

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Airbus Helicopters X6

The Airbus Helicopters X6 is a design concept for a 19-seat twin-engined heavy lift helicopter to replace or compliment the Airbus Helicopters H225.

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Aircraft engine

An aircraft engine is the component of the propulsion system for an aircraft that generates mechanical power.

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Airlog

AIRLOG is a project that was scheduled to run from 1 February 2012 to 31 January 2014.

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Airport Carbon Accreditation

Airport Carbon Accreditation is a global carbon management programme for airports that independently assesses and recognises airports’ efforts to manage and reduce their CO2 emissions.

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Airport Regions Conference

Airport Regions Conference (ARC) is an association of European regional and local authorities that host major international airports.

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Airport security

Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in an attempt to protect passengers, staff and planes which use the airports from accidental/malicious harm, crime and other threats.

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Aix-Marseille University

Aix-Marseille University (AMU; Aix-Marseille Université; formally incorporated as Université d'Aix-Marseille) is a public research university located in Provence, southern France.

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Akavan Erityisalojen Keskusliitto AEK ry v Fujitsu Siemens Computers Oy

Akavan Erityisalojen Keskusliitto AEK ry v Fujitsu Siemens Computers Oy (2009) is a European labour law case, concerning the information and consultation in the European Union.

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Al Gore and information technology

Al Gore is a former US Senator who served as the Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and is co-winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.

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Al-Husayni clan

Husayni (الحسيني also spelled Husseini) is the name of a prominent Palestinian Arab clan formerly based in Jerusalem, which claims descent from Husayn ibn Ali (the son of Ali).

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Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda (القاعدة,, translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988.

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Alain Pompidou

Alain Pompidou (born April 5, 1942) is a French scientist and politician.

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Alaksandar Milinkievič

Alaksandar Uładzimieravič Milinkievič (Аляксандар Уладзімеравіч Мілінкевіч or Аляксандр Уладзіміравіч Мілінкевіч, Alaksandar Uładzimiravič Milinkievič (in Belarusian Łacinka), Александр Владимирович Милинкевич Aleksandr Vładimirovich Milinkievich, born 25 July 1947 in Grodno) is a Belarusian politician.

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Alan Watson, Baron Watson of Richmond

Alan John Watson, Baron Watson of Richmond, CBE (born 3 February 1941) is a UK-based broadcaster, Liberal Democrat politician and leadership communications consultant.

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ALARP

ALARP, which stands for "as low as reasonably practicable", or ALARA ("as low as reasonably achievable"), is a term often used in the regulation and management of safety-critical and safety-involved systems.

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Albania–Greece relations

Albanian–Greek relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Albania and Greece.

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Albanian communities in Greece

Albanians in Greece are divided into distinct communities as a result of different waves of migration.

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Albanian language

Albanian (shqip, or gjuha shqipe) is a language of the Indo-European family, in which it occupies an independent branch.

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Albert Coppé

Albert Coppé (26 November 1911 in Bruges – 30 March 1999 in Tervuren) was a Belgian and European politician and economist.

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Alberto Alemanno

Alberto Alemanno is an academic, author, activist and civic entrepreneur.

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Albiglutide

Albiglutide (trade names Eperzan in Europe and Tanzeum in the US) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist (GLP-1 agonist) drug marketed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration

The Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration is a medical research hospital located in Rostock, Germany.

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Alcazar (airline)

Alcazar was a 1993 proposal to merge Austrian Airlines, KLM, Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and Swissair to create Symphony, which would have been Europe's largest airline.

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Alcohol laws in Germany

The German laws regulating alcohol use and sale are some of the least restrictive in the world.

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Aleksandar Vučić

Aleksandar Vučić (Александар Вучић,, born 5 March 1970) is a Serbian politician who has been the President of Serbia since 31 May 2017.

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Alentejana

The Alentejana is a cattle breed from Portugal.

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Alerta Răpire Copil

Alertă Răpire Copil (literally Alert Abduction Child in English) is the current official child abduction alert system in use in Romania.

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Alessandro Messina (economist)

Alessandro Messina (born 1969) is an economist in Rome.

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Alessia Mosca

Alessia Mosca (born 23 May 1975) is an Italian politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2014.

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Alex Eadie

Alexander Mark Hughes Eadie (23 June 1920 – 26 January 2012), known as Alex Eadie, was a Scottish Labour politician.

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Alexander Litvinenko

Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (p; 30 August 1962 (at WebCite)(at WebCite) (Or 4 December 1962 by father's account – 23 November 2006) was a British naturalised Russian defector and former officer of the Russian FSB secret service who specialised in tackling organised crime. According to US diplomats, Litvinenko coined the phrase Mafia state. In November 1998, Litvinenko and several other FSB officers publicly accused their superiors of ordering the assassination of the Russian tycoon and oligarch Boris Berezovsky. Litvinenko was arrested the following March on charges of exceeding the authority of his position. He was acquitted in November 1999 but re-arrested before the charges were again dismissed in 2000. He fled with his family to London and was granted asylum in the United Kingdom, where he worked as a journalist, writer and consultant for the British intelligence services. During his time in London, Litvinenko wrote two books, Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within and Lubyanka Criminal Group, wherein he accused the Russian secret services of staging the Russian apartment bombings and other terrorism acts in an effort to bring Vladimir Putin to power. He also accused Putin of ordering the murder in October 2006 of the Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya. On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised in what was established as a case of poisoning by radioactive polonium-210; he died from the poisoning on 23 November. He became the first known victim of lethal polonium 210-induced acute radiation syndrome. The events leading up to this are a matter of controversy, spawning numerous theories relating to his poisoning and death. A British murder investigation pointed to Andrey Lugovoy, a former member of Russia's Federal Protective Service, as the prime suspect. Britain demanded that Lugovoy be extradited, which is against the Constitution of Russia, which directly prohibits extradition of Russian citizens. Russia denied the extradition, leading to the cooling of relations between Russia and the United Kingdom. After Litvinenko's death, his widow, Marina, pursued a vigorous campaign on behalf of her husband through the Litvinenko Justice Foundation. In October 2011, she won the right for an inquest into her husband's death to be conducted by a coroner in London; the inquest was repeatedly set back by issues relating to examinable evidence. A public inquiry began on 27 January 2015, and concluded in January 2016 that Litvinenko's murder was an FSB operation, that was probably personally approved by Vladimir Putin.

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Alexander Stubb

Cai-Göran Alexander Stubb (born 1 April 1968) is a Finnish politician who served as the Prime Minister of Finland from 2014 to 2015.

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Alexandre Dang

Alexandre Dang (born 19 May 1973 in Strasbourg, France) is a French visual artist.

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Alexis Michaelides

Alexis Michaelides served as the deputy mayor of Larnaca, Cyprus between 2001 and 2012.

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Algae fuel

Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils.

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Ali Hewson

Alison Hewson (née Stewart; born 23 March 1961) is an Irish activist and businesswoman.

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Aliakbar Campwala

Aliakbar Campwala (born Mumbai) is an Indian actor, film maker, and director, originally from India, who lives in the United Kingdom.

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Alicante Innovation and Territory

Alicante Innovation + Territory is a strategic plan for the Province of Alicante, Spain (Southern Europe).

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Alina Obidniak

Alina Obidniak (born 29 June 1931) is a Polish theatre director and actress.

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Alipogene tiparvovec

Alipogene tiparvovec (marketed under the trade name Glybera) is a gene therapy treatment, developed and marketed by uniQure N.V., that compensates for lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPLD), a rare inherited disorder which can cause severe pancreatitis.

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Alison Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich

Alison Margaret Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich CBE (born 31 Oct 1949) is a British economist, and the Sir Roy Griffiths Professor of Public Sector Management at King's College London.

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Alistair Harrison

William Alistair Harrison (born 14 November 1954) is Her Majesty's Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps.

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Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane

Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane (Alitalia – Italian Air Lines), in its later stages known as Alitalia – Linee Aeree Italiane S.p.A. in amministrazione straordinaria (in Extraordinary Administration), was the former Italian flag carrier.

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All European Academies

All European Academies (ALLEA) is the European Federation of Academies of Sciences and Humanities.

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Allan Cameron (author)

Allan Cameron (born 1952) is a Scottish author and translator.

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Allan Larsson

Yngve Allan Gillis Larsson (born 3 April 1938) is a former Swedish Social Democratic politician.

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Allan Rosas

Allan Rosas (born 1948) is a Finnish jurist and judge.

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Allen Hickling

David Allen Hickling (born May 29, 1934), known as Allen Hickling, is a retired Architect, Planning/Strategic Choice Process consultant, author, game designer, and an authority in the field of toy forts and castles.

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Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics

The Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA) is a non-profit organization founded in 1981 by Stuart B. Levy, Professor of Medicine at Tufts University and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe

The Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE), formerly known as the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR), is a conservative and eurosceptic European political party with a main focus on reforming the European Union (EU) on the basis of Eurorealism, as opposed to total rejection of the EU (anti-EU-ism).

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Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party) is a European political party mainly active in the European Union, composed of 60 national-level liberal parties from across Europe.

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Allianz vun Humanisten, Atheisten an Agnostiker

The Allianz vun Humanisten, Atheisten an Agnostiker (English: Alliance of Humanists, Atheists and Agnostics) is a Luxembourgish association that serves the interests of atheists, humanists, skeptics and agnostics in the Grand-Duchy.

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Allied Irish Banks

Allied Irish Banks (AIB Group plc) is one of the so-called Big Four commercial banks in Ireland.

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Alphonso (mango)

Alphonso mango is a seasonal fruit, considered to be among the most superior varieties of the fruit in terms of sweetness, richness and flavour.

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Alrosa

Alrosa (АЛРОСА) is a Russian group of diamond mining companies that has the leading role in the world diamond mining by volume.

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Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive 2011

The Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (or "AIFMD" for short) is an EU law on the financial regulation of hedge funds, private equity, real estate funds, and other "Alternative Investment Fund Managers" (AIFMs) in the European Union.

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Alternative terms for free software

Alternative terms for free software, such as open source, FOSS, and FLOSS, have been a controversial issue among free and open-source software users from the late 1990s onwards.

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Altice Portugal

Altice Portugal (formerly known as Portugal Telecom or PT) is the largest telecommunications service provider in Portugal.

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Altiero Spinelli

Altiero Spinelli (31 August 1907 – 23 May 1986) was an Italian Communist politician, political theorist and European federalist.

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Amadeu Altafaj

Amadeu Altafaj i Tardio (Barcelona, April 27, 1968) is a journalist.

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Amalgam (dentistry)

Dental amalgam is a liquid mercury and metal alloy mixture used in dentistry to fill cavities caused by tooth decay.

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Amédée Turner

Amédée Edward Turner QC (born 26 March 1929) is a British barrister and politician, who served for fifteen years as a Conservative Party Member of the European Parliament.

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Ambassador of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States to the European Union

The Ambassador of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States to the European Union is the official representative of the governments of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States to the governments of the European Union.

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Ambassadors of the European Union

Below are current ambassadors of the European Union to third countries and international organizations.

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Ambient intelligence

In computing, ambient intelligence (AmI) refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people.

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Ambient network

Ambient networks is a network integration design that seeks to solve problems relating to switching between networks to maintain contact with the outside world.

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AmbieSense

AmbieSense was a large European project funded by the Information Society Technologies, Fifth Framework Programme of the European Commission (EU-IST 2001-34244).

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Ameco

Ameco most commonly refers to.

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Amel Association International

Amel Association is a Lebanese, non-sectarian, non-profit non-governmental organization (NGO), created by Kamel Mohanna in 1979, in response to the Israeli invasion of 1978.

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American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)

An American-led intervention in Iraq started on 15 June 2014, when President Barack Obama ordered United States forces to be dispatched to the region, in response to offensives in Iraq conducted by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

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Americentrism

Americentrism is the tendency among some Americans to assume the culture of the United States is more important than those of other countries or to judge foreign cultures based on the standards within their own.

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Amflora

Amflora (also known as EH92-527-1) is a genetically modified potato cultivar developed by BASF Plant Science.

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Amir Ullah Khan

Amir Ullah Khan is an Indian economist.

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Ammiel Bushakevitz

Ammiel Issaschar Bushakevitz (*April 9, 1986 in Jerusalem) is an Israeli-South African pianist.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a London-based non-governmental organization focused on human rights.

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Amoud University

Amoud University (Jaamacada Camuud.), abbreviated to AU, is a comprehensive public university, located in the city of, Borama in the northern of Somaliland.

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AMRI Global

AMRI (Albany Molecular Research Inc.) is a contract research and manufacturing organization that provides drug discovery, development, cGMP manufacturing and aseptic fill and finish to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

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Amygdalin

Amygdalin (from Ancient Greek: ἀμυγδαλή amygdálē "almond") is a naturally occurring chemical compound, famous for falsely being promoted as a cancer cure.

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Amyntaio Power Plant

Amyntaio Power Station (ΑΗΣ Αμυνταίου) is a coal-fired power station near Amyntaio in Western Macedonia, Greece.

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An Shouzhi

An Shouzhi (born in Xinhua County, Hunan Province) is a Chinese lawyer who joined Wang Jing & Co Law Firm, engaged in shipping law, international trade law, and commercial law since 2004.

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Ana de Palacio y del Valle-Lersundi

Ana Isabel de Palacio y del Valle-Lersundi (born 22 July 1948) in Madrid, daughter of Luis María de Palacio y de Palacio, 4th Marqués de Matonte, and wife Luisa Mariana del Valle-Lersundi y del Valle, was Spain's Minister for Foreign Affairs in the People's Party (PP) government of José María Aznar from July 2002-March 2004.

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Ana Maiques

Ana Maiques (born 1973) is a Spanish entrepreneur and business executive.

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Ana Marija Popović

Ana Marija Popović is a consultant for sustainable development and education abroad.

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Analog high-definition television system

Analog high-definition television was an analog video broadcast television system developed in the 1930s to replace early experimental systems with as few as 12-lines.

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Anatoly Shvidenko

Anatoly Shvidenko (Анато́лий Зино́вьеич Швидéнко) is a doctor of science, professor, and senior research Scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria.

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Anatoly Trofimov

Anatoly Vasilyevich Trofimov (Анато́лий Васи́льевич Трофи́мов, July 14, 1940 — April 10, 2005) was a head of the Soviet KGB investigation department.

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Ancillary copyright for press publishers

The so-called ancillary copyright for press publishers (Leistungsschutzrecht für Presseverleger) is a proposal incorporated in 2012 legislation proposed by the ruling coalition of the German government, led by Angela Merkel of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), to extend publishers' copyrights.

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Anders Fogh Rasmussen I Cabinet

After the 2001 Danish parliamentary election, Anders Fogh Rasmussen was able form a government coalition of his own Liberal Party Venstre and the Conservative People's Party.

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Anders Hans Karlsson

Anders Hans Karlsson (born July 22, 1959) is a Swedish scientist and agronomist working in Denmark since 1996.

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Andorra–European Union relations

Andorra–European Union relations comprise various bilateral affairs between the Principality of Andorra (Principat d'Andorra) and the European Union (EU).

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André Berger

André Léon Georges Chevalier Berger (born July 30, 1942, Acoz) is a Belgian professor and climatologist.

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André Sapir

André Sapir is a Belgian Economist and Professor at the Solvay Brussels School of Economics & Management (Université Libre de Bruxelles).

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Andrés Rodríguez-Pose

Andrés Rodríguez-Pose is a professor of economic geography at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and former head of its department of geography and environment.

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Andrea Di Paolo

Andrea Di Paolo (born in Atessa, Italy, on February 24, 1978) is an Italian pianist and composer of contemporary classical music and neoclassical music.

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Andreas Löschel

Andreas Löschel is a German economist currently holding the chair of Energy and Resource Economics at the University of Münster.

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Andreas Schwab

Andreas Schwab (born 9 April 1973) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Germany.

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Andrej Babiš

Andrej Babiš (born 2 September 1954) is a Czech politician who has been the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic since December 2017, and previously served as Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister for the Economy from January 2013 to May 2017.

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Andrej Plenković

Andrej Plenković (born 8 April 1970) is a Croatian politician and diplomat serving as Prime Minister of Croatia since 19 October 2016.

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Andrew Brons

Andrew Henry William Brons (born 3 June 1947, London) is a British politician and former MEP.

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Andrew Cahn

Sir Andrew Thomas Cahn, KCMG (born 1 April 1951) is a non-executive director of Nomura, chair of WWF(UK), and a former senior civil servant.

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Andrey Kovatchev

Dr.

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Andrey Moguchy

Andrey Anatolyevich Moguchy (Russian: Андрей Анатольевич Могучий, born on November 23, 1961, in Leningrad, USSR) is a Russian stage director, primarily known for his work in drama theatre.

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Andris Piebalgs

Andris Piebalgs (born September 17, 1957) is a Latvian politician and diplomat who served as European Commissioner for Development at the European Commission from 2010 until 2014.

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Andriy Ginkul

Andriy Ginkul (born December 17, 1975, Chernivtsi Oblast) — Ukrainian lawyer, an economist, an expert on regional, local economic development and implementation of energy conservation projects.

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Andriy Kobolyev

Andriy Kobolyev (born 16 August 1978) is Chief Executive Officer of Ukrainian state energy company Naftogaz.

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Android (operating system)

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.

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Androulla Vassiliou

Androulla Vassiliou (Ανδρούλλα Βασιλείου; born 30 November 1943) is a Cypriot and European politician.

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Andrus Ansip

Andrus Ansip (born 1 October 1956) is an Estonian politician, the current European Commissioner for Digital Single Market and Vice President of the European Commission, in office since 2014.

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Aneurin Hughes

Aneurin Rhys "Nye" Hughes (born 1937) is a retired British diplomat known for his long involvement with the European Commission.

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Angelina Eichhorst

Angelina Eichhorst was assigned Ambassador / Head of European Union Delegation to the Lebanese Republic from January 2011 - August 2015.

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Angelus Silesius Meeting House

Angelus Silesius Meeting House (Dom Spotkań im. Angelusa Silesiusa – DAS) was founded by the Jesuits in 1993 in Wrocław, Poland, to promote reconciliation and dialogue in Europe through work with European youth (ages 15 to 30) and through training adults who work with youth.

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Anglesey Central Railway

The Anglesey Central Railway (Welsh: Lein Amlwch, Amlwch Line) was a standard-gauge railway in Anglesey, Wales, connecting the port of Amlwch and the county town of Llangefni with the North Wales Coast Line at Gaerwen.

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Angolan legislative election, 2008

Legislative elections were held in Angola on 5 and 6 September 2008, as announced by President José Eduardo dos Santos on 27 December 2007.

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Animal Defenders International

Animal Defenders International (ADI) is an American major international campaigning group, with offices in London, Los Angeles and Bogota, who lobby to protect animals on issues such as animals in entertainment and their use in experiments, worldwide traffic in endangered species, factory farming, pollution and conservation.

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Animal testing

Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.

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Animal welfare

Animal welfare is the well-being of animals.

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Animal welfare and rights in Spain

Animal welfare and rights in Spain is about the treatment of and laws concerning non-human animals in Spain.

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Anisus vorticulus

Anisus vorticulus (lesser ramshorn snail) is a species of minute, air-breathing, freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ramshorn snails.

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Anita Gradin

Anita Gradin (born 12 August 1933) is a Swedish politician and former Ambassador.

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Ankara Agreement

The Agreement Creating An Association Between The Republic of Turkey and the European Economic Community (commonly known as the Ankara Agreement), is a treaty, signed in 1963, which provides for the framework for the co-operation between Turkey and the European Union (EU).

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Anna Diamantopoulou

Anna Diamantopoulou (Άννα Διαμαντοπούλου; born 26 February 1959 in Kozani, Greece) is a Greek politician, currently President of the Athens-based think tank "DIKTIO" Network for Reform in Greece and Europe.

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Anna Lindh

Ylva Anna Maria Lindh (19 June 1957 – 11 September 2003) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1998 to 2003 and Minister for the Environment from 1994 to 1996.

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Annan Plan for Cyprus

The Annan Plan was a United Nations proposal to resolve the Cyprus dispute, also known as the Cyprus reunification plan.

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Anne Brunila

Anne Brunila (born in Kankaanpää, Finland on 31 August 1957) was the Executive Vice President, Corporate Relations and Sustainability at Fortum Corporation from 2009 to 2013.

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Anne Glover (biologist)

Dame (Lesley) Anne Glover (born 19 April 1956), is a Scottish biologist and academic.

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Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

The Crimean peninsula was annexed from Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February–March 2014.

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Annik Honoré

Annik Honoré (12 October 1957 – 3 July 2014) was a Belgian journalist and music promoter best known for her association with Ian Curtis, the former lead singer and lyricist of Joy Division.

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ANO pro Evropu

ANO pro Evropu (Czech for 'YES for Europe') is an NGO based in Prague, Czech Republic.

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António Borges

António Mendo de Castel-Branco do Amaral Osório Borges (18 November 1949 – 25 August 2013) was a Portuguese economist and banker.

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António Vitorino

António Manuel de Carvalho Ferreira Vitorino (12 January 1957 in Lisbon) is a Portuguese politician and member of the Socialist Party (PS).

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Anthony Abela

Anthony Abela (1954–2006) was a major Maltese sociologist.

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Anti-austerity movement in Greece

The anti-austerity movement in Greece involves a series of demonstrations and general strikes that took place across the country.

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Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement

The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is a multinational treaty for the purpose of establishing international standards for intellectual property rights enforcement.

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Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia

Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia were a series of protests in late 2013 against the application of bilingualism in Vukovar, whereby Serbian and the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet were assigned co-official status due to the local minority population.

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Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel by the European Union

Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel by the European Union.

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Anti-Federalist League

The Anti-Federalist League was a small cross-party organisation in the United Kingdom, formed in 1991 to campaign against the Maastricht Treaty.

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Anti-lock braking system

An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and on land vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks and buses.

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Anti-Romanyism

Anti-Romanyism (also Antigypsyism, Antiziganism, Romaphobia or anti-Romani sentiment) is the hostility, prejudice, discrimination or racism specifically directed at Romani people (Roma, Sinti, Iberian Kale, Welsh Kale, Finnish Kale and Romanichal).

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Anti-Turkism

Anti-Turkism, also known as Turkophobia or anti-Turkish sentiment, is hostility, intolerance, or racism against Turkish or Turkic people, Turkish culture, Turkic countries, or Turkey itself.

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Anti-Vivisection Coalition

The Anti-Vivisection Coalition (AVC) is a United Kingdom-based pressure group which campaigns against animal testing.

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Antibiotic use in livestock

Antibiotic use in livestock is the use of antibiotics for any purpose in the husbandry of livestock, which includes treatment when ill (therapeutic), treatment of a batch of animals when at least one is diagnosed as ill (metaphylaxis, similar to the way bacterial meningitis is treated in children), and preventative treatment (prophylaxis) against disease.

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Anticlericalism and Freemasonry

The question of whether Freemasonry is Anticlerical is the subject of debate.

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Anton Muscatelli

Sir Vito Antonio Muscatelli (born 1962 in Italy) is the Principal of the University of Glasgow and one of the United Kingdom's top economists.

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Antonio Llardén

Antonio Llardén Carratalá (born 1951, Barcelona, Spain) is Executive Chairman of Enagás, the main carrier of natural gas in Spain and the Technical Manager of the Spanish Gas System.

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Antonio Luque López

Antonio Luque López (born Málaga, 15 August 1941) is a Spanish scientist and entrepreneur in the field of photovoltaic solar energy.

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Antonio Maria Costa

Antonio Maria Costa (born 16 June 1941) is an Italian economist.

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Antonio Preto

Antonio Preto (30 April 1965 – 3 November 2016) was an Italian lawyer who was a civil servant of the European Parliament and from 2012 a member of the Italian regulator for Communications and the Audiovisual sector, Commissioner for Infrastructure and Networks.

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Antonio Quatraro

Antonio Quatraro (1934 – March 30, 1993) was an Italian European Commission official, who fell to his death from an EU office building on Rue de la Loi, Brussels.

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Antonio Ruberti

Antonio Ruberti (24 January 1927 – 4 September 2000) was an Italian politician and engineer.

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Antonio Stango

Antonio Stango (born 24 September 1957 in Naples) is an Italian political scientist, an expert of human rights at international level, a writer and editor.

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Antonio Tajani

Antonio Tajani (born 4 August 1953) is an Italian politician who has served as President of the European Parliament since January 2017.

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Antonio Tizzano

Antonio Tizzano (1940) is a judge at the European Court of Justice since 2006.

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Anubis (cipher)

Anubis is a block cipher designed by Vincent Rijmen and Paulo S. L. M. Barreto as an entrant in the NESSIE project, a former research program initiated by the European Commission in 2000 for the identification of new cryptographic algorithms.

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Apache Stanbol

Apache Stanbol is an open source modular software stack and reusable set of components for semantic content management.

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APO Group

Founded in 2007, APO Group (formerly known as African Press Organization) is a media relations' consulting firm in Africa and the Middle East.

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App Store (iOS)

The App Store is a digital distribution platform, developed and maintained by Apple Inc., for mobile apps on its iOS operating system.

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Apple Inc. litigation

The multinational technology corporation Apple Inc. has been a participant in various legal proceedings and claims since it began operation and, like its competitors and peers, engages in litigation in its normal course of business for a variety of reasons.

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Applicable divorce law regulation

The European Union Divorce Law Pact or Rome III Regulation, formally Council Regulation (EU) No.

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Apprentices mobility

Apprentices mobility is the movement of students and teachers in vocational education or training (VET) to another institution inside or outside their own country to study or teach for a limited time.

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Aquaculture of salmonids

The aquaculture of salmonids is the farming and harvesting of salmonids under controlled conditions for both commercial and recreational purposes.

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Arancha Gonzalez

Arancha González Laya (born 22 May 1969) is a Spanish economist also known as the Executive Director of the International Trade Centre, the joint agency of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the World Trade Organization.

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Araxxe

Araxxe is a French-based company that specialises in fraud related services.

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Arbroath smokie

The Arbroath smokie is a type of smoked haddock – a speciality of the town of Arbroath in Angus, Scotland.

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Arcandor

Arcandor AG was a holding company located in Essen, Germany, that oversaw a number of companies operating in the businesses of mail order and internet shopping, department stores and tourism services.

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ArcelorMittal Bremen

ArcelorMittal Bremen is a steelworks on the banks of the River Weser in Bremen, Germany.

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Archaeology Data Service

The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) is an open access digital archive for archaeological research outputs.

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Architects' Alliance of Ireland

The Architects' Alliance of Ireland (AAoI) (Ailtirí 'Comhaontas na hÉireann) is an Irish pressure group founded in 2009.

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Arctic policy of the European Union

If the accession of Iceland to the European Union occurs, the EU will increase its Arctic influence and possibly gain permanent observer status in the Arctic Council.

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Area of freedom, security and justice

The area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ) is a collection of home affairs and justice policies designed to ensure security, rights and free movement within the European Union (EU).

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Argan oil

Argan oil is a plant oil produced from the kernels of the argan tree (Argania spinosa L.) that is endemic to Morocco.

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Argentine Ambassador to the European Union

The Argentine ambassador in Brussels is the official representative of the Government in Buenos Aires to the European Commission.

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Arguments for and against drug prohibition

Arguments about the prohibition of drugs, and over drug policy reform, are subjects of considerable controversy.

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Ariadne (software)

Ariadne (named for the figure from Greek mythology) is a European association for sharing knowledge and fostering international cooperation in teaching that is open to the world.

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Ariana Afghan Airlines

Ariana Afghan Airlines Co.

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Ariane 5 flight VA240

Ariane 5 flight VA240 was an Ariane 5 space launch that occurred from the Guiana Space Centre on at 18:36:07UTC.

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Ariane 6

Ariane 6 is a launch vehicle under development by the European Space Agency (ESA), with a first test flight scheduled for 2020.

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Arion (record label)

Arion is a French record company and label founded in 1962 by Ariane Segal.

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Aristarchos 2.3 m Telescope

The New Greek Telescope project of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) was funded by the European Commission and the General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Hellenic Ministry of Development.

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Aristos Doxiadis

Aristos Doxiadis or Doksiadis (Αρίστος Δοξιάδης) (born 1951) is a Greek economist.

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Armenia–European Union relations

Armenia and the European Union have maintained positive relations over the years.

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Arnaud Jacomet

Arnaud Marie Pierre André Jacomet (20 October 1946, Paris – 14 October 2011, Brussels) was a French historian and the final Secretary-General of the Western European Union (WEU).

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Aromanian language

Aromanian (rrãmãneshti, armãneashti, armãneshce., "Aromanian", or limba rrãmãniascã/ armãneascã/ armãneshce, "Aromanian language"), also known as Macedo-Romanian or Vlach, is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Meglenoromanian, or a dialect of the Romanian language.

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Arouquesa

The Arouquesa is a cattle breed from Portugal.

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Arriva

Arriva is a multinational public transport company headquartered in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.

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Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield

Francis Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield, PC (surname pronounced "Co-feeld"; 28 September 1916 – 8 January 2007) was by turns a civil servant, a company director, a Conservative politician, and a European Commissioner.

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Arthur D. Little

Arthur D. Little is an international management consulting firm originally headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and formally incorporated by that name in 1909 by Arthur Dehon Little, an MIT chemist who had discovered acetate.

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Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union prohibits cartels and other agreements that could disrupt free competition in the European Economic Area's internal market.

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Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (formerly Article 82 of the Treaty establishing the European Community) is aimed at preventing undertakings who hold a dominant position in a market from abusing that position.

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Article 29 Data Protection Working Party

The Article 29 Working Party (Art. 29 WP) was an advisory body made up of a representative from the data protection authority of each EU Member State, the European Data Protection Supervisor and the European Commission.

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Artificial cell

An artificial cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell.

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Arts Council (Ireland)

The Arts Council (sometimes called the Arts Council of Ireland; legally An Chomhairle Ealaíon) is the arts council of Ireland.

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Arts in education

Arts in education is an expanding field of educational research and practice informed by investigations into learning through arts experiences.

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Ashfield by-election, 1977

The Ashfield by-election was held on 28 April 1977 in the Ashfield constituency in the coal mining area of Nottinghamshire, following the resignation of Labour Member of Parliament David Marquand.

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Asia Urbs

Asia Urbs Programme - humanitarian development programme, funded by EuropeAid Co-operation Office of the European Commission.

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Asia-Europe Museum Network

The Asia-Europe Museum Network (ASEMUS) is an international cross-cultural network of museums.

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Asia–Europe Foundation

The Asia–Europe Foundation (ASEF) is an intergovernmental not-for-profit organization located in Singapore.

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Asia–Europe Meeting

The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an Asian–European political dialogue forum to enhance relations and various forms of cooperation between its partners.

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ASIC (French Association of Internet Community Services)

French Association of Internet Community Services (ASIC) is a coalition of more than 20 firms from the Web environment including eBay, Google, Wikipedia formed to be an opposition force against the French government data retention measures planning to keep web users’ personal data information such has full names, postal address for a year.

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Aspartame

Aspartame (APM) is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages.

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Aspen Pharmacare

Aspen Pharmacare Holdings Limited is a multinational South African holding company for pharmaceutical concerns, and the largest drug company in Africa.

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Aspera European Astroparticle network

ASPERA (or AStroParticle European Research Area) is a network of national government agencies responsible for coordinating and funding national research efforts in Astroparticle Physics.

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Asset Description Metadata Schema

The Asset Description Metadata Schema (ADMS) is a common metadata vocabulary to describe standards, so-called interoperability assets, on the Web.

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Asset forfeiture

Asset forfeiture or asset seizure is a form of confiscation of assets by the state.

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Assizes of Ariano

The Assizes of Ariano were a series of laws for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated in the summer of 1140 at Ariano, near Benevento in the Mezzogiorno, by Roger II of Sicily.

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Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe

AEGEE, stands for Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe, and it is known as European Students' Forum in English.

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Association for Democracy Assistance and Human Rights

The Association for Democracy Assistance and Human Rights (DEMAS) is a Czech organization founded in 2008 which is an amalgamation of 11 NGOs and 5 observer status organizations.

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Association for Liberal Thinking

The Association for Liberal Thinking (Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu) is a Turkish liberal democrat, non-profit, non-governmental organization.

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Association Max Havelaar France

Association Max Havelaar France is the French member of FLO International, which unites 23 Fairtrade producer and labelling initiatives across Europe, Asia, Latin America, North America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

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Association of European Border Regions

The Association of European Border Regions (AEBR) is an organization of European regions and deals with cross-border cooperation in Europe and other continents.

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Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa

The Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa (AWEPA) is an international parliamentary association that is strictly non-partisan, founded by European parliamentarians in 1984.

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Association of Ukrainian Monitors on Human Rights Conduct in Law Enforcement

The Association of Ukrainian Human Rights Monitors on Law Enforcement (Association UMDPL) is a Ukrainian human rights organization that oversees nationwide monitoring of Ukrainian law enforcement conduct, utilizing its resources to ensure the active preservation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the Central European country.

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Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid.

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Astrid Gräfin von Hardenberg

Astrid Gräfin von Hardenberg (5 May 1925 – 4 February 2015) was the daughter of the opponent to the national socialist regime Carl-Hans Graf von Hardenberg and of Renate von der Schulenburg.

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Astromundus

Astromundus is a 2-years Erasmus Mundus masters course in Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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Astronet

Astronet is a consortium which gather European funding agencies in order to establish a comprehensive long-term planning for the development of European astronomy.

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Astrophysical Virtual Observatory

The Astrophysical Virtual Observatory (AVO) project conducted a research and demonstration programme on the scientific requirements and technologies necessary to build a virtual observatory for European astronomy.

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Asunción Valdés

Asunción Valdés Nicolau (born 1950) is a Spanish journalist.

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Atheism

Atheism is, in the broadest sense, the absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Atifete Jahjaga

Atifete Jahjaga (born 20 April 1975) is a Kosovar politician and stateswoman who served as the third President of Kosovo.

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Atlantic Storm

Atlantic Storm was a ministerial exercise simulating the top-level response to a bioterror incident.

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Atomium - European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy

Atomium – European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy (EISMD) – formerly known as Atomium Culture AISBL - is an international non-profit organisation bringing together several universities, newspapers and businesses in Europe in the first intersectoral platform to promote knowledge sharing and “out of the box” thinking on issues regarding the development of a European knowledge society.

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ATVOD

The Authority for Television on Demand (ATVOD) was an industry body designated by Ofcom as the "co-regulator" of television on demand (VOD) in the UK from 2010 until 2015.

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Audiovisual Sport

Audiovisual Sport (AVS) is a Spanish company dedicated to "buy, manage, exploit and administer Spanish football Liga and Copa del Rey rights. The company was created in 1997 as a joint venture of the three main soccer TV rights owners in Spain, namely Sogecable (40%), Telefónica de Contenidos (a subsidiary of Telefónica) (40%), and the Catalan government TV network (Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals, or CCMA) (20%).

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Auditor independence

Auditor independence refers to the independence of the internal auditor or of the external auditor from parties that may have a financial interest in the business being audited.

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Augustów

Augustów (Polish:; Augustavas), formerly known in English as Augustovo or Augustowo," is a city in north-eastern Poland with 30,802 inhabitants (2011).

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Austin & Pickersgill

Austin & Pickersgill was formed in Sunderland in 1954 by the merger of S.P. Austin & Son Ltd (founded by Samuel Peter Austin in c.1826) and William Pickersgill & Sons Ltd (founded c. 1838).

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Australia Group

The Australia Group is a multilateral export control regime (MECR) and an informal group of countries (now joined by the European Commission) established in 1985 (after the use of chemical weapons by Iraq in 1984) to help member countries to identify those exports which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons.

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Austria–Hungary relations

Austria–Hungary relations are the neighborly relations between Austria and Hungary, two member states of the European Union.

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Austria–Republic of Macedonia relations

Austria – Macedonia relations refer to the bilateral relations between the Republic of Austria and the Republic of Macedonia.

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Austrian Airlines

Austrian Airlines AG, sometimes shortened to Austrian, is the former flag carrier of Austria and a subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group.

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Austrian Development Agency

Austrian Development Agency GmbH (ADA) is the operational unit of Austrian Development Cooperation.

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Austrian Gas Grid Management

AGGM Austrian Gas Grid Management (AGGM) assumed on June 1st 2017 the role of market area manager (MAM) for the Eastern gas market area in Austria, which comprises all Austrian provinces except for Tyrol and Vorarlberg.

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Austrian Institute of Economic Research

The Austrian Institute of Economic Research (Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, WIFO) is a private non-profit association located in Vienna, Austria.

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Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society

The Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS) is a British organisation that works to ensure that writers are fairly compensated for any of their works that are copied, broadcast or recorded.

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Automotive lighting

The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted or integrated to the front, rear, sides, and in some cases the top of a motor vehicle.

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Autorité de la concurrence

The Autorité de la concurrence (Competition Authority) is France's national competition regulator.

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Autostrada A12 (Italy)

The A12 is an Italian autostrada (motorway), composed of two unconnected parts.

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Avalanche

An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is a cohesive slab of snow lying upon a weaker layer of snow in the snowpack that fractures and slides down a steep slope when triggered.

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Aveiro, Portugal

Aveiro is a city and a municipality in Portugal.

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Avon Gorge

The Avon Gorge is a 1.5-mile (2.5-kilometre) long gorge on the River Avon in Bristol, England.

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Axel Börsch-Supan

Axel Börsch-Supan (born 28 December 1954 in Darmstadt) is a German researcher, economist and director of the Munich Center for the Economics of Aging (MEA) at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy in Munich, Germany.

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Axel Kahn

Axel Kahn (born 5 September 1944) is a French scientist and geneticist.

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Axel Voss

Axel Voss (born 7 April 1963) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany.

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Axelle Red

Axelle Red (born Fabienne Demal on 15 February 1968) is a Belgian singer-songwriter.

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Axmedis

AXMEDIS is a set of European Union digital content standards, initially created as a research project partially supported by the European Commission under the Information Society Technologies (IST DG-INFSO) programme of the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6).

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Ayaan Hirsi Ali

Ayaan Hirsi Ali (born Ayaan Hirsi Magan, 13 November 1969) is a Somali-born Dutch-American activist, feminist, author, scholar and former politician.

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Azerbaijan State University of Economics

Azerbaijan State University of Economics (ASUE) (Azərbaycan Dövlət İqtisad Universiteti (ADIU)) is a public university located in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Azerbaijan–European Union relations

The Republic of Azerbaijan and the European Union (EU) have maintained a positive relationship through the years and have become more closely linked.

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Azodicarbonamide

Azodicarbonamide, or azo(bis)formamide, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4.

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Azores regional election, 2012

The Azores Regional Election (2012) (Eleições Regionais dos Açores, 2012) was an election held on 14 October 2012 for the legislative assembly and government of the Portuguese autonomous region of the Azores.

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Azure Window

The Azure Window (italic), also known as the Dwejra Window (italic), was a natural arch on the island of Gozo in Malta.

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École Centrale Paris

École Centrale Paris (ECP, often referred to as École Centrale or Centrale) was a French postgraduate-level institute of research and higher education in engineering and science.

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École nationale d'administration

The École nationale d'administration (generally referred to as ÉNA;; National School of Administration) is a French grande école, created in 1945 by French President, Charles de Gaulle, and principal author of the French Constitution, Michel Debré, to democratise access to the senior civil service.

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École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes

The École nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tarbes - ENIT (English: National school of engineers of Tarbes) is a French school of engineering leading to the French “Diplôme d'Ingénieur” under the authority of the French Ministry of Education and Research and part of the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (INPT).

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École nationale de l'aviation civile

The (ENAC) (French Civil Aviation University) is one of the 207 schools that offers degrees in engineering in France.

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École supérieure d'optique

The Institut d'optique Graduate School ("Institute of optics"), nicknamed "SupOptique" or "IOGS", is one of the most prestigious French Grandes Ecoles and the leading French grande école in the field of optics and its industrial and scientific applications, and a member of the prestigious Université Paris-Saclay, and ParisTech.

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Élisabeth Guigou

Élisabeth Guigou (born Élisabeth Vallier; 6 August 1946) is a French socialist politician.

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Émile Noël

Émile Noël (Istanbul, 17 November 1922 - Viareggio, 24 August 1996) was a senior French European Union official.

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Étienne Davignon

Count Étienne François Jacques Davignon (born 4 October 1932, Budapest, Hungary) is a Belgian politician, businessman, and former vice-president of the European Commission.

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Óscar Fanjul

Óscar Fanjul Martín (born 1949, in Santiago) is a Spanish economist.

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Ørsted (company)

Ørsted A/S (formerly DONG Energy) is a power company based in Fredericia, Denmark.

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Østfold University College

Østfold University College (Høgskolen i Østfold, HiØ) is a further and higher education institution in Østfold, which is in south-eastern Norway.

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Şemdinli incident

The Şemdinli incident occurred on 9 November 2005 when a bookshop in Şemdinli, Hakkari Province, Turkey was attacked with grenades.

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Škoda Transportation

Škoda Transportation a.s. is a Czech engineering company that continues the legacy of Škoda Works' rolling stock manufacturing that started at the end of 19th century in Pilsen.

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Štefan Füle

Štefan Füle (born 24 May 1962 in Sokolov) is a former Czech diplomat who served as the European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy from February 2010 until October 2014.

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Żgħażagħ Azzjoni Kattolika

Żgħażagħ Azzjoni Kattolika (ŻAK) (English: "Youth Catholic Action") is a youth organization as part of the Catholic Action in Malta.

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B-segment

B-segment (or small cars) is a car classification defined by the European Commission as larger than cars in the A-segment and smaller than those in the C-segment.

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Babelmed

Babelmed is a non profit organisation established in Rome in April 2001.

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Babraham Institute

The Babraham Institute, is an independent charitable life sciences institute involved in biomedical research, set in an extensive parkland estate just south of Cambridge.

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Backscatter X-ray

Backscatter X-ray is an advanced X-ray imaging technology.

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Bahadir Kaleagasi

Bahadir Kaleagasi is a Turkish writer and expert in international relations, EU politics, and business strategy.

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Baklava

Baklava is a rich, sweet dessert pastry made of layers of filo filled with chopped nuts and sweetened and held together with syrup or honey.

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Baku Initiative

The Baku Initiative is an international initiative of the European Union.

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Balochistan Rural Support Programme

Balochistan Rural Support Programme (BRSP) was a project funded by the German technical cooperation agency Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) in the early 1980s which was converted into the Balochistan Rural Support Programme in 1991.

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Balsam of Peru

Balsam of Peru, also known and marketed by many other names, is a balsam derived from a tree known as Myroxylon balsamum var.

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Baltic 21

Baltic 21 is a plan to cooperate on implementing regional sustainable development.

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Baltic Gas Interconnector

The Baltic Gas Interconnector was a project of the natural gas submarine pipeline between Germany, Denmark and Sweden.

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Baltic Pipe

The Baltic Pipe is a proposed natural gas pipeline between Denmark and Poland.

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Baltic Sea Region Programme

The Baltic Sea Region Programme 2007–2013 (alias INTERREG IV B programme for the Baltic Sea region) is a support programme part-financed by the:European Union and Norway.

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Balticconnector

Balticconnector is a bi-directional natural gas pipeline under construction between Ingå, Finland and Paldiski, Estonia.

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Banca delle Marche

Banca Adriatica S.p.A. trading as UBI Banca Adriatica and formerly known as Nuova Banca delle Marche S.p.A. was an Italian bank based in Jesi, Marche region.

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Banca Popolare di Vicenza

Banca Popolare di Vicenza (BPVi) was an Italian bank and currently a winding-down company.

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Banca Tercas

Banca Tercas is an Italian bank based in Teramo, Abruzzo.

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Banca Tirrenica

Banca Tirrenica S.p.A. formerly known as Nuova Banca dell'Etruria e del Lazio S.p.A. was an Italian bank based in Arezzo, Tuscany.

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Bank of Ireland

The Bank of Ireland (Banc na hÉireann) is a commercial bank operation in Ireland and one of the traditional 'Big Four' Irish banks.

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Bankia

Bankia is a Spanish bank that was formed in December 2010, consolidating the operations of seven regional savings banks, and was partially nationalized by the government of Spain in May 2012 due to the near collapse of the institution.

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Banking union

The banking union in the European Union is the transfer of responsibility for banking policy from the national to the EU level in several countries of the European Union, initiated in 2012 as a response to the Eurozone crisis.

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Bans on Communist symbols

Bans on Communist symbols were introduced or suggested in a number of countries as part of their policies of decommunization.

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Barbados

Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America.

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Barbara Schober

Barbara Schober is a German visual artist.

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Barcelona Charter

The Barcelona Charter, in full the European Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Traditional Ships in Operation is an informal but widely accepted standard for maintenance and restoration projects on historic watercraft that are still in operation as active sailing vessels.

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Barend Mons

Barend Mons (born 1957, The Hague) is a molecular biologist and specialist.

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Barrosã

The Barrosã is a cattle breed from Portugal.

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Barroso Commission

The Barroso Commission was the European Commission in office from 22 November 2004 until 31 October 2014.

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Barry B. Hughes

Barry B. Hughes is the John Evans Professor at the University of Denver, Josef Korbel School of International Studies.

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Barry McSweeney

Barry McSweeney (died October 2014) was an Irish scientist who was the first Chief Science Advisor to the Government of Ireland.

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Base erosion and profit shifting (OECD project)

The OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project (or OECD BEPS Project) is an OECD project to set up an international framework to combat tax avoidance by multinational enterprises (MNEs).

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Basel III

Basel III (or the Third Basel Accord or Basel Standards) is a global, voluntary regulatory framework on bank capital adequacy, stress testing, and market liquidity risk.

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Battery Directive

The Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC, commonly known as the Battery Directive, regulates the manufacture and disposal of batteries in the European Union with the aim of "improving the environmental performance of batteries and accumulators".

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Battle of Brightlingsea

The Battle of Brightlingsea refers to a series of protests held in Brightlingsea, England, between 16 January - 30 October 1995, to prevent the export of livestock through the town.

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Battle of Civitate

The Battle of Civitate (also known as Battle of Civitella del Fortore) was fought on 18 June 1053 in southern Italy, between the Normans, led by the Count of Apulia Humphrey of Hauteville, and a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army, organised by Pope Leo IX and led on the battlefield by Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, and Rudolf, Prince of Benevento.

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Bayer

Bayer AG is a German multinational, pharmaceutical and life sciences company.

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Båtsfjord Airport

Båtsfjord Airport (Båtsfjord lufthavn) is a regional airport serving Båtsfjord in Finnmark, Norway.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.

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BBC Domesday Project

The BBC Domesday Project was a partnership between Acorn Computers, Philips, Logica and the BBC (with some funding from the European Commission's ESPRIT programme) to mark the 900th anniversary of the original Domesday Book, an 11th-century census of England.

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BBC News (TV channel)

BBC News (also known as the BBC News Channel) is the BBC's 24-hour rolling news television network in the United Kingdom.

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BDTH2

BDTH2 (also called BDET and BDETH2; trade names B9, MetX and OSR#1) is an organosulfur compound that is used as a chelation agent.

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Beatrice Weder di Mauro

Beatrice Weder di Mauro (born August 3, 1965) is a Swiss academic and businesswoman who is currently professor of economics at the University of Mainz, Germany and Distinguished Fellow-in-residence at the Emerging Markets Institute of INSEAD Singapore.

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Bełchatów Power Station

The Bełchatów Power Station is the world's second largest (nominal power of 5,472 MW) lignite-fired power station situated near Bełchatów in Łódź Voivodeship, Poland.

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Bech-Bodson Ministry

The Bech-Bodson Ministry was the government of Luxembourg between 29 December 1953 and 29 March 1958.

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Bedem ljubavi – Mothers for Peace

Bedem ljubavi – Mothers for Peace is a women's non-governmental association formed in the beginning of 1991 to protest the conscription of Croats and other ethnic groups into the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) as Slovenia and Croatia had already begun the process of declaring independence.

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Beef hormone controversy

The Beef Hormone Dispute is one of the most intractable agricultural controversies since the establishment of the World Trade Organization.

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Beit Shemesh

Beit Shemesh (בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ,; بيت شيمش; Bethsames, Beth Shamesh, Bethshamesh or Bet shemesh and most often Beth-Shemesh in English translations of the Hebrew Bible) is a city located approximately west of Jerusalem in Israel's Jerusalem District, with a population of in.

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Belembaoghin

Belembaoghin, also spelt Belembaghin, Belmbaghin or Bélembaoguen, is a commune in the Gounghin Department of Kouritenga Province in the Centre-Est region of Burkina Faso.

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Belemboulghin

Belemboulghin, also spelt Belemboulgui, is a commune in the Gounghin Department of Kouritenga Province in the Centre-Est region of Burkina Faso.

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Belgian cuisine

Belgian cuisine is widely varied with significant regional variations while also reflecting the cuisines of neighbouring France, Germany and the Netherlands.

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Belgian Investment Company for Developing Countries

Belgian Investment Company for Developing Countries (BIO), is a private company, based in Brussels, Belgium.

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Belgians

Belgians (Belgen, Belges, Belgier) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

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Belogradchik Rocks

The Belogradchik Rocks (Белоградчишки скали, Belogradchishki skali) are a group of strangely shaped sandstone and conglomerate rock formations located on the western slopes of the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina) near the town of Belogradchik in northwest Bulgaria.

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Ben Hammersley

Ben Hammersley FRSA FRGS (born 3 April 1976 in Leicester, England) is a British internet technologist, journalist, author and broadcaster based in London, England.

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Ben O'Loughlin

Ben O'Loughlin is Professor of International Relations at Royal Holloway, University of London.

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Benecol

Benecol is a brand of colesterol lowering food products owned by the Finnish company Raisio Group, which owns the trademark.

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Benefit tourism

Benefit tourism is a political term coined in the 1990s and later used for the perceived threat that a huge number of citizens from eight of the ten new nations given membership in the European Union in the 2004 enlargement of the European Union would move to the existing member states to benefit from their social welfare systems rather than to work.

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Benigembla

Benigembla located in the Pop Valley within the district of Marina Alta in eastern Spain.

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Benita Ferrero-Waldner

Benita Ferrero-Waldner (born 5 September 1948) is an Austrian diplomat and politician, and a member of the conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP).

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Berit Svendsen

Berit Svendsen (born 7 April 1963) is a Norwegian engineer and business executive.

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Berlaymont building

The Berlaymont is an office building in Brussels, Belgium, that houses the headquarters of the European Commission, which is the executive of the European Union (EU).

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.

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Berlin Biennale

The Berlin Biennale (full name: Berlin Biennale für zeitgenössische Kunst, Berlin Biennale for Contemporary Art) is a contemporary art exhibition, which has been held at various locations in Berlin, Germany, every two to three years since 1998.

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Berlin Declaration (2007)

The Berlin Declaration (officially the Declaration on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the signature of the Treaty of Rome) is a non-binding European Union (EU) text that was signed on 25 March 2007 in Berlin (Germany), celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome which founded the European Economic Community, the predecessor to the modern EU.

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Berliner Literarische Aktion

Berliner Literarische Aktion (Berlin Literary Action) is a literary organization based in Berlin.

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Bermuda II Agreement

Bermuda II was a bilateral air transport agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States signed on 23 July 1977 as a renegotiation of the original 1946 Bermuda air services agreement.

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Bernard Berg

Bernard 'Benny' Berg (born 14 September 1931 in Dudelange) is a Luxembourgish politician and trade unionist.

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Bernard Connolly

Bernard Connolly is a British economist noted for his pessimistic analysis of the euro.

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Bernard Romain

Bernard Romain is a French painter and sculptor born in Roanne, on February 11, 1944.

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Bernard Salome

Bernard Salomé is a Swiss economist.

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Bertie Coxall

Herbert Colin Coxall OBE (January 16, 1924 – 1993), known as Bertie Coxall, was recognized for his unique contribution to the development of the courier and express industry.

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Bertil Andersson

Bertil Andersson FAA FIC is the third President of Nanyang Technological University (NTU).

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Bertrand Gachot

Bertrand Gachot (born 23 December 1962) is a French former racing driver.

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Best available technology

In pollution abatement, the best available technology (or BAT) is the technology approved for limiting pollutant discharges with regard to an abatement strategy.

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Bianet

Bianet (acronym for lit) is an independent Turkish press agency based in Istanbul.

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Bicycle safety

Bicycle safety is the use of road traffic safety practices to reduce risk associated with cycling.

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Big Society Capital

Big Society Capital Limited (BSC) is an independent social investment institution in the United Kingdom, which provides finance to organizations that support front-line social sector entities to help them grow.

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Biocidal Products Directive

The Biocidal Products Directive (BPD) also known as the Biocides Directive is European Union Directive, (98/8/EC), which concerns biocides.

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Biofuel

A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter.

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Biofuel in the European Union

Biofuels offer an alternative plant based solution to rising problems regarding geological fuel sources.

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Biofuels by region

The use of biofuels varies by region and with increasing oil prices there is a renewed interest in it as an energy source.

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Bioinitiative Report

The BioInitiative Report is a report on the relationship between the electromagnetic fields (EMF) associated with powerlines and wireless devices and health.

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Biomedical research in the United States

The USA carries out 46% of global research and development (R&D) in life sciences, making it the world leader.

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Biometrics in schools

Biometrics in schools is a growing technology in the U.S. education sector.

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Bioprospecting

Bioprospecting is the process of discovery and commercialization of new products based on biological resources.

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Biopure

Biopure Corporation was a biopharmaceutical company that specialized in oxygen therapeutics (blood substitutes) for both human and veterinary use.

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BioSD

The BioSample Database (BioSD) is a database at European Bioinformatics Institute for the information about the biological samples used in sequencing.

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Biratnagar Eye Hospital

Biratnagar Eye Hospital (BEH) is an Eastern Regional Eye Care Programme (EREC-P) hospital located in Biratnagar, Nepal.

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Biržai

Biržai (known also by several alternative names) is a city in northern Lithuania.

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Biržai Regional Park

Biržai Regional Park covers in northern Lithuania near its border with Latvia.

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Bird reserve

A bird reserve (also called ornithological reserve) is a wildlife refuge designed to protect bird species.

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Birdlime

Birdlime or bird lime is an adhesive substance used in trapping birds.

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Birds Directive

The Birds Directive (formally known as Council Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds) is a European Union directive adopted in 2009.

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Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra (BIT Mesra) is an Indian institute of higher education and a deemed University under Section 3 of the UGC Act.

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Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP; dioctyl phthalate, DOP) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO2C8H17)2.

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Bivolino

Bivolino, founded in 1954, is a Belgian clothing manufacturer, specialized in customized shirts.

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Björn Ottersten

Björn Ottersten (born 1961) is a Swedish educator, researcher, and electrical engineer who is the co-inventor of Space/Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) technology.

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Black Country Route

The Black Country Route is a road in the West Midlands region of England.

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Black liquor

In industrial chemistry, black liquor is the waste product from the kraft process when digesting pulpwood into paper pulp removing lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from the wood to free the cellulose fibers.

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Black-tailed godwit

The black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa) is a large, long-legged, long-billed shorebird first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.

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Blackdown Hills

The Blackdown Hills are a range of hills along the Somerset-Devon border in south-western England, which were designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1991.

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Blackmouth catshark

The blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) is a species of catshark, and part of the family Scyliorhinidae, common in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from Iceland to Senegal, including the Mediterranean Sea.

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Block Exemption Regulation

The Block Exemption Regulation is an exemption in a business line or industry, which debars organizations in the industry from some business activities in order to create competition.

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Blockade of the Gaza Strip

The blockade of the Gaza Strip is the ongoing land, air, and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip imposed by Israel and Egypt since 2007.

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Blockupy movement

Blockupy is a movement protesting against austerity.

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Blue Banana

The Blue Banana (banane bleue, also known as the European Megalopolis or the Manchester–Milan Axis) is a discontinuous corridor of urbanisation spreading over Western and Central Europe, with a population of around 111 million.

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Blue Brain Project

The Blue Brain, a Swiss national brain initiative, aims to create a digital reconstruction of the brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry.

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Blue Card (European Union)

The Blue Card is an approved EU-wide work permit (Council Directive 2009/50/EC) allowing high-skilled non-EU citizens to work and live in any country within the European Union, excluding Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom, which are not subject to the proposal.

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Blue Heart Campaign

The Blue Heart Campaign is an international anti-trafficking program started by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

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Blue iguana

The blue iguana (Cyclura lewisi), also known as the Grand Cayman iguana, Grand Cayman blue iguana or Cayman Island blue iguana, is an endangered species of lizard endemic to the island of Grand Cayman.

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Bluetongue disease

Bluetongue disease is a non-contagious, insect-borne, viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently cattle, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries, and antelope.

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Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

The United States National Academy of Sciences' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) is a board of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

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Boehringer Ingelheim

C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Ko.

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Bogdan Klich

Bogdan Adam Klich (born on 8 May 1960 in Kraków) is a former Minister of National Defence of Poland.

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Bomb-making instructions on the internet

The availability of bomb-making instruction on the Internet has been a cause célèbre amongst lawmakers and politicians anxious to curb the Internet frontier by censoring certain types of information deemed "dangerous" which is available online.

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Bombay duck

The Bombay duck or bummalo, Harpadon nehereus, (Bengali: bamaloh or loytta, Gujarati: બુમલો, Marathi: bombil, Sinhala: බොම්බෙලි, Urdu: بمبل مچھلی) is a lizardfish.

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Bonsucro

Bonsucro is an international not for-profit, multi-stakeholder organization established in 2008 to promote sustainable sugar cane.

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Booz Allen Hamilton

Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. (informally: Booz Allen) is an American management and information technology consulting firm, sometimes referred to as a government-services company, headquartered in McLean, Virginia, in Greater Washington, D.C., with 80 other offices around the globe.

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Boris Divjak

Boris Divjak (born 31 October 1972 in Zagreb, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia) is economist by training and an anti-corruption activist who founded the Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) branch of the non-governmental organisation Transparency International (TI) in 2000.

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Boris Johnson

Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964), best known as Boris Johnson, is a British politician, popular historian and journalist serving as Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs since 2016 and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Uxbridge and South Ruislip since 2015.

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Borough of Eastleigh

The Borough of Eastleigh is a local government district and borough in Hampshire, England, bordering the unitary authority of Southampton, Test Valley, the City of Winchester and the Borough of Fareham.

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BOSS4GMES

BOSS4GMES (Building Operational Sustainable Services for GMES) was a European Commission funded project aimed at developing sustainable Global Monitoring of Environment and Security (GMES) services.

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Boxer TV Access

Boxer TV Access is a Swedish company providing pay television channels on the digital terrestrial television network in Sweden.

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BP

BP plc (stylised as bp), formerly British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.

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Brad Smith (American lawyer)

Bradford L. Smith (born 1959) is an American attorney and technology executive, now president and chief legal officer of Microsoft.

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Bradford & Bingley

Bradford & Bingley plc was a British bank with headquarters in the West Yorkshire town of Bingley.

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Brand piracy

Brand piracy is the act of naming a product in a manner which can result in confusion with other better known brands.

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Branko Bošnjaković

Branko (Franjo Marko) Bošnjaković (born 18 February 1939) is a Dutch-Croatian physicist and professional working in the field of environmental protection and sustainability.

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Breast cancer screening

Breast cancer screening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis.

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Brendan Smith (politician)

Brendan Coleman Smith (born 1 June 1956) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as Chair of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Trade since April 2016 and Chairman of the Fianna Fáil Parliamentary Party since May 2016.

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Brenner Base Tunnel

The Brenner Base Tunnel (Brennerbasistunnel; Galleria di base del Brennero) is a planned railway tunnel through the base of the Eastern Alps beneath the Brenner Pass.

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Brexit and arrangements for science and technology

Brexit and arrangements for science and technology refers to arrangements affecting scientific research, experimental development and innovation that are within the scope of the negotiations between the United Kingdom and the European Union on the terms of Britain's withdrawal from the European Union (EU).

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Brexit negotiations

The Brexit negotiations are the negotiations currently taking place between the United Kingdom and the European Union for the prospective withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, following the UK's referendum on EU membership in June 2016.

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Breydel building

The Breydel building is an office block in the European Quarter of Brussels (Belgium) that served as a temporary headquarters for the European Commission between 1991 and 2004.

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Brian Cowen

Brian Bernard Cowen (born 10 January 1960) is a former Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach from 2008 to 2011, Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011, Minister for Foreign Affairs from January 2011 to March 2011 and 2000 to 2004, Minister for Defence from February 2011 to March 2011, Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008, Deputy Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2002 to 2008, Minister for Finance from 2004 to 2008, Minister for Health and Children from 1997 to 2000, Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications from 1993 to 1994, Minister for Energy in January 1993 and Minister for Labour from 1992 to 1993.

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Brian Kennedy (gallery director)

Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who works internationally.

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Brian Lenihan Jnr

Brian Joseph Lenihan (21 May 1959 – 10 June 2011) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Finance from 2008 to 2011, Deputy Leader of Fianna Fáil from March 2011 to June 2011, Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform from 2007 to 2008 and Minister of State for Children from 2002 to 2007.

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Brian Sedgemore

Brian Charles John Sedgemore (17 March 1937 – 29 April 2015, The Guardian, 6 May 2015) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom; he was a Member of Parliament from 1974 until 1979, and from 1983 until 2005.

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BRICKS (software)

Building Resources for Integrated Cultural Knowledge Services (BRICKS) is an open-source software framework for the management of distributed digital assets.

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Bright Computing

Bright Computing, Inc.

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Brigitte Granville

Brigitte Evelyne Granville is an economist with dual French and British nationality.

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Brigitte Mühlenbruch

Dr.

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Brigitte Young

Brigitte Young (born 26 May 1946 in Groß Sankt Florian, Austria), is Professor Emeritus of International political economy at the Institute of Political Science, University of Münster, Germany.

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Brigitte Zypries

Brigitte Zypries (born 16 November 1953) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

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Brinjevec

Brinjevec (or Brinovec) is a strong alcoholic drink, produced in the Karst and Brkini regions in Slovenia.

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British Airways

British Airways (BA) is the flag carrier and the largest airline in the United Kingdom based on fleet size, or the second largest, behind easyJet, when measured by passengers carried.

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British American Tobacco

British American Tobacco plc (BAT) is a British multinational tobacco company headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

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British Association of Toy Retailers

The British Association of Toy Retailers (BATR) is an association that represents their members to the United Kingdom government and the European Commission.

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British Business Bank

British Business Bank plc is a state-owned economic development bank established by the UK Government.

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British Caledonian in the 1980s

British airline British Caledonian (BCal) suffered a series of major setbacks in the 1980s as a result of several geopolitical events that occurred during that decade.

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British Energy

British Energy was the UK's largest electricity generation company by volume, before being taken over by Électricité de France (EDF) in 2009.

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British Hospitality Association

The British Hospitality Association (BHA), incorporating The Restaurant Association (RA), is a non-government representative body for hotels, clubs, restaurants, leisure outlets and other hospitality-related organisations nationwide headquartered in London, UK.

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British Midland International

British Midland Airways Limited (trading at various times throughout its history as British Midland, BMI British Midland, BMI or British Midland International) was an airline with its head office in Donington Hall in Castle Donington, close to East Midlands Airport, in the United Kingdom.

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British Pharmacopoeia

The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) is the national pharmacopoeia of the United Kingdom.

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British Rail Class 374

The Class 374 electric multiple unit high speed train, branded as Eurostar e320, provide Eurostar services through the Channel Tunnel to serve destinations beyond the core routes to Paris and Brussels.

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British Rail Class 92

The British Rail Class 92 is a dual-voltage electric locomotive which can run on 25 kV AC from overhead wires or 750 V DC from a third rail.

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British undergraduate degree classification

The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading structure for undergraduate degrees (bachelor's degrees and integrated master's degrees) in the United Kingdom.

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Brivanib alaninate

Brivanib alaninate (INN/USAN) also known as BMS-582664 is an investigational, anti-tumorigenic drug for oral administration.

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Brivaracetam

Brivaracetam (trade name Briviact), a chemical analog of levetiracetam, is a racetam derivative with anticonvulsant (antiepileptic) properties.

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Brno University of Technology

Brno University of Technology (abbreviated: BUT; in Czech: Vysoké učení technické v Brně – Czech abbreviation: VUT) is a university located in Brno, Czech Republic.

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Broad measures of economic progress

Although for many decades, it was customary to focus on GDP and other measures of national income, there has been growing interest in developing broad measures of economic well-being.

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Broadband Stakeholder Group

The Broadband Stakeholder Group is the UK government's advisory body on broadband.

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Broadcasting (Amendment) Act 2007

The Broadcasting (Amendment) Act 2007 is an Act of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament).

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Broadcasting and the foundation of the Premier League

The Premier League was formed with the intention of English football's top clubs capitalising on television rights.

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Broadcasting of sports events

The broadcasting of sports events (also known as a sportscast) is the live coverage of sports as a television program, on radio, and other broadcasting media.

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Broadview TV

BROADVIEW produces documentaries for broadcast and cable networks in Germany and worldwide, including ZDF, ARD, arte, HBO, A&E, NHK, RTL, as well as for national and international Institutions including the German Foreign Office and the Commission of the European Union.

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Brominated flame retardant

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organobromine compounds that have an inhibitory effect on combustion chemistry and tend to reduce the flammability of products containing them.

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Brown University

Brown University is a private Ivy League research university in Providence, Rhode Island, United States.

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BrowserChoice.eu

BrowserChoice.eu was a website created by Microsoft in March 2010 following a decision in the European Union Microsoft competition case.

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BRUA Pipeline

The BRUA pipeline is a natural gas pipeline from Podișor, Giurgiu County to Recaș, Timiș County part of the future Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Austria gas interconnector.

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Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions.

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Bruges Group (United Kingdom)

The Bruges Group is a Eurosceptic think tank based in the United Kingdom.

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Brusselization

In urban planning, Brusselization (UK and US) or Brusselisation (UK variant) (bruxellisation, verbrusseling) is "the indiscriminate and careless introduction of modern high-rise buildings into gentrified neighbourhoods" and has become a byword for "haphazard urban development and redevelopment".

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Brussels Agreement (2013)

The Brussels Agreement (Marrëveshja e Brukselit; translit) was made between the governments of Serbia and Kosovo on the normalization of their relations.

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Brussels Airlines

Brussels Airlines (stylized as brussels airlines) is the flag carrier and largest airline of Belgium, based and headquartered at Brussels Airport.

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Brussels and the European Union

Brussels in Belgium is considered the de facto capital of the European Union, having a long history of hosting the institutions of the European Union within its European Quarter.

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Brussels Regime

The Brussels Regime is a set of rules regulating which courts have jurisdiction in legal disputes of a civil or commercial nature between individuals resident in different member states of the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

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Brussels South Charleroi Airport

Brussels South Charleroi Airport (BSCA), also called Charleroi Airport or Gosselies Airport, is an international airport, located in Gosselies, a part of the city of Charleroi in Wallonia (southern Belgium. The airport is north of Charleroi and south of central Brussels. In terms of passengers and aircraft movements, it is the second busiest airport in Belgium having served 7,303,720 passengers in 2016 (75,038 movements). It is also a busy general aviation airfield, being home to 3 flying schools. The Aéropole, one of the Science Parks of Wallonia, is located near the airport.

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Bryndza

Bryndza (from Romanian brânză) is product of a sheep milk cheese made mainly in Slovakia, Romania and Moldova and Serbia, but also in Poland, Ukraine, Hungary and part of Moravia (Moravian Wallachia) in Czech Republic.

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Bryndza Podhalańska

Bryndza Podhalańska is a Polish variety of the soft cheese Bryndza, from the Podhale region, it is made from sheep's milk.

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BT Ireland

BT Communications (Ireland) Limited is a telecommunications and internet company in Ireland.

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Budget of the European Union

The European Union has a budget to pay for policies carried out at European level (such as agriculture, assistance to poorer regions, trans-European networks, research, some overseas development aid) and for its administration, including a parliament, executive branch, and judiciary that are distinct from those of the member states.

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Buffalo mozzarella

Buffalo mozzarella (Italian: mozzarella di bufala) is a mozzarella made from the milk of Italian Mediterranean buffalo.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.

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Bulgaria and the euro

Bulgaria committed to switching its currency, the lev, to the euro upon its joining the European Union in 2007, as stated in its EU accession treaty.

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Bulgaria for Citizens Movement

Bulgaria for Citizens Movement (Движение „България на гражданите“, Dvizhenie „Bulgariya na grazhdanite“; Movement 'Bulgaria of the Citizens') is a political party in Bulgaria, founded by former European Commissioner and National Movement for Stability and Progress member Meglena Kuneva on July 1, 2012.

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Bulgarian Helsinki Committee

The Bulgarian Helsinki Committee is an independent non-governmental organization for human rights founded on July 14, 1992 in Sofia, Bulgaria.

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Bulindo

Bulindo is a neighborhood in Kira Municipality, Kyaddondo County, Wakiso District, in the Central Region of Uganda.

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Bullion coin

A bullion coin is a coin struck from precious metal and kept as a store of value or an investment, rather than used in day-to-day commerce.

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Bulthaup

bulthaup (legally: Bulthaup GmbH & Co. KG) is a German kitchen manufacturer headquartered in Aich, Bodenkirchen, close to Landshut in Lower Bavaria.

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Bundesdatenschutzgesetz

The German Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (BDSG) is a federal data protection act, that together with the data protection acts of the German federal states and other area-specific regulations, governs the exposure of personal data, which are manually processed or stored in IT systems.

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Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken

The National Association of German Cooperative Banks (BVR) (Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken) is the umbrella association for the cooperative banking sector in Germany.

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Bundz

Bundz (also known as bunc (Podhale dialect) is Polish sheep milk cheese. It is traditionally produced in Podhale. The drink żętyca is also produced from the whey created in bundz production.

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Bunker adjustment factor

Bunker adjustment factor, bunker surcharge or BAF refers to floating part of sea freight charges which represents additions due to oil prices.

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Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs

In the United States Government, the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (EUR) is part of the U.S. Department of State, charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy and promoting U.S. interests in Europe and Eurasia (which it defines as being Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, the Caucasus Region, and Russia), as well as advising the Under Secretary for Political Affairs.

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Bureau of International Recycling

The Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) is a global recycling industry association representing more than 700 companies from the private sector and 40 national trade federations from 70 different countries.

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Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa.

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Buses in Malta

Buses were introduced to Malta in 1905.

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Business Anti-Corruption Portal

The Business Anti-Corruption Portal (BACP) is a one-stop shop for business anti-corruption information offering tools on how to mitigate risks and costs of corruption when doing business abroad.

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Business interoperability interface

A business interoperability interface (BII) is an interface that enables business interoperability between organizational systems.

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Business Register System

Business Register System (Unternehmensregister, URS) is a statistical business register in Germany which provides structural data about economic sectors and serves as the essential source of information about entities which is needed for planning, preparation and implementation of statistical surveys.

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Byrd Amendment

The Byrd Amendment is also known as the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 (CDSOA).

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Bystroye Canal

The Deepwater Navigation Course "Danube – Black Sea is a deep-water canal in the Danube Delta that runs through a Danube Delta distributaries Chilia, Old Istambul and "Bystroe".

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C-segment

C-segment (or medium cars) is a Euro Car Segment; a car classification loosely defined by the European Commission as the third-smallest segment (above the A-segment and B-segment) in the European market—in a system that comprises nine overall classes.

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Cabinet (European Commission)

In the European Commission, a cabinet (the French pronunciation, cab-ee-nay, is used) is the personal office of a European Commissioner.

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Cabinet (government)

A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch.

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Cabinet of Miro Cerar

The Cabinet of Prime Minister Miro Cerar was announced on 18 September 2014.

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Cadbury

Cadbury, formerly Cadbury's and Cadbury Schweppes, is a British multinational confectionery company wholly owned by Mondelez International (originally Kraft Foods) since 2010.

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Caetano Luís Pequito de Almeida Sampaio

Luís de Almeida Sampaio (born Caetano Luís Pequito de Almeida Sampaio, December 16, 1957 in Porto, Portugal) is a Portuguese career diplomat.

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Caisse des dépôts et consignations

The Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (Deposits and Consignments Fund) is a French public sector financial institution created in 1816, and part of the government institutions under the control of the Parliament.

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Calabria

Calabria (Calàbbria in Calabrian; Calavría in Calabrian Greek; Καλαβρία in Greek; Kalavrì in Arbëresh/Albanian), known in antiquity as Bruttium, is a region in Southern Italy.

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Caledonian MacBrayne

Caledonian MacBrayne (Caledonian Mac a' Bhriuthainn), usually shortened to CalMac, is the major operator of passenger and vehicle ferries, and ferry services, between the mainland of Scotland and 22 of the major islands on Scotland's west coast.

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Calvià

Calvià is a municipality on the island of Majorca, part of the Spanish autonomous community of the Balearic Islands.

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Cam Donaldson

Cameron Richard (Cam) Donaldson PhD (born 30 November 1960) is one of the world's foremost health economists.

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Cambashi

Cambashi is an Anglo-American industry analyst firm, focused on the market for Information Technology in the manufacturing, distribution, energy, utilities and construction industries.

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Campaign for Unmetered Telecommunications

The Campaign for Unmetered Telecommunications (CUT) was a United Kingdom political pressure group that operated between 1998 and 2001.

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Campaigning in the 2008 Austrian legislative election

A legislative snap election for the National Council in Austria was held on 28 September 2008.

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Campus Party

Campus Party (CP) is an annual week-long, 24-hour-a-day technology festival and LAN party.

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Capacity building

Capacity building (or capacity development) is the process by which individuals and organizations obtain, improve, and retain the skills, knowledge, tools, equipment and other resources needed to do their jobs competently or to a greater capacity (larger scale, larger audience, larger impact, etc).

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Cape Verde

Cape Verde or Cabo Verde (Cabo Verde), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean.

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Capital Adequacy Directive

The Capital Adequacy Directive was a European directive that aimed to establish uniform capital requirements for both banking firms and non-bank securities firms, first issued in 1993 and revised in 1998.

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Capital levy

A capital levy is a tax on capital rather than income, collected once rather than annually.

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Capital Requirements Regulation 2013

The Capital Requirements Regulation is an EU law that aims to decrease the likelihood that banks go insolvent.

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Capo d'Otranto

Cape Palascìa, commonly known as Capo d'Otranto, is Italy's most easterly point.

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CAPRI model

The CAPRI (Common Agricultural Policy Regionalised Impact) model is a tool for exante impact assessment of agricultural and international trade policies with a focus on the European Union.

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Car-Free Days

World Car Free Day, which is celebrated on September 22, encourages motorists to give up their cars for a day.

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Carbon credit

A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the mass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide.

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Carbon governance in England

The reduction of carbon emissions, along with other greenhouse gases (GHGs), has become a vitally important task of international, national and local actors.

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Cargolux

Cargolux, legally Cargolux Airlines International S.A., is a Luxembourgish cargo airline with its head office and home base at Luxembourg Airport in Sandweiler, Luxembourg.

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Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency

The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) is an inter-regional supportive network of independent emergency units throughout the Caribbean region.

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Carl Wright (civil servant)

Dr.

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Carleton University

Carleton University is a comprehensive university located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

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Carlo Piana

Carlo Piana is a lawyer by training and a Free Software advocate.

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Carlos Moedas

Carlos Manuel Félix Moedas (Beja, Portugal, 10 August 1970) is a Portuguese civil engineer, economist and politician.

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Carmine

Carmine, also called cochineal, cochineal extract, crimson lake or carmine lake, natural red 4, C.I. 75470, or E120, is a pigment of a bright-red color obtained from the aluminium salt of carminic acid; it is also a general term for a particularly deep-red color.

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Carnegie Group

The Carnegie Group brings together the science ministers and senior officials from the G8 nations and some others including the European Commission in meetings, possibly every six months or every year.

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Carsten Schneider

Carsten Schneider (born 23 January 1976) is a German social democratic politician, who has been a member of the German Parliament since 1998.

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Cartellverband

The Union of Catholic German Student Fraternities (Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen or Cartellverband (CV)) is a German umbrella organization of Catholic male student fraternities (Studentenverbindung).

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Cascade Funding

Cascade Funding, also known as Financial Support for Third Parties, is a European Commission mechanism to distribute public funding in order to assist beneficiaries, such as start-ups, scale-ups, SME and/or mid-caps, in the uptake or development of digital innovation.

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Caselex

Caselex is a unique legal information service opening up national case law and other important decisions (like those of competition authorities) with a European connotation to legal professions.

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Cases for reporting on Ergenekon

There have been a number of trials arising from reporting on Ergenekon, with journalists accused of "violating the confidentiality of the investigation" into Ergenekon, or violating the judicial process of the Ergenekon trials (attempting to influence a trial).

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Cash for cars

Paying cash for cars is part of the vehicle recycling process that dismantles derelict automobiles for spare parts or scrap metal.

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Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara

Nuova Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara S.p.A. known as Nuova Carife in short, was an Italian bank, based in Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna.

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Cast stone

Cast stone or reconstructed stone is a concrete masonry product simulating natural-cut stone and is used in architectural applications.

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Castellania (Valletta)

The Castellania (Il-Kastellanija; La Castellania), officially known as the Castellania Palace (Il-Palazz Kastellanja; Palazzo Castellania), is a former courthouse and prison in Valletta, Malta.

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Catalan independence referendum, 2017

The Catalan independence referendum of 2017, also known by the numeronym 1-O (for "1 October") in Spanish media, was an independence referendum held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, passed by the Parliament of Catalonia as the Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia and called by the Generalitat de Catalunya.

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Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014

No description.

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Catalan Way

The Catalan Way (Via Catalana), also known as the Catalan Way towards Independence (Via Catalana cap a la Independència), was a human chain in support of Catalan independence from Spain.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya, Catalonha, Cataluña) is an autonomous community in Spain on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Catherine Ashton

Catherine Margaret Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland, (born 20 March 1956 at Upholland, Lancashire) is a British Labour politician who served as the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and First Vice President of the European Commission in the Barroso Commission from 2009 to 2014.

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Catherine Day

Catherine Day (born 16 June 1954 in Mount Merrion, Dublin) is a former Secretary-General of the European Commission.

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CBRN defense

Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense (CBRN defense or CBRNE defense) is protective measures taken in situations in which chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear warfare (including terrorism) hazards may be present.

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CDS – People's Party

The CDS – People's Party (CDS – Partido Popular, derived from Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular, CDS-PP) is a conservative, Christian democratic, and national-conservative political party in Portugal.

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CE marking

CE marking is a certification mark that indicates conformity with health, safety, and environmental protection standards for products sold within the European Economic Area (EEA).

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CEBIT

CeBIT is the largest and most internationally representative computer expo.

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CEC

CEC may refer to.

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CEC European Managers

CEC European Managers (also called "European confederation of executives & managers staff") is a European organisation that promotes and defends the interest of managers in Europe towards the European institutions.

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Cecilia Malmström

Anna Cecilia Malmström (born 15 May 1968) is a Swedish politician who has served as European Commissioner for Trade since 2014.

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Celso Arango

Celso Arango (Palma de Mallorca 1968-) is a Spanish psychiatrist.

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Celtworld

Celtworld was an educational amusement park, heritage interpretation centre, and tourist attraction in Tramore, County Waterford, Ireland.

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CEN Workshop Agreement

A CEN Workshop Agreement (commonly abbreviated CWA) is a reference document from the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).

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CEN/CENELEC Guide 6

CEN/CENELEC Guide 6: Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities is a document for participants in standardisation activities at CEN and CENELEC that contains guidance for the creation and the revision of standards to ensure greater accessibility of products and services.

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Censorship in Serbia

Censorship in Serbia is prohibited by the Constitution.

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Centavia

Centavia (Central European Aviation) was a short-lived Serbian low cost airline.

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Center for Clean Air Policy

The Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) is an independent, nonprofit think tank that was founded in 1985 in the United States.

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Center for Operations Research and Econometrics

The Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE) is an interdisciplinary research institute of the Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) located in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

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Center for the Study of Bioethics

The Center for the Study of Bioethics (CSB) is a bioethics research institute based in Belgrade, Serbia.

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Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine

The Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine (CCNR; Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin) is an international organisation whose function is to encourage European prosperity by guaranteeing a high level of security for navigation of the Rhine and environs.

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Central European Labour Studies Institute

The Central European Labour Studies Institute (CELSI) is a research institute based in Bratislava, Slovakia that specialises in labour markets and migration.

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Central Finance and Contracts Unit (Turkey)

The Central Finance and Contracts Unit (CFCU) (Turkish: Merkezî Finans ve İhale Birimi) is a unit within the Undersecretariat of Treasury of the Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey.

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Centre for Aviation, Transport and Environment

Manchester Metropolitan University's Centre for Aviation, Transport and the Environment (CATE) is an international research centre based at the Dalton Research Institute specialising in the environmental impacts of the aviation industry.

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Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) is an executive agency of the United Kingdom government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra).

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Centre for International Education and Research

The Centre for International Education and Research (CIER) evolved in the 1950s, at the University of Birmingham UK, in the context of the involvement of British academics in the new international educational role of the United Nations.

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Centre for International Research on Economic Tendency Surveys

The Centre for International Research on Economic Tendency Surveys (CIRET) is a forum of scientists and institutions who analyse the development of business cycles and their effects on economic and social issues, specifically by means of Economic Tendency Surveys.

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Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters

The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) is a research unit of the Université catholique de Louvain (UCL).

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Centre International de Formation Européenne

Established in 1954, the Centre international de formation européenne （Abbreviation: CIFE.

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Centre Party (Finland)

The Centre Party of Finland (Suomen Keskusta, Kesk; Centern i Finland) is a centrist, liberal, and agrarian political party in Finland.

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CEPIC

CEPIC, from CEnter of the PICture industry (former: Coordination of European Agencies Press Stock Heritage), is a registered European Economic interest Grouping (EEIG) and international umbrella organization.

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Ceramic matrix composite

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials as well as a subgroup of ceramics.

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CERCA Institute

Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CERCA; English: Research Centers of Catalonia) is the corporative denomination of a group of centers of excellence based in Catalonia, called CERCA Centers, and the institution that coordinates them, called CERCA or I-CERCA.

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CERN

The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), known as CERN (derived from the name Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire), is a European research organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world.

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Certified Emission Reduction

Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) are a type of emissions unit (or carbon credits) issued by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects and verified by a DOE (Designated Operational Entity) under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol.

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CEU Cardinal Herrera University

CEU Cardenal Herrera University (in Spanish language Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera) is a private university in Valencia, Spain.

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CFA franc

The CFA franc (in French: franc CFA, or colloquially franc) is the name of two currencies used in parts of West and Central African countries which are guaranteed by the French treasury.

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Cham Albanians

Cham Albanians, or Chams (Çamë, Τσάμηδες Tsámidhes), are a sub-group of Albanians who originally resided in the western part of the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece, an area known among Albanians as Chameria.

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Chameria

Chameria (Çamëria; Τσαμουριά Tsamouriá; Çamlık) is a term used today mostly by Albanians for parts of the coastal region of Epirus in southern Albania and the historical Greek region of Epirus, traditionally associated with an Albanian speaking population called Chams.

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Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel (Le tunnel sous la Manche; also nicknamed the Chunnel) is a rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover.

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Chapel of the Resurrection, Brussels

The Chapel for Europe or the Chapel of the Resurrection (in Dutch Verrijzeniskapel, in French Chapelle de la Résurrection) is a Roman Catholic church with an ecumenical vocation located in the heart of the Brussels' European Quarter of Brussels (district City of Brussels), next to the former Convent Van Maerlant.

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Charlemagne building

The Charlemagne building is a high-rise in the European Quarter of Brussels, which houses the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, the Directorate-General for Trade and, since 2015, the Internal Audit Service of the Commission.

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Charlemagne Prize

The Charlemagne Prize (Karlspreis; full name originally Internationaler Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen, International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen, since 1988 Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen, International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen) is a prize awarded for work done in the service of European unification.

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Charles Wyplosz

Charles Wyplosz (born 5 September 1947 in Vichy, France) is a French economist.

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Charlie McCreevy

Charles Barry McCreevy (born 30 September 1949) is a former Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services from 2004 to 2010, Minister for Finance from 1997 to 2004, Minister for Tourism and Trade from 1993 to 1994 and Minister for Social Welfare from 1992 to 1993.

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Chart of accounts

A chart of accounts (COA) is a created list of the accounts used by an organization to define each class of items for which money or the equivalent is spent or received.

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Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union enshrines certain political, social, and economic rights for European Union (EU) citizens and residents into EU law.

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Chartered (professional)

A Chartered professional is a person who has gained a specific level of skill or competence in a particular field of work, which has been recognised by the award of a formal credential by a relevant professional organization.

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Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists

The Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists (CIAT) is the qualifying body for architectural technology, primarily in the United Kingdom but also internationally.

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Chartered Institute of Credit Management (formerly Institute of Credit Management)

The Institute of Credit Management (ICM) (now known as the Chartered Institute of Credit Management) is a United Kingdom-based professional body representing credit professionals.

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Chartered Physicist

Chartered Physicist (CPhys) is a chartered status and a professional qualification awarded by the Institute of Physics.

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Château of Val-Duchesse

The Château of Val-Duchesse (Château de Val-Duchesse, Kasteel van Hertoginnedal) is a mansion and estate situated in the municipality of Auderghem in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium.

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Cheadle Hulme School

Cheadle Hulme School is a coeducational independent day school in Cheadle Hulme, Stockport, England, for pupils aged 4 to 18 years old, and is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.

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Chef de Cabinet

In several French-speaking countries, the Chef de Cabinet (French, literally "Cabinet Chief") is a senior civil servant who acts as an aide or Private Secretary to a government figure, typically a minister.

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Chelgate

Chelgate Limited is an independent and international public relations and public affairs consultancy.

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Cheltenham & Gloucester

Cheltenham & Gloucester plc (C&G) was a mortgage and savings provider in the United Kingdom, a subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group.

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ChemChina

China National Chemical Corporation, commonly known as ChemChina, is a Chinese state-owned chemical company in the product segments of agrochemicals, rubber products, chemical materials and specialty chemicals, industrial equipment, and petrochemical processing.

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Chemistry Quality Eurolabels

The Chemistry Quality Eurolabels or European Quality Labels in Chemistry (Labels européens de Qualité en Chimie) is a marketing scheme for chemistry degrees at institutions located within the 45 countries involved in the Bologna process.

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Chemrec

Chemrec was a Stockholm, Sweden corporation that developed technology for entrained flow gasification of black liquor and certain types brown liquor for production of biofuels from the resulting syngas.

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Chiapas conflict

The Chiapas conflict (Spanish: Conflicto de Chiapas) refers to the 1994 Zapatista Uprising and its aftermath, and tensions between the indigenous peoples and subsistence farmers in the Mexican state of Chiapas in the 1990s and 1980s.

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Chief economist

Chief economist is a single-position job class having primary responsibility for the development, coordination, and production of economic and financial analysis.

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Child Online Protection

Child Online Protection (COP) is an initiative which is established by International Telecommunication Union in November 2008 within the framework of the Global Cybersecurity Agenda (GCA).

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Child pornography

Child pornography is pornography that exploits children for sexual stimulation.

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Child protection

Child protection is the protection of children from violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect.

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Child sex tourism

Child sex tourism (CST) is tourism for the purpose of engaging in the prostitution of children, which is commercially facilitated child sexual abuse.

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Childnet

Childnet International is a registered UK charity that aims to make the internet a safe place for children and young people.

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Children of Prisoners Europe

Children of Prisoners Europe (COPE) (formerly European Action Research Committee for Children of Imprisoned Parents or EUROCHIPS) is a pan-European network acting to support children with imprisoned parents.

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Children of War (2009 film)

Children of War is a feature-length documentary film directed by Bryan Single and released in 2009.

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China Europe International Business School

China Europe International Business School (CEIBS) is a globally top-ranked business school located in Shanghai, China.

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China IPR SME Helpdesk

The China IPR SME Helpdesk is a project funded by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry (DG ENTR).

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China-EU School of Law

The China-EU School of Law (CESL) at the China University of Political Science and Law is located in Beijing, China.

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Chinese Ambassador to the European Union

The Chinese ambassador to the European Union is the official representative of the government in Beijing to the European Commission.

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Chiquita Brands International

Chiquita Brands International Sàrl, formerly known as Chiquita Brands International Inc., is a Swiss producer and distributor of bananas and other produce.

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Chlorpropham

Chlorpropham (commercial names: Bud Nip, Taterpex, Preventol, Elbanil, Metoxon, Nexoval, Stickman Pistols, Preweed, Furloe, Stopgerme-S, Sprout Nip, Mirvale, Bygran, ChlorIPC, CHLOROPROPHAM, Spud-Nic, Spud-Nie, Chloro-IFK, Chloro-IPC, Keim-stop, Triherbicide CIPC) is a plant growth regulator and herbicide used as a sprout suppressant for grass weeds, alfalfa, lima and snap beans, blueberries, cane fruit, carrots, cranberries, ladino clover, garlic, seed grass, onions, spinach, sugar beets, tomatoes, safflower, soybeans, gladioli and woody nursery stock.

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Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway

Yu'Xin'Ou Railway (渝新欧) is a freight rail route linking the southwestern Chinese city of Chongqing with Duisburg, Germany.

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Chris Heaton-Harris

Christopher Heaton-Harris (born 28 November 1967) is a British Conservative Party politician.

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Chris Huhne

Christopher Murray Paul-Huhne (born 2 July 1954), known as Chris Huhne, is an energy and climate change consultant and formerly a British journalist and politician who was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Eastleigh from 2005 to 2013 and the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change from 2010 to 2012.

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Chris Patten

Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, (born 12 May 1944) is a British politician who served as the 28th and final Governor of Hong Kong from 1992-1997.

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Christian

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christian Aid

Christian Aid is the official relief and development agency of 41 British and Irish churches, and works to support sustainable development, stop poverty, support civil society and provide disaster relief in South America, the Caribbean, Africa and Asia (Including the Middle East).

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Christian de Boissieu

Christian de Boissieu (born 18 March 1947) is a French professor of economics at Pantheon-Sorbonne University, Paris.

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Christian Keysers

Christian Keysers is a French and German neuroscientist.

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Christian Lindner

Christian Wolfgang Lindner (born 7 January 1979) is a German politician, member of the Bundestag and leader of the liberal Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP).

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Christianity in Italy

Christianity in Italy is characterised by the predominance of the Catholic Church.

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Christina Scott

Christina Martha Elena Scott (born 25 December 1974) is a British civil servant and former territorial governor.

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Christine Stix-Hackl

Dr.

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Christopher Tugendhat, Baron Tugendhat

Christopher Samuel Tugendhat, Baron Tugendhat (born 23 February 1937) is a British Conservative Party politician, business man, company director, journalist and author.

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Christopher Williams (academic)

Christopher Williams (born in London) is an English academic.

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Christos Papoutsis

Christos Papoutsis (Χρήστος Παπουτσής) (born April 11, 1953) is a Greek socialist politician who has served as Minister for Citizen Protection (2010–12), Mercantile Marine Minister (2000–01) Member of the European Parliament (1984–95)and European Commissioner for Energy and Euratom Supply Agency, Small business and Tourism (1995–1999).

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Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy

Chronic solvent induced encephalopathy (CSE) is a condition induced by long-term exposure to organic solvents, often but not always in the workplace, that lead to a wide variety of persisting sensorimotor polyneuropathies and neurobehavioral deficits even after solvent exposure has been removed.

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Chrysotile

Chrysotile or white asbestos is the most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in the United StatesOccupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor (2007).

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Ciara Judge

Ciara Judge is Irish scientist from Kinsale, County Cork and a public speaker.

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Cillian Ryan

Professor Cillian Ryan is an academic economist and Pro Vice-Chancellor at Nottingham Trent University.

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Cinema and Science

Cinema and Science (CISCI) is a European educational project of the Austrian physicist Heinz Oberhummer.

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Cinzano

Cinzano is an Italian brand of vermouth, a brand owned since 1999 by Gruppo Campari.

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CIRCAMP

CIRCAMP is an abbreviation for Cospol Internet Related Child Abusive Material Project.

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Circular economy

A circular economy is a regenerative system in which resource input and waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimised by slowing, closing, and narrowing energy and material loops.

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Citalopram

Citalopram (brand names: Celexa, Cipramil and others) is an antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.

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Citizen science

Citizen science (CS; also known as community science, crowd science, crowd-sourced science, civic science, volunteer monitoring, or networked science) is scientific research conducted, in whole or in part, by amateur (or nonprofessional) scientists.

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Citizens Online

Citizens Online is a UK basic digital skills and digital inclusion charity that was founded in 2000 by Mark Adams and CEO John Fisher.

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Citizens Signpost Service

CSS is a body of the European Commission that assists citizens on ascerting their EU rights.

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Citizenship of the European Union

Citizenship of the European Union (EU) is afforded to qualifying citizens of European Union member states.

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Citrus black spot

Citrus Black Spot is a fungal disease caused by Guignardia citricarpa.

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City car

A city car (also known as urban car or a mini) is a small car designed to be used primarily in urban areas and conurbations.

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City of Brussels

The City of Brussels (French: Ville de Bruxelles or alternatively Bruxelles-Ville, Dutch: Stad Brussel or Brussel-Stad) is the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region, and the de jure capital of Belgium.

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City of Derry Airport

City of Derry Airport is a regional airport located northeast of Derry, Northern Ireland.

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City of London and Westminster South by-election, 1977

The City of London and Westminster South by-election on 24 February 1977 was held after Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Christopher Tugendhat resigned the seat upon his appointment to the European Commission.

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City, University of London

City, University of London is a public research university in London, United Kingdom.

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CityFlyer Express

CityFlyer Express was a short-haul regional airline with its head office in the Iain Stewart Centre next to London Gatwick Airport in England.

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Ciudad de la Luz

Ciudad de la Luz ("City of Light") is a film studio in Alicante, Spain.

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Civicus

CIVICUS is an international non-profit organisation, which describes itself as “a global alliance dedicated to strengthening citizen action and civil society around the world.

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Civil service

The civil service is independent of government and composed mainly of career bureaucrats hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership.

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Civil–military relations during the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government

During the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government, civil–military relationship moved towards normalization in which the influence of the military was reduced.

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Classification society

A classification society (however called) is a non-governmental organization that establishes and maintains technical standards for the construction and operation of ships and offshore structures.

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Classified information

Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected.

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Claude Cheysson

Claude Cheysson (13 April 1920 – 15 October 2012) was a French Socialist politician who served as Foreign Minister in the government of Pierre Mauroy from 1981 to 1984.

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Claudia Maria Buch

Claudia Maria Buch (also Claudia-Maria Buch; born March 1966) is a German economist who currently serves as Vice President of the Bundesbank.

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Clean Energy Ministerial

The Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) are global forums held to promote policies and to share best practices with the aim of accelerating a transition to clean energy.

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Clean Sky

Clean Sky Joint Undertaking (CSJU) is a public-private partnership between the European Commission and the European aeronautics industry that coordinates and funds research activities to deliver significantly quieter and more environmentally friendly aircraft.

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Clemens Fuest

Clemens Fuest (born 23 August 1968) is a German economist.

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ClientEarth

ClientEarth is a non-profit environmental law organisation, founded in 2008, with offices in London, Brussels, Warsaw, and Beijing.

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Climate change in Japan

Climate change in Japan is being addressed at a governmental level.

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Climate change mitigation

Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change.

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Cloud Security Alliance

Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) is a not-for-profit organization with a mission to “promote the use of best practices for providing security assurance within Cloud Computing, and to provide education on the uses of Cloud Computing to help secure all other forms of computing.” The CSA has over 80,000 individual members worldwide.

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Club of Madrid

The Club de Madrid is an independent non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community.

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Cluster development

Cluster development (or cluster initiative or economic clustering) is the economic development of business clusters.

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Co-determination

Codetermination (also "copartnership" or "worker participation") is the practice of workers of an enterprise having the right to vote for representatives on the board of directors in a company.

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Co-modality

The co-modality is a notion introduced by the European commission in 2006 in the field of the transport policy to define an approach of the globality of the transport modes and of their combinations.

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Coal in Finland

Coal in Finland is used as an energy source in Finland.

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Coats Group

Coats Group plc is a British multi-national company.

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COBRAcable

COBRAcable (COpenhagen-BRussels-Amsterdam cable) is a ±320 kV, 700 MW HVDC submarine power cable pair under construction between Eemshaven, the Netherlands, and Endrup near Esbjerg, Denmark.

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Cochin University of Science and Technology

Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) is a government-owned autonomous science and technology university in Kochi, Kerala, India.

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Coeliac disease

Coeliac disease, also spelled celiac disease, is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine.

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Cohabitation (government)

Cohabitation is a system of divided government that occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as France, when the President is from a different political party than the majority of the members of parliament.

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Colectiv nightclub fire

The Colectiv nightclub fire was a deadly fire in Bucharest, Romania, on 30 October 2015, which killed 64 people (26 on site, 38 in hospitals) and injured 147.

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Collaboration tool

A collaboration tool helps people to collaborate.

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Collections Trust

The Collections Trust is an independent UK-based charity that works with museums, libraries, galleries and archives worldwide to improve the management and use of collections.

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Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation

CAPS (Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation) is a Horizon 2020 and FP7 programme funded by the European Commission and launched in 2013, which has the aim of helping grassroots initiatives contribute to societal change by harnessing existing and emerging network technologies.

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Collective redress

Collective redress is a legal term used within the European Union to define the legal instrument of group proceedings as there is absolutely no regulation at the moment.

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College and university rankings

College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education which have been ranked on the basis of various combinations of various factors.

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College transfer

College transfer is the anticipated movement students consider between education providers and the related institutional processes supporting those secondary and post-secondary learners who actually do move with completed coursework or training that may be applicable to a degree pathway and published requirements.

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Colletes halophilus

Colletes halophilus, the sea aster mining bee, is a rare species of mining bee from the family Colletidae which is found around the margins of saltmarsh and other coastal habitats in south-eastern England and north-western Europe.

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Collins Nweke

Collins Nweke (born 14 July 1965 in Igbuzo, Nigeria) is a Belgian politician of the Green Party currently serving a second term of office as Councillor at the Ostend City Council in West Flanders province.

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Colony collapse disorder

Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is the phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a colony disappear and leave behind a queen, plenty of food and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees.

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Combined transport

Combined transport is a form of intermodal transport, which is the movement of goods in one and the same loading unit or road vehicle, using successively two or more modes of transport without handling the goods themselves in changing modes.

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Comext

Comext is a statistical database on trade of goods managed by Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Commission.

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Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores

The National Securities Market Commission (in) (often abbreviated as CNMV) is the Spanish government agency responsible for the financial regulation of the securities markets in Spain.

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Comitology

Comitology in the European Union refers to a process by which EU law is modified or adjusted and takes place within "comitology committees" chaired by the European Commission.

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Commission

Commission or commissioning may refer to.

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Commission Directive 91/71/EEC

The Commission Directive 91/71/EEC was an EU Directive passed by the European Commission in 1991 regarding the level of sweeteners, flavourings and additives used in foods by states within the European Union and banning foods that did not comply.

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Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés

The Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL,; National Commission on Informatics and Liberty) is an independent French administrative regulatory body whose mission is to ensure that data privacy law is applied to the collection, storage, and use of personal data.

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Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94

Commission Regulation (EC) No.

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Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011

Commission Regulation (EU) No.

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Commission v Anic Partecipazioni SpA

Commission v Anic Partecipazioni SpA (1999) is an EU competition law case, concerning the requirements for finding that there has been a cartel, or unlawful collusion, within TFEU article 101.

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Commission v France

Commission v France (or Commission of the European Communities v French Republic) refers to several different cases heard by the European Court of Justice, which the European Commission brought against France for infringing European Union law.

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Commission v Germany

Commission v Germany (or Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany) refers to several different cases heard by the European Court of Justice, which the European Commission brought against Germany for infringing European Union law.

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Commission v Ireland

Commission v Ireland refers to several different cases heard by the European Court of Justice, which the European Commission brought against Ireland for infringing European Union law.

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Commission v Italy

Commission v Italy (or Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic) refers to several different cases heard by the European Court of Justice, which the European Commission brought against Italy for infringing European Union law.

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Commission v United Kingdom

Commission v United Kingdom (or Commission of the European Communities v United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) refers to several different cases heard by the European Court of Justice, which the European Commission brought against the United Kingdom for infringing European Union law.

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Commissioner

A commissioner is, in principle, a member of a commission or an individual who has been given a commission (official charge or authority to do something).

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Committee of European Banking Supervisors

The Committee of European Banking Supervisors (CEBS) was an independent advisory group on banking supervision in the European Union (EU).

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Committee of European Securities Regulators

The Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR) was an independent committee of European Securities regulators in the Lamfalussy process established by the European Commission on June 6, 2001.

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Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics

CMFB, in the context of European statistics, stands for Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics.

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Committees of the European Parliament

The Committees of the European Parliament are designed to aid the European Commission in initiating legislation.

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CommNet

CommNet is an informal network of communications managers from European Union-funded research projects.

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Commodity market

A commodity market is a market that trades in primary economic sector rather than manufactured products.

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Common Agricultural Policy

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the agricultural policy of the European Union.

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Common Commercial Policy (EU)

The European Union's (EU) Common Commercial Policy or EU Trade Policy is the policy whereby EU member states delegate authority to the European Commission to negotiate their external trade relations, with the aim of increasing trade amongst themselves and their bargaining power vis-à-vis the rest of the world.

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Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base

The Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) is a proposal for a common tax scheme for the European Union developed by the European Commission and first proposed in March 2011 which would create a single set of rules for how EU corporations calculate their EU taxes and provide the ability to consolidate EU taxes.

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Common external power supply

In 2009 a European Commission initiative resulted in the specification of a common external power supply (common EPS) for use with data-enabled mobile phones sold in the European Union.

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Common Security and Defence Policy

The Common Security and Defence Policy, CSDP, whose structures are sometimes referred to as the European Defence Union) is the EU's policy arrangements and related institutions in the fields of defence and crisis management. The implementation of the CSDP involves the deployment of military or civilian missions for peace-keeping, conflict prevention and strengthening international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. Military missions are carried out by EU forces established with contributions from the member states' armed forces. The CSDP also entails collective self-defence amongst member states as well as a Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in which 25 of the 28 national armed forces pursue structural integration. The Union's High Representative (HR/VP), currently Federica Mogherini, is responsible for proposing and implementing CSDP decisions. Such decisions are adopted by the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC), generally requiring unanimity. The CSDP structures, headed by the HR/VP, comprise relevant sections of the External Action Service (EEAS)—including the Military Staff (EUMS) with its operational headquarters (MPCC)—a number of FAC preparatory bodies—such as the Military Committee (EUMC)—as well as four agencies, including the Defence Agency (EDA).

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Common technical regulation

Common Technical Regulation (CTR).

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Communia

COMMUNIA is a thematic project funded by the European Commission within the eContentplus framework addressing theoretical analysis and strategic policy discussion of existing and emerging issues concerning the public domain in the digital environment - as well as related topics, including, but not limited to, alternative forms of licensing for creative material; open access to scientific publications and research results; management of works whose authors are unknown (i.e. orphan works).

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Communications in Gibraltar

Communications in Gibraltar comprise a wide range of telephony systems (both fixed-line and mobile), Internet access, broadcasting (radio and television) and satellite control.

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Communities of innovation

Communities that support innovation have been referred to as Communities of Innovation (CoI),Coakes, E. and P. Smith.

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Community Innovation Survey

The Community Innovation Surveys (CIS) are a series of surveys executed by national statistical offices throughout the European Union and in Norway and Iceland.

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Community method

The Community method refers to decision making processes in the European Union which emphasise the roles of the supranational decision making bodies such as the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Court of Justice of the European Union.

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Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies

The Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (CER) brings together 75 railway undertakings and infrastructure companies from the European Union, the candidate countries (Macedonia and Turkey) as well as from the Western Balkan countries, Norway, and Switzerland.

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Community rating

Community rating is a concept usually associated with health insurance, which requires health insurance providers to offer health insurance policies within a given territory at the same price to all persons without medical underwriting, regardless of their health status.

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Comorian franc

The franc (franc comorien; فرنك قمري) (ISO 4217 currency code KMF) is the official currency of Comoros.

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Compact city

The compact city or city of short distances is an urban planning and urban design concept, which promotes relatively high residential density with mixed land uses.

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Comparative advertising

Comparative advertising or advertising war is an advertisement in which a particular product, or service, specifically mentions a competitor by name for the express purpose of showing why the competitor is inferior to the product naming it.

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Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

This is a comparison of published free software licenses and open-source licenses.

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Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism

A number of authors have carried out comparisons of Nazism and Stalinism, in which they have considered the similarities and differences of the two ideologies and political systems, what relationship existed between the two regimes, and why both of them came to prominence at the same time.

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Comparison shopping website

A comparison shopping website, sometimes called a price comparison website, Price Analysis tool, comparison shopping agent, shopbot or comparison shopping engine, is a vertical search engine that shoppers use to filter and compare products based on price, features, reviews and other criteria.

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Compat.egov

COMPAT.eGov is a European LLP research project financed through the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Union.

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Competition law

Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.

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Competition law theory

Competition law theory covers the strands of thought relating to competition law or antitrust policy.

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Competition regulator

A competition regulator is a government agency, typically a statutory authority, sometimes called an economic regulator, which regulates and enforces competition laws, and may sometimes also enforce consumer protection laws.

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Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme

The Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP) of the European Commission is meant to improve the competitiveness of European companies facing the challenges of globalization.

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Complex metallic alloys

Complex metallic alloys (CMAs) of complex intermetallics (CIMs) are intermetallic compounds characterized by the following structural features.

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Complutense University of Madrid

The Complutense University of Madrid (Universidad Complutense de Madrid or Universidad de Madrid, Universitas Complutensis) is a public research university located in Madrid, and one of the oldest universities in the world.

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Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) is a free-trade agreement between Canada, the European Union and its member states.

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Computer programs and the Patent Cooperation Treaty

There are two provisions in the Regulations annexed to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) that relate to the search and examination of patent applications concerning computer programs.

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Concentration of media ownership

Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or media convergence) is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.

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Concentric Sky

Concentric Sky is a software development company located in Eugene, Oregon.

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Concern (business)

A concern (Konzern) is a type of business group common in Europe, particularly in Germany.

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Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics

There were many controversies and concerns affecting the 2014 Winter Olympics.

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Concerns and controversies related to UEFA Euro 2012

Concerns and controversies related to UEFA Euro 2012 cover the themes and issues surrounding the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship in Poland and Ukraine.

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Concert Communications Services

Concert Communications Services was a $1 billion joint venture, originally launched June 1994 by BT Group and MCI Communications.

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CONCORD

CONCORD (European NGO Confederation for Relief and Development) is the European NGO confederation for Relief and Development.

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Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs

The International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers (French: Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs, CISAC) is an international non-governmental, not-for-profit organisation that aims to protect the rights and promote the interests of creators worldwide.

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Conférence Olivaint

The Conférence Olivaint is the oldest, and one of the most private French student societies, established in 1874.

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Confederation of European Scouts

The Confederation of European Scouts, called in French Confédération Européenne de Scoutisme and abbreviated as CES, was formed in Brussels, Belgium, on 12 November 1978 and is still based in Belgium.

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Conference of Montreal

The Conference of Montreal is an annual economic event organized by the International Economic Forum of the Americas (IEFA) since 1995.

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Confidence motions in Dáil Éireann

If a motion of no confidence in the Taoiseach or Government of Ireland is passed by Dáil Éireann, or a motion of confidence is defeated, then the Constitution requires both the Taoiseach and the Government to resign.

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Congo Basin Forest Partnership

The Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP) is a non-profit initiative to promote the conservation and responsible management of the Congo Basin's tropical forests.

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COnnecting REpositories

CORE (COnnecting REpositories) is a service provided by the Knowledge Media Institute (KMi), based at The Open University, United Kingdom.

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Connie Hedegaard

Connie Hedegaard Koksbang (born 15 September 1960) is a Danish politician and public intellectual who was European Commissioner for Climate Action in the (second Barroso) European Commission from 10 February 2010 through 31 October 2014.

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Conseil Européen des Jeunes Agriculteurs

The Conseil Européen des Jeunes Agriculteurs (CEJA) ("European Council of Young Farmers") is an umbrella organisation gathering young farmers from all over Europe and is one of the key advocates for the agricultural sector in Europe.

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Consent procedure

The consent procedure (formerly assent procedure) is one of the special legislative procedures of the European Union.

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Conservation biology

Conservation biology is the management of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions.

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Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 1990

The 1990 Conservative Party leadership election in the United Kingdom took place on 20 November 1990 following the decision of Michael Heseltine, former Defence and Environment Secretary, to challenge Margaret Thatcher, the incumbent Prime Minister, for leadership of the Conservative Party.

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Consorzio ICoN

The Consorzio ICoN is an interuniversity consortium for Italian Studies established in 1999.

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Consumer price index by country

This page lists details of the consumer price index by country.

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Consumer Protection Act 1987

The Consumer Protection Act 1987 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that made important changes to the consumer law of the United Kingdom.

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Consumer protection in the United Kingdom

Consumer protection in the United Kingdom is effected through a multiplicity of Acts of Parliament, statutory instruments, government agencies and departments and citizens' lobby groups and aims to ensure the market economy produces fairness and quality in goods and services people buy.

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Consumer, Health and Food Executive Agency

The Consumer, Health and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA; until 2014 known as the Executive Agency for the Public Health Programme, PHEA) of the European Commission was established in 2005 to improve the implementation of the Community public health programme.

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Contango

Contango is a situation where the futures price (or forward price) of a commodity is higher than the anticipated spot price at maturity of the futures contract.

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Content and language integrated learning

Content and language integrated learning (CLIL) is an approach for learning content through an additional language (foreign or second), thus teaching both the subject and the language.

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Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator

Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) is the generic term for drugs in a new class of third-generation erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs).

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Control self-assessment

Control self-assessment is a technique developed in 1987 that is used by a range of organisations including corporations, charities and government departments, to assess the effectiveness of their risk management and control processes.

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Convent Van Maerlant

The Convent Van Maerlant is a former convent which consists of a church and a Chapel (Chapelle de la Résurrection) on Rue Van Maerlantstraat in Brussels (Belgium).

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Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community

The Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community is an international agreement amending the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, with the aim of awarding OCT status to the Netherlands Antilles, which was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1954 until 2010.

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Convention on the Future of Europe

The Convention on the Future of Europe (officially the European Convention), was a body established by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration.

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Cooking

Cooking or cookery is the art, technology, science and craft of preparing food for consumption.

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Cooling-off period (consumer rights)

In consumer rights legislation and practice, a cooling-off period is a period of time following a purchase when the purchaser may choose to cancel a purchase, and return goods which have been supplied, for any reason, and obtain a full refund.

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Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe

The Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe (Acronym: CDN) is a capacity-building network of political green youth organisations from Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe.CDN’s political focus is on Eastern Europe where the organisation works with local partners.

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Coordination of Information on the Environment

Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) is a European programme initiated in 1985 by the European Commission, aimed at gathering information relating to the environment on certain priority topics for the European Union (air, water, soil, land cover, coastal erosion, biotopes, etc.). Since 1994, the European Environment Agency (EEA) integrated CORINE in its work programme.

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Copenhagen criteria

The Copenhagen Criteria are the rules that define whether a country is eligible to join the European Union.

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Copenhagen Municipality

Copenhagen Municipality (Københavns Kommune), also known in English as the Municipality of Copenhagen, located in the Capital Region of Denmark, is the largest of the four municipalities that constitute the City of Copenhagen (Byen København), the other three being Dragør, Frederiksberg, and Tårnby.

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Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)

The is one of the six thematic services provided by the European Union's Copernicus Programme.

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Copernicus Programme

Copernicus is the world's largest single earth observation programme and is directed by the European Commission in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA).

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Coppé Authority

The Coppé Authority was an interim High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), between 1 March and 5 July 1967.

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Copyright Directive

The Copyright Directive (officially the Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, also known as the Information Society Directive or the InfoSoc Directive), is a directive of the European Union enacted to implement the WIPO Copyright Treaty and to harmonise aspects of copyright law across Europe, such as copyright exceptions. The directive was enacted under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome. The directive was subject to unprecedented lobbying and has been cited as a success for copyright industries. The directive gives EU Member States significant freedom in certain aspects of transposition. Member States had until 22 December 2002 to implement the directive into their national laws. However, only Greece and Denmark met the deadline and the European Commission eventually initiated enforcement action against six Member States for non-implementation.

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CORDIS

CORDIS is the Community Research and Development Information Service.

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Core damage frequency

Core damage frequency (CDF) is a term used in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) that indicates the likelihood of an accident that would cause severe damage to a nuclear fuel in nuclear reactor core.

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Coreu

COREU (French: Correspondance Européenne – Telex network of European correspondents, also EUKOR-Netzwerk in Austria) is a communication network of the European Union for the communication of the Council of the European Union, the European correspondents of the foreign ministries of the EU member states, permanent representatives of member states in Brussels, the European Commission, and the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union.

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Cornwall

Cornwall (Kernow) is a county in South West England in the United Kingdom.

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Corporate accountability for human rights violations

Holding corporations accountable for either direct conduct or complicity for human rights violations has become an increasing area of attention in promoting human rights.

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Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland

With 80% of Irish corporation tax ("CT") coming from foreign multinationals, and 14 of Ireland's largest 20 companies being US-based, Ireland is considered to have an advanced corporation tax regime (12.5% rate, broad tax-treaty network, tax-free holding company regimes, advanced intellectual property/knowledge box regimes).

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Corridor D (Europe)

Corridor D in Europe is a multinational, multiagency project to improve freight rail capacity and speed, initiated and supported by the European Commission.

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Corruption in Angola

Angola's president, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, has been accused of creating one of the most corrupt countries in Africa.

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Corruption in Kosovo

According to several public surveys in Kosovo and reports from institutions such as the European Commission, levels of corruption and impunity among politicians are high.

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Corruption in Romania

Corruption in Romania can be found in the politics, military, health care and private businesses and poses concerns for foreign investors.

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Corsica

Corsica (Corse; Corsica in Corsican and Italian, pronounced and respectively) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France.

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COSHH

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002, as amended is a United Kingdom Statutory Instrument that states general requirements on employers to protect employees and other persons from the hazards of substances used at work by risk assessment, control of exposure, health surveillance and incident planning.

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Cotonou Agreement

The Cotonou Agreement is a treaty between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ("ACP countries").

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Council for Higher Education in Israel

The Council for Higher Education in Israel (המועצה להשכלה גבוהה, HaMo'atza LeHaskala Gevoha) is a supervisory body for universities and colleges in Israel.

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Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe

The Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE) is an association gathering together bar associations of 32 countries in Europe (those of the European Union, of the European Economic Area and of Switzerland) and an additional eleven associate and observer members.

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Council of Europe

The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe) is an international organisation whose stated aim is to uphold human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.

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Council of European Energy Regulators

The Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER) is a "not-for-profit" organisation in which Europe’s national energy regulators voluntarily cooperate to protect consumer interests and to facilitate the creation of a single, competitive and sustainable internal market for gas and electricity in Europe.

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Council of European Municipalities and Regions

The Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR) is the largest organisation of local and regional governments in Europe.

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Council of the European Union

The Council of the European Union, referred to in the treaties and other official documents simply as the Council is the third of the seven Institutions of the European Union (EU) as listed in the Treaty on European Union.

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Counterpart Caribbean

Future Centre Trust (FCT), also known previously as Counterpart Caribbean, is an environmental organization based on the Caribbean island of Barbados.

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Country

A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography.

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Country code top-level domain

A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code.

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CountyWatch

CountyWatch is a direct action group in the United Kingdom that was set up in 2004 to remove what they consider to be wrongly placed county boundary signs that do not mark the historic or ancient county boundaries of England and Wales.

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Courage Ltd v Crehan

Courage Ltd v Crehan and Inntrepreneur Pub Company v Crehan (2001) are a series of EU competition law and English contract law cases, concerning the validity of beer tie agreements.

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Court of Cassation (Turkey)

The Court of Cassation, also called Supreme Court of Appeals of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyet Yargıtay Başkanlığı – Yargıtay for short) which was founded in 1868 is the last instance for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice.

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Covenant of Mayors

The Covenant of Mayors is a European co-operation movement involving local and regional authorities.

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Crédit Lyonnais

Crédit Lyonnais is a historic French bank.

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Creative England

Creative England is a not-for-profit organisation that supports the creative industries in England.

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Creative Sector Tax Relief

Creative Sector Tax Relief is a programme of tax incentives implemented in the United Kingdom in 2012 which encompass new incentives aimed at supporting the animation, high-end television and video games industries, in addition to the existing relief available for film production.

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Credito Fondiario (Fonspa)

Credito Fondiario S.p.A. is an Italian bank based in Rome, Italy.

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Crime in Bulgaria

Crime in Bulgaria is combated by the Bulgarian police and other agencies.

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Crime statistics

There are several methods for measuring the prevalence of crime.

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Crispin Tickell

Sir Crispin Tickell (born 25 August 1930) is a British diplomat, environmentalist, and academic.

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Cristóbal Cobo

Cristóbal Cobo (full name Juan Cristóbal Cobo Romani: born March 19, 1976) is a professor and researcher in new and educational technologies, who has worked on projects in South America, North America and Europe.

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Cristian Diaconescu

Cristian Diaconescu (born 2 July 1959) is a Romanian jurist and politician.

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Critical infrastructure protection

Critical infrastructure protection (CIP) is a concept that relates to the preparedness and response to serious incidents that involve the critical infrastructure of a region or nation.

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Criticism of Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. is a multinational American technology company which sells consumer electronics that have been claimed by critics to combine stolen and/or purchased designs that it claims are its own original creations.

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Criticism of Facebook

Criticism of Facebook relates to how Facebook's market dominance have led to international media coverage and significant reporting of its shortcomings.

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Criticism of Google

Criticism of Google includes aggressive and contrived tax avoidance, misuse and manipulation of search results, its use of others' intellectual property, concerns that its compilation of data may violate people's privacy, censorship of search results and content, and the energy consumption of its servers as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as monopoly, restraint of trade, antitrust, idea borrowing, and being an "Ideological Echo Chamber".

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Criticism of Microsoft Windows

The various versions of Microsoft's desktop operating system, Windows, have received many criticisms since Microsoft's inception.

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Criticism of Starbucks

Starbucks has been the subject of multiple controversies.

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Criticism of Windows 10

Windows 10, an operating system released by Microsoft in July 2015, has been criticized by reviewers and users.

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Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea.

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Croatia and the euro

Croatia's currency, the kuna, has used the euro (and prior to that one of the euro's major predecessors, the German mark or Deutschmark) as its main reference since its creation in 1994, and a long-held policy of the Croatian National Bank has been to keep the kuna's exchange rate with the euro within a relatively stable range.

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Croatia–Slovenia border disputes

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent countries.

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Croatia–Syria relations

Croatia–Syria relations are bilateral relations between Croatia and Syria.

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Croatian European Union membership referendum, 2012

A referendum on the EU accession of the Republic of Croatia was held on 22 January 2012.

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Croatian Museum of Naïve Art

The Croatian Museum of Naïve Art (Hrvatski muzej naivne umjetnosti) is a fine art museum in Zagreb, Croatia dedicated to the work of naïve artists of the 20th century.

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Crown Agents

Crown Agents Ltd is an international development company with head office in the United Kingdom.

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Cruelty-free cosmetics

Cruelty-free cosmetics is a category containing all cosmetics that have not been tested on animals.

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Csangos

The Csango people (Csángók, Ceangăi) are a Hungarian ethnographic group of Roman Catholic faith living mostly in the Romanian region of Moldavia, especially in Bacău County.

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Culham Centre for Fusion Energy

The Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE) is the UK's national laboratory for fusion research.

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Cultural diversity

Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay.

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Cultural governance

Cultural governance is governance of culture.

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Cultural policies of the European Union

European Union culture policies aim to address and promote the cultural dimension of European integration through relevant legislation and government funding.

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Culture of Albania

The Culture of Albania is a term that embodies the artistic, culinary, literary, musical, political and social elements that are representative of Albania and Albanians.

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Culture of Bulgaria

A number of ancient civilizations, including the Thracians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Ostrogoths, Slavs, Varangians and probably Bulgars, have left their mark on the culture, history and heritage of Bulgaria.

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Culture of Europe

The culture of Europe is rooted in the art, architecture, music, literature, and philosophy that originated from the continent of Europe.

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Culture of France

The culture of Paris,in France and of the French people has been shaped by geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and internal forces and groups.

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Culture of Germany

German culture has spanned the entire German-speaking world.

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Culture of Yorkshire

The culture of Yorkshire has developed over the county's history, influenced by the cultures of those who came to control the region, including the Celts (Brigantes and Parisii), Romans, Angles, Vikings and Normans.

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Cumberland sausage

Cumberland sausage is a form of sausage that originated in the ancient county of Cumberland, England, now part of Cumbria.

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Cumerio

On 17 December 2008, Cumerio and Norddeutsche Affinerie AG (NA) became Aurubis - Europe’s biggest copper producer.

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Curb weight

Curb weight (American English) or kerb weight (British English) is the total weight of a vehicle with standard equipment, all necessary operating consumables such as motor oil, transmission oil, coolant, air conditioning refrigerant, and sometimes a full tank of fuel, while not loaded with either passengers or cargo.

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Currency symbol

A currency symbol is a graphic symbol used as a shorthand for a currency's name, especially in reference to amounts of money.

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Curti Zefhir

The Curti Zefhir is a two-seat light-single turbine-powered recreational or trainer helicopter unveiled by Italian company Curti Aerospace at the April 2018 AERO Friedrichshafen.

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CUSIP

A CUSIP is a nine-character alphanumeric code that identifies a North American financial security for the purposes of facilitating clearing and settlement of trades.

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Customs declaration

A customs declaration is a form required by most countries.

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CVCE.eu

The Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance de l'Europe (CVCE) is an interdisciplinary research and documentation centre dedicated to the European integration process.

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Cyber-Duck

Cyber-Duck is a full service digital agency founded in 2005 and based in Elstree, United Kingdom.

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Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism is the use of the Internet to conduct violent acts that result in, or threaten, loss of life or significant bodily harm, in order to achieve political gains through intimidation.

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Cycling in the Netherlands

Cycling is a common mode of transport in the Netherlands, with 36% of the people listing the bicycle as their most frequent mode of transport on a typical day as opposed to the car by 45% and public transport by 11%.

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Cycling infrastructure

Cycling infrastructure refers to all infrastructure which may be used by cyclists.

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Cyclone Anne

Severe Tropical Cyclone Anne was one of the most intense tropical cyclones within the South Pacific basin during the 1980s.

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Cyclone Haruna

Tropical Cyclone Haruna was a deadly storm that produced widespread flooding and a disease outbreak in southwestern Madagascar.

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Cyclone Kina

Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina was a significant tropical cyclone which became the second-costliest storm to ever hit Fiji, only after Cyclone Winston of 2016.

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Cyclone Nina

Severe Tropical Cyclone Nina was a significant tropical cyclone, which impacted six island nations and caused several deaths.

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Cyclone Numa

Cyclone Numa, also known as Medicane Numa, was a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone with the properties of a subtropical cyclone.

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Cypriot Annan Plan referendums, 2004

A referendum on the Annan Plan was held in the Republic of Cyprus and the breakaway Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on 24 April 2004.

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Cypriot pound

The pound, also known as the lira (λίρα / plural λίρες and Turkish: lira, from the Latin libra through the Italian lira), was the currency of Cyprus, including the Sovereign Base Areas in Akrotiri and Dhekelia, until 31 December 2007, when the Republic of Cyprus adopted the euro.

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Cyprus

Cyprus (Κύπρος; Kıbrıs), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean.

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Cyprus Airways (1947-2015)

Cyprus Airways (Public) Ltd. (Κυπριακές Αερογραμμές Kypriakes Aerogrammes) was the flag carrier airline of Cyprus.

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Cyprus Merchant Marine

The history of shipping in Cyprus traces back hundreds of years.

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Cyprus Safer Internet Helpline

The Cyprus Safer Internet Helpline is a service provided by the Cyprus Safer Internet Center project, coordinated by the Cyprus Neuroscience and Technology Institute (CNTI).

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Cyprus Safer Internet Hotline

The Cyprus Safer Internet Hotline is a service provided by the Cyprus Safer Internet Center project, coordinated by the Cyprus Neuroscience and Technology Institute (CNTI).

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Cyprus Space Exploration Organisation

The Cyprus Space Exploration Organisation (CSEO) is a Cypriot non-governmental, nonprofit organisation.

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Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute

The Republic of Cyprus (Cyprus) and Turkey have been engaged in a dispute over the extent of their exclusive economic zones, ostensibly sparked by oil and gas exploration in the area.

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Cyril Hilsum

Cyril Hilsum CBE FRS FREng HonFInstP (born 17 May 1925) is a British physicist and academic.

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Czech College

Czech College is a further education institute located in Žižkov, Prague, Czech Republic, approved by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports.

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D-segment

D-segment (or large cars) is defined by the European Commission as the fourth segment in European market car classification.

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Dacian Cioloș

Dacian Julien Cioloș (born 27 July 1969) is a Romanian agronomist who was Prime Minister of Romania between November 2015 and January 2017.

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DADVSI

DADVSI (generally pronounced as dadsi) is the abbreviation of the French Loi sur le Droit d’Auteur et les Droits Voisins dans la Société de l’Information (in English: "law on authors' rights and related rights in the information society").

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Dagmar Roth-Behrendt

Dagmar Roth-Behrendt (born 21 February 1953 in Frankfurt am Main) is a lawyer who served as German Member of the European Parliament.

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DAI (company)

DAI Global, LLC is a private development company based in Bethesda, Maryland, with additional corporate offices in London and Hemel Hempstead in the United Kingdom.

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Dakar Biennale

The Dakar Biennale, or Dak'Art - Biennale de l'Art Africain Contemporain, is a major contemporary art exhibition that takes place once every two years in Dakar, Senegal.

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Dalia Grybauskaitė

Dalia Grybauskaitė (born 1 March 1956) is a Lithuanian politician and the President of Lithuania, inaugurated on 12 July 2009 and reelected in May 2014.

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Dan Lungu

Dan Lungu (born September 15, 1969) is a Romanian novelist, short story writer, poet and dramatist, also known as a literary theorist and sociologist.

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Dan Steinbock

Dan Steinbock (born 1954) is a global economic and policy analyst.

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Danièle Bourcier

Danièle Bourcier (born in 1946, Anjou) is a French lawyer and essayist, who has contributed to the emergence of a new discipline in France: Law, Computing and linguistics.

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Daniel Boulud

Daniel Boulud (born 25 March 1955 in Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu) is a French chef and restaurateur with restaurants in New York City, Boston, Washington DC, Palm Beach, Miami, Toronto, Montréal, London, and Singapore.

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Daniel Caspary

Daniel Caspary (born 4 April 1976) is a German politician and member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2004.

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Daniel Cohn-Bendit

Daniel Marc Cohn-Bendit (born 4 April 1945) is a French-German politician.

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Daniel E. Atkins

Daniel E. Atkins III is the W. K. Kellogg Professor of Community Informatics at University of Michigan.

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Daniel Gros

Daniel Gros (1955) is a German economist.

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Daniel Morar

Daniel Marius Morar (born August 15, 1966) is a Romanian jurist, who was Chief Prosecutor of the Romanian National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA), the agency responsible for investigating, preventing and prosecuting corruption-related offenses.

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Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees

Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees (DACAAR) (Danish: Den danske komité for hjælp til afghanske flygtninge) is a non-political, non-governmental, non-profit humanitarian/development organization working to improve the lives of the Afghan people since 1984.

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Danish euro referendum, 2000

A referendum on joining the euro was held in Denmark on 28 September 2000.

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Danish Society of Actuaries

The Danish Society of Actuaries (DSA), or the Danske Aktuarforening, is the association for actuaries in Denmark.

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Dansk Datamatik Center

Dansk Datamatik Center (DDC) was a Danish software research and development centre that existed from 1979 to 1989.

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DANTE

Delivery of Advanced Network Technology to Europe (DANTE) is a not-for-profit company that plans, builds and operates the consecutive generations of the backbone network that interconnects the national research and education networks (NRENs) in Europe.

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Danuta Hübner

Danuta Hübner (or; born 8 April 1948) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament from Poland.

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Daphne Caruana Galizia

Daphne Anne Caruana Galizia (26 August 1964 – 16 October 2017) was a Maltese journalist, writer, and anti-corruption activist, who reported on political events in Malta.

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DARA (international organization)

DARA is an independent, international organization based in Madrid, Spain.

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Daratumumab

Daratumumab (trade name Darzalex) is an anti-cancer drug.

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Dariusz Rosati

Dariusz Kajetan Rosati (born August 8, 1946 in Radom as Gaetano Dario Rosati) is a Polish professor of economics and a politician who is a member of the European Parliament (elected on June 13, 2004).

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Data mining

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.

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Data Protection Directive

The Data Protection Directive (officially Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data (PII (US)) and on the free movement of such data) was a European Union directive adopted in 1995 which regulates the processing of personal data within the European Union.

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Data retention

Data retention defines the policies of persistent data and records management for meeting legal and business data archival requirements; although sometimes interchangeable, not to be confused with the Data Protection Act 1998.

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Data Retention Directive

The Data Retention Directive, more formally "Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks and amending Directive 2002/58/EC" was a Directive issued by the European Union and related to telecommunications data retention.

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Data Universal Numbering System

The Data Universal Numbering System, abbreviated as DUNS or D-U-N-S, is a proprietary system developed and regulated by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) that assigns a unique numeric identifier, referred to as a "DUNS number" to a single business entity.

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Data.gov.uk

data.gov.uk is a UK Government project to make available non-personal UK government data as open data.

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Database marketing

Database marketing is a form of direct marketing using databases of customers or potential customers to generate personalized communications in order to promote a product or service for marketing purposes.

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David B. Audretsch

David Bruce Audretsch (born November 15, 1954) is an American Economist.

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David Cleevely

David Douglas Cleevely, CBE, FREng, FIET (born September 1953) is an entrepreneur and international telecoms expert who has built and advised many companies, principally in Cambridge, UK.

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David Conway (music historian)

David Allen Conway (born 17 February 1950) is a British music historian.

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David Davis (British politician)

David Michael Davis (born 23 December 1948) is a British politician of the Conservative Party serving as Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union since 2016 and Member of Parliament (MP) for Haltemprice and Howden since the general election of 1997.

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David Kennedy (jurist)

David W. Kennedy (born 1954) is an American academic and legal scholar known for his work on, and criticism of, international law.

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David O'Sullivan (civil servant)

David O'Sullivan (born 1953) is an Irish civil servant who serves as the Ambassador of the European Union to the United States and the Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United States.

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David S. Evans

David Sparks Evans (born 1954) is the chairman of the Global Economics Group in the firm’s Boston office, and has broad experience in the economics of antitrust, intellectual property, and financial regulation.

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David Ting

David Ting is the former head of the office of the European Commission in Hong Kong and Macau.

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David Tudor Jones

David Tudor Jones (born 1966) is a Professor of Bioinformatics, and Head of Bioinformatics Group in the University College London.

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David Vernon (professor)

David Vernon (born 1958) is the Coordinator of the European Network for the Advancement of Artificial Cognitive Systems and he is a Visiting Professor of Cognitive Systems at Carnegie Mellon University.

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David Williamson, Baron Williamson of Horton

David Francis Williamson, Baron Williamson of Horton (8 May 1934 – 30 August 2015) was a senior British and European civil servant, as well as a member of the House of Lords.

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Dawson v. Thomson Airways Ltd

Dawson v Thomson Airways Ltd was a landmark case taken to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales in May 2014, which created binding case law for all future flight delay compensation claims in England and Wales.

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Daytime running lamp

A daytime running lamp (DRL, also daytime running light) is an automotive lighting and bicycle lighting device on the front of a roadgoing motor vehicle or bicycle, automatically switched on when the vehicle is in drive, emitting white, yellow, or amber light to increase the conspicuity of the vehicle during daylight conditions.

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Désirée H. Ladwig

Désirée H. Ladwig (born December 18, 1964) is a German economist.

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DB Cargo UK

DB Cargo UK, formerly DB Schenker Rail UK and English, Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS), is a British rail freight company headquartered in Doncaster, England.

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DB-ALM

DB-ALM stands for Database Service on Alternative Methods to animal experimentation, a service run under the auspices of European Commission's Directorate General Joint Research Centre.

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De Beers

The De Beers Group of Companies is an international corporation that specialises in diamond exploration, diamond mining, diamond retail, diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacturing sectors.

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Death and funeral of Helmut Kohl

Helmut Kohl, the former Chancellor of Germany, died at 9:15 a.m. on Friday, 16 June 2017 in the Oggersheim district of Ludwigshafen, his home town, aged 87.

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Death and funeral of Otto von Habsburg

On 4 July 2011, Otto von Habsburg, also known as Otto of Austria, former head of the House of Habsburg and Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece (1922–2007) and former Crown Prince (1916–1918) and, by pretence, Emperor-King (from 1922), of Austria-Hungary—or formally, of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, Lodomeria and Illyria, and of Jerusalem etc.

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Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito

The funeral of Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia, was held on 8 May 1980, four days after his death on 4 May.

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Death Penalty Information Center

The Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC) is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., that focuses on disseminating studies and reports related to the death penalty by itself and others to the news media and general public.

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Deaths in December 2006

The following is a list of notable deaths in December 2006.

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Deaths in January 2007

The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2007.

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Debitel

debitel AG is one of the largest mobile telephone services providers in Europe, offering a wide range of telecommunication products – mobile and land-line telephony as well internet services.

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Debt

Debt is when something, usually money, is owed by one party, the borrower or debtor, to a second party, the lender or creditor.

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Debt crisis

Debt crisis is the general term for a proliferation of massive public debt relative to tax revenues, especially in reference to Latin American countries during the 1980s, the United States and the European Union since the mid-2000s, and the Chinese debt crises of 2015.

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Decabromodiphenyl ether

Decabromodiphenyl ether (also known as decaBDE, deca-BDE, DBDE, deca, decabromodiphenyl oxide, DBDPO, or bis(pentabromophenyl) ether) is a brominated flame retardant which belongs to the group of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).

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Decartelization

Decartelization is the transition of a national economy from monopoly control by groups of large businesses, known as cartels, to a free market economy.

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Decimalisation

Decimalisation is the process of converting a currency from its previous non-decimal denominations to a decimal system (i.e., a system based on one basic unit of currency and one or more sub-units, such that the number of sub-units in one basic unit is a power of 10, most commonly 100).

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Decision (European Union)

In European Union law, a decision is a legal instrument which is binding upon those individuals to which it is addressed.

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Deckmyn v Vandersteen

Johan Deckmyn and Vrijheidsfonds VZW vs Helena Vandersteen, Christiane Vandersteen, Liliana Vandersteen, Isabelle Vandersteen, Rita Dupont, Amoras II CVOH and WPG Uitgevers België is a request for a preliminary ruling by the European Court of Justice, requested by the Court of Appeal (Hof van Beroep) of Brussels (Belgium).

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Declaration of Helsinki

The Declaration of Helsinki (DoH) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA).

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Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia

After pro-independence parties won a majority of seats in the Catalan election on 27 September 2015, the Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia (Declaració d'inici del procés d'independència de Catalunya) was issued on 9 November 2015.

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Decline of the Glass–Steagall Act

This article is about the decline of the effect of Glass–Steagall: legislation, limits, and loopholes.

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Decompiler

A decompiler is a computer program that takes an executable file as input, and attempts to create a high level source file which can be recompiled successfully.

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Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area

The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTA) are three free trade areas established between the European Union, and Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine respectively.

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Deep-water coral

The habitat of deep-water corals, also known as cold-water corals, extends to deeper, darker parts of the oceans than tropical corals, ranging from near the surface to the abyss, beyond where water temperatures may be as cold as.

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Delacon

Delacon Biotechnik Ges.m.b.H. is a multinational feed additive company headquartered in Steyregg, near Linz, Austria.

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Delegation of the European Union to Moldova

The Delegation of the European Union to Moldova (Delegația Uniunii Europene în Republica Moldova) was established to facilitate relations between Moldova and the European Union.

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Delegation Theory

Delegation theory refers to the process by which a manager shifts some of the responsibilities for a given task implementation to another team member with the view of achieving maximum result.

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Delors Commission

The Delors Commission was the administration of Jacques Delors, the eighth President of the European Commission.

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Demetra+

JDemetra+ is a program for seasonal adjustments that was developed and published by Eurostat – European Commission.

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Democracy International eV

Democracy International e.V. is an international non-governmental organisation (NGO) working on strengthening direct democracy and citizens' participation at local level, in the nation states and on the global level.

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Democratic deficit in the European Union

The concept of a democratic deficit within the European Union (EU) is the notion that the governance of the EU lacks democratic legitimacy.

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Democratic Party (Italy)

The Democratic Party (Partito Democratico, PD) is a social-democratic political party in Italy.

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Demographics of atheism

Accurate demographics of atheism are difficult to obtain since conceptions of atheism vary across different cultures and languages from being an active concept to being unimportant or not developed.

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Demographics of Berlin

In December 2015, the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,520,031 registered inhabitants in an area of.

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Demographics of Croatia

The demographic characteristics of the population of Croatia are known through censuses, normally conducted in ten-year intervals and analysed by various statistical bureaus since the 1850s.

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Demographics of Europe

Figures for the population of Europe vary according to how one defines the boundaries of Europe.

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Demographics of Lithuania

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Lithuania, including population density, ethnicity, level of education, health, economic status, and religious affiliations.

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Demographics of the European Union

The demographics of the European Union show a highly populated, culturally diverse union of 28 member states.

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Demographics of Turkey

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Turkey, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Denmark

Denmark (Danmark), officially the Kingdom of Denmark,Kongeriget Danmark,.

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Denmark and the European Union

Denmark in the European Union refers to the historical and current issues of Denmark's membership in the European Union.

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Dennis Campbell Kennedy

Dennis Kennedy is a writer on Irish and European affairs.

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Dental amalgam controversy

This discussion of the dental amalgam controversy outlines the debate over whether dental amalgam (the mercury alloy in dental fillings) should be used.

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Depfa Bank

DEPFA Bank plc is a Dublin-based German-Irish bank.

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Deportation of Roma migrants from France

In 2009, France deported 10,000 Romani back to Romania and Bulgaria.

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Derek Prag

Derek Prag (6 August 1923 – 20 January 2010) was a British Member of the European Parliament for Hertfordshire.

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Dermot Gallagher (civil servant)

Dermot Anthony Gallagher (1944 – 15 January 2017) was an Irish civil servant and the Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs.

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Dermot Gleeson (BBC)

Dermot James Gleeson (born 5 September 1949) is the great nephew of Michael Gleeson, the founder of MJ Gleeson Group plc.

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Design for All (in ICT)

Design for All in the context of information and communications technology (ICT) is the conscious and systematic effort to proactively apply principles, methods and tools to promote universal design in computer-related technologies, including Internet-based technologies, thus avoiding the need for a posteriori adaptations, or specialised design (Stephanidis et al., 2001).

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Design management

Design management is a business discipline that uses project management, design, strategy, and supply chain techniques to control a creative process, support a culture of creativity, and build a structure and organization for design.

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Design Management Europe Award

The Design Management Europe Award (DME) is a European Design management prize.

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Desmoulin's whorl snail

Desmoulin's whorl snail (Vertigo moulinsiana) is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

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Destructive fishing practices

Destructive fishing practices are practices that easily result in irreversible damage to aquatic habitats and ecosystems.

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Deutsche Börse

Deutsche Börse AG or the Deutsche Börse Group, is a marketplace organizer for the trading of shares and other securities.

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Deutscher Konsumentenbund

Deutscher Konsumentenbund (German Consumers' Federation) is a European consumer advocacy group based in Kassel.

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Development aid

Development aid or development cooperation (also development assistance, technical assistance, international aid, overseas aid, official development assistance (ODA), or foreign aid) is financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social, and political development of developing countries.

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Development Cooperation Instrument

Development Cooperation Instrument (2008–2013) covers three components: 1.

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Dextropropoxyphene

Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company.

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Diacetyl

Diacetyl (IUPAC systematic name: butanedione or butane-2,3-dione) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3CO)2.

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DIALREL

DIALREL (Full title: Religious slaughter: improving knowledge and expertise through dialogue and debate on issues of welfare, legislation and socio-economic aspects) was a project financed by the EU that was launched in 2006, and completed in 2010.

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Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.

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Digital Champions

The Digital Champions are appointed by each European Union Member State to help them and the European Commission promote the benefits of an inclusive digital society.

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Digital dividend after digital television transition

The digital dividend refers to the radio spectrum which is released in the process of digital television transition.

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Digital Single Market

Digital Single Market is a policy belonging to the European Single Market that covers digital marketing, E-commerce and telecommunication.

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Digital terrestrial television in Sweden

Digital terrestrial television was launched in Sweden in 1999.

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DigitalEurope

DIGITALEUROPE is the European organisation that represents the digital technology industry whose members include 61 major technology companies and 37 national trade associations.

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Dimitris Avramopoulos

Dimitris Avramopoulos (Δημήτρης Αβραμόπουλος) is a Greek politician of the conservative New Democracy party, and former career diplomat.

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Dimitris Mardas

Dimitris Mardas (Δημήτρις Μάρδας; born 25 March 1955) is a Greek economist and politician who is currently serving as the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Second Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras.

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Diogo Vasconcelos

Diogo Vasconcelos (May 16, 1968 - July 8, 2011) was a Portuguese politician, who focused his work on innovation and on the fundamental role of ICT and next generation broadband for fostering innovation and supporting new decentralized models to address some of the major global societal challenges of the 21st century.

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Dipak Kalra

Professor Dipak Kalra (born 18 July 1959, London, UK) is President of the and of the European Institute for Innovation through Health Data.

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Diphenylamine

Diphenylamine is an organic compound with the formula (C6H5)2NH.

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Diplom

A Diplom (from δίπλωμα diploma) is an academic degree in the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and a similarly named degree in some other European countries including Bulgaria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland (only for engineers), France, Greece, Hungary, Russia, Romania, Serbia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.

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Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War

Various international and local diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War have been in effect since the conflict first began in the early 1990s.

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Diprogulic acid

Diprogulic acid (also known as dikegulac) is a precursor used in commercial ascorbic acid production.

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Direct applicability

A concept of European Union constitutional law that relates specifically to regulations, direct applicability (or the characteristic of regulations to be directly effective) is set out in Article 288 (ex Article 249) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (as amended by the Lisbon Treaty).

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Directive (European Union)

A directive is a legal act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result.

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Directive 2012/28/EU

Directive 2012/28/EU is a directive of the European Parliament and European Council enacted on 25 October 2012 that pertains to certain uses of orphan works.

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Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market

The Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, also known as EU Copyright Directive and file 2016/0280(COD), is a proposed European Union directive with the stated goal to harmonize aspects of copyright law in the Digital Single Market of the European Union.

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Directive on intra-EU-transfers of defence-related products (ICT)

Directive on intra-EU-transfers of defence-related products (officially: Directive 2009/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of 6 May 2009 simplifying terms and conditions of transfers of defence-related products within the Community) is a European Union Directive with relevance for the European Economic Area (EEA).

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Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions

Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions is a European Union directive in the field of patent law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome.

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Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport

The Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport, officially 2003/30/EC and popularly better known as the biofuels directive is a European Union directive for promoting the use of biofuels for EU transport.

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Director general

A director general or director-general (plural: directors generals, sometimes director generals) or general director is a senior executive officer, often the chief executive officer, within a governmental, statutory, NGO, third sector or not-for-profit institution.

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Directorate for Resource Management

The 'Directorate for Resource Management (DRM) located in Brussels, Belgium, is part of the Joint Research Centre, a Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC).

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Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology

Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology or "DG Connect" is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General

Within the European Union, a directorate-general is a branch of an administration dedicated to a specific field of expertise.

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Directorate-General Communication

The Directorate-General Communication is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development

The Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development or DG AGRI is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Budget

The Directorate-General for Budget is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Climate Action

The Directorate-General for Climate Action or DG CLIMA, established in February 2010, is a department of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Competition

The Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission, located in Brussels, Belgium.

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Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs

The Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Education and Culture

The Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture (former Directorate-General for Education and Culture) ("DG EAC") is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion

The Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Energy

The Directorate-General for Energy (DG Ener), also internally the abbreviation ENER is used, is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

The Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO), formerly known as the European Community Humanitarian Aid Office, is the European Commission's department for overseas humanitarian aid and for civil protection.

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Directorate-General for External Relations (European Commission)

The Directorate-General for the External Relations (DG RELEX, DG E VIII) was a Directorate-General of the European Commission, responsible for the external policy.

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Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union

The Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union (DG FISMA) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety

The Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Human Resources and Security

The Directorate-General for Human Resources and Security is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Informatics

The Directorate-General for Informatics is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs

The Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development

The Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development is one of the departments of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Interpretation

The Directorate-General for Interpretation (shortly called DG Interpretation and commonly abbreviated as SCIC for its former French name Service Commun Interprétation-Conférences) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers

The Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (DG JUST) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Justice and Home Affairs

The Directorate-General for Justice and Home Affairs (DG JHA) is a directorate-general of the Council of the European Union that prepares the work and tasks of the Justice and Home Affairs Council.

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Directorate-General for Legal Service

The Directorate-General for Legal Service is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

The Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries or DG MARE is a Directorate-General of the European Commission, responsible for the policy area of fisheries, the Law of the Sea and Maritime Affairs of the European Union.

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Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs

The Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport

The Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission responsible for transport within the European Union.

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Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations

The Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy

The Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission)

The Directorate-General for Research and Innovation is a Directorate-General of the European Commission, located in Brussels, and responsible for the European Union's research and innovation policy and coordination of research and innovation activities.

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Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union (European Commission)

The Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Directorate-General for the Environment

The Directorate-General for Environment (DG Environment) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission, responsible for the European Union policy area of the environment.

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Directorate-General for Trade

The Directorate-General for Trade (DG TRADE) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Dirk Helbing

Dirk Helbing is Professor of Computational Social Science at the Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences and affiliate of the Computer Science Department at ETH Zurich.

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Dirk Spierenburg

Dirk Pieter Spierenburg was a Dutch politician and diplomat.

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Dirk-Willem van Gulik

Dirk-Willem van Gulik (born February 1968) is a founder of the Apache Software Foundation and contributor to the Apache Webserver project.

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Disaster

A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

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Diseases and parasites in salmon

This article is about diseases and parasites in salmon, trout and other salmon-like fishes of the Salmonidae family.

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Dissenters' March

The Dissenters' March (Марш несогласных) was a series of Russian opposition protests that took place on December 16, 2006 in Moscow, on March 3, 2007 in Saint Petersburg, on March 24 in Nizhny Novgorod, on April 14 for the second time in Moscow, on April 15 again in Saint Petersburg, on May 18 in Samara, and on May 19 in Chelyabinsk.

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Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications

The Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (DEISA) was a European Union supercomputer project.

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District heating

District heating (also known as heat networks or teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating.

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Distrigas

Distrigas was a natural gas company based in Belgium.

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DLM Forum

The DLM Forum is a European membership community of Public Archives and parties interested in archives, records and information management throughout the European Union.

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Do Not Track legislation

Do Not Track legislation protects users’ right to choose whether or not to be tracked by third-party websites.

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Domenico Casalino

Domenico Casalino (Turin, 11 January 1962) is an Italian executive.

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Domestic violence

Domestic violence (also named domestic abuse or family violence) is violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation.

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Dominance (economics)

Market dominance is a measure of the strength of a brand, product, service, or firm, relative to competitive offerings.

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Dominique Ristori

Dominique Ristori is a French bureaucrat with the European Civil Service of the European Commission.

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Donatella della Porta

Donatella della Porta (Catania, 1956) is an Italian political scientist, who is Professor of political science and political sociology at the European University Institute.

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Donegal South-West by-election, 2010

A by-election was held on 25 November 2010 in the Donegal South-West constituency in Ireland, following the election of the Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) Pat the Cope Gallagher to the European Parliament at the June 2009 election.

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Dorin N. Poenaru

Dorin Mircea Stelian Poenaru (born April 9, 1936, Suiug, Bihor) is a Romanian nuclear physicist and engineer.

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Dorna Sports

Dorna Sports, S.L. is the commercial rights holder for the motorcycling sport of MotoGP.

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Dorte Olesen

Dorte Marianne Olesen (born 1948) is a Danish mathematician.

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DOTA-TATE

DOTA-TATE (Also known as DOTA-octreotate, oxodotreotide and DOTA-(Tyr3)-octreotate/ DOTA-0-Tyr3-Octreotate) is an amino acid peptide, with a covalently bonded DOTA bifunctional chelator.

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Douglas McIldoon

Douglas Bowman McIldoon (born 13 September 1945) is a former political activist and civil servant in Northern Ireland.

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Douzelage

The Douzelage is a town twinning association with one town from each of the member states of the European Union.

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DowDuPont

DowDuPont Inc. is an American company formed after the merger of Dow Chemical and DuPont on August 31, 2017.

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Dragan Primorac

Dragan Primorac (born June 7, 1965) is a university professor, pediatrician, geneticist and forensic science expert.

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Dragoș Bucur

Dragoș Bucur (born 13 June 1977) is a Romanian actor, ambassador for the program Youth of the Move involved by the European Commission, and TV presenter for the show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition/Visuri la cheie broadcast on Pro TV.

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Draize test

The Draize Test is an acute toxicity test devised in 1944 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) toxicologists John H. Draize and Jacob M. Spines.

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Drax Group

Drax Group plc is a British electrical power generation company.

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Drax power station

Drax power station is a large coal-fired power station in North Yorkshire, England, capable of co-firing biomass and petcoke, and its name comes from the nearby village of Drax.

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Drengot family

The Drengots were a Norman family of mercenaries, one of the first to head to the Mezzogiorno of Italy to fight in the service of the Lombards.

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Drinking Water Directive 1998

The Drinking Water Directive concerns the quality of water intended for human consumption and forms part of the regulation of Water supply and sanitation in the European Union.

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Drinking water quality standards

Drinking water quality standards describes the quality parameters set for drinking water.

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Driving in Slovenia

Driving in Slovenia can be performed by licensed individuals over the age of 18.

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Driving licence in Croatia

In Croatia, the driving licence (AmE: driver’s license) (Croatian: vozačka dozvola) is a type of licence granted by the government to citizens who request it, provided they satisfy certain requirements.

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Drug policy reform

Drug policy reform, also known as drug law reform, is any proposed changes to the way governments respond to the socio-cultural influence on perception of psychoactive substance use.

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Drywall

Drywall (also known as plasterboard, wallboard, gypsum panel, sheet rock, or gypsum board) is a panel made of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum), with or without additives, typically extruded between thick sheets of facer and backer paper, utilized in the construction of interior walls and ceilings.

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Dubbing (filmmaking)

Dubbing, mixing or re-recording is a post-production process used in filmmaking and video production in which additional or supplementary recordings are "mixed" with original production sound to create the finished soundtrack.

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Dublin City University

Dublin City University (abbreviated as DCU) (Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a university in the Republic of Ireland based in Northside, Dublin.

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Dublin Regulation

The Dublin Regulation (Regulation No. 604/2013; sometimes the Dublin III Regulation; previously the Dublin II Regulation and Dublin Convention) is a European Union (EU) law that determines the EU Member State responsible for examining an application for asylum seekers seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention and the EU Qualification Directive, within the European Union.

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Dukagjin Pupovci

Dukagjin Pupovci (born 5 June 1964) is a Kosovo-Albanian professor, education expert and a critic of the education system in Kosovo.

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Dumping (pricing policy)

Dumping, in economics, is a kind of injuring pricing, especially in the context of international trade.

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Dundee

Dundee (Dùn Dè) is Scotland's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom.

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Dundee Airport

Dundee Airport (Port-adhair Dhùn Dèagh) is located from the centre of Dundee, Scotland or, for navigation purposes, south of the city.

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Dundee Law

The Law is an area located in the centre of Dundee, Scotland.

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Dunnage bag

Dunnage bags, also known as airbags, air cushions, and inflatable bags, are used to secure and stabilize cargo.

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Duquesne University School of Law

Duquesne University School of Law is a private Catholic university law school located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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Duracell

Duracell Inc. is an American manufacturing company owned by Berkshire Hathaway that produces batteries and smart power systems.

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Dustbot

Dustbot uses different localisation and uses GPS navigation combined with pre-loaded maps.

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Dutch general election, 2012

Early general elections were held in the Netherlands on 12 September 2012 after Prime Minister Mark Rutte handed in his government's resignation to Queen Beatrix on 23 April.

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Dutch language

The Dutch language is a West Germanic language, spoken by around 23 million people as a first language (including the population of the Netherlands where it is the official language, and about sixty percent of Belgium where it is one of the three official languages) and by another 5 million as a second language.

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Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum, 2016

The Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum was a referendum on the approval of the Association Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine, held in the Netherlands on 6 April 2016.

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DVD region code

DVD (digital versatile disc) region codes are a digital rights management technique designed to allow rights holders to control the international distribution of a DVD release, including its content, release date, and price, all according to the appropriate region.

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E-government factsheets

eGovernment factsheets are periodical publications which aim to promote good practice sharing among countries of Europe in the field of delivering electronic services to the benefit of Public Administrations, Businesses and Citizens.

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E-participation

e-participation (also written eParticipation and e-Participation) is the term referring to "ICT-supported participation in processes involved in government and governance".

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E-segment

E-segment (or executive cars) is defined by European Commission as the fifth segment in European market car classification.

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E.ON

E.ON SE (marketed with an interpunct as E·ON) is a European holding company based in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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E@I

E@I (“Education@Internet”) is an international youth non-profit organization that promotes international collaboration and communication and hosts educational projects and meetings to support intercultural learning and the usage of languages and internet technologies.

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Eagles Guidelines

The Eagles Guidelines provide guidance for markup to be used with text corpora, particularly for identifying features relevant in computational linguistics and lexicography.

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Eamon Gilmore

Eamon Seán Gilmore (born 24 April 1955) is an Irish Labour Party politician who has served as European Union Special Envoy for the Colombian Peace Process since October 2015.

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Ear print analysis

Ear print analysis is used as a means of forensic identification intended as an identification tool similar to fingerprinting.

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Early Warning and Response System

The Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) for communicable diseases in the European Union was created by the European Commission to "ensure a rapid and effective response by the EU to events (including emergencies) related to communicable diseases.".

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Earth Journalism Network

Earth Journalism Network (EJN) is an Internews and Internews Europe project dedicated to the empowerment of environmental journalists from developing countries around the world.

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East–West Interconnector

The East–West Interconnector is a high-voltage direct current submarine and subsoil power cable which connects the Irish and British electricity markets.

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Eastern Orthodoxy in Albania

Eastern Orthodoxy in Albania arrived in the area of contemporary Albania during the Roman period.

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Eastern Partnership

The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is an initiative of the European External Action Service of the European Union (EU) governing its relationship with the post-Soviet states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine, intended to provide an avenue for discussions of trade, economic strategy, travel agreements, and other issues between the EU and its Eastern European neighbours.

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EasyMile EZ10

EasyMile EZ10 is a battery-powered autonomous electric bus designed and marketed by.

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EBAN

EBAN is an international, not-for-profit organisation whose function is to represent the pan-European early stage investor community, gathering member organisations and individuals from Europe and beyond.

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EBS d.a.c.

EBS d.a.c. is a financial institution in Ireland registered as a designated activity company and was the country's largest building society until 1 July 2011.

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EC

EC or ec may refer to.

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EC Regulation No. 1275/2008

On 6 January 2010 the European Commission Regulation No.

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ECall

eCall is a European initiative intended to bring rapid assistance to motorists involved in a collision anywhere in the European Union.

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EchoStar Mobile

EchoStar Mobile was set up in 2008 as Solaris Mobile, a joint venture company between SES and Eutelsat Communications to develop and commercialize the first geostationary satellite systems in Europe for broadcasting video, radio and data to in-vehicle receivers and to mobile devices, such as mobile phones, portable media players and PDAs.

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Eco-efficiency

Over the years, as countries and regions around the world began to develop, it slowly became evident that industrialization and economic growth come hand in hand with environmental degradation.

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Eco-innovation

Eco-innovation is the development of products and processes that contribute to sustainable development, applying the commercial application of knowledge to elicit direct or indirect ecological improvements.

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Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

The Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is a voluntary environmental management instrument, which was developed in 1993 by the European Commission.

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Ecocide

Ecocide, or ecocatastrophe, is the extensive damage to, destruction of or loss of ecosystem(s) of a given territory, whether by human agency or by other, to such an extent that peaceful enjoyment by the inhabitants of that territory has been or will be severely diminished.

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Economic Adjustment Programme for Cyprus

The Economic Adjustment Programme for Cyprus, usually referred to as the Bailout programme, is a Memorandum of understanding on financial assistance to the Republic of Cyprus in order to cope with the 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis.

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Economic Adjustment Programme for Ireland

The Economic Adjustment Programme for Ireland, usually referred to as the Bailout programme, is a Memorandum of understanding on financial assistance to the Republic of Ireland in order to cope with the Post-2008 Irish financial crisis.

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Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal

The Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal, usually referred to as the Bailout programme, is a Memorandum of understanding on financial assistance to the Portuguese Republic in order to cope with the 2010–14 Portuguese financial crisis.

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Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union

The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is an umbrella term for the group of policies aimed at converging the economies of member states of the European Union at three stages.

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Economic Instruments for Water Policies

Economic Instruments for water policies are tools based on incentives ad disincentives; they change conditions to enable economic transactions or reduce risk, aiming at increasing environmental quality.

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Economics of Land Degradation Initiative

The Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative is a global initiative which aims to increase awareness of the economic consequences of land degradation and promote sustainable land management.

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Economics of nuclear power plants

New nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs for building the first several plants, after which costs tend to fall for each additional plant built as the supply chains develop and the regulatory processes improve.

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Economy of Belgium

The modern, private enterprise economy of Belgium has capitalised on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base.

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Economy of Bulgaria

The economy of Bulgaria functions on the principles of the free market, having a large private sector and a smaller public one.

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Economy of Cyprus

The economy of Cyprus is classified by the World Bank as a high-income economy, and was included by the International Monetary Fund in its list of advanced economies in 2001.

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Economy of Europe

The economy of Europe comprises more than 740 million people in 50 different countries.

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Economy of Ferizaj

Ferizaj is a city and municipality in southern Kosovo, located south of the capital city, Pristina.

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Economy of Georgia (country)

The economy of Georgia is an emerging free market.

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Economy of Greater Oslo

The economy of Greater Oslo plays an important part to Norway's national economy.

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Economy of Greece

The economy of Greece is the 48th largest in the world with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $192.691 billion per annum.

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Economy of Hungary

Hungary is an OECD high-income mixed economy with a very high human development index and a skilled labour force, with the 13th lowest income inequality in the world; furthermore it is the 14th most complex economy according to the Economic Complexity Index.

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Economy of Italy

The economy of Italy is the 3rd-largest national economy in the eurozone, the 8th-largest by nominal GDP in the world, and the 12th-largest by GDP (PPP).

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Economy of Kosovo

The Economy of Kosovo is a transition economy.

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Economy of Portugal

Portugal ranked 42nd in the WEF's Global Competitiveness Report for 2017–2018.

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Economy of Slovakia

The economy of Slovakia is based upon Slovakia becoming an EU member state in 2004, and adopting the euro at the beginning of 2009.

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Economy of Spain

The economy of Spain is the world's fourteenth-largest by nominal GDP, and it is also one of the largest in the world by purchasing power parity.

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Economy of the Republic of Ireland

The economy of Ireland is a knowledge economy, focused on services into high-tech, life sciences and financial services industries.

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Economy of the United States

The economy of the United States is a highly developed mixed economy.

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Ecopass

The Ecopass program was a traffic pollution charge implemented in Milan, Italy, as an urban toll for some motorists traveling within a designated traffic restricted zone or ZTL (Zone a Traffico Limitato), corresponding to the central Cerchia dei Bastioni area and encircling around.

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ECOTOOL

eCOTOOL (e-competences tools) was an international project undertaken through the European Union's Lifelong Learning Programme, specifically the Leonardo da Vinci programme.

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ECTP-CEU

The European Council of Spatial Planners (ECTP-CEU) is the umbrella organisation for spatial planning institutes in Europe.

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ECTS grading scale

The ECTS grading scale is a grading system defined in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) framework by the European Commission.

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Ecuato Guineana

Ecuato Guineana de Aviación (EGA) was Equatorial Guinea's national airline, although it now appears to be defunct.

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Eddy Wymeersch

Eddy Wymeersch is former Chair of the Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR), former Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Banking, Finance and Insurance Commission (Belgium), Brussels; Chairman of the European Regional Committee and Member of the Executive Committee and of the Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions.

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Edgeryders

Edgeryders is a social enterprise, and an open and distributed think tank of people working through an online social network and a series of conferences.

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Edit Herczog

Edit Herczog (born May 5, 1961 in Budapest) is a Hungarian Socialist Party politician and was a Member of the European Parliament between 2004 and 2014.

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Edmund Stoiber

Edmund Rüdiger Stoiber (born 28 September 1941) is a German politician, who was the 16th Minister President of the state of Bavaria between 1993 and 2007 and chairman of the Christian Social Union (CSU) between 1998 and 2007.

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Education and Training 2010

"Education and Training 2010" was the name given by the European Commission to the activities it supports which pursue the agenda set out in the 2001 report of European Ministers of Education to the Spring 2001 European Council, and in their 2002 joint work programme with the Commission.

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Education in England

Education in England is overseen by the United Kingdom's Department for Education.

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Education in Lithuania

The first documented school in Lithuania was established in 1387 at Vilnius Cathedral.

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Education in Malta

Education in Malta is compulsory through age sixteen and is offered through three different providers: the state, the church, and the private sector.

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Education in Turkey

Education in Turkey is governed by a national system which was established in accordance with the Atatürk Reforms after the Turkish War of Independence.

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Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency

The Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency or EACEA is an agency of the European Union located in Brussels, Belgium.

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Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union

In the European Union education is the responsibility of Member States; European Union institutions play a supporting role.

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Edward McMillan-Scott

Edward Hugh Christian McMillan-Scott (born 15 August 1949) is a British politician.

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Edward Scicluna

Edward Scicluna (born October 12, 1946 in Rabat, Malta) is an economist and Finance Minister of Malta.

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Edward Snowden

Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American computer professional, former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, and former contractor for the United States government who copied and leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013 without authorization.

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EE Limited

EE (formerly Everything Everywhere) is a British mobile network operator, internet service provider and a division of BT Group.

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EEA and Norway Grants

The EEA Grants and Norway Grants are the financial contributions of Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein towards the reduction of economic and social disparities in the European Economic Area (EEA) and to strengthen bilateral relations with 16 EU and EEA Member States in Northern, Central and Southern Europe.

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Eesti Ekspress

Eesti Ekspress (Estonian Express) was the first politically independent newspaper in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic during the Soviet control of Estonia.

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Eesti Päevaleht

Eesti Päevaleht ("Estonia Daily") is a major daily Estonian newspaper, from the same publishers as the weekly Eesti Ekspress.

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EF English Proficiency Index

The EF English Proficiency Index (EF EPI) attempts to rank countries by the average level of English language skills amongst those adults who took the EF test.

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Effects of Hurricane Dennis in Haiti

In early July 2005, Hurricane Dennis brushed the southern coast of Haiti and produced deadly flash flooding across the nation.

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Effects of the April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland on 20th March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world.

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Effects of the Chernobyl disaster

The 1986 Chernobyl disaster triggered the release of substantial amounts of radioactivity into the atmosphere in the form of both particulate and gaseous radioisotopes.

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Effort Sharing Regulation

The Effort Sharing Regulation is a policy framework, part of the European Union climate and energy package.

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EFTA Surveillance Authority v Iceland

EFTA Surveillance Authority v Iceland was a case brought before the EFTA Court by the European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority against Iceland following the Icesave dispute.

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Efva Lilja

Efva Maria Kristina Lilja (born 1956 in Huskvarna, Sweden) is a Swedish artist and professor of choreography, working with performances, visual art, film and writing.

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Eggborough power station

Eggborough Power Station is a large coal-fired power station in North Yorkshire, England, capable of co-firing biomass.

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Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units

The Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units is an informal network of 156 financial intelligence units (FIUs).

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EGovernment in Europe

All European countries show eGovernment initiatives, mainly related to the improvement of governance at the national level.

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EgyptAir Flight 181

On 29 March 2016, EgyptAir Flight 181 (MS181, MSR181), a domestic passenger flight from Borg El Arab Airport in Alexandria, Egypt, to Cairo International Airport, was hijacked by an Egyptian man, forcing it to divert to Larnaca International Airport in Cyprus.

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El Hierro giant lizard

Gallotia simonyi is a species of lacertid (wall lizard) that can be found on the island of El Hierro, one of the Canary Islands.

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Elżbieta Bieńkowska

Elżbieta Bieńkowska (née Moycho; born on 4 February 1964 in Katowice) is a Polish politician who served as Poland's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Regional Development and Transport before being nominated as European Commissioner by Jean-Claude Juncker in 2014.

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ELCIDIS

The ELCIDIS (Electric vehicle City Distribution) project ran between about 1989 and 2002 was initiated by CITELEC (the European Association of cities interested in electric vehicles), and was approved for funding under the Energy Programme of the European Commission.

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Election monitoring

Election monitoring is the observation of an election by one or more independent parties, typically from another country or a non-governmental organization (NGO), primarily to assess the conduct of an election process on the basis of national legislation and international election standards.

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Election Support Group

The Election Support Group (ESG) is an internationally sponsored organization which means to provide analysis and support to the electoral process in Pakistan.

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Elections Reform Support Group

The Elections Reform Support Group (ERSG) was a forum of donors co-chaired by the United States and the European Union to coordinate the reform of the Palestinian electoral system.

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Elections to the European Parliament

Elections to the European Parliament take place every five years by universal adult suffrage.

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Electric aircraft

An electric aircraft is an aircraft powered by electric motors.

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Electric car

An electric car is a plug-in electric automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy typically stored in rechargeable batteries.

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Electric vehicle

An electric vehicle, also called an EV, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.

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Electric vehicle warning sounds

Electric vehicle warning sounds are a series of sounds designed to alert pedestrians to the presence of electric drive vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and all-electric vehicles (EVs) travelling at low speeds.

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Electricity sector in Denmark

The electricity sector in Denmark relies on fossil energy and renewable energy: wind power, biogas, biomass and waste.

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Electricity sector in Germany

In 2014, the electricity sector in Germany was composed of 53% fossil, 17% nuclear and 30% renewable energy sources.

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Electricity sector in Ireland

The electricity sectors of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland are integrated and supply 2.5 million customers from a combination of coal, peat, natural gas, wind and hydropower.

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Electricity sector in Portugal

The electricity use in Portugal (gross production + imports – exports – losses) was 51.2 TWh in 2008.

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Electricity sector in Spain

The electricity sector in Spain describes electricity in Spain.

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Electricity sector in the United Kingdom

The electricity sector in the United Kingdom relies mainly on fossil fuelled power and 15-20% in nuclear power and similar amounts of renewable power.

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Electromagnetic hypersensitivity

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a claimed sensitivity to electromagnetic fields, to which negative symptoms are attributed.

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Electronic stability control

Electronic stability control (ESC), also referred to as electronic stability program (ESP) or dynamic stability control (DSC), is a computerized technology that improves a vehicle's stability by detecting and reducing loss of traction (skidding).

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Electronic waste

Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices.

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Electronics industry

The electronics industry, especially meaning consumer electronics, emerged in the 20th century and has now become a global industry worth billions of dollars.

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Elena Korosteleva

Professor Elena Korosteleva (Алена Карасцелева) is an academic researcher and principal investigator focusing on democratisation and the politics of Europe.

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Eli Lilly and Company

Eli Lilly and Company is a global pharmaceutical company headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, with offices in 18 countries.

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Elia System Operator

Elia is a Belgian transmission system operator for high-voltage electricity (30,000-380,000 volts), located in Brussels, Belgium.

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Elizaveta Karamihailova

Elisabeth Ivanova Kara-Michailova (Елисавета Иванова Карамихайлова), alternatively Elisabeth KaramichailovaRayner-Canham, p. 205 was a Bulgarian physicist of a Bulgarian father and an English mother.

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Elke König

Elke König (born 28 January 1954) is a German MBA in Business and auditor.

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EllaLink

EllaLink (formerly EulaLink) is a planned submarine cable linking Brazil and Portugal with en route landings at Cabo Verde, the Canary Islands and Madeira.

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Ellen Margrethe Løj

Ellen Margrethe Løj (born 17 October 1948 in Gedesby, Denmark) is a Danish diplomat.

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ELTIS

The European Local Transport Information Service (ELTIS) is a non-profit European portal for local transport news and events, transport measures, policies and practices implemented in cities and regions in Europe.

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EMBRACE

EMBRACE (A European Model for Bioinformatics Research and Community Education) was a project, from year 2005 to 2010, with the objective of drawing together a wide group of experts throughout Europe who are involved in the use of information technology in the biomolecular sciences.

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Emergency Architects Foundation

The Emergency Architects Foundation is a French non-governmental organization, reconnue d'utilité publique.

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EMI

EMI Group Limited (originally an initialism for Electric and Musical Industries and also referred to as EMI Records Ltd.) was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 in London.

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EMI Classics

EMI Classics was a record label founded by EMI in 1990 in order to reduce the need to create country-specific packaging and catalogs for internationally distributed classical music releases.

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EMI Music Publishing

EMI Music Publishing Ltd. is a multinational music publishing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

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EMI Records Japan

EMI Records Japan was a Japanese record label which operated as a sublabel of Universal Music Japan.

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Emirates business model

The so-called "Emirates business model" is the business model that lies at the heart of Emirates's commercial success.

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Emissions trading

Emissions trading, or cap and trade, is a government, market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.

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Emmanuel Agius

Emmanuel Agius (born 1954) is a Maltese minor philosopher mostly specialised and interested in ethics.

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Emmanuel Macron

Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (born 21 December 1977) is a French politician serving as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra since 14 May 2017.

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Emmanuel Navon

Emmanuel Navon (עמנואל נבון; born January 21, 1971) is a French-born Israeli political scientist and foreign policy expert who teaches at Tel-Aviv University and at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya.

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ENBaCH

ENBaCH - European Network for Baroque Cultural Heritage – is a research project promoted and funded by the European Commission through its Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA).

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End of Life Vehicles Directive

The End of Life Vehicles Directive is a Directive of the European Union addressing the end of life for automotive products.

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Endocrine disruptor

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormone) systems at certain doses.

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Endorsements in the Italian constitutional referendum, 2016

This page lists individuals and organisations who publicly expressed an opinion regarding the Italian constitutional referendum, 2016.

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Endymion Wilkinson

Endymion Porter Wilkinson (born May 15, 1941) is an English diplomat, Sinologist, historian of China, and authority on East Asian affairs.

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Enel

No description.

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Enercities

Enercities is an educational computer-game created by the Dutch game developer Paladin Studios.

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Energinet

Energinet is the Danish national transmission system operator for electricity and natural gas.

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Energy Community

The Energy Community, also referred to in the past as the Energy Community of South East Europe is an international organisation established between the European Union (EU) and a number of third countries to extend the EU internal energy market to Southeast Europe and beyond.

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Energy efficiency in agriculture

European Commission definitions of energy efficiency, are given below.

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Energy efficiency in Europe (study)

The Energy efficiency in Europe study is part of the Odyssee project.

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Energy efficiency in transport

The energy efficiency in transport is the useful travelled distance, of passengers, goods or any type of load; divided by the total energy put into the transport propulsion means.

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Energy in Belgium

Energy in Belgium describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Belgium.

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Energy in Finland

Energy in Finland describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Finland.

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Energy in Greece

Energy production in Greece is dominated by the state owned Public Power Corporation (known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, or in English DEI).

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Energy in Ireland

Energy in Ireland describes energy and electricity production, consumption and importing in the Republic of Ireland.

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Energy industry

The energy industry is the totality of all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy, including fuel extraction, manufacturing, refining and distribution.

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Energy liberalisation

Energy liberalisation refers to the liberalisation of energy markets, with specific reference to electricity generation markets, by bringing greater competition into electricity and gas markets in the interest of creating more competitive markets and reductions in price by privatisation.

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Energy policy

Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address issues of energy development including energy production, distribution and consumption.

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Energy policy of the European Union

Although the European Union has legislated in the area of energy policy for many years, the concept of introducing a mandatory and comprehensive European Union energy policy was only approved at the meeting of the informal European Council on 27 October 2005 at Hampton Court.

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Energy subsidies

Energy subsidies are measures that keep prices for consumers below market levels or for producers above market levels, or reduce costs for consumers and producers.

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Enforcement Directive

Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (also known as "(IPR) Enforcement Directive" or "IPRED") is a European Union directive in the field of intellectual property law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome.

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Engie

ENGIE (known as GDF Suez prior to April 2015) is a French multinational electric utility company, headquartered in La Défense, Courbevoie, which operates in the fields of electricity generation and distribution, natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy.

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Engineering technologist

An engineering technologist is a professional trained in certain aspects of development and implementation of a respective area of technology.

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English language in Europe

The English language in Europe, as a native language, is mainly spoken in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

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Enhanced cooperation

In the European Union (EU), enhanced cooperation is a procedure where a minimum of nine EU member states are allowed to establish advanced integration or cooperation in an area within EU structures but without the other members being involved.

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Enlargement of the European Union

The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union.

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Enlargement of the eurozone

The enlargement of the eurozone is an ongoing process within the European Union (EU).

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Enrico Giovannini

Enrico Giovannini (born 6 June 1957) is an Italian economist and statistician, member of the Club of Rome.

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ENSAE ParisTech

ENSAE ParisTech (officially École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique) is one of the most prestigious French Grandes Ecoles of engineering and a member of ParisTech (Paris Institute of Technology).

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Enterprise 2020

Enterprise 2020 is an initiative launched in October 2010 to address the European and global challenges which are increasingly bringing into question current patterns of living, working, learning, communicating, consuming and sharing resources.

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Enterprise Capital Fund

Enterprise Capital Funds are financial schemes established by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) in the United Kingdom to address a market weakness in the provision of equity finance to UK small and medium enterprises (SMEs).

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Entitlement reform

Entitlement reform refers to legislative efforts to make changes in the benefits paid from government administered funds to citizens who meet a certain requirement and are therefore entitled by either right or legislation to receive that benefit.

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Entomological warfare

Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to attack the enemy.

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Entropa

Entropa is a sculpture by Czech artist David Černý.

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Enumerate (project)

ENUMERATE is a collaborative project, led by Collections Trust in the United Kingdom and funded by the European Commission, to create "a reliable baseline of statistical data about digitization, digital preservation and online access to cultural heritage in Europe".

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Enver Ziya Karal

Enver Ziya Karal (1906–1982) was a former academic in Turkey.

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Environment of the European Union

Environment of the European Union.

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Environment, health and safety

Environment, health and safety (EHS) is a discipline and specialty that studies and implements practical aspects of environmental protection and safety at work.

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Environmental impact of aviation

The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit heat, noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.

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Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing has the potential to cause fugitive methane emissions, air pollution, water contamination, and noise pollution.

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Environmental impact of the energy industry

In recent years there has been a trend towards the increased commercialization of various renewable energy sources.

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Environmental impact of transport

The environmental impact of transport is significant because transport is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum.

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Environmental inequality in Europe

Environmental racism in Europe has been documented in relation to racialized immigrant and migrant populations alongside Romani (Roma/Gypsy), Yenish, Irish Traveller, and communities (such as the Sami, Komi, and Nenets) from within continental borders.

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Environmental issues in Finland

There are a number of environmental issues in Finland.

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Environmental justice

Environmental justice emerged as a concept in the United States in the early 1980s.

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Environmental Performance Index

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state's policies.

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Environmental policy of the European Union

The European Union (EU) is considered by some to have the most extensive environmental laws of any international organisation.

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Environmental regulation of small and medium enterprises

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are defined by the European Commission as having less than 250 employees, independent (with no shareholder having over a 25% stake in the business) and with an annual turnover of no more than €50 million or annual balance sheet of €43 million.

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Enzo Moavero Milanesi

Enzo Moavero Milanesi (born 17 August 1954 in Rome) is an Italian independent politician and law professor serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of Giuseppe Conte since 1 June 2018.

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EORI number

An EORI number is a European Union registration and identification number for businesses which undertake the import or export of goods into or out of the EU.

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Epcard

EPCARD (European Program Package for the Calculation of Aviation Route Doses) is a software program that calculates radiation exposure of aircrews.

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EPCC

EPCC, formerly the Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre, is a supercomputing centre based at the University of Edinburgh.

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EPIN

The European Policy Institutes Network (EPIN) is a network of 31 think tanks from most EU member states and beyond.

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EPR (nuclear reactor)

The EPR is a third generation pressurised water reactor (PWR) design.

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Equal Pay Day

Equal Pay Day is the symbolic day dedicated to raising awareness of the gender pay gap.

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Equality Network

The Equality Network is one of Scotland's national organisations working for LGBTI rights and equality.

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Equalization pool

An equalization pool is a fund created to level out differences in financial risk, often across long periods of time, in a process known as risk equalization.

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Equinet

Equinet is the European Network of Equality Bodies.

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Equinix

Equinix, Inc. is an American multinational company headquartered in Redwood City, California, that specializes in internet connection and related services.

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Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs

Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs is a European mobility scheme initiated by the European Union in 2009, which gives new or aspiring entrepreneurs an opportunity to get a first-hand, practical coaching from experienced entrepreneurs running small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in one of the 28 EU Members States or in other countries part of the programme.

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Erasmus Programme

The Erasmus Programme (EuRopean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students) is a European Union (EU) student exchange programme established in 1987.

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Erasmus+

Erasmus+ is the European Commission's Programme for education, training, youth and sport for the period 2014–2020, succeeding the previous Lifelong Learning Programme (2007 - 2014).

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Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway

The Erfurt–Leipzig/ Halle high-speed railway is a 123 km-long German high-speed line between Erfurt and Leipzig and Halle.

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Ergenekon trials

The Ergenekon trials were a series of high-profile trials which took place in Turkey in which 275 people, including military officers, journalists and opposition lawmakers, all alleged members of Ergenekon, a suspected secularist clandestine organization, were accused of plotting against the Turkish government.

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Eric Ding

Eric L. Feigl-Ding (Eric L. Ding) is an American public health scientist with expertise in epidemiology, nutrition, and health economics, and a Democratic candidate for Congress from Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district.

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Ericsson

Ericsson (Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson) is a Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company headquartered in Stockholm.

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Erik Berglöf

Erik Berglöf is a Swedish economist, currently the Director of the LSE Institute of Global Affairs (IGA) and formerly the Chief Economist and Special Adviser to the President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the London-based multilateral development bank established in 1991 to lead the economic transformation of the former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, including the CIS nations.

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Erika (law)

The Erika legislative packages of the European Union are maritime laws intended to improve safety in the shipping industry and thereby reduce environmental damage to the s. The packages are named after the oil tanker Erika, which broke apart in a storm in the Bay of Biscay off the coast of France in 1999, spilling over 10,000 tonnes of heavy fuel oil, polluting of coastline.

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Eritrean Airlines

Eritrean Airlines, shortened to Eritrean, is the national airline of Eritrea.

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Erkki Bahovski

Erkki Bahovski (born 22 April 1970) is an Estonian journalist and press officer.

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Erkki Liikanen

Erkki Antero Liikanen (born 19 September 1950) is a Finnish social democratic politician and the Governor of the Bank of Finland.

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Ernst Albrecht (politician)

Ernst Carl Julius Albrecht (29 June 1930 – 13 December 2014) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union and a former high-ranking civil servant of the European Commission.

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Erythropoietic protoporphyria

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a form of porphyria, which varies in severity and can be very painful.

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ESA European Seed Association

The ESA European Seed Association is a trade association for the seed industry in the European Union and the European Economic Area.

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ESA Television

ESA Television is the television network of the European Space Agency.

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Escherichia coli O104:H4

Escherichia coli O104:H4 is an enteroaggregative ''Escherichia coli'' strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli, and the cause of the 2011 ''Escherichia coli'' O104:H4 outbreak.

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Esco

Esco or ESCO may refer to.

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ESPCI Paris

ESPCI Paris (officially the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris; The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution) is an engineering school founded in 1882 by The City of Paris, France.

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Essential oil

An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (defined as "the tendency of a substance to vaporize") aroma compounds from plants.

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EStat.cz

eStat.cz is a think tank based in the Czech Republic.

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Estlink

Estlink is a set of HVDC submarine power cables between Estonia and Finland.

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ESTOLAS

ESTOLAS (Extremely Short Take Off and Landing on Any Surface) is a hybrid type of aircraft that is being developed in a project funded by the European Commission.

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Estonia

Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.

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Estonian Air

Estonian Air was the flag carrier airline of Estonia between 1991 and 2015.

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Estonian Air Navigation Services

Estonian Air Navigation Services (Lennuliiklusteeninduse AS), abbreviated as EANS, is a modern, rapidly developing company operating under the auspices of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications of the Republic of Estonia.

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Estonian Reform Party

The Estonian Reform Party (Eesti Reformierakond) is a liberal political party in Estonia.

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ET Solar

ET Solar is a solar cell manufacturer established in 2005.

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Ethanol fuel in Brazil

Brazil is the world's second largest producer of ethanol fuel.

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Ethio-Djibouti Railways

The Ethio-Djibouti Railway (Chemin de Fer Djibouto-Éthiopien (C.D.E.) is a metre gauge railway in the Horn of Africa that once connected Addis Ababa to the port city of Djibouti. The operating company was also known as the Ethio-Djibouti Railways. The railway was built in 1894–1917 to connect the Ethiopian capital city to the then-French colony of Djibouti. During early operations, it provided landlocked Ethiopia with its only access to the sea. After World War II, the railway progressively fell into a state of disrepair due to competition from road transport. The railway has been mostly superseded by the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway, an electrified standard gauge railway that was completed in 2017. The metre gauge railway has been abandoned in central Ethiopia and Djibouti. However, a rehabilitated section is still in operation near the Ethiopia-Djibouti border. As of February 2018, a combined passenger and freight service runs two times a week between the Ethiopian city of Dire Dawa and the Djibouti border, stopping at Dewele (passengers) and Guelile (freight). Plans were announced in 2018 to rehabilitate track from Dire Dawa to Mieso.

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Ethnic groups in Europe

The Indigenous peoples of Europe are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various indigenous groups that reside in the nations of Europe.

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ETSI

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, not-for-profit, standardization organization in the telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network operators) in Europe, headquartered in Sophia-Antipolis, France, with worldwide projection.

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ETwinning

The eTwinning action is an initiative of the European Commission that aims to encourage European schools to collaborate using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by providing the necessary infrastructure (online tools, services, support).

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EU Anti-Corruption Report

The EU Anti-Corruption Report was the European Commission's short-lived anti-corruption reporting mechanism.

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EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative

The EU Centres of Excellence on Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Risk Mitigation (CBRN CoE) is an initiative of the European Union which was launched in 2010.

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EU Centre in Singapore

The European Union (EU) Centre in Singapore is part of a global network of European Union Centres of Excellence.

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EU Cities Adapt

EU Cities Adapt or Adaptation Strategies for European Cities is a project commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Climate Action DG CLIMA.

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EU Directive 2010/63/EU

EU Directive 2010/63/EU is the European Union (EU) legislation "on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes" and is one of the most stringent ethical and welfare standards worldwide.

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EU Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources 2001/77/EC

The Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources 2001/77/EC is a European Union Directive for promoting renewable energy use in electricity generation.

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EU Ecolabel

EU Ecolabel or EU Flower is a voluntary ecolabel scheme established in 1992 by the European Commission.

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EU Energy Efficiency Directive 2012

The Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU (abbreviated EED) is a European Union directive which mandates energy efficiency improvements within the European Union.

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EU FLEGT Action Plan

The European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Action Plan (or EU FLEGT Action Plan) is a European Union initiative to address illegal logging and the social, economic and environmental harm it causes.

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EU Gateway Programme

The EU Gateway | Business Avenues is an initiative funded by the European Union (EU), created and managed by the Service for Foreign Policy Instruments under the Partnership Instrument.

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EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland

On 29 August 2016, after a two-year EU investigation, Margrethe Vestager of the European Commission announced Apple received illegal State aid from Ireland.

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EU NanoSafety Cluster

The EU NanoSafety Cluster (NSC) is a cluster of European Commission-funded projects in the funding programs FP6 (2002–2006), FP7 (2007–2013), and Horizon 2020 aka H2020 (2014–2020) framework programmes, aimed at harmonizing the research done in these projects.

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EU Strategy for the South Caucasus

EU Strategy for the South Caucasus is a long term strategy which directed to create secure political, economical and social environment next to eastern borders of EU.

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EU Talent Day

EU Talent Day is an observance of the European Union on Béla Bartók's birthday who was a well-known composer in and outside of Europe.

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EU-Eco-regulation

The European Union regulation (EEC) No.

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EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation

Established in 1987, the EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation is a unique venture between the European Commission (Directorate General for Growth - Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs) and the Japanese Government (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) (METI).

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EU–US Privacy Shield

The EU–US Privacy Shield is a framework for transatlantic exchanges of personal data for commercial purposes between the European Union and the United States.

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EudraGMP

EudraGMP is the database of the European Community of manufacturing authorisations and of certificates of good manufacturing practice.

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EudraLex

EudraLex is the collection of rules and regulations governing medicinal products in the European Union.

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Eugen Jurzyca

Eugen Jurzyca (born 8 February 1958) is a Slovak politician.

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Eugene Green Energy Standard

The Eugene Green Energy Standard was an international standard to which national or international green electricity labelling schemes could be accredited to confirm that they provide genuine environmental benefits.

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EULIS

The European Land Information Service provides direct access to official land registers in Europe.

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Eur-Lex

Eur-Lex (stylized EUR-Lex) is an official website of European Union law and other public documents of the European Union (EU), published in 24 official languages of the EU.

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EURADA

The European Association of Development Agencies (EURADA) has a membership of about 100 regional development agencies from across the European Union.

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Eurasian Economic Union

The Eurasian Economic Union (officially EAEU, but sometimes called EEU or EAU)The acronym is used in the.

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Eurasian sparrowhawk

The Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), also known as the northern sparrowhawk or simply the sparrowhawk, is a small bird of prey in the family Accipitridae.

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EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958

EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958 is a United States statute which created a cooperative program between the European Atomic Energy Community and the United States.

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Eureka (organisation)

EUREKA, often abbreviated as E!, or Σ! (from the ancient Greek way to write "E" and unrelated to modern "Sigma") is an intergovernmental organisation for pan-European research and development funding and coordination.

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Eurescom

Eurescom is a private organisation for managing European research and development projects in telecommunications.

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EuResist

EuResist is an international project designed to improve the treatment of HIV patients by developing a computerized system that can recommend optimal treatment based on the patient’s clinical and genomic data.

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EURid

EURid vzw (European Registry for Internet Domains) is the non-profit organisation appointed by the European Commission as the domain name registry that operates the.eu top-level domain and its variants in other scripts -.ею (.eu in Cyrillic) as of 1 June 2016.

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Euro

The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the European Union.

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Euro Banking Association

The Euro Banking Association (EBA) is an industry forum for the European payments industry with close to 200 member banks and organisations from the European Union and across the world aimed at fostering and driving pan-European payment initiatives.

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Euro coins

There are eight euro coin denominations, ranging from one cent to two euros (the euro is divided into a hundred cents).

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Euro convergence criteria

The euro convergence criteria (also known as the Maastricht criteria) are the criteria which European Union member states are required to meet to enter the third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and adopt the euro as their currency.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins

This article covers the gold and silver issues of the euro commemorative coins (collectors coins).

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Belgium)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used in rare occasions.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Cyprus)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used in rare occasions.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Finland)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used in rare occasions.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used in rare occasions.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Monaco)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used in rare occasions.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Slovakia)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used on rare occasions.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Slovenia)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used in rare occasions.

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Euro NCAP

The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) is a European car safety performance assessment programme (i.e. a New Car Assessment Program) based in Brussels (Belgium) and founded in 1997 by the Transport Research Laboratory for the UK Department for Transport and backed by several European governments, as well as by the European Union.

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Euro Plus Pact

The Euro-Plus Pact (or Euro+ Pact, also initially called the Competitiveness Pact or later the Pact for the Euro), was adopted in March 2011 under EU's Open Method of Coordination, as an intergovernmental agreement between all member states of the European Union (except Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Sweden and UK), in which concrete commitments were made to be working continuously within a new commonly agreed political general framework for the implementation of structural reforms intended to improve competitiveness, employment, financial stability and the fiscal strength of each country.

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Euro sign

The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the Eurozone in the European Union (EU).

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Euro-India Research Centre

Euro-India Research Centre (EIRC) is an information and service platform to facilitate collaboration between Indian and European organisations (from industry and academia) for conducting joint research and technology development under the European Commission’s largest funding Programme - FP7.

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EuroAsia Interconnector

The EuroAsia Interconnector is an interconnector between Greek, Cypriot, and Israeli power grids via the world's longest submarine power cable.

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Eurobarometer

Eurobarometer is a series of public opinion surveys conducted regularly on behalf of the European Commission since 1973.

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Eurobonds

European bonds are proposed government bonds issued in euros jointly by the 19 eurozone nations.

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EuroCases

EuroCases is a web-based multilingual legal information service providing access to case law of leading jurisdictions in Europe related to the application of EU law.

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Eurochambres

Eurochambres is the Association of European Chambers of Commerce and Industry.

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Eurocheque

The Eurocheque was a type of cheque used in Europe that was accepted across national borders and which could be written in a variety of currencies.

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Eurocodes

The eurocodes are the ten European standards (EN; harmonised technical rules) specifying how structural design should be conducted within the European Union (EU).

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Eurocontrol

The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol, is an international organisation working to achieve safe and seamless air traffic management across Europe.

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Eurocrat

A Eurocrat (a portmanteau of "European" and "bureaucrat") is "a staff member of the administrative commission of the European Union", Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.

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Eurodac

European Dactyloscopy (Eurodac) is the European Union (EU) fingerprint database for identifying asylum seekers and irregular border-crossers.

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Eurodicautom

Eurodicautom was the pioneering terminology database of the European Commission, created in 1975, initially for use by translators and other Commission staff.

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EUROGEO-European Association of Geographers

EUROGEO is a European scientific society, which networks geographers.

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Eurogroup

The Eurogroup is the recognised collective term for informal meetings of the finance ministers of the eurozone—those member states of the European Union (EU) which have adopted the euro as their official currency.

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Eurogroup Working Group

Eurogroup Working Group (EWG) is an advisory body to the Eurogroup of the European Union.

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Euromethod

Euromethod is a method for managing procurement processes of Information Services.

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Euromobil

EUROMOBIL is an interactive multimedia language learning and information programme for nine European target languages.

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Euromod

EUROMOD is a EU-wide tax-benefit model directed by.

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Euromyth

The term euromyth is used to refer to exaggerated or invented stories about the European Union and the activities of its institutions, such as purportedly nonsensical EU legislation.

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EuroNanoForum 2011

EuroNanoForum 2011 was three-day event focusing on nanotechnology that took place from 30 May to 1 June in Budapest, Hungary.

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Euronest Parliamentary Assembly

The Euronest Parliamentary Assembly is the inter-parliamentary forum in which members of the European Parliament and the national parliaments of Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia participate and forge closer political and economic ties with the European Union.

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Europa (Web portal)

Europa is the official web portal of the European Union (EU), providing information on how the EU works, related news, events, publications and links to websites of institutions, agencies and other bodies.

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Europa Nostra

Europa Nostra (Latin for "Our Europe") is a pan-European Federation for Cultural Heritage, representing citizens’ organisations that work on safeguarding Europe's cultural and natural heritage.

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Europa TV

EUROPA-TV was a consortium of five European public service broadcasters from Germany (ARD), Ireland (RTÉ), Italy (RAI), the Netherlands (NOS), and Portugal (RTP).

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Europa-Union Deutschland

Europa-Union Deutschland e.V. (EUD) is the German section of the Union of European Federalists (UEF).

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EuropaBio

EuropaBio ("The European Association for Bioindustries") is Europe's largest and most influential biotech industry group, whose members include Solvay S.A., Monsanto, Bayer and other biotechnology companies.

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EuroparlTV

EuroparlTV is the webTV of the European Parliament.

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Europass

Europass is a European Union (Directorate General for Education and Culture) initiative to increase transparency of qualification and mobility of citizens in Europe.

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Europe 2020

Europe 2020 is a 10-year strategy proposed by the European Commission on 3 March 2010 for advancement of the economy of the European Union.

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Europe by Satellite

Europe by Satellite (EbS) is the TV information service of the European Union which consist of 2 TV channels: EbS and EbS+.

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Europe Direct

Europe Direct is a European information network designated by the European Commission.

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Europe for Citizens

Europe for Citizens (formerly Citizens for Europe) is a European Union programme designed to help bridge the gap between citizens and the European Union.

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Europe Street

Europe Street is a government-built theme park in Beijing, China where European culture is on display.

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Europe Theatre Prize

The Europe Theatre Prize is an award of the European Commission for a personality who has "contributed to the realisation of cultural events that promote understanding and the exchange of knowledge between peoples".

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Europe United Party

Europe United Party was a pan-European political party which aimed to achieve a stronger and more accountable European Union and especially a democratically elected European Commission, a more transparent European Council and a stronger, more representative and effective European Parliament.

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European 112 Day

European 112 Day is an international day that is annually held on February 11.

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European act of state in honour of Helmut Kohl

The European act of state in honour of Helmut Kohl was an act of state to honour former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl following his death, and took place at the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France on 1 July 2017 from 11 AM to 1 PM.

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European Agency for Safety and Health at Work

The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) is a decentralised agency of the European Union with the task of collecting, analysing and disseminating relevant information that can serve the needs of people involved in safety and health at work.

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European Agricultural Guarantee Fund

The European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) consumes a large part of the general budget of the European Union.

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European Alert System

The European Alert System (sometimes referred to as the European Alarm System or European Warning System) is an earthquake warning system for member states of the Council of Europe's EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement.

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European Alternatives

European Alternatives (also known as EA or Euroalter) is a non-profit civil society organisation promoting democracy, equality and culture beyond the nation-state.

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European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

The European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership or EDCTP is a partnership between the European Union (EU), Norway, Switzerland and developing countries and other donors, as well as the pharmaceutical industry, to enable clinical trials and the development of new medicines and vaccines against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.

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European and Mediterranean book prize

The European and Mediterranean Book Prize is a European literary award.

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European Anti Poverty Network

The European Anti-Poverty Network (EAPN) is the largest European network of national, regional and local networks, involving anti-poverty NGOs non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and grass-root groups as well as European Organisations, active in the fight against poverty and social exclusion.

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European Anti-Fraud Office

The European Anti-Fraud Office (commonly known as OLAF, from the Office européen de lutte antifraude.) is a body mandated by the European Union (EU) with protecting the Union's financial interests.

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European Association for Computer-Assisted Language Learning

EUROCALL, full name the European Association for Computer Assisted Language Learning, is a not-for-profit educational association devoted to the promotion of the use of information and communications technology in teaching and learning foreign languages: v. Davies G. (2004).

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European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy

The European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE) is a pluralist forum of social scientists that brings together institutional and evolutionary economists broadly defined.

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European Association for Grey Literature Exploitation

The “European Association for Grey Literature Exploitation” (EAGLE) was created in 1985 by European scientific and technical information centres and libraries in order to produce the bibliographic database “System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe” (SIGLE).

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European Association for Local Democracy

ALDA, the European Association for Local Democracy, is a membership based organisation established in 1999 at the initiative of the Council of Europe's Congress of Local and Regional Authorities.

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European Association of Libraries and Information Services on Addictions

The European Association of Libraries and Information Services on Addictions (ELISAD) – previously called, until end of 2011, European Association of Libraries and Information Services on Alcohol and other Drugs – was a European non-governmental and non-profit making social network of libraries, documentation centres and information services situated in Europe and specialised in alcohol, drugs, tobacco and all other behavioural addictions.

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European Association of Urology

The European Association of Urology (EAU) is a non-profit organisation committed to the representation of urology professionals worldwide.

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European Astrobiology Network Association

The European Astrobiology Network Association (EANA) coordinates and facilities research expertise in astrobiology in Europe.

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European Asylum Support Office

The European Asylum Support Office (EASO) is an agency created by European Union Regulation 439/2010 to strengthen the cooperation of EU Member States on asylum, enhance the implementation of the Common European Asylum System, and support Member States under particular pressure.

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European Atlas of the Seas

The European Atlas of the Seas is an interactive electronic atlas on the coasts and seas within and around Europe.

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European Atomic Energy Community

The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) is an international organisation established by the Euratom Treaty on 25 March 1957 with the original purpose of creating a specialist market for nuclear power in Europe; developing nuclear energy and distributing it to its member states while selling the surplus to non-member states.

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European Audiovisual Observatory

The European Audiovisual Observatory was set up by the Council of Europe as a Partial Agreement. Its legal basis is Resolution (92) 70 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, 15 December 1992. The idea for the Observatory originated at the European Audiovisual Assizes in 1989, and was actively pursued by Audiovisual Eureka during the years 1989 to 1992. The observatory provides statistical and analytical information on the fields of: film, television, video/DVD, new audiovisual media services and public policy on film and television.

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European Biofuels Technology Platform

The European Biofuels Technology Platform (BiofuelsTP) is a European Seventh Framework Programme initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of biofuel.

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European Border and Coast Guard Agency

The European Border and Coast Guard Agency, also known as Frontex (from French: Frontières extérieures for "external borders"), is an agency of the European Union headquartered in Warsaw, Poland, tasked with border control of the European Schengen Area, in coordination with the border and coast guards of Schengen Area member states.

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European Border Breakers Award

The European Border Breakers Awards (EBBA) is an annual prize awarded to recognise the success of ten emerging artists or groups who reached audiences outside their own countries with their first internationally released album in the past year.

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European Brain Council

The European Brain Council (EBC) is a coordinating international health organization founded in 2002.

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European Broadcasting Union

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU; Union européenne de radio-télévision, UER) is an alliance of public service media organisations, established on 12 February 1950.

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European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages

The European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages (EBLUL) was a non-governmental organisation that was set up to promote linguistic diversity and languages.

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European Business Aviation Association

European Business Aviation Association or EBAA, is a non-profit association based in Belgium that has existed since 1977.

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European Business Register

The European Business Register (EBR) is a network of trade registers kept by the registration authorities in most of the European countries.

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European Campaign for Safe Road Design

The European Campaign for Safe Road Design aims to influence the European Union to make safe road design a European transport priority and save unnecessary deaths on Europe's roads.

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European Capital of Culture

The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union (EU) for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong pan-European dimension.

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European Central Bank

The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the euro area, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world.

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European Centre for Electoral Support (ECES)

The European Centre for Electoral Support (ECES) is a not for profit private foundation, headquartered in Brussels (Belgium) and created in 2010.

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European Centre for Press and Media Freedom

The European Centre for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF) is a no-profit organisation founded on 2 June 2015 in Leipzig, Germany.

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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training

The European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop) is an agency of the European Union.

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European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest

European Centre of Employers and Enterprises providing Public Services (CEEP; Centre européen des employeurs et entreprises fournissant des services publics) is a European association representing entreprises which carry out services of general economic interest, whatever their ownership or status.

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European charter for equality of women and men in local life

The Council of European Municipalities and Regions launched in May 2006 a European charter for equality of women and men in local life.

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European Charter for Researchers

The European Charter for Researchers is a recommendation of good practice for researchers and employers and/or funders of researchers issued by the European Commission Directorate-General for Research.

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European Charter on Freedom of the Press

The European Charter on Freedom of the Press is a non-binding guideline on press freedom, signed on 25 May 2009 in Hamburg by 48 editors-in-chief and leading journalists from 19 European countries.

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European chemical Substances Information System

The European chemical Substances Information System (ESIS) was a chemoinformatics database that stored information system on chemicals of the European Union.

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European Chemicals Bureau

The European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) was the focal point for the data and assessment procedure on dangerous chemicals within the European Union.

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European Citizens' Initiative

The European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) is a European Union mechanism aimed at increasing direct democracy by enabling "EU citizens to participate directly in the development of EU policies", introduced with the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007.

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European Climate Change Programme

The European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) was launched in June 2000 by the European Union's European Commission, with the purpose of avoiding dangerous climate change.

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European Cloud Partnership

The European Cloud Partnership (ECP) is an advisory group set up by the European Commission as part of the European Cloud Computing Strategy to provide guidance on the development of cloud computing in the European Union.

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European Club Association

The European Club Association (ECA) is a body representing the interests of professional association football clubs in UEFA.

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European Coal and Steel Community

The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was an organisation of 6 European countries set up after World War II to regulate their industrial production under a centralised authority.

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European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies

The European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies (ENCOD), originally European Ngo Council On Drugs and development is a network of European non-governmental organisations and citizens concerned with the impact of current international drug policies on the lives of the most affected sectors in North and South.

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European Commission Data Protection Officer

The European Commission Data Protection Officer is a position in the European Commission responsible for independently ensuring the application, within the Commission, of Regulation 45/2001 regarding data protection.

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European Commission Investment Plan for Europe

The European Commission’s Investment Plan for Europe (EC IPE) known as the “Juncker Plan” or the “EU Infrastructure Investment Plan” is an ambitious infrastructure investment programme first announced by European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker in November 2014: it aims at unlocking public and private investments in the “real economy” of at least € 315 billion over a three years fiscal period (Jan. 2015 – Dec. 2017).

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European Commission Representation in Ireland

The European Commission Representation in Ireland is part of the Commission’s network of representative offices throughout the Member States of the European Union.

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European Commissioner

A European Commissioner is a member of the 28-member European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development

The Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development is a member of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Budget and Human Resources

The European Commissioner for Budget and Human Resources is the member of the European Commission who is responsible for negotiating and managing the EU budget.

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European Commissioner for Climate Action

The Commissioner for Climate Action is a new post in the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Competition

The Commissioner for Competition is the member of the European Commission responsible for competition.

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European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society

The Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (previously for Digital Agenda) is a member of the European Commission responsible for media and information issues such as telecoms and IT.

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European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro

The Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro is the member of the European Commission responsible for economic and financial affairs.

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European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth

The Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth is a member of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion

The Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs, Skills and Labour Mobility is a member of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Energy

The Commissioner for Climate Action and Energy Union is a member of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy

The Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy is the member of the European Commission in charge of overseeing the accession process of prospective new member states and relations with those bordering the European Union (EU).

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European Commissioner for External Relations

The European Commissioner for External Relations was a member of the European Commission with responsibility over the Commissions external representation in the world and the European Union's (EU) Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).

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European Commissioner for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union

The Commissioner for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union is the member of the European Commission responsible for banking and finance.

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European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety

The Commissioner for Health and Food Safety is the member of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection

The Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection is a member of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship

The Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship is a Vice-President of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services

The Commissioner for Internal Market and Services is a member of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for International Cooperation and Development

The European Commissioner for International Cooperation and Development is the member of the European Commission responsible for overseeing the international cooperation and development of the European Union.

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European Commissioner for Justice and Consumers

The Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality is a post in the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

The Commissioner for Maritime affairs and Fisheries is a member of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Regional Policy

The Commissioner for Regional Policy is a portfolio within the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science

The Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science is a portfolio within the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud

The Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud is the member of the European Commission.

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European Commissioner for the Environment

The Commissioner for the Environment is the member of the European Commission responsible for EU environmental policy.

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European Commissioner for Trade

The European Commissioner for Trade (sometimes referred to as the EU Trade Commissioner) is the member of the European Commission responsible for the European Union's common commercial policy (governing international trade).

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European Commissioner for Transport

The Commissioner for Transport is the member of the European Commission.

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European Committee of the Regions

The European Committee of the Regions (CoR) is the European Union's (EU) assembly of local and regional representatives that provides sub-national authorities (i.e. regions, counties, provinces, municipalities and cities) with a direct voice within the EU's institutional framework.

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European Communities

The European Communities (EC), sometimes referred to as the European Community,;; were three international organizations that were governed by the same set of institutions.

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European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases

The European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases is located in Frederiksberg in Denmark at the National Veterinary Institute (a part of Technical University of Denmark).

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European Community Shipowners' Associations

The European Community Shipowners' Associations (ECSA), were formed in 1965 (then under the name Comité des Associations d'Armateurs des Communautés Européennes (CAACE)).

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European Community Urgent Radiological Information Exchange

The European Community Urgent Radiological Information Exchange (ECURIE) is the European early notification system in the event of a radiological or nuclear emergency.

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European Competition Network

The European Competition Network (ECN) consists of the 28 competition authorities within the European Union (see below for details) and the DG Competition of the European Commission.

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European Competitive Telecommunications Association

Established in 1998, ECTA is the leading pan-European telecoms association promoting market liberalisation and competition in the European communications sector, fostering ‘competition and open access’ and developing policy by representing ‘new entrant’ interests to European institutions and Government bodies.

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European Computer Driving Licence

(ECDL), also known as International Computer Driving License (ICDL) in non-European countries, is a computer literacy certification programme provided by ECDL Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation.

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European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers' Organisations

The European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers' Organisations (ECCO or E.C.C.O.) is a European non-governmental professional organisation aimed at safeguarding cultural heritage through the use of conservation-restoration techniques.

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European Construction Technology Platform

The European Construction Technology Platform (ETCP) is a European Seventh Framework Programme initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of construction.

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European Consumer Centres Network

The European Consumer Centres Network (ECC-Net) is an EU-wide network.

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European Convention

European Convention may refer to.

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European Convention (1999–2000)

The European Convention was the 1999 convention which drafted the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

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European Council

The European Council, charged with defining the European Union's (EU) overall political direction and priorities, is the institution of the EU that comprises the heads of state or government of the member states, along with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission.

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European Court of Auditors

The Court of Auditors (European Court of Auditors, ECA) (French: Cour des comptes européenne) is the fifth institution of the European Union (EU).

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European Credit Research Institute

The European Credit Research Institute (ECRI) provides analysis and insight into the structure, evolution and regulation of retail financial services markets in Europe.

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European Crowdfunding Network

The European Crowdfunding Network AISBL (ECN), is a professional network promoting adequate transparency, (self) regulation and governance while offering a combined voice in policy discussion and public opinion building.

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European Customs Information Portal

The European Customs Information Portal (ECIP) is an importing and exporting service provided by the EU for business operators of the member states of the European Union.

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European Cybercrime Centre

The European Cybercrime Centre (EC3 or EC³) is the body of the Police Office (Europol) of the European Union (EU), headquartered in The Hague, that coordinates cross-border law enforcement activities against computer crime and acts as a centre of technical expertise on the matter.

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European Dairy Association

The European Dairy Association (EDA) is the voice of the milk processing industry (cooperative and private dairies) in the European Union.

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European Data Portal

On November 16, 2015 the beta version of the was launched.

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European Data Protection Supervisor

The European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) is an independent supervisory authority whose primary objective is to ensure that European institutions and bodies respect the right to privacy and data protection when they process personal data and develop new policies.

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European Day of Languages

The European Day of Languages is 26 September, as proclaimed by the Council of Europe on 6 December 2001, at the end of the European Year of Languages (2001), which had been jointly organised by the Council of Europe and the European Union.

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European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism

The European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism, known as the Black Ribbon Day in some countries, which is observed on 23 August, is the international remembrance day for victims of totalitarian ideologies, specifically totalitarian communist regimes, Stalinism, Nazism and fascism.

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European Day of the Entrepreneur

European Day of the Entrepreneur or abbreviated as EDE, is a European brand that promotes entrepreneurship and it was initiated in Barcelona, Spain as a direct result of the Lisbon Strategy in 1999.

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European debt crisis

The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the Eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009.

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European Defence Agency

The European Defence Agency (EDA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) that promotes and facilitates integration between member states within the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).

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European Democratic Party

The European Democratic Party (EDP) is a centrist European political party in favour of European integration.

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European Destinations of Excellence

European Destinations of ExcelleNce, also known by the acronym EDEN, is an initiative launched by the European Commission promoting sustainable tourism development models across Europe.

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European Development Fund

The European Development Fund (EDF) is the main instrument for European Union (EU) aid for development cooperation in Africa, the Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP Group) countries and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT).

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European Digital SME Alliance

European Digital SME Alliance is a community of ICT small and medium enterprises (SMEs).

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European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines

The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) is a Directorate of the Council of Europe that traces its origins and statutes to the Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia (an international treaty adopted by the Council of Europe in 1964: CETS 50, Protocol).

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European Documentation Centre

A European Documentation Centre (EDC) is a body designated by the European Commission to collect and disseminate publications of the European Union for the purposes of research and education.

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European driving licence

The European driving licence is a driving licence replacing the many driving licence styles already in use in the member states of the European Economic Area (EEA) (all 28 EU member states as well as 3 EFTA member states; Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway).

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European Economic and Social Committee

The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) is a consultative body of the European Union (EU) established in 1958.

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European Economic and Trade Office

The European Economic and Trade Office (EETO) is the representative office of European Union (EU) in the Republic of China.

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European Economic Area

The European Economic Area (EEA) is the area in which the Agreement on the EEA provides for the free movement of persons, goods, services and capital within the European Single Market, including the freedom to choose residence in any country within this area.

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European Economic Area Family Permit

A European Economic Area Family Permit (short: EEA family permit) is an immigration document that assists the holder to enter the United Kingdom as a family member of a citizen of a contracting state to the European Economic Area agreement or a Swiss citizen.

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European Economic Community

The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation which aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states.

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European Educational Exchanges – Youth for Understanding

European Educational Exchanges – Youth for Understanding (EEE-YFU) is an international youth exchange non-profit organisation, founded in 1985.

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European Electronic Crime Task Force

The European Electronic Crime Task Force (EECTF) is an information sharing initiative, started in 2009 by an agreement between United States Secret Service, Italian Ministry of Internal Affairs and Poste Italiane, whose mission is to support the analysis and the development of best practices against cybercrime in European countries, through the creation of a strategic alliance between public and private sectors, including Law Enforcement, financial sector, academia, international institutions and ICT security vendors.

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European emission standards

European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU and EEA member states.

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European Environment Agency

The European Environment Agency (EEA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent information on the environment, thereby helping those involved in developing, adopting, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, as well as informing the general public.

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European Environmental Bureau

The European Environmental Bureau (EEB) is a network of over 140 environmental citizens’ organisations based in all 28 European Union (EU) Member States, potential Member States and a few neighbouring countries.

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European environmental research and innovation policy

The European environmental research and innovation policy is a set of strategies, actions and programmes to promote more and better research and innovation for building a resource-efficient and climate resilient society and economy in sync with the natural environment.

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European External Action Service

The European External Action Service (EEAS) is the diplomatic service and foreign and defence ministry of the European Union (EU).

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European Fashion Council

The European Fashion Council is a non-governmental organization authorized to represent the European Union in fashion and fashion design worldwide.

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European Federalist Party

The European Federalist Party is a pro-European, pan-European and federalist political party which advocates further integration of the European Union through the establishment of a democratic and federal Europe.

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European Federation for Transport and Environment

The European Federation for Transport and Environment, commonly referred to as Transport & Environment (T&E) is a European umbrella for non-governmental organisations working in the field of transport and the environment, promoting sustainable transport in Europe; which means an approach to transport that is environmentally responsible, economically sound and socially just.

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European Federation of Magazine Publishers

The European Magazine Media Association (formerly the European Federation of Magazine Publishers, FAEP) is a non-profit organization based in Brussels, Belgium that represents 15,000 publishers throughout Europe (mostly small- and medium-sized enterprises) publishing over 50,000 magazine titles in Europe.

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European Federation of National Engineering Associations

FEANI (Fédération Européenne d'Associations Nationales d'Ingénieurs / European Federation of National Engineering Associations) is a federation of national professional bodies representing engineering in European countries.

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European Financial Reporting Advisory Group

The European Financial Reporting Advisory Group is a private association established in 2001 with the encouragement of the European Commission to serve the public interest.

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European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism

The European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM) is an emergency funding programme reliant upon funds raised on the financial markets and guaranteed by the European Commission using the budget of the European Union as collateral.

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European Financial Stability Facility

The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) is a special purpose vehicle financed by members of the eurozone to address the European sovereign-debt crisis.

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European Firearms Directive

The European Firearms Directive is a law of the European Union which sets minimum standards regarding civilian firearms acquisition and possession that EU Member States must implement into their national legal systems.

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European Fiscal Compact

The Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union; also referred to as TSCG or more plainly the Fiscal Stability Treaty is an intergovernmental treaty introduced as a new stricter version of the Stability and Growth Pact, signed on 2 March 2012 by all member states of the European Union (EU), except the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom.

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European Fisheries Control Agency

The European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that co-ordinates the national operational activities in the area of fisheries, and assists the member states in their application of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP).

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European Flood Awareness System

The European Flood Awareness System is a European Commission initiative to increase preparedness for riverine floods across Europe.

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European Food Safety Authority

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain.

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European Forum for Urban Security

The European Forum for Urban Security (Efus) is a non-governmental organisation established in 1987 in Barcelona under the auspices of the Council of Europe supporting a network of more than 250 European local authorities in 16 countries.

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European Foundation for Management Development

The European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD) is an international not-for-profit association, based in Brussels, Belgium.

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European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) is an agency of the European Union which focuses on managing research, gathering information, and communicating its findings.

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European Free Trade Association

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.

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European Fund for Strategic Investments

The European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI), also called the Juncker Plan, is an initiative of EIB Group and the European Commission aimed at boosting the economy through mobilising private financing for strategic investments.

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European Fusion Development Agreement

EFDA (1999 - 2013) has been followed by EUROfusion, which is a consortium of national fusion research institutes located in the European Union and Switzerland.

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European Genetics Foundation

The European Genetics Foundation (EGF) is a non-profit organization, dedicated to the training of young geneticists active in medicine, to continuing education in genetics/genomics and to the promotion of public understanding of genetics.

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European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) is a satellite based augmentation system (SBAS) developed by the European Space Agency and EUROCONTROL on behalf of the European Commission.

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European Globalisation Adjustment Fund

The European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF) was set up by the European Union in late 2006 to support to workers (not companies or institutions) who have been made redundant as a result of trade liberalisation, so that they can either remain in employment or find a new job quickly.

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European GNSS Agency

The European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency (European GNSS Agency; GSA; formerly European GNSS Supervisory Authority) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that aims to ensure that essential public interests are properly defended and represented in connection with satellite navigation programmes of the union: Galileo and European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS).

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European Green Capital Award

The European Green Capital Award is an award for a European city based on its environmental record.

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European Green Party

The European Green Party (EGP), sometimes referred to as European Greens, is the European political party that operates as a federation of political parties across Europe supporting green politics.

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European Grid Infrastructure

European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) is a series of efforts to provide access to high-throughput computing resources across Europe using grid computing techniques.

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European Health Examination Survey

The European Health Examination Survey (EHES) is an ongoing series of large-scale clinical epidemiological studies.

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European Health Forum Gastein

The European Health Forum Gastein (EHFG) is organised by the International Forum Gastein (IFG), a non-profit and non-partisan association led by Professor Helmut Brand (President) and Dorli Kahr-Gottlieb (Secretary General).

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European health management association

The European Health Management Association (EHMA) was established in 1982 and is a non-profit membership organisation open to all those committed to improving health and healthcare.

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European Heritage Alliance 3.3

The European Heritage Alliance 3.3, an informal European sectoral platform composed of 30 European or international networks and organisations active in the wider field of cultural heritage, was launched in June 2011 on the occasion of the European Heritage Congress 2011 organised by Europa Nostra in Amsterdam.

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European Heritage Days

European Heritage Days (EHD) is a joint action of the Council of Europe and the European Commission involving all 50 signatory states of the European Cultural Convention under the motto, Europe: a common heritage.

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European Heritage Label

The European Heritage Label is a recognition awarded by the European Union to buildings, documents, museums, archives, monuments or events which are seen as milestones in the creation of today's Europe.

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European Historic Houses Association

European Historic Houses Association is an international organization based in Brussels, Belgium, and registered in the Netherlands.

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European History Network

The European History Network has run a number of projects under the banner of the Creating Links and Overviews for a New History Agenda (CLIOH) since 1988, including CLIOH, CLIOHnet and CLIOHnet2.

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European Horizons

European Horizons is a transatlantic policy lab based at Yale University.

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European Humanist Federation

The European Humanist Federation (EHF, Fédération Humaniste Européenne, FHE), officially abbreviated as EHF-FHE, is an umbrella of 55 humanist and secularist organisations from 22 European countries.

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European Humanities University

European Humanities University (Еўрапейскі гуманітарны ўніверсітэт (ЕГУ), Europos Humanitarinis Universitetas (EHU), Европейский гуманитарный университет (ЕГУ)) is a private, non-profit liberal arts university founded in Minsk, Belarus, in 1992.

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European Ideas Network

The European Ideas Network is an open centre-right think tank sponsored by the EPP Group and based in the European Parliament in Brussels.

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European Industrial Hemp Association

The European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA) is a consortium of the hemp-processing industry.

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European industry federation

A European industry federation (EIF) is a trade union organisation operating at European sectoral level, comparable to and sometimes part of the global union federations.

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European Information Technologies Certification Institute

The European Information Technologies Certification Institute (EITCI) is an international non-profit organisation headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, aimed primarily towards promotion of digital literacy and prevention of digital exclusion, by providing high quality standards for the certification of knowledge and skills in the area of information and communication technologies, in accordance to the European Commission's guidelines.

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European Information Technology Observatory

The European Information Technology Observatory (EITO) gathers information on European and global markets for information technology, telecommunications and consumer electronics.

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European Institute

The European Institute is a nonpartisan public policy organization dedicated to Transatlantic relations.

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European Institute for Biomedical Imaging Research

The European Institute for Biomedical Imaging Research (EIBIR) was established in 2006 as a non-profit, limited liability company on the initiative of the European Society of Radiology with funding of the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme.

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European Institute of Cultural Routes

The European Institute of Cultural Routes is a non-profit association based in Luxembourg whose aim is to help the Council of Europe, as a technical body, in the establishment of European Cultural Routes.

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European Institute of High International Studies

The Institut européen·European Institute (IE·EI) is an international institution of graduate studies and research, based in Nice, France.

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European Institute of Innovation and Technology

The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) is the research and development agency of the European Union, headquartered in Budapest, Hungary.

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European institutions in Strasbourg

There are a range of European institutions in Strasbourg (France), the oldest of which dates back to 1815.

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European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority

The European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) is a European Union financial regulatory institution that replaced the Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors (CEIOPS).

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European integration

European integration is the process of industrial, political, legal, economic, social and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe.

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European Inter-University Association on Society, Science and Technology

The European Inter-University Association on Society, Science and Technology (ESST) is an association of universities who jointly teach and research in the field of social, scientific and technological developments.

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European Inventor Award

The European Inventor Award or European Inventor awards (formerly European Inventor of the Year Award, renamed in 2010), are presented annually by the European Patent Office, sometimes supported by the respective Presidency of the Council of the European Union and by the European Commission, to inventors who have made a significant contribution to innovation, economy and society in Europe.

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European Investigation Order

The Directive of the European Parliament and the Council regarding the European Investigation Order in criminal matters ("the EIO") was proposed in April 2010, by a group of seven European Union Member States: Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, Estonia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.

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European Investment Fund

The European Investment Fund (EIF), established in 1994, is a European Union agency for the provision of finance to SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises), headquartered in Luxembourg.

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European Islam

European Islam or Modern Islam is a hypothesized new branch of Islam, (reformed Islam) in Southeastern Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania.

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European Judicial Network in criminal matters

The European Judicial Network (EJN) is a network of contact points within the EU designed to facilitate judicial cooperation across borders.

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European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy

The European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS) is an interdisciplinary research center established by the Italian Ministry of Education in 1991 within the University of Florence thanks to the initiative of Prof.

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European Land-Robot Trial

The European Land-Robot Trial (ELROB) is a European event which demonstrates the abilities of modern robots.

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European Law Moot Court

The European Law Moot Court (ELMC) is an annual moot court competition between rival teams of university students who have an interest in European Union law.

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European League of Institutes of the Arts

The European League of Institutes of the Arts (ELIA) is an independent membership organization representing approximately 300 higher arts education institutions in 47 countries.

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European Library

The European Library is an Internet service that allows access to the resources of 49 European national libraries and an increasing number of research libraries.

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European Marine Board

The European Marine Board is an pan-European network of 35 national organizations involved in marine research which are either research funding organizations (e.g. research councils or ministries), research performing organizations (e.g. national marine research institutes), or nationally based consortia of third-level institutes (e.g. university consortia).

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European Marine Observation and Data Network

The European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) is a web portal that brings together marine data, data products and metadata from diverse sources within Europe in a uniform way.

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European Maritime Day

European Maritime Day (EMD), celebrated on 20 May each year, seeks to raise European citizens' awareness of the seas and their importance.

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European Maritime Safety Agency

The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) is a European Union agency charged with reducing the risk of maritime accidents, marine pollution from ships and the loss of human lives at sea by helping to enforce the pertinent EU legislation.

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European Market Infrastructure Regulation

The European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) is a body of European legislation for the regulation of over-the-counter derivatives.

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European Master

European Master is a post graduate degree in Europe which is usually conducted by several universities from different countries (joint degree).

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European Master on Software Engineering

The European Master on Software Engineering, or European Masters Programme in Software Engineering (new name since 2015) (EMSE) is a two-year joint Master of Science (Msc) program coordinated by four European universities (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Technical University of Madrid, Kaiserslautern University of Technology, University of Oulu), funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union.

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European Master's in Translation

The European Master's in Translation (EMT) is a partnership project between the Directorate-General for Translation (DGT) of the European Commission and a number of universities from a wide range of European countries.

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European Medical Association

The European Medical Association (EMA) was established in 1990 in Belgium, EMA is the main association representing Medical Doctors in Europe supported the European Commission - Lifelong Learning Programme (LLP).

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European Medicines Agency

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is a European Union agency for the evaluation of medicinal products.

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European migrant crisis

The European migrant crisis, or the European refugee crisis, is a term given to a period beginning in 2015 when rising numbers of people arrived in the European Union (EU), travelling across the Mediterranean Sea or overland through Southeast Europe.

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European Migration Network

The European Migration Network (EMN) is an EU funded network, set up with the aim of providing up-to-date, objective, reliable and comparable information on migration and asylum for Institutions of the European Union, plus authorities and institutions of the Member States of the European Union, in order to inform policymaking.

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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is an agency of the European Union located in Lisbon, Portugal.

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European Monitoring Centre on Change

The European Monitoring Centre on Change (EMCC) is "a place for exchanging practice, information and ideas on the management and anticipation of change," consisting primarily of an informational website.

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European Mortgage Federation

Founded in 1967, the European Mortgage Federation (EMF) is the representative at EU level of the mortgage loan product, bringing together national banking associations and individual mortgage lenders from the EU Member States.

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European Movement for Efficient Energy

The European Movement for Efficient Energy (EME²) is a stakeholder platform that seek to promote efficiency in the energy sector as a means to achieve overall energy and resource efficiency in Europe.

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European Movement Germany

European Movement Germany is a non-partisan network of interest groups in the field of EU politics in Germany.

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European Multisport Club Association

The European Multisport Club Association (EMCA) is a sports organization representing the interests of multisport clubs in Europe.

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European Neighbourhood Policy

The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is a foreign relations instrument of the European Union (EU) which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union.

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European Network for Accessible Tourism

The European Network for Accessible Tourism (ENAT) is a non-profit association of tourism enterprises, organisations and individuals from the private, public and NGO sectors aimed at evaluating good practices, as well as providing and endorsing services and products for accessible tourism in Europe.

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European Network of National Human Rights Institutions

The European Network of National Human Rights Institutions (ENNHRI) is a membership international not-for-profit association (AISBL) under Belgian law.

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European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity

ENTSO-E, the European Network of Transmission System Operators, represents 43 electricity transmission system operators (TSOs) from 36 countries across Europe, thus extending beyond EU borders.

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European Network Remembrance and Solidarity

European Network Remembrance and Solidarity (ENRS) was created in 2005 as a joint initiative by German, Hungarian, Polish, and Slovak ministers of culture.

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European Nucleotide Archive

The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) is a repository providing free and unrestricted access to annotated DNA and RNA sequences.

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European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion

The European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion, briefly ESPON, is a European funded programme under the objective of "European Territorial Cooperation" of the Cohesion Policy of the European Union.

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European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies

The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies is an intergovernmental partnership, hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, which specialises in the development of health systems within Europe.

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European of the Year (European Voice award)

The Europeans of the Year award was established in 2001 by European Voice to honour influential European citizens who have mostly affected the European legislative and policy agenda.

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European of the Year (Reader's Digest award)

Since 1996 the editors of the European editions of the Reader's Digest magazine have named "European of the Year" individuals who best embody the traditions and values of Europe.

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European Ombudsman

The European Ombudsman (or sometimes Euro-Ombudsman) is an ombudsman for the European Union, based in the Salvador de Madariaga Building in Strasbourg.

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European Open Science Cloud

The European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) is a European Commission project to provide a public data repository which conforms to open science values.

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European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer

The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) is an international non-profit organization with a scientific goal created in 1962 by European cancer specialists.

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European paradox

The European paradox is the perceived failure of European countries to translate scientific advances into marketable innovations.

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European Parliament

The European Parliament (EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU).

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European Parliament election, 2004

Elections to the European Parliament were held between 10 and 13 June 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according to local custom.

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European Parliament election, 2004 (Netherlands)

The European Parliament election of 2004 in the Netherlands was the election of MEP representing Netherlands constituency for the 2004–2009 term of the European Parliament.

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European Parliament election, 2014

From 22 to 25 May 2014, elections to the European Parliament were held in the European Union.

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European Parliament election, 2014 (Slovenia)

European Parliament elections were held in Slovenia on 25 May 2014.

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European Parliament Former Members Association

The European Parliament Former Members Association is an Association of former members of the European Parliament, involved in promoting the European Parliament and the European Union, as well as election monitoring, among other activities.

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European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing

The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) promotes the application of Russell and Burch’s 3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal testing) in meeting regulatory requirements for products such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, soaps, detergents and cosmetics.

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European Patent Litigation Agreement

The draft European Patent Litigation Agreement (EPLA), or formally the Draft Agreement on the establishment of a European patent litigation system, was a proposed patent law agreement aimed at creating an "optional protocol to the European Patent Convention (EPC) which would commit its signatory states to an integrated judicial system, including uniform rules of procedure and a common appeal court".

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European Peacebuilding Liaison Office

European Peacebuilding Liaison Office (EPLO) is the independent civil society platform of European NGOs, NGO networks and think tanks which are committed to peacebuilding, and the prevention of violent conflict.

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European People's Party

The European People's Party (EPP) is a conservative and Christian democratic European political party.

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European People's Party group

The European People's Party group (EPP Group) is the political group in the European Parliament consisting of deputies (MEPs) from the member parties of the European People's Party (EPP).

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European Personnel Selection Office

The European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO) is responsible for selecting staff to work for the institutions and agencies of the European Union including the European Parliament, the European Council, the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, the Court of Auditors, the European External Action Service, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Ombudsman.

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European Pharmaceutical Students' Association

The European Pharmaceutical Students' Association (EPSA) is a non-profit, non-governmental, non-political and non-religious association which represents 45 Pharmacy Students' Associations from 37 countries, representing around 160.000 pharmacy students all around Europe.

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European Platform for Rehabilitation

The European Platform for Rehabilitation (EPR) is a network of European providers of rehabilitation services to people with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups.

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European Political Cooperation

The European Political Cooperation (EPC) was introduced in 1970 and was the synonym for European Union foreign policy coordination until it was superseded by the Common Foreign and Security Policy in the Maastricht Treaty (November 1993).

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European political party

A European political party (formally, a political party at European level; informally a Europarty) is a type of political party organisation operating transnationally in Europe and in the institutions of the European Union.

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European Political Strategy Centre

The European Political Strategy Centre (EPSC), formerly known as Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA), is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection

The European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP) refers to the doctrine and programmes created to identify and protect critical infrastructure that, in case of fault, incident or attack, could seriously impact both the country where it is hosted and at least one other European Member State.

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European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training

The European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) Fellowship provides training and practical experience in intervention epidemiology at the national centres for surveillance and control of communicable diseases in the European Union.

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European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study is a Europe-wide prospective cohort study of the relationships between diet and cancer, as well as other chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.

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European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes

Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes are reports and proceedings of the European public hearing organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.

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European Public Hearing on European Conscience and Crimes of Totalitarian Communism: 20 Years After

The European Public Hearing on European Conscience and Crimes of Totalitarian Communism: 20 Years After was a European public hearing organised by the Czech Presidency of the European Union in the European Parliament on 18 March 2009.

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European Public Prosecutor

The European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO) is an independent body of the European Union (EU) to be established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 20 of the 28 members of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation.

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European quadriga

The European quadriga is the designation of the quadrumvirate representing the European Union in its foreign relations, in particular with Greece concerning its common foreign and security policy (CFSP).

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European Quality in Social Services

EQUASS (European Quality in Social Services) is an integrated sector-specific quality certification system that certifies compliance of social services with European quality principles and criteria.

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European Rail Research Advisory Council

The European Rail Research Advisory Council (ERRAC) is a European Seventh Framework Programme initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union to revitalise the European rail sector.

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European Rail Traffic Management System

The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) is the system of standards for management and interoperation of signalling for railways by the European Union (EU).

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European Reference Materials

European Reference Materials or ERM are certified reference materials of high quality and reliability produced by members of the European Reference Materials consortium in the European Union.

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European Regional Development Fund

The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) is a fund allocated by the European Union.

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European Regulators' Group for Electricity and Gas

The European Regulators' Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG) is an advisory group to the European Commission on internal energy market issues in Europe.

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European Research Advisory Board

EURAB was the European Research Advisory Board from 2001 to 2007.

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European Research Council

The European Research Council (ERC) is a public body for funding of scientific and technological research conducted within the European Union (EU).

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European Road Transport Research Advisory Council

The European Road Transport Research Advisory Council (ERTRAC) is a European organisation on road transport, which brings together several road transport stakeholders, such as consumers, vehicle manufacturers, component suppliers, road infrastructure operators and developers, service providers, energy suppliers, research organisations, cities and regions as well as public authorities at both European Union and national level.

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European Roma Rights Centre

The European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) is a Roma-led, international public interest law organisation engaging in a range of activities aimed at combating anti-Romani racism and human rights abuse of Romani.

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European Round Table of Industrialists

The European Round Table of Industrialists, abbreviated ERT, is an advocacy group in the European Union consisting of some 50 European industrial leaders working to strengthen competitiveness in Europe.

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European route E67

European route E 67 is an E-road running from Prague in the Czech Republic to Helsinki in Finland by way of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.

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European Satellite Navigation Competition

The European Satellite Navigation Competition (ESNC) is an annual international innovation competition that recognises downstream applications of satellite navigation.

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European School, Varese

The European School, Varese (commonly known as ESV; Italian: Scuola Europea di Varese), in Varese, Italy, is a European School, one of a small number of schools founded by the European Union (EU) for the benefit of its staff in member states.

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European Schools

The European Schools (Schola Europaea) is a network of private-authority schools, which emphasise a multilingual and multicultural pedagogical approach to the teaching of nursery, primary and secondary students, leading to the European Baccalaureate as their secondary leaving qualification.

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European Sea Ports Organisation

The European Sea Ports Organisation or ESPO, founded in 1993, is the representative body of the port authorities, port associations and port administrations of the seaports of the member states of the European Union and of Norway.

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European Securities Committee

The European Securities Committee (ESC) advises the European Commission in the field of securities.

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European Services Forum

The European Services Forum (ESF) is a lobby group of representatives from the European services sector that promote the liberalisation of international trade in services.

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European Single Market

The European Single Market, Internal Market or Common Market is a single market which seeks to guarantee the free movement of goods, capital, services, and labour – the "four freedoms" – within the European Union (EU).

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European Single Procurement Document

The European Single Procurement Document (ESPD) is an electronic self-declaration document to be submitted by suppliers interested in tendering for contracts for the supply of goods, works or services to public bodies located anywhere within the European Union.

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European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations

European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESCO) is a multilingual classification of identifies and categorises skills, competences, qualifications and occupations relevant for the EU labour market and education.

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European Small and Mid-Cap Awards

The European Small and Mid-Cap Awards aim to promote best practices and encourage more small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to access capital markets via Initial Public Offering.

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European Social Forum

The European Social Forum (ESF) was a recurring conference held by members of the alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement).

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European Social Fund

The European Social Fund (ESF) is the European Union's main financial instrument for supporting employment in the member states of the European Union as well as promoting economic and social cohesion.

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European Soil Bureau Network

The European Soil Bureau Network (ESBN), located at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, Ispra(I), was created in 1996 as a network of national soil science institutions.

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European Space Agency

The European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.

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European Space Technology Platform

The European Space Technology Platform (ESTP) is a European Seventh Framework Programme initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of space technology.

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European Spatial Development Perspective

The European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) is a document approved by the Informal Council of Ministers of Spatial Planning of European Commission in Potsdam in 1999.

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European Spatial Development Planning

The European Spatial Development Planning or ESDP-Network seeks to promote education, research and professional training in spatial planning across European countries, in collaboration with many partners in other regions of the world.

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European Stability Mechanism

The European Stability Mechanism (ESM) is an intergovernmental organization located in Luxembourg City, which operates under public international law for all eurozone Member States having ratified a special ESM intergovernmental treaty.

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European Steel Technology Platform

The European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP) is a European Seventh Framework Programme initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of steel technology.

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European Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology

European Strategic Programme on Research in Information Technology (ESPRIT) was a series of integrated programmes of information technology research and development projects and industrial technology transfer measures.

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European student think tank

The European Student Think Tank (abbreviated EST) is an International NGO dedicated to involving young Europeans in the European policy-making process.

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European super grid

The European super grid is a possible future super grid that would ultimately interconnect the various European countries and the regions around Europe's borders – including North Africa, Kazakhstan, and Turkey – with a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power grid.

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European System of Financial Supervision

The European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) is the framework for financial supervision in the European Union in operation since 2011.

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European Systemic Risk Board

The European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB) was established on 16 December 2010 in response to the ongoing financial crisis.

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European Technical Assistance Cooperation

European Technical Assistance Cooperation (EUTAC) is a project of German Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe e.V. (Johanniter International Assistance) and Cyprus Civil Defence developing a Technical Assistance and Support Team for an assistance of EU civil protection interventions.

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European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry

The European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry (SusChem) is a European Technology Platform (ETP) initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of chemistry in three domains: Industrial Biotechnology, Materials Technology, and Reaction and Process Design.

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European Technology Platform for the Electricity Networks of the Future

The European Technology Platform (ETP) for the Electricity Networks of the Future (SmartGrids) is a European Commission initiative that aims at boosting the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of electricity networks, especially smart power grids.

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European Technology Platform for Wind Energy

The European Technology Platform for Wind Energy (TPWind) is a European Seventh Framework Programme initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of wind energy.

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European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration

The European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration (EPoSS) is a European Seventh Framework Programme initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of Smart Systems Technologies and integrated Micro and Nanosystems.

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European tort law

European Tort Law, as a term, is not strictly defined and is used to describe a number of various features concerning tort law in Europe.

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European Train Control System

The European Train Control System (ETCS) is the signalling and control component of the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS).

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European Training Strategy

The European Training Strategy (ETS) of the European Commission outlines findings, objectives, and measures to sustain the quality and recognition of youth work in Europe.

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European Travel Commission

The European Travel Commission (ETC) is an international organisation responsible for the promotion of Europe as a tourist destination.

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European Tree of the Year

The European Tree of the Year is an annual contest held to find the most 'loveable tree' in Europe.

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European troika

The European troika is the designation of the triumvirate representing the European Union in its foreign relations, in particular concerning its common foreign and security policy (CFSP).

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European turtle dove

The European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) is a member of the bird family Columbidae, the doves and pigeons.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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European Union Ambassador to China

The European Union ambassador in Beijing is the official representative of the European Commission to the Government of China, he is concurrently accredited to Mongolia.

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European Union and its Member States — Certain Measures Relating to the Energy Sector

European Union and its Member States — Certain Measures Relating to the Energy Sector, DS476, is the formal name of a case brought by the Russian Federation against the European Union and its member states in the World Trade Organization's Dispute Settlement Body.

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European Union and the United Nations

The European Union (EU) has been an observer state at the United Nations (UN) since 1974 and has had enhanced participation rights since 2011.

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European Union Anti-Corruption Initiative in Ukraine

The European Union Anti-Corruption Initiative, EUACI, is the largest program of technical assistance in fighting corruption implemented by the European Union in Ukraine.

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European Union Association Agreement

A European Union Association Agreement (for short, Association Agreement or AA) is a treaty between the European Union (EU), its Member States and a non-EU country that creates a framework for co-operation between them.

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European Union Border Assistance Mission to Rafah

The European Union Border Assistance Mission at the Rafah Crossing Point (EU BAM Rafah) was, after the European Union Police Mission for the Gaza Strip (EU COPPS), the EU's second Civilian Crisis Management Mission in the occupied Palestinian territory.

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European Union Centers of Excellence in the United States

The European Union Centers of Excellence in the United States is a network of eight university programs dedicated to the promotion of the study of the European Union as well as the strengthening of ties between the people of the EU and the United States.

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European Union Committee

The European Union Committee is a select committee of the House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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European Union Committee System

The European Union Committee System is an informal category of committees involved in the processing of European Union (EU) legislation.

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European Union competition law

European competition law is the competition law in use within the European Union.

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European Union Contest for Young Scientists

The European Union (EU) Contest for Young Scientists is a science fair, initiated by the European Commission.

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European Union Customs Union

The European Union Customs Union (EUCU) is a customs union which consists of all the member states of the European Union (EU), Monaco, and some territories of the United Kingdom which are not part of the EU (Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Bailiwick of Guernsey, Bailiwick of Jersey, and the Isle of Man).

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European Union Emission Trading Scheme

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), also known as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, was the first large greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world, and remains the biggest.

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European Union financial transaction tax

The European Union financial transaction tax (EU FTT) is a proposal made by the European Commission to introduce a financial transaction tax (FTT) within some of the member states of the European Union initially by 1 January 2014, later postponed to 1 January 2016, then to the middle of 2016 and then to September 2016.

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European Union IBM competition cases

On July 26, 2010, the European Commission announced two separate antitrust investigations against International Business Machines (IBM).

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European Union Institute for Security Studies

The European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) is a Paris-based agency of the European Union.

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European Union Intellectual Property Office

The European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO, French: Office de l'Union européenne de la propriété intellectuelle), founded in 1994, is the European Union Agency responsible for the registration of the European Union trade mark (EUTM) and the registered Community design (RCD), two unitary intellectual property rights valid across the 28 Member States of the EU.

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European Union laissez-passer

A European Union laissez-passer is a travel document issued to civil servants and members of the institutions of the European Union.

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European Union law

European Union law is the system of laws operating within the member states of the European Union.

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European Union legislative procedure

The European Union adopts legislation through a variety of legislative procedures.

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European Union lobbying

Lobbying in the European Union, also referred to officially as European interest representation, is the activity of representatives of diverse interest groups or lobbies who attempt to influence the executive and legislative authorities of the European Union through public relations or public affairs work.

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European Union merger law

European Union merger law is a part of the law of the European Union which regulates whether firms can merge with one another and under what conditions.

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European Union Military Staff

The European Union Military Staff (EUMS) is the Directorate-General of the European Union's (EU) External Action Service (EEAS) that contributes to the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) by providing strategic advice to the High Representative (HR/VP) and commanding non-combat operations through its Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC) operational headquarters.

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European Union of Water Management Associations

European Union of Water Management Associations (EUWMA) members are (umbrella) organizations in the EU member states representing organizations based on public law responsible for regional and local water management (flood protection, land drainage, water level management, irrigation) such as internal drainage boards or Waterschappen.

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European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture

The European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture - Mies van der Rohe Award is a Prize given biennially by the European Union and the Fundació Mies van der Rohe, Barcelona, 'to acknowledge and reward quality architectural production in Europe'.

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European Union Public Licence

The European Union Public Licence (EUPL) is a software licence that has been created and approved by the European Commission.

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European Union Solidarity Fund

The European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was founded in 2002.

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European Union value added tax

The European Union value added tax (or EU VAT) is a value added tax on goods and services within the European Union (EU).

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European Union vs. Google

European Union vs.

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European Union wine regulations

European Union wine regulations are common legislation related to wine existing within the European Union (EU), the member states of which account for almost two-thirds of the world's wine production.

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European Union withholding tax

The so-called European Union withholding tax is a withholding tax which is deducted from interest earned by European Union residents on their investments made in another member state, by the state in which the investment is held.

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European Union's scientific cooperation beyond the bloc

European Union’s scientific collaboration beyond the bloc describes the European Union's frameworks for bilateral cooperation and specific projects in science and technology with countries and regional blocs situated beyond the European Union.

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European Union–South Korea Free Trade Agreement

The European Union–South Korea Free Trade Agreement is a free trade agreement between the European Union (EU) and South Korea.

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European Union–Turkey Customs Union

On 31 December 1995, a 6 March 1995 Decision of the EC-Turkey Association Council, established by the Ankara Agreement, to implement a customs union (Gümrük Birliği) between Turkey and the European Union, came into effect.

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European Union–Turkey relations

Relations between the European Union (EU) and Turkey were established in 1959 and the institutional framework is shaped formally since 1963 Ankara Agreement.

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European units of measurement directives

As of 2009, the European Union had issued two units of measurement directives: In 1971 it issued Directive 71/354/EEC which required EU member states to standardise on the International System of Units (SI) rather than use a variety of CGS and MKS units then in use.

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European University at Saint Petersburg

The European University at Saint Petersburg (Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге), sometimes referred to as EUSP, is a non-state graduate university located in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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European University Foundation - Campus Europae

European University Foundation - Campus Europae (EUF-CE) (short name: Campus Europae) is a European network which aims at the promotion of high quality student mobility and contributing to educating a generation of European graduates with an innate understanding of Europe’s unity in diversity.

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European Urban Knowledge Network

The European Urban Knowledge Network (EUKN) was created in Rotterdam in 2004 as a result of an agreement between European ministers on urban policies.

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European Virtual Institute for Malaria Research

The European Virtual Institute for Malaria Research (EVIMalaR) was an international collaborative malaria research network established in October 2009.

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European Voluntary Service

European Voluntary Service (EVS) is the European Commission's project that allows a young person (17–30 years) to become a volunteer in another country for a specified period, normally between 2–12 months.

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European Volunteer Centre

The European Volunteer Centre (CEV) is a European network of currently over 80 mainly national and regional volunteer centres and volunteer development agencies across Europe and beyond that together work to support and promote voluntary activity.

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European Waste Hierarchy

The European waste hierarchy refers to the 5 steps included in the article 4 of the Waste Framework Directive:;Prevention: preventing and reducing waste generation.

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European Week for Waste Reduction

The European Week for Waste Reduction (EWWR), 2009 was launched as a 3-year project supported by the LIFE+ Programme of the European Commission until July 2012.

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European Western Balkans

European Western Balkans (sometimes abbreviated EWB) is a web portal that focuses on the Western Balkans countries and reports on development of the European Union's enlargement policy towards these states – Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo.The project is a joint collaboration of young academics with European experience who are from Western Balkan countries.

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European Women's Lobby

The European Women's Lobby (EWL) is the largest umbrella organization of women's associations in the European Union, founded in 1990, working to promote women's rights and equality between women and men, and representing a total of more than 2000 organizations.

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European Year of Cultural Heritage

The year of 2018 was designated to be the European Year of Cultural Heritage by the European Commission.

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European Year of Equal Opportunities for All

The European Year of Equal Opportunities for All was held in 2007.

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European Year of Intercultural Dialogue

Intercultural dialogue has long been a principle supported by the European Union and its Institutions.

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European Year of People with Disabilities

The year 2003 was designated the European Year of People with Disabilities (EYPD) by the European Commission.

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European Youth Portal

The European Youth Portal is a multi-lingual website addressing young people in Europe and providing access to youth related European and national information.

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European Youth Week 2008

The European Youth Week 2008 took place across Europe from November 2 to 9.

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Europeana

Europeana.eu is the EU digital platform for cultural heritage.

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EuropeanIssuers

EuropeanIssuers is an association representing the interests of publicly quoted companies on European stock exchanges.

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EUROPEUM Institute for European Policy

EUROPEUM Institute for European Policy is a think tank based in Prague.

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Europol

The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, better known under the name Europol, formerly the European Police Office and Europol Drugs Unit, is the law enforcement agency of the European Union (EU) formed in 1998 to handle criminal intelligence and combat serious international organised crime and terrorism through cooperation between competent authorities of EU member states.

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Europolitics

Europolitics (Europolitique) was a European affairs daily, founded in 1972 in Brussels.

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EuroRAP

European Road Assessment Programme (EuroRAP) is an international nonprofit (vzw) organisation registered in Belgium.

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Euroscepticism

Euroscepticism (also known as EU-scepticism) means criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration.

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Euroscepticism in the Republic of Ireland

Euroscepticism is a minority view in Ireland, with opinion polls between 2016 and 2018 indicating upwards of 90% support for continued membership of the European Union (EU).

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Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom

Euroscepticism, i.e. the opposition to policies of supranational European Union institutions and/or opposition to Britain's membership of the European Union, has been a significant element in the politics of the United Kingdom (UK).

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Euroscript

Euroscript is an independent, London-based script development organisation offering analysis of screenplays and other consultancy services to screenwriters, film producers and film directors.

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Eurosphere

The Eurosphere or the European Empire is a concept associated with the public intellectual Mark Leonard, Oxford University academic Jan Zielonka,Zielonka, J. (2006), Europe as Empire, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

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Eurosport

Eurosport is a pan-European television sports network, owned and operated by Discovery, Inc. Discovery took a 20% minority interest share in December 2012, and became the majority shareholder in the Eurosport venture with TF1 in January 2014, taking a 51% share of the company.

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Eurostar

Eurostar is a high-speed railway service connecting London with Amsterdam, Avignon, Brussels, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Paris and Rotterdam.

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Eurostat

Eurostat is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in Luxembourg.

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Eurostat scandal

In 2000, internal auditors raised concerns about fictitious Eurostat's contracts with outside companies and referred the matter to the European Anti-Fraud Office, OLAF.

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Eurosurveillance

Eurosurveillance is a peer-reviewed open access medical journal covering epidemiology, with a focus on such topics that are of particular relevance to Europe.

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Eurotra

Eurotra was an ambitious machine translation project established and funded by the European Commission from 1978 until 1992.

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EuroVision – Museums Exhibiting Europe

EuroVision – Museums Exhibiting Europe (EMEE): One Object - Many Visions - EuroVisions The interdisciplinary and international EU Culture project ‘EuroVision – Museums Exhibiting Europe’ (2012-2016) – initiated and coordinated by the Chair of History Didactics of the University of Augsburg – was implemented by eight project partners from seven European countries.

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Eurozone

No description.

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Eurydice Network

The Eurydice Network is the Education Information Network in Europe.

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EUTW university alliance

The European Union Centre in Taiwan (EUTW, 臺灣歐洲聯盟中心) is a university alliance in Taiwan, funded by European Commission, founded by National Taiwan University (NTU).

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Evelin Banev

Evelin Banev (Bulgarian: Евелин Банев; October 8, 1964), also known by his nickname Brendo (Bulgarian: Брендо), is a Bulgarian published author, a real estate entrepreneur and a former wrestler.

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Everton F.C.

Everton Football Club is a football club in Liverpool, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football.

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Evhen Tsybulenko

Evhen Tsybulenko (Євген Цибуленко) (born 21 October 1972 in Simferopol, Ukraine) is an Estonian legal scholar of Ukrainian descent.

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EvoStar

EvoStar, or Evo*, is an international scientific event devoted to evolutionary computation held in Europe.

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Ewa Kopacz

Ewa Kopacz (born Ewa Lis; 3 December 1956) is a Polish politician and a former Prime Minister of Poland.

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Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

The Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) is an Executive Agency of the European Commission.

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Executive compensation

Executive compensation or executive pay is composed of the financial compensation and other non-financial awards received by an executive from their firm for their service to the organization.

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Exercise

Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.

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Exposome

The exposome encompasses the totality of human environmental (i.e. non-genetic) exposures from conception onwards, complementing the genome, first proposed in 2005 by a cancer epidemiologist.

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Extra 3

extra 3 is a weekly political satire show on German television established in 1976.

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Extreme Light Infrastructure

The Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) is a new Research Infrastructure (RI) of pan-European interest and part of the European ESFRI Roadmap.

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ExxonMobil

Exxon Mobil Corporation, doing business as ExxonMobil, is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas.

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Eyes of Things

Eyes of Things (EoT) is the name of a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement number 643924.

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F-segment

F-segment, or full-size luxury/high-end luxury is a car classification defined by European Commission.

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Fabrizio Barca

Fabrizio Barca (born 8 March 1954) is an Italian senior civil servant and politician, who served as a state minister without portfolio for territorial cohesion in the Monti cabinet from 2011 to 2013.

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Factory Berlin

Factory Berlin is a campus in Berlin that brings new startups together with mature high tech companies.

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FADO

FADO (which stands for "False and Authentic Documents Online") is a European image-archiving system that was set up to help combat illegal immigration and organised crime.

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Fahamu

Fahamu is a not-for-profit organisation committed to serving the needs of organisations and social movements that inspire progressive social change and promote and protect human rights.

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Fair trade

Fair trade is a social movement whose stated goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions.

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FairSearch

FairSearch is a group of organizations that lobby against Google's market dominance in online search and related practices.

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Fairtrade Town

The Fair Trade Towns campaign is the result of a grass-roots citizens movement that started in the UK in 2001 (see below).

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Falsified Medicines Directive

The Falsified Medicines Directive is a legal framework introduced by the European Commission, to improve the protection of public health within the European Union.

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Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba

Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba (born 17 April 1945.) is a Togolese politician.

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Family Online Safety Institute

The Family Online Safety Institute (FOSI) is an international nonprofit organization.

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Farm Animal Welfare Committee

The Farm Animal Welfare Committee (FAWC) is an independent advisory body established by the Government of Great Britain in 2011.

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Farm gate marketing

Farm gate marketing or farmgate sales describes a direct marketing method whereby farmers sell agricultural produce – mostly food – directly to the consumer, to restaurants and caterers, and to independent retailers.

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Farm Structure Survey

The Farm Structure Surveys (L’enquête sur la structure des exploitations agricoles), also known as the Survey on the Structure of Agricultural Holdings, are the methodological basis for censuses of agricultural operations throughout the European Union.

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FATF blacklist

The FATF blacklist was the common shorthand description for the Financial Action Task Force list of "Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories" (NCCTs).

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Fauna of Scotland

The fauna of Scotland is generally typical of the northwest European part of the Palearctic ecozone, although several of the country's larger mammals were hunted to extinction in historic times and human activity has also led to various species of wildlife being introduced.

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Fátima Báñez

María Fátima Báñez García (born in San Juan del Puerto, Huelva, Spain, on 6 January 1967), better known as Fátima Báñez, is a Spanish politician, economist and jurist.

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Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA, English: International Automobile Federation) is an association established as the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') on 20 June 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users.

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Fédération Internationale des Véhicules Anciens

The Fédération International des Véhicules Anciens or FIVA (English: international federation of ancient vehicles) is the worldwide federative association of historic automobile clubs, be they for veteran, vintage, pre- or post-war classic cars, at least thirty years old.

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FC Sion

Football Club de Sion, commonly known as simply FC Sion or Sion, is a Swiss football team from the city of Sion.

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FEANTSA

FEANTSA, the European Federation of National Organisations working with the Homeless (Fédération Européenne d'Associations Nationales Travaillant avec les Sans-Abri), is the only major European network that focuses exclusively on homelessness at European level and receives financial support from the European Commission for the implementation of its activities.

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February 1999 Kurdish protests

The February 1999 Kurdish protests were held by Kurds in Turkey, Iran and the Kurdish diaspora worldwide, after Kurdistan Workers' Party leader Abdullah Öcalan had been captured in at the Nairobi airport in Kenya, after hiding in the Greek embassy, and was brought to Turkey to stand trial for terrorism, promoting separatism and treason.

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Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)

The Federal Ministry of Health (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit), abbreviated BMG, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Federalisation of the European Union

Federalisation of the European Union is the institutional process by which the European Union (EU) is transformed from a confederation (a union of sovereign states) towards a federation (a single federal state with a central government, consisting of a number of partially self-governing federated states).

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Federalist

The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world.

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Federbet

Federbet is an organization of European casino owners and bookmakers that was founded to help unify the laws with respect to gambling in the countries under the European Union, through lobbying and other methods.

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Federica Mogherini

Federica Maria Mogherini (born 16 June 1973) is an Italian politician who has served as High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy since November 2014.

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Federica Sallusto

Federica Sallusto (born 27 November 1961 in Naples, Italy) is an Italian biologist and immunologist.

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Federico Cuello Camilo

Federico Alberto Cuello Camilo (Santo Domingo, 1966) is a diplomat of the Dominican Republic.

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Feed additive

A feed additive is a food supplement for farm animals that cannot get enough nutrients from regular meals.

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Feed-in tariff

A feed-in tariff (FIT, FiT, standard offer contract, Couture, T., Cory, K., Kreycik, C., Williams, E., (2010). National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy advanced renewable tariff, or renewable energy payments) is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies.

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Feelix Growing

Feelix Growing is a research project, started on December 1, 2006, that is working to design robots that can detect and respond to human emotional cues.

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Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link

The Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link (Femern Bælt-forbindelsen, Fehmarnbelt-Querung) is a planned immersed tunnel that is proposed to connect the Danish island of Lolland with the German island of Fehmarn.

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Feminist economics

Feminist economics is the critical study of economics including its methodology, epistemology, history and empirical research, attempting to overcome alleged androcentric (male and patriarchal) biases.

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Ferdinand von Bismarck

Ferdinand Herbord Ivar, Prince von Bismarck (German: Ferdinand Herbord Ivar Fürst von Bismarck; born November 22, 1930 in London) is a German landowner and lawyer and the Prince of Bismarck since 1975.

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FERN

Fern (also Stichting Fern) is a Dutch foundation created in 1995.

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Fernand Spaak

Fernand Paul Jules Spaak (August 8, 1923 – July 18, 1981) was a Belgian lawyer and diplomat.

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Fertilizer

A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.

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Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant

The Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant is located in the Fessenheim commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in northeastern France, north east of the Mulhouse urban area, within of the border with Germany, and approximately from Switzerland.

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Fetal rights

Fetal rights are the moral rights or legal rights of the human fetus under natural and civil law.

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FIA–FOTA dispute

The FIA–FOTA dispute was a series of ongoing political clashes between the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) over proposed changes to the rules and regulations for the 2010 Formula One season.

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Fiber to the x

Fiber to the x (FTTX) or fiber in the loop is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications.

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Fidesz

Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (in full, Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség) is a national-conservative and right-wing populist political party in Hungary.

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File sharing

File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digital media, such as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images and video), documents or electronic books.

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File sharing in the United Kingdom

File sharing in the United Kingdom relates to the distribution of digital media in that country.

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Filipinos (snack food)

Filipinos is the brand name for a series of biscuit snacks made by Mondelēz International.

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Filippo Addarii

Filippo Addarii (born 3 December 1974) is Founder and Co-Managing Director at PlusValue, a social business focused on maximising social impact through innovative models for public goods and value creation.

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Filippo Maria Pandolfi

Filippo Maria Pandolfi (born 1 November 1927 in Bergamo) is a former Italian politician, minister, and European commissioner.

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Filmarchives online

filmarchives online is a web gateway providing easy access to moving image collections from various European film archives.

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Financial Regulator

The Financial Regulator (Rialtóir Airgeadais), officially the Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority, was the single regulator of all financial institutions in Ireland from May 2003 until October 2010 and was a "constituent part" of the Central Bank of Ireland.

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Financial Services Action Plan

The Financial Services Action Plan (FSAP) is a key component of the European Union's attempt to create a single market for financial services.

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Financial Stability Board

The Financial Stability Board (FSB) is an international body that monitors and makes recommendations about the global financial system.

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Financial transaction tax

A financial transaction tax is a levy on a specific type of financial transaction for a particular purpose.

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Fingerprint

A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger.

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Finland National Renewable Energy Action Plan

The Finland National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Finland.

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Finn Olav Gundelach

Finn Olav Gundelach (23 April 1925 – 13 January 1981) was a Danish diplomat and European Commissioner.

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Finne (hills)

The Finne is a ridge of hills in the German states of Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia up to and 23 km long.

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Finnish cuisine

Finnish cuisine is notable for generally combining traditional country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary continental style cooking.

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Finsbury Park attack

The Finsbury Park attack was a vehicle-ramming attack in Finsbury Park, London, England, on 19 June 2017.

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Fiona Watson

Fiona Watson (1968 – 19 August 2003) was a Scottish political affairs officer working in Sérgio Vieira de Mello's office who was killed along with other members of United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq staff in the Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad, on the afternoon of 19 August 2003.

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Fire safe cigarette

Fire safe cigarettes, abbreviated "FSC", also known as lower ignition propensity (LIP), reduced fire risk (RFR), self-extinguishing, fire-safe or reduced ignition propensity (RIP) cigarettes, are cigarettes that are designed to extinguish more quickly than standard cigarettes if ignored, with the intention of preventing accidental fires.

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Fireworks policy in Belgium

This article deals with the fireworks policy in Belgium.

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Fireworks policy in the European Union

Fireworks policy in the European Union is aimed at harmonising and standardising the EU member states' policies on the regulation of production, transportation, sale, consumption and overall safety of fireworks across the European Union.

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First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece

The First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, initially called the Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece and usually referred to as the first bailout package or the first memorandum, is a memorandum of understanding on financial assistance to the Hellenic Republic in order to cope with the Greek government-debt crisis.

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Fiscal Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean

The Fiscal Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean (OFILAC) is an initiative of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, especially by the Division for Economic Development, to contribute to improving fiscal policy through the dissemination of studies and debate.

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Fish disease and parasites

Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites.

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Fishing industry in Scotland

The fishing industry in Scotland comprises a significant proportion of the United Kingdom fishing industry.

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Five Eyes

The Five Eyes, often abbreviated as FVEY, is an intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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Flag of Europe

The European Flag is an official symbol of two separate organisations—the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU).

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Flag of Northern Cyprus

The flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Bayrağı), a self-declared state since 1974, recognised only by Turkey, is based on the flag of Turkey with the colors reversed and two horizontal red stripes added at the top and bottom.

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Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community

The flag of the European Coal and Steel Community was a horizontal bicolour flag defaced with stars which represented the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1958 (six years after the ECSC was founded) until 2002 when the Community was merged into the European Union (EU).

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Fle3

Fle3 is a Web-based learning environment or virtual learning environment.

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Flexicurity

Flexicurity (a portmanteau of '''flexi'''bility and se'''curity''') is a welfare state model with a pro-active labour market policy.

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Flextime

Flextime (also spelled flexitime, flex-time) is a flexible hours schedule that allows workers to alter workday start and finish times.

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Florian Müller (author)

Florian Müller (born January 21, 1970 in Augsburg, Germany) is a German lobbyist.

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Fluoridation by country

Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay, and is handled differently by country. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride.

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Follicular lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma is a type of blood cancer.

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Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi

Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi (FITD) is an Italian deposit guarantee fund found 1987.

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Food contaminant

Food contamination refers to the presence in food of harmful chemicals and microorganisms which can cause consumer illness.

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FOOD Programme

FOOD (Fighting Obesity through Offer and Demand) started in 2009 in 6 countries as a European projectLachat, C. Naska, A. Trichopoulou, A. Engenset, D. Fairgrieve, A. Ávila Marques, H. Kolsteren, P. Public Health Nutrition, 14, pp 193-202.

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Food vs. fuel

Food versus fuel is the dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for biofuels production to the detriment of the food supply.

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Foodborne illness

Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and colloquially referred to as food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the food spoilage of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food, as well as toxins such as poisonous mushrooms and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.

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Football Against Racism in Europe

Fare (Football Against Racism in Europe) is a network set up to counter discrimination in European football.

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Forced abortion of Feng Jianmei

On June 2, 2012, Feng Jianmei was forced to have an abortion in Zhenping County, Shaanxi, China, when she was seven months pregnant with her second child.

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Forced prostitution

Forced prostitution, also known as involuntary prostitution, is prostitution or sexual slavery that takes place as a result of coercion by a third party.

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Fordham International Law Journal

The Fordham International Law Journal is a student-run law journal associated with the Fordham University School of Law.

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Foreign Affairs Council

The Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) is a configuration of the Council of the European Union that convenes once a month.

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Foreign aid to Thailand

Foreign Aid to Thailand On July 31, 2003, Thailand repaid its outstanding obligations under a standby arrangement made with the International Monetary Fund designed to help it recover from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis.

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Foreign language

A foreign language is a language originally from another country.

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Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration

The foreign policy of Barack Obama was the foreign policy of the United States during his presidency from 2009 to 2017.

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Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government

The foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government concerns the policy initiatives made by Turkey towards other states under Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

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Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin

The foreign policy of Vladimir Putin concerns the policies of Russia's president Vladimir Putin with respect to other nations.

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Foreign relations of Barbados

This article deals with the diplomatic affairs, foreign policy and international relations of Barbados.

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Foreign relations of Belgium

Belgium is a country in Europe and member of major international organizations like the European Union and NATO which are both headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.

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Foreign relations of Bhutan

Bhutan has diplomatic relations with 52 states and the European Union.

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Foreign relations of Croatia

The Republic of Croatia is a sovereign country at the crossroads of Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean that declared its independence from SFR Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991.

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Foreign relations of Israel

Israel joined the United Nations on 11 May 1949.

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Foreign relations of Japan

The are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.

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Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

The foreign relations of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1969–2011) underwent much fluctuation and change.

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Foreign relations of Lithuania

Lithuania is a country on the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, a member of the United Nations Organisation, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the World Trade Organisation.

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Foreign relations of Serbia

Foreign relations of Serbia are accomplished by efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

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Foreign relations of the European Union

Although there has been a large degree of integration between European Union member states, foreign relations is still a largely intergovernmental matter, with the 28 members controlling their own relations to a large degree.

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Foresight (futures studies)

In futures studies, especially in Europe, the term "foresight" has become widely used to describe activities such as.

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Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Program

European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Program (ENPI FLEG) is a program that aims to improve forest law enforcement and governance in 7 countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine.

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Formal Trilogue meeting

A formal trilogue meeting, more commonly known as a Trilogue, is a type of meeting used in the European Union (EU) legislative process.

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Formula One Group

The Formula One Group is a group of companies responsible for the promotion of the FIA Formula One World Championship, and the exercising of the sport's commercial rights.

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Fortifications of Kotor

The fortifications of Kotor (Italian: Cattaro) are an integrated historical fortification system that protected the medieval town of Kotor containing ramparts, towers, citadels, gates, bastions, forts, cisterns, a castle, and ancillary buildings and structures.

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Fortis (finance)

Fortis N.V./S.A. was a Belgian financial company active in insurance, banking and investment management.

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Forum for European–Australian Science and Technology Cooperation

The Forum for European–Australian Science and Technology Cooperation (FEAST) was a non-government initiative aimed at highlighting and developing collaborative research activities between Europe (European countries and the European Union) and Australia.

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Forum for the Future (Bahrain 2005)

The Forum for the Future in Bahrain on 11–12 November 2005 brought together, by suggestion of the prime minister of Spain, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, the leaders of states of the Middle East, industrialised countries of the Group of Eight (G8) and other partners to promote political, economic and social reform in the region.

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Forza Italia

Forza ItaliaThe name is not usually translated into English: forza is the second-person singular imperative of ''forzare'', in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Italy" or "Go, Italy!".

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Fossil fuel phase-out

Fossil fuel phase out refers to the discontinuation of the use of fossil fuels, through the decommissioning of operating fossil fuel-fired power plants, the prevention of the construction of new ones, and the use of alternative energy to replace the role of fossil fuels.

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Founding fathers of the European Union

The founding fathers of the European Union are 11 men officially recognised as major contributors to European unity and the development of what is now the European Union.

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Four phase model

The Four-Phase Model is a model for managers and management consultants developed by Prof.

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Fourth Railway Package

The fourth railway package is a set of changes to rail transport regulation in the European Union law.

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Framework decision

A framework decision was a kind of legislative act of the European Union used exclusively within the EU's competences in police and judicial co-operation in criminal justice matters.

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Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development

The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP7 with "FP8" being named "Horizon 2020", are funding programmes created by the European Union/European Commission to support and foster research in the European Research Area (ERA).

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François Hollande

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017.

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François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012

27President of the General Council of Corrèze and former First Secretary of the French Socialist Party François Hollande launched his campaign in March 2011 to become the Socialist and Radical Left Party candidate for the 2012 French presidential election and announced that he would be contesting the presidential primary.

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François Lamoureux

François Lamoureux (17 December 1946 – 26 August 2006) was a prominent European civil servant whose influential career placed him at the centre of European integration.

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François Pérol

François Pérol (born 6 November 1963) is a French banker and high-ranking official and is the current chairman of Natixis.

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François Vernadat

François B. Vernadat (born 1954) is a French and Canadian computer scientist, who has contributed to Enterprise Modelling, Integration and Networking over the last 25 years specialising in enterprise architectures, business process modelling, information systems design and analysis, systems integration and interoperability and systems analysis using Petri nets.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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France 24

France 24 (pronounced "France vingt-quatre") is a state-owned 24-hour international news and current affairs television network based in Paris.

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France National Renewable Energy Action Plan

The France National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for France.

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France–Germany relations

The relations between France and Germany, since 1871, according to Ulrich Krotz, has three grand periods: 'hereditary enmity' (down to 1945), 'reconciliation' (1945–63) and since 1963 the 'special relationship' embodied in a cooperation called Franco-German Friendship (Amitié franco-allemande; Deutsch-Französische Freundschaft).

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Francesco Dieli

Francesco Dieli (born May 23, 1958) is an Italian immunologist.

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Francesco Giavazzi

Francesco Giavazzi (born in Bergamo, 11 August 1949) is an Italian economist who is Professor of Economics at Bocconi University, and a regular visiting professor at MIT.

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Francesco Grillo

Francesco Grillo is an Italian political economy scientist, journalist and manager.

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Francesco Ubertini (engineer)

Francesco Ubertini is a full professor of Mechanics of Solids and Structures since 2007, has been Rector of the Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna since 1 November 2015.

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Francis Campbell

Francis Martin-Xavier Campbell (born 20 April 1970) is a British diplomat and academic.

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Francisco Macías Nguema

Francisco Macías Nguema (born Mez-m Ngueme; Africanised to Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong) (1 January 1924 – 29 September 1979) was the first President of Equatorial Guinea, from 1968 until his overthrow and subsequent execution in 1979.

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Francois Gordon

Jean Francois Gordon (born 16 April 1953) was the British Ambassador to Algeria from 1996 to 1999, Ambassador to the Ivory Coast from 2001 to 2004 and High Commissioner to Uganda from 2005 to 2008.

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Franglais

Franglais (also Frenglish) is a French portmanteau word referring initially to the pretentious overuse of English words by Francophones, and subsequently to the macaronic mixture of the French (français) and English (anglais) languages.

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Frank Hoffmeister (lawyer)

Frank Hoffmeister is a lawyer from Germany now working in the European Commission.

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Frank Moulaert

Frank Moulaert is Professor of Spatial Planning at the Department of Architecture, Urban Design and Regional Planning at Catholic University of Leuven.

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Frank Schwalba-Hoth

Frank Schwalba-Hoth (born 12 December 1952 in Hamburg, Germany) is a former politician, founding member of the German Greens and former MEP.

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Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician serving as President of Germany since 19 March 2017.

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Frankfurt–Hahn Airport

Frankfurt–Hahn Airport (Flughafen Frankfurt-Hahn) is an international airport in the municipality of Hahn, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Frans Timmermans

Franciscus Cornelis Gerardus Maria Timmermans (born 6 May 1961) is a Dutch politician and diplomat serving as the First Vice-President of the European Commission and European Commissioner for Better Regulation, Interinstitutional Relations, the Rule of Law and the Charter of Fundamental Rights since 2014.

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Frans Vanistendael

Franciscus (Frans) Vanistendael (born 1942) is a Belgian expert on tax law and former professor at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL) and the Brussels Tax College (HUBrussel).

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Franz Baumann

Franz Baumann (born 23 September 1953) is a German former United Nations official, who served as Assistant Secretary-General and United Nations Special Adviser on Environment and Peace Operations at the United Nations Secretariat in New York until the end of 2015.

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Franz Schausberger

Franz Schausberger (born 5 February 1950) is an Austrian politician (ÖVP) and historian.

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Fraternité 2020

Fraternité 2020 (F2020) was a European Citizens' Initiative initiated at the Young European Citizens' Convention, Cluny 2010.

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Fredrik Reinfeldt

John Fredrik Reinfeldt (pronounced; born 4 August 1965) is a Swedish economist, lecturer and former politician who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 2006 to 2014 and chairman of the liberal conservative Moderate Party from 2003 to 2015.

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Free (ISP)

Free is a French telecommunications company, subsidiary of Iliad that provides voice, video, data, and Internet telecommunications to consumers in France.

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Free and open-source software

Free and open-source software (FOSS) is software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software.

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Free Knowledge Institute

The Free Knowledge Institute (FKI) is a non-profit organisation founded in 2006 in the Netherlands.

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Free Territory of Trieste

The Free Territory of Trieste (Territorio libero di Trieste, Svobodno tržaško ozemlje; Slobodni Teritorij Trsta) was an independent territory situated in Central Europe between northern Italy and Yugoslavia, facing the north part of the Adriatic Sea, under direct responsibility of the United Nations Security Council in the aftermath of World War II.

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Freedom of information laws by country

Freedom of Information laws (FOI laws) allow access by the general public to data held by national governments.

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Freedom of the press in Ukraine

Ukraine is in 102nd place out of 180 countries listed in the 2017 World Press Freedom Index.

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Freelancer

A freelancer or freelance worker is a term commonly used for a person who is self-employed and is not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term.

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Freguesia

Freguesia, usually translated as "parish" or "civil parish", is the third-level administrative subdivision of Portugal, as defined by the 1976 Constitution.

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French Lycée in Brussels

The Lycée Français Jean Monnet de Bruxelles (literally, the "Jean Monnet French High School of Brussels"), or LFB, is a school located in Uccle, Brussels, Belgium.

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French presidential election, 2007

The 2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France (and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra) for a five-year term.

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Frequency administration

In telecommunication, frequency assignment authority is the power granted for the administration, designation or delegation to an agency or administrator via treaty or law, to specify frequencies, frequency channels or frequency bands, in the electromagnetic spectrum for use in radiocommunication services, radio stations or ISM applications.

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Freshwater pearl mussel

The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) is an endangered species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family Margaritiferidae.

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Frieden Ministry

The Frieden Ministry was the government of Luxembourg between 29 March 1958 and 23 February 1959 until the death of Pierre Frieden.

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Friedrich Heckmann

Friedrich Heckmann (born March 6, 1941) is the director of the research institute European forum for migration studies (efms) and emeritus professor of Sociology at the School of Social and Economic Sciences at the University of Bamberg.

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Friedrich Wetter

Friedrich Wetter (born 20 February 1928) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Friends of Europe

Friends of Europe is a not-for-profit think tank, that since 1999 has stimulated discussion and new thinking on political, economic, social and environmental issues that confront Europe and the world.

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Friends of the Earth Europe

Friends of the Earth Europe (FoEE) is the European branch of the world's largest grassroots environmental network, Friends of the Earth International (FOEI).

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Frieze (magazine)

frieze is a contemporary art magazine, published eight times a year from London.

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Frits Bolkestein

Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (born 4 April 1933) is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD).

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FromAtoB.com

fromAtoB.com is a multimodal journey planner and online booking platform.

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Full body scanner

A full-body scanner is a device that detects objects on a person's body for security screening purposes, without physically removing clothes or making physical contact.

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Functional airspace block

Functional airspace block (FAB) is defined in the SES-2 legislative package, as follows: A FAB means an airspace block based on operational requirements and established regardless of State boundaries, where the provision of air navigation services and related functions are performance-driven and optimized with a view to introducing, in each functional airspace block, enhanced cooperation among air navigation service providers or, where appropriate, an integrated provider.

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Furniture Ombudsman

The Furniture Ombudsman ("TFO") is an independent not for profit organisation based in the United Kingdom.

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FuseNet

FuseNet is an organization that unites, coordinates and sponsors European educational efforts in the field of nuclear fusion in order to increase, enhance, and broaden fusion training and education activities in Europe.

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Fusion for Energy

Fusion for Energy (F4E) is the European Union (EU) organisation responsible for Europe’s contribution to ITER, the world’s largest scientific partnership aiming to demonstrate fusion as a viable and sustainable source of energy.

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Fusion power

Fusion power is a form of power generation in which energy is generated by using fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation.

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Future Air Navigation System

The Future Air Navigation System (FANS) is an avionics system which provides direct data link communication between the pilot and the air traffic controller.

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Future enlargement of the European Union

There are five recognised candidates for future membership of the European Union: Turkey (applied in 14 April 1987), Macedonia (applied in 22 March 2004), Montenegro (applied in 2008), Albania (applied in 2009), and Serbia (applied in 2009).

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Future Internet testbeds experimentation between BRazil and Europe

Future Internet testbeds / experimentation between BRazil and Europe (FIBRE) is a research project co-funded by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Council for Scientific and Technological Development or CNPq) of Brazil and the European Commission under the seventh of the Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FP7).

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G20

The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.

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G6 (EU)

The G6 (Group of Six) in the European Union is an unofficial group of the interior ministers of the six European Union member states – France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom – with the largest populations and thus with the majority of votes in the Council of the European Union.

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Gaétan Siew

Gaétan Siew (born 1954) is a Mauritian architect.

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Gabriel Bernardino

Gabriel Rodrigo Ribeiro Tavares Bernardino (born 1964) is a Portuguese mathematician.

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GADEROS

GADEROS (Galileo Demonstrator for Railway Operation System) is a study sponsored by the European Commission.

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Galileo (satellite navigation)

Galileo is the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that is being created by the European Union (EU) through the European Space Agency (ESA), headquartered in Prague in the Czech Republic, with two ground operations centres, Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich in Germany and Fucino in Italy.

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Gambling in France

Gambling in France holds a current legal status.

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Gambling in Italy

Gambling in Italy has existed for centuries and has taken on many forms.

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Garret FitzGerald

Garret Desmond FitzGerald (9 February 192619 May 2011) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Taoiseach from 1981 to 1982 and 1982 to 1987, Leader of Fine Gael from 1977 to 1987, Leader of the Opposition from 1977 to 1981 and March 1982 to December 1982 and Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1973 to 1977.

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Garuda Indonesia

Garuda Indonesia (officially PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk) is the national airline of Indonesia. Named after the holy bird Garuda of Hinduism from the national emblem of Indonesia, the airline is headquartered at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Tangerang, near Jakarta. As of 11 December 2014, the airline is rated as a 5-star airline by the international airline review firm Skytrax. The air carrier was previously known as Garuda Indonesian Airways. Founded in 1947 as KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf, the airline is now one of the world's leading airlines and the 20th member of the global airline alliance SkyTeam. It operates regularly scheduled flights to a large number of destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, Australia and Europe from its main hub in Jakarta, Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, as well as services to Australia and Asia from Ngurah Rai International Airport (Bali) and a large number of domestic flights from both Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport (Makassar) and Kualanamu International Airport (Medan). At its peak in the late 1980s up to the mid-1990s, Garuda operated an extensive network of flights all over the world, with regularly scheduled services to Los Angeles, Paris, Rome, Fukuoka, Adelaide, Johannesburg, Cairo and other cities in Europe, Australia and Asia. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of financial and operational difficulties hit the airline hard, which included the in-flight murder of a human rights activist, causing it to drastically cut back services. In 2009, the airline undertook a five-year modernization plan known as the Quantum Leap, which overhauled the airline's brand, livery, logo and uniforms, as well as newer, more modern aircraft and facilities and a renewed focus on international markets, and earning the airline awards such as Most Improved Airline, 5-Star Airline, and World's Best Cabin Crew. The airline also operated a budget subsidiary Citilink, which provided low-cost flights to multiple Indonesian destinations and was spun-off in 2012.

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Gayrussia.ru

Gayrussia.ru is an LGBT rights organization based in Moscow, Russia.

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Gaziantep

Gaziantep, previously and still informally called Antep (Այնթապ, Kurdish: Dîlok), is a city in the western part of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Region, some east of Adana and north of Aleppo, Syria.

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Gazprom

Public Joint Stock Company Gazprom (Публи́чное акционе́рное о́бщество «Газпром», Publichnoe Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Gazprom, abbreviated PAO Gazprom, ПАО «Газпром») is a large Russian company founded in 1989, which carries on the business of extraction, production, transport, and sale of natural gas.

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GÉANT

GÉANT is the pan-European data network for the research and education community.

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Gérard Brachet

Gérard Brachet (born 27 October 1944, Lyon) is a French space scientist.

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Gödöllő

Gödöllő (Getterle; Jedľovo) is a town in Pest county, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary, about northeast from the outskirts of Budapest.

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Günter Burghardt

Günter Burghardt, a senior European civil servant and former European Union ambassador to the United States, is a European lawyer and academic.

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Günter Verheugen

Günter Verheugen (born 28 April 1944) is a German politician who served as European Commissioner for Enlargement from 1999 to 2004, and then as European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry from 2004 to 2010.

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Günther Oettinger

Günther Hermann Oettinger (born 15 October 1953) is a German politician and a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

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Gdańsk University of Technology

The Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT; Politechnika Gdańska) is a technical university in Gdańsk-Wrzeszcz, and one of the oldest universities in Poland.

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Geel

Geel is a city located in the Belgian province of Antwerp, which acquired city status in the 1980s.

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GeForce Partner Program

The Nvidia GeForce Partner Program was a marketing program designed to provide partnering companies with benefits such as public relations support, offering video game bundling, and marketing development funds, among other things.

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GEMA (German organization)

The Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA; Society for musical performing and mechanical reproduction rights) is a government-mandated collecting society and performance rights organization based in Germany, with administrative offices in Berlin and Munich.

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Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant

Gemasolar is a concentrated solar power plant with a molten salt heat storage system.

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Gender equality

Gender equality, also known as sexual equality, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender.

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Gender inequality

Gender inequality is the idea and situation that women and men are not equal.

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Gender pay gap

The gender pay gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working.

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Gene therapy

In the medicine field, gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.

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General Data Protection Regulation

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679 is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA).

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General Product Safety Regulations 2005

The General Product Safety Regulations 2005 is a 2005 Statutory Instrument of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that demands that "No producer shall place a product on the market unless the product is a safe product" (reg.5(1)) and provides broad enforcement powers.

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General Services in the European Commission

The term General Service refers to a collection of Directorates-General and Services within the European Commission that provide services to the policy-making DGs.

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Generalized System of Preferences

The Generalized System of Preferences, or GSP, is a preferential tariff system which provides for a formal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (formerly, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT).

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Genetic Alliance UK

Genetic Alliance UK is a national charity of over 200 patient organisations, supporting those affected by genetic conditions.

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Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

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Genetically engineered potato

A genetically engineered potato is a potato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering.

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Genetically modified food controversies

Genetically modified food controversies are disputes over the use of foods and other goods derived from genetically modified crops instead of conventional crops, and other uses of genetic engineering in food production.

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Genetically modified food in Europe

Genetic engineering in Europe has varying degrees of regulation.

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Genocide denial

Genocide denial is the attempt to deny or minimize statements of the scale and severity of an incidence of genocide.

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Geode (trade association)

GEODE is a trade association that represents independent energy distribution and distribution-related companies, as well as other organisations in natural gas and electricity, privately or publicly owned, in Europe.

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Geoff Mulgan

Geoff Mulgan CBE (born 1961) is Chief Executive of the National Endowment for Science Technology and the Arts (NESTA) and Visiting Professor at University College London, the London School of Economics, and the University of Melbourne.

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Geoff Vigar

Geoff Vigar is Senior Lecturer at, Newcastle University.

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Geoffrey Pattie

Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie (born 17 January 1936) is a former British Conservative politician and Member of Parliament.

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Geoffrey Van Orden

Geoffrey Charles Van Orden MBE (born 10 April 1945) is a British politician and former Army officer.

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Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union

Three European Union schemes of geographical indications and traditional specialties, known as protected designation of origin (PDO), protected geographical indication (PGI), and traditional specialities guaranteed (TSG), promote and protect names of quality agricultural products and foodstuffs.

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Geography of firefighting

As firefighting has a rich history throughout the world, traditions in this profession vary widely from country to country.

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Geography of Sheffield

Sheffield is the most geographically diverse city in England.

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Geopolymer

Geopolymers are inorganic, typically ceramic, materials that form long-range, covalently bonded, non-crystalline (amorphous) networks.

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Georg C. F. Greve

Georg C. F. Greve (born 10 March 1973 in Helgoland, Germany) is a software developer, physicist and author.

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George Bermann

George Bermann is an American lawyer and scholar of international law.

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George G. Watson

George Grimes Watson (13 October 1927 – 2 August 2013) was a scholar, literary critic, historian, a fellow of St John's College and professor of English at Cambridge University.

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George Osborne

George Gideon Oliver Osborne (born 23 May 1971) is a British Conservative Party politician, who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton from June 2001 until he stood down on 3 May 2017.

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George S. Vest

George Southall Vest (born December 25, 1918) is a former United States diplomat and State Department official.

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George Scott (broadcaster)

George Edwin Scott (22 June 1925 – 2 November 1988), was a British author, television commentator, broadcaster, journalist and Liberal Party politician.

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George Thomson, Baron Thomson of Monifieth

George Morgan Thomson, Baron Thomson of Monifieth, KT, PC, DL, FRSE (16 January 1921 – 3 October 2008) was a journalist and British politician who served as a Labour Party MP.

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George Zanias

Georgios P. Zanias (Γιώργος Π. Ζανιάς,, born 16 August 1955 in Orchomenus) was the Minister of Finance in Greece.

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Georgetown Leadership Seminar

The Georgetown Leadership Seminar (GLS) is an annual gathering of selected rising leaders from around the world for a week of intensive discussion on major international issues.

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Georgette Mulheir

Georgette Mulheir is the Chief executive of Lumos, an international non-governmental organisation, founded in 2005 by J. K. Rowling to end the institutionalisation of orphaned children throughout the world.

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Gerard Batten

Gerard Joseph Batten (born 27 March 1954) is a British politician who has been the leader of the UK Independence Party since April 2018 and a Member of the European Parliament representing the European parliamentary constituency of London.

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Gerard Lyons

Gerard Lyons (born 31 March 1961 in Kilburn, London) is a British economist and writer.

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Gerd Langguth

Gerd Langguth (18 May 1946 – 12 May 2013) was a professor of political science at the University of Bonn and the author of biographies of Angela Merkel and Horst Köhler.

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Gerd Nonneman

Gerd Nonneman is Dean of the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University's campus in Qatar (SFS-Qatar, or SFS-Q), since September 2011.

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Gergely Böszörményi Nagy

Gergely Böszörményi-Nagy (born August 1, 1984) is an entrepreneur and former public servant who founded Brain Bar.

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German labour law

German labour law refers to the regulation of employment relationships and industrial partnerships in Germany.

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German Renewable Energy Sources Act

The Renewable Energy Sources Act or EEG (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz) is a series of German laws that originally provided a feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme to encourage the generation of renewable electricity.

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German Universities Excellence Initiative

The Excellence Initiative of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the German Research Foundation aims to promote cutting-edge research and to create outstanding conditions for young scholars at universities, to deepen cooperation between disciplines and institutions, to strengthen international cooperation of research, and to enhance the international appeal of excellent German universities.

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German Visa Affair 2005

The visa affair is the name given by the German press to the controversy that arose in early 2005 over a change in the procedure for issuing visas to foreign nationals seeking to enter Germany from non-EU, Eastern European states.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Germany National Renewable Energy Action Plan

The German National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Germany.

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Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell

Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell (born 11 November 1952 in Kapelln) is an Austrian economist, former vice-governor of the Austrian central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank (1998–2003) and former member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank.

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Gestation crate

A gestation crate, also known as a sow stall, is a metal enclosure in which a farmed sow used for breeding may be kept during pregnancy and after parturition in order to keep her piglets safe in a small space setting.

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Giandomenico Majone

Giandomenico Majone (born March 27, 1932) is an Italian scholar of political science whose expertise is regulatory governance within the European Union (EU) as well as theories of delegation and their effect on the perceived democratic deficit of the EU.

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Gianni Bellocchi

Gianni Bellocchi (born July 22, 1969) is a researcher in agricultural and related sciences.

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Gikas Hardouvelis

Gikas Hardouvelis (Γκίκας Χαρδούβελης; born 8 October 1955) is a former Minister of Finance of Greece.

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Gilbert Trausch

Gilbert Trausch (20 September 1931 – 3 June 2018) was a Luxembourgish historian.

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Gilles de Kerchove

Gilles de Kerchove d'Ousselghem (born 3 October 1956 in Uccle/Ukkel, Belgium) is a Belgian senior European Union official.

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Gilles-Éric Séralini

Gilles-Éric Séralini (born 23 August 1960) is a French molecular biologist, political advisor and activist on genetically modified organisms and foods.

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Gino Bartali

Gino Bartali, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (18 July 1914 – 5 May 2000), nicknamed Gino the Pious and (in Italy) Ginettaccio, was a champion road cyclist.

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Giorgos Papakonstantinou

Giorgos Papakonstantinou (Γιώργος Παπακωνσταντίνου), born October 30, 1961 in Athens, Greece, is a Greek economist and politician and former Minister for the Environment, Energy and Climate Change of Greece and former Minister for Finance.

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Giovanni Kessler

Giovanni Kessler (Trento, June 11, 1956) is an Italian prosecutor.

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Giuseppe Sacco

Giuseppe Sacco (born 1 August 1938) is a tenured Italian Academic specialised in International Relations, with secondary interests in the fields of International Economic Relations, Industrial and Science and Technology Policy, International Oil, the Environment, and International Migrations.

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Glasgow Caledonian University

Glasgow Caledonian University (informally GCU or Caledonian) is a public university in Glasgow.

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Glass ceiling

A glass ceiling is a metaphor used to represent an invisible barrier that keeps a given demographic (typically applied to minorities) from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy.

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Glass–Steagall in post-financial crisis reform debate

Following the financial crisis of 2007-08, legislators unsuccessfully tried to reinstate Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 as part of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

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Glenn Parry

Glenn Parry is a professor in strategy and operations management at Bristol Business School, UWE.

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Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System

The Alert and Coordination System (GDACS) is a joint initiative of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the European Commission that serves to consolidate and improve the dissemination of disaster-related information, in order to improve the coordination of international relief efforts.

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Global Earth Observation System of Systems

The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) is being built by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) on the basis of a 10-Year Implementation Plan running from 2005 to 2015.

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Global Economic Symposium

The Global Economic Symposium (abbreviated GES) is an annual conference organized by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy and the Bertelsmann Stiftung in cooperation with the German National Library of Economics (ZBW) – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics – that seeks to address global problems and formulate socially desirable responses.

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Global Forum on Agricultural Research and Innovation

The Global Forum on Agricultural Research and Innovation (GFAR) is an inclusive global mechanism enabling all those concerned with the future of agriculture and its role in development around the world to come together and address key global needs.

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Global Health Security Initiative

The Global Health Security Initiative (GHSI) is an international partnership between countries in order to supplement and strengthen their preparedness to respond to threats of biological, chemical, radio-nuclear terrorism (CBRN) and pandemic influenza.

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Global language system

The global language system is the "ingenious pattern of connections between language groups".

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Global Methane Initiative

The Global Methane Initiative (GMI) is a voluntary, international partnership that brings together national governments, private sector entities, development banks, NGOs and other interested stakeholders in a collaborative effort to reduce methane gas emissions and advance methane recovery and use as a clean energy source.

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Global Network for Rights and Development

Global Network for Rights and Development (commonly known as GNRD) is a Norwegian non-governmental human rights organization established in June 2008.

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Global Safety Information Exchange

The Global Safety Information Exchange (GSIE) is a system launched by ICAO in September 2010 to confidentially share information about aviation safety incidents; enabling ICAO to identify trends may make it possible to improve safety through risk reduction.

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Global spread of H5N1 in 2006

The global spread of (highly pathogenic) H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.

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Global warming in Belgium

Global warming in Belgium describes the global warming related issues in Belgium.

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Global Wind Day

Global Wind Day is a worldwide event that occurs annually on 15 June.

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Glossary of European Union concepts, acronyms, & jargon

European Union (EU) concepts, acronyms, and jargon are a terminology set that has developed as a form of shorthand, to quickly express a (formal) EU process, an (informal) institutional working practice, or an EU body, function or decision, and which is commonly understood among EU officials or external people who regularly deal with EU institutions.

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Gloucestershire Old Spots

The Gloucestershire Old Spots (also "Gloucester, Gloucester Old Spot, Gloucestershire Old Spot" or simply "Old Spots") is an English breed of pig which is predominantly white with black spots.

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Glutamate flavoring

Glutamate flavoring is a generic name for flavor-enhancing compounds based on glutamic acid and its salts (glutamates).

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Gluten-free diet

A gluten-free diet (GFD) is a diet that strictly excludes gluten, a mixture of proteins found in wheat and related grains, including barley, rye, oat, and all their species and hybrids (such as spelt, kamut, and triticale).

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GMOSAIC

G-MOSAIC (GMES services for Management of Operations, Situation Awareness and Intelligence for regional Crises) is a GMES Security Pilot Project financed by the European Commission 7th Framework Programme.

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Godefroy Vujicic

Godefroy Vujicic (born 1975 in Paris) is a French contemporary classical cellist.

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Gold coin

A gold coin is a coin that is made mostly or entirely of gold.

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Gold cyanidation ban

A gold cyanidation ban refers to the legislation that bans mining gold through the gold cyanidation technique.

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Gold Mercury International Award

The Gold Mercury International Award is presented by Gold Mercury International, an International nongovernmental organization (INGO) and think tank.

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Gold-plating (European Union law)

Gold-plating is pejorative term to characterise the process where an EU directive is given additional powers when being transposed into the national laws of member states.

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Golden Beggar

The Golden Beggar (Zlatý žobrák) is the first and the oldest international festival of local TV broadcasters, which takes place every year in June in Košice, Slovakia.

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Golden Bull Award

The Golden Bull Award is an award that is given annually by the Plain English Campaign to an organisation who has made what is deemed by the campaign to be a confusing and bad use of English (see gobbledygook).

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Goldman Sachs

The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered in New York City.

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Goldman Sachs controversies

The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., an American multinational finance company that engages in global investment banking, investment management, securities, and other financial services including asset management, mergers and acquisitions advice, prime brokerage, and securities underwriting services, has faced numerous controversies and legal issues.

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Golos (election monitor)

The Movement for Defence of Voters' Rights "Golos", formerly GOLOS Association (Cyrillic: ГОЛОС, meaning "vote" or "voice") is a Russian organisation established in 2000 to protect the electoral rights of citizens and to foster civil society.

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GONG (organization)

GONG is a non-governmental organization from Croatia that oversees elections in Croatia.

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Good Building Design and Construction in the Philippines

The Good Building Design and Construction in the Philippines is a handbook developed in cooperation with the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), UNDP Regional Center in Bangkok, and the Secretariat of the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.

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Good governance

Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the international development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources.

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Google Affiliate Network

The Google Affiliate Network was the affiliate marketing company, specifically affiliate network, formerly known as Doubleclick Performics, which was bought by Google in 2007.

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Google Search

Google Search, commonly referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google, is a web search engine developed by Google.

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Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González

Google Spain SL, Google Inc.

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Gottfried Wagner

Gottfried Wagner (born 13 April 1947 in Bayreuth) is a multimedia director and publicist.

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Governance

Governance is all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, a market or a network, over a social system (family, tribe, formal or informal organization, a territory or across territories) and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society.

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Governance of Kosovo

The Governance of Kosovo operates in the context of the disputed territory of Kosovo.

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Governing Council of the European Central Bank

The Governing Council of the European Central Bank is the main decision-making body of the European Central Bank (ECB) and has "sole responsibility" for formulating monetary policy in the Eurozone.

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Government Art Collection

The United Kingdom's Government Art Collection (GAC) places works of art in major government buildings in the UK and around the world to promote British art, culture and history.

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Government debt

Government debt (also known as public interest, public debt, national debt and sovereign debt) is the debt owed by a government.

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Government of the 31st Dáil

The Government of the 31st Dáil is the previous Government of Ireland, formed after the 2011 general election to Dáil Éireann on 25 February 2011.

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Government procurement

Government procurement or public procurement is the procurement of goods, services or constructions on behalf of a public authority, such as a government agency.

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Government procurement in the European Union

Government procurement or public procurement is undertaken by the public authorities of the European Union (EU) and its member states in order to award contracts for public works and for the purchase of goods and services in accordance with the principles underlying the Treaties of the European Union.

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Gowers Review of Intellectual Property

The Gowers Review of Intellectual Property was an independent review of UK intellectual property (IP) focusing on UK copyright law that was published in December 2006.

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GPS for the visually impaired

Since the Global Positioning System (GPS) was introduced in the late 1980s there have been many attempts to integrate it into a navigation-assistance system for blind and visually impaired people.

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Gražutė Regional Park

Gražutė Regional Park, established in 1992, covers 29,741 hectares in northeast Lithuania.

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Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, or the Graduate Institute (in French: Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement (previously known as Institut (universitaire) de hautes études internationales), abbreviated IHEID (previously HEI, IHEI, or IUHEI) is a post-graduate university located in Geneva, Switzerland. The institution counts one UN secretary-general (Kofi Annan), seven Nobel Prize recipients, one Pulitzer Prize winner, and numerous ambassadors, foreign ministers, and heads of state among its alumni and faculty. Founded by two senior League of Nations officials, the Graduate Institute maintains strong links with that international organisation's successor, the United Nations, and many alumni have gone on to work at UN agencies. The school is a full member of the APSIA. Founded in 1927, the Graduate Institute of International Studies (IHEI or HEI) is continental Europe's oldest school of international relations and was the world's first university dedicated solely to the study of international affairs. It offered one of the first doctoral programmes in international relations in the world. In 2008, the Graduate Institute absorbed the Graduate Institute of Development Studies, a smaller post-graduate institution also based in Geneva founded in 1961. The merger resulted in the current Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. Today the school enrolls about 800 graduate students from over 100 countries. Foreign students make up nearly 80% of the student body and the school is officially a bilingual English-French institution, although the majority of classes are in English.. With Maison de la Paix acting as its primary seat of learning, the Institute's campuses are located blocks from the United Nations Office at Geneva, International Labour Organization, World Trade Organization, World Health Organization, International Committee of the Red Cross, World Intellectual Property Organization and many other international organizations. It runs joint degree programmes with universities such as Smith College and Yale University, and is Harvard Kennedy School's only partner university to co-deliver double degrees.

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Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies

The, or GSAPS, is an independent graduate school focusing on social sciences and international relations.

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Graham Booth

Graham Harry Booth (29 March 1940 – 14 December 2011) was a British politician, and was a Member of the European Parliament for South West England between 2002 and 2008.

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Grammar Explorer

Grammar Explorer is a language learning resource that was co-funded by the European Commission as part of its within the SOCRATES programme.

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Grant (money)

Grants are non-repayable funds or products disbursed or gifted by one party (grant makers), often a government department, corporation, foundation or trust, to a recipient, often (but not always) a nonprofit entity, educational institution, business or an individual.

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Graphene

Graphene is a semi-metal with a small overlap between the valence and the conduction bands (zero bandgap material).

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Graphene Flagship

The Graphene Flagship is the EU’s biggest research initiative.

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Great Recession in Europe

The European recession is part of the Great Recession, which began inside the United States.

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Greece

No description.

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Greece–Israel relations

Greek-Israeli relations refers to the bilateral relations between Greece and Israel.

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Greek bailout referendum, 2015

A referendum to decide whether Greece was to accept the bailout conditions in the country's government-debt crisis proposed jointly by the European Commission (EC), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Central Bank (ECB) on 25 June 2015, took place on 5 July 2015.

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Greek government-debt crisis

The Greek government-debt crisis (also known as the Greek Depression) was the sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–08.

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Greek government-debt crisis timeline

The Greek government-debt crisis began in 2009 and, as of November 2017, was still ongoing.

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Greek investments in the Republic of Macedonia

The Republic of Macedonia generally has good relations with Greece and enjoys substantial inward investment from Greece.

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Greek legislative election, June 2012

The June 2012 Greek legislative election was held in Greece on Sunday, 17 June, to elect all 300 members to the Hellenic Parliament in accordance with the constitution, after all attempts to form a new government failed following the May election.

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Greek legislative election, May 2012

The May 2012 Greek legislative election was held in Greece on Sunday, 6 May, to elect all 300 members to the Hellenic Parliament.

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Greek legislative election, September 2015

The September 2015 Greek legislative election was held in Greece on Sunday, 20 September, following Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras' announced resignation on 20 August.

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Greek proposed economy referendum, 2011

A referendum to decide whether or not Greece was to accept the conditions under which the European Union (EU), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the European Central Bank (ECB) would allow a 50% haircut of Greek debt owed to private creditors was planned to be held in 2011.

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Greek withdrawal from the eurozone

A Greek withdrawal from the eurozone is a hypothetical scenario in which Greece withdraws from the Eurozone, likely to allow for the country to deal with its government-debt crisis.

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Greeks in Turkey

The Greeks in Turkey (Rumlar) constitute a population of Greek and Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul, as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the Dardanelles: Imbros and Tenedos (Gökçeada and Bozcaada).

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Green belt

A green belt or greenbelt is a policy and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas.

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Green belt (United Kingdom)

In United Kingdom town planning, the green belt is a policy for controlling urban growth.

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Green Investment Group

Green Investment Group Limited (GIG) is a specialist in green infrastructure principal investment, project delivery and the management of portfolio assets, and related services.

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Green paper

In the European Union, the Commonwealth countries, Hong Kong and the United States, a green paper is a tentative government report and consultation document of policy proposals for debate and discussion.

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Green Party (Ireland)

The Green Party (Comhaontas Glas, literally "Green Alliance") is a green political party that operates in Ireland—both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

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Green Party of England and Wales

The Green Party of England and Wales (GPEW; Plaid Werdd Cymru a Lloegr) is a green, left-wing political party in England and Wales.

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Green tea

Green tea is a type of tea that is made from Camellia sinensis leaves that have not undergone the same withering and oxidation process used to make oolong teas and black teas.

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Grey import vehicle

Grey import vehicles are new or used motor vehicles and motorcycles legally imported from another country through channels other than the maker's official distribution system.

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Grid computing

Grid computing is the collection of computer resources from multiple locations to reach a common goal.

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Griffon vulture

The griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) is a large Old World vulture in the bird of prey family Accipitridae.

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Grigoris Varfis

Grigoris Varfis (2 January 1927 in Athens – 10 September 2017 in Athens) was a Greek politician.

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Grimsby

Grimsby, also known as Great Grimsby, is a large coastal English town and seaport in North East Lincolnshire, of which it is the administrative centre.

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GroenLinks

GroenLinks (GreenLeft, GrienLinks, GL) is a green political party in the Netherlands.

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Grohe

Grohe is a sanitary fittings manufacturer with its registered office in Hemer and headquarters in Düsseldorf.

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Grolsch Brewery

Grolsch Brewery (Koninklijke Grolsch N.V. - "Royal Grolsch"), known simply as Grolsch, is a Dutch brewery founded in 1615 by Willem Neerfeldt in Groenlo.

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Groundwater pollution

Groundwater pollution (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way down into groundwater.

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Group of 184

The Group of 184 is a group of Haitian individuals and organizations in a variety of sectors, ranging from business and the economy to media and education, who are united in opposition to Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his Fanmi Lavalas party.

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Group of Eight

The G8, reformatted as G7 from 2014 due to the suspension of Russia's participation, was an inter-governmental political forum from 1997 until 2014, with the participation of some major industrialized countries in the world, that viewed themselves as democracies.

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Group of Ten (economics)

The Group of Ten (G-10 or G10) refers to the group of countries that agreed to participate in the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB), an agreement to provide the International Monetary Fund (IMF) with additional funds to increase its lending ability.

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Group on Earth Observations

The Group on Earth Observations (or GEO) coordinates international efforts to build a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).

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Groupe de Bruges

This article is about the agricultural policy think-tank.

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Growth of photovoltaics

Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has been an exponential curve between 1992–2017.

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Grundtvig programme

The Grundtvig programme is a European funding programme that is part of the European Commission’s Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 and aims to strengthen the European dimension in adult education and lifelong learning across Europe.

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Grzegorz Dorobek case

Case C-639/11 is case judged by the European Court of Justice.

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GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as tablets, first deployed in Finland in December 1991.

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Guglielmo Vaccaro

Guglielmo Vaccaro (born 23 February 1967 in Pompei) is a centre-left Italian politician of the Democratic Party in the faction around the Prime Minister of Italy, Enrico Letta.

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Gulshan Thana

Gulshan (গুলশান) is an affluent neighbourhood in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.

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Guntram Wolff

Guntram Wolff is the Director of Bruegel since June 2013.

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Gusperimus

Gusperimus is an immunosuppressive drug.

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Guy André Boy

Guy André Boy (born May 25, 1952) is a French and American Scientist and Engineer, Fellow of the Air and Space Academy.

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Guy Spier

Guy Spier (born February 4, 1966) is a Zurich-based investor and author of a book on investing entitled The Education of a Value Investor.

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Guy Verhofstadt

Guy Maurice Marie Louise Verhofstadt (born 11 April 1953) is a Belgian politician who has served as the Leader of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Belgium since 2009.

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Gwyn Morgan (civil servant)

John Gwynfryn "Gwyn" Morgan OBE (16 February 1934 – 21 April 2010) was a British Labour Party official and EU civil servant.

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György Frunda

György Frunda (born July 22, 1951 in Târgu Mureș) is a Romanian jurist, politician and lawyer.

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György Szapáry

György Szapáry (born 1 August 1938) is a Hungarian–Belgian economist, who served as the Hungarian Ambassador to the United States between 2011 and 2015.

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Gypsum block

Gypsum block is a massive lightweight building material composed of solid gypsum, for building and erecting lightweight fire-resistant non-load bearing interior walls, partition walls, cavity walls, skin walls and pillar casing indoors.

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Gypsum Recycling International

Gypsum Recycling International A/S (GRI) is a recycling company based in Nærum, Rudersdal Municipality, Denmark.

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Habilitation

Habilitation defines the qualification to conduct self-contained university teaching and is the key for access to a professorship in many European countries.

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Habitual residence test

The Habitual Residence Test is the criteria used by the United Kingdom to determine eligibility for welfare benefits such as the Employment and Support Allowance, the Jobseeker's Allowance, Pension Credits, and Housing Benefit.

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Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

The Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change — named in honour of George Hadley — is one of the United Kingdom's leading centres for the study of scientific issues associated with climate change.

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HADOPI law

The French HADOPI law or Creation and Internet law (Haute Autorité pour la Diffusion des Œuvres et la Protection des droits d'auteur sur Internet, or, loosely in English, "Supreme Authority for the Distribution and Protection of Intellectual Property on the Internet") was introduced during 2009, providing what is known as a graduated response as a means to encourage compliance with copyright laws.

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Hague Securities Convention

The Convention on the law applicable to certain rights in respect of securities held with an intermediary, or Hague Securities Convention is an international multilateral treaty intended to remove, globally, legal uncertainties for cross-border securities transactions.

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Haig Fras

Haig Fras is a 45 km long submarine granitic rocky outcrop in the southern part of the Celtic Sea, lying about 95 km northwest of the Isles of Scilly.

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Hair coloring

Hair coloring, or hair dyeing, is the practice of changing the hair color.

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HAL (robot)

The Hybrid Assistive Limb (also known as HAL) is a powered exoskeleton suit developed by Japan's Tsukuba University and the robotics company Cyberdyne.

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Halima Begum

Halima Begum (হালিনা বেগম; born 18 October 1975) is a British civil servant, international development professional and Director Education of East Asia at the British Council.

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Halle train collision

The Halle train collision (also known as the Buizingen train collision) was a collision between two NMBS/SNCB passenger trains carrying 250–300 people in Buizingen, in the municipality of Halle, Flemish Brabant, Belgium, on 15 February 2010.

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Hallmarking Act 1973

The Hallmarking Act 1973 makes up the bulk of modern law regarding the assaying and hallmarking of metals in the United Kingdom.

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Hallstein Commission

Term: 1958–1962 Party: CD --> The Hallstein Commission is the European Commission that held office from 7 January 1958 to 30 June 1967.

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Hanan Qassab Hassan

Hanan Qassab Hassan (حنان قصاب حسن) (b. Damascus, January 1, 1952) is a prominent Syrian writer and academic.

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Hanna Lehtinen

Hanna Katariina Lehtinen (born 9 May 1958) is a Finnish diplomat.

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Hans de Wit

Johannes Wilhelmus Maria "Hans" de Wit (born 1950) is a Dutch international educator and higher education administrator, known for his leading scholarly work on the field of Internationalization of Higher Education.

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Hans Joachim Schellnhuber

Hans Joachim "John" Schellnhuber (born 7 June 1950) is a German theoretical physicist and founding director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and ex-chair of the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU).

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Hans Köchler

Hans Köchler (born 18 October 1948) is a retired professor of philosophy at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and president of the International Progress Organization, a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the United Nations.

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Hans von der Groeben

Hans von der Groeben (14 May 1907 – 6 March 2005) was a German diplomat, scientist and journalist and member of the European Commission.

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Hans-Adolf von Moltke

Hans-Adolf Helmuth Ludwig Erdmann Waldemar von Moltke (November 29, 1884 in Oppeln - March 22, 1943 in Madrid) was land owner in Silesia and German Ambassador in Poland during the Weimar Republic and under Hitler up to the fall of Poland.

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Hans-Holger Albrecht

Hans-Holger Albrecht (born 1963) is a German businessman.

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Hans-Joachim Eckert

Hans-Joachim Eckert (born 1948 in Plochingen) is a German jurist.

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Happy Planet Index

The Happy Planet Index (HPI) is an index of human well-being and environmental impact that was introduced by the New Economics Foundation (NEF) in July 2006.

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Harlem Désir

Harlem Jean-Philippe Désir (born 25 November 1959) is a French politician who served in the government of France as Secretary of State for European Affairs from 2014 to 2017.

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Harmonised service of social value

A harmonised service of social value is a type of freephone service available in the European Union, which answers a specific social need, in particular which contributes to the well-being or safety of citizens, or particular groups of citizens, or helps citizens in difficulty.

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Hartlepool

Hartlepool is a town in County Durham, England.

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Hartmut Pilch

Hartmut Pilch (born 7 July 1963 in Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany) is a German software developer, translator, and digital rights activist who founded the Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure or FFII.

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Harvard Model Congress

Harvard Model Congress (HMC) is the largest congressional simulation conference in the world, providing high school students from across the United States and abroad with an opportunity to experience American government firsthand.

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Harvey Whitehouse

Harvey Whitehouse is chair of social anthropology and professorial fellow of Magdalen College at the University of Oxford.

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Hate group

A hate group is a social group that advocates and practices hatred, hostility, or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, nation, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation or any other designated sector of society.

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Hauteville family

The Hauteville family, also called the Hauteville dynasty or House of Hauteville (French: Maison de Hauteville, Italian: Casa d'Altavilla), was a Norman family originally of seigneurial rank from the Cotentin.

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Hazem Daouk

Hazem Daouk is a financial economist, known for his work on securities regulation, especially insider trading, earnings management and short selling.

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Hélène Courtois

Hélène (Di Nella) Courtois (born 1970) is a French astrophysicist specialising in cosmography.

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Hürriyet

Hürriyet (Liberty) is one of the major Turkish newspapers, founded in 1948.

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HBO

Home Box Office (HBO) is an American premium cable and satellite television network of Home Box Office, Inc..

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HD-MAC

HD-MAC was a proposed broadcast television systems standard by the European Commission in 1986 (MAC standard), a part of Eureka 95 project.

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Heads of Medicines Agencies

The Heads of Medicines Agencies (HMA) is a network of both the human and veterinary medicines agencies of the European Economic Area.

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Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974

The Health and Safety at Work etc.

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Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials

The health and safety hazards of nanomaterials include the potential toxicity of various types of nanomaterials, as well as fire and dust explosion hazards.

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Health care in Cyprus

Healthcare in Cyprus accounted for 7% of its GDP in 2014.

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Health claim

Health claims on food labels and in food marketing are claims by manufacturers of food products that their food will reduce the risk of developing a disease or condition.

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Health Consumer Powerhouse

Health Consumer Powerhouse is a Swedish health policy think tank which specialises in comparing healthcare systems throughout Europe.

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Health indicator

Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics of a population which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing the health of a population.

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Health Threat Unit

The Health Threat Unit of the Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection (European Commission), is responsible for terrorism surveillance and early warning of biological, chemical, and radiological threats within the European Union.

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Health-EU portal

Health-EU Portal is an official web portal of the Health and Consumers Directorate-General that facilities the access of public-related health information to European Union citizens.

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Healthcare in Belgium

Healthcare in Belgium is composed of three parts.

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Healthcare in Europe

Healthcare in Europe is provided through a wide range of different systems run at the national level.

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Healthcare in Finland

Health care in Finland consists of a highly decentralized three-level publicly-funded healthcare system and a much smaller private sector.

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Hearables

Hearables or Smart headphones are technically advanced, electronic in-ear-devices designed for multiple purposes ranging from wireless transmission to communication objectives, medical monitoring and fitness tracking.

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Heat shield

A heat shield is designed to shield a substance from absorbing excessive heat from an outside source by either dissipating, reflecting or simply absorbing the heat.

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Heather Williams (physicist)

Heather Williams (born 1977) is a British medical physicist working in the Nuclear Medicine Centre in the Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

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Hedareb people

The Hedareb or T'bdaweHedareb, t'badwe, to-bedawye and bedawi may refer to the people or their language.

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Heidelberg University

Heidelberg University (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Universitas Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis) is a public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Heidelberg University Faculty of Law

The Heidelberg University Faculty of Law (also known as Heidelberg Law School), located in Heidelberg, Germany, is one of the original four constituent faculties of Heidelberg University.

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Heineken International

Heineken N.V. (at times self-styled as HEINEKEN) is a Dutch brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam.

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HEInnovate

HEInnovate is a self assessment tool for European higher education institutions initiated by the European Commission and OECD with support from a panel of six independent experts.

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Heinz Oberhummer

Heinz Oberhummer (19 May 1941 – 24 November 2015) was an Austrian physicist and skeptic.

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Heleen Mees

Heleen Mees (born Heleen Nijkamp, 1968) is a Dutch opinion writer, economist, and lawyer.

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Helen ApSimon

Helen Mary ApSimon, (born 28 April 1942) is an English climatologist and academic.

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Helen Wallace

Dame Helen Sarah Wallace, Lady Wallace of Saltaire, DBE, CMG, FBA, MAE, FAcSS (born 25 June 1946 in Whalley Range, Manchester), née Rushworth, is a British expert in European studies and, by marriage to William Wallace, Baron Wallace of Saltaire, a peeress.

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Helix pomatia

Helix pomatia, common names the Roman snail, Burgundy snail, edible snail or escargot, is a species of large, edible, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae.

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Hell-Bourg

Hell-Bourg is a small village in the Salazie commune (administrative division) of the French overseas department of Réunion.

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Hellenic Coast Guard

The Hellenic Coast Guard (Greek Λιμενικό Σώμα-Ελληνική Ακτοφυλακή – Limeniko Soma-Elliniki Aktofylaki – lit. "Port Corps-Hellenic Coast Guard") is the national coast guard of Greece.

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Hellenic Statistical Authority

The Hellenic Statistical Authority (Ελληνική Στατιστική Αρχή), known by its acronym ELSTAT (ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ), is the national statistical service of Greece.

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Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany 1982–1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990–1998) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.

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Helmut von Verschuer

Baron Helmut von Verschuer (born 6 December 1926 in Tübingen), sometimes referred to as Helmut van Verschuer in Dutch, was a European civil servant who was a high-ranking official of the European Commission from 1958 til 1987, and one of the most important EU officials in the Common Agricultural Policy field.

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Hemshin peoples

The Hemshin people (Համշենցիներ, Hamshentsiner; Hemşinliler), also known as Hemshinli or Hamshenis or Homshetsi, are a diverse group of peoples who in the past or present have been affiliated with the Hemşin district in the province of Rize, Turkey.

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Henning Christophersen

Henning Christophersen (8 November 1939 – 31 December 2016) was a Danish politician, a former vice-president of the European Commission (1985–1995), former leader of the Danish liberal party Venstre (1978–1984) and former member of the European Convention.

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Henri Simonet

Henri François Simonet (10 May 1931 – 15 February 1996) was a Belgian politician.

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Henrik Ager-Hanssen

Henrik Julius Ager-Hanssen (21 July 1930 – 19 November 2004) was a Norwegian nuclear physicist and businessperson.

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Henrik Lund-Nielsen

Henrik Lund-Nielsen (born February 3, 1965 in Nyborg, Denmark) is a Danish business executive and serial-entrepreneur.

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Henry Milward & Sons

Henry Milward & Sons (now known as ENTACO) is an English manufacturer of sewing needles based in Redditch.

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Hepacivac

HEPACIVAC stands for “New preventative and therapeutic Hepatitis C vaccines: from pre-clinical to phase 1”.

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Herbert Burkert

Herbert Burkert is a German law professor, President of the Research Center for Information Law (FIR-HSG) at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland.

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Heritage Week

Heritage Week (Irish: Seachtain na hOidhreachta) is an annual nationwide set of hundreds of events organized by the Heritage Council in Ireland.

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Herta Däubler-Gmelin

Herta Däubler-Gmelin (born 12 August 1943) is a German lawyer, academic and politician of the Social Democratic Party.

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Hervé Carré

Hervé Carré (born September 24, 1944) is a French economist and was Eurostat's general director between 2006 and 2008.

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Hesse

Hesse or Hessia (Hessen, Hessian dialect: Hesse), officially the State of Hesse (German: Land Hessen) is a federal state (''Land'') of the Federal Republic of Germany, with just over six million inhabitants.

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Hexavalent vaccine

A hexavalent vaccine, or 6-in-1 vaccine, is a combined vaccine with six individual vaccines conjugated into one, intended to protect people from multiple diseases.

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Heysel Plateau

The Heysel or Heizel is the area in the north of Brussels, Belgium, where the Brussels International Exposition (1935) and the Expo '58 took place.

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Hidden Armenians

Hidden Armenians (Gizli Ermeniler) or crypto-Armenians (ծպտեալ հայեր tsptyal hayer; Kripto Ermeniler) is an "umbrella term to describe Turkish people of full or partial ethnic Armenian origin who generally conceal their Armenian identity from wider Turkish society." They are mostly descendants of Ottoman Armenians who, at least outwardly, were Islamized (and turkified or kurdified) "under the threat of physical extermination" during the Armenian Genocide.

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High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community

The High Authority was the executive branch of the former European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

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High level forums on aid effectiveness

Various high level forums on aid effectiveness were held throughout the progression of the aid effectiveness movement following the 2003 High Level Forum on Harmonization in Rome.

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High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (abbreviated HR or HR/VP, the latter reflecting the vice presidency of the Commission) is the chief co-ordinator and representative of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) within the European Union (EU).

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High School No. 6, Bydgoszcz

High School N°6 is a Polish high school in Bydgoszcz, located at Staszica Street 4.

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High Speed 1

High Speed 1 (HS1), legally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), is a high-speed railway between London and the United Kingdom end of the Channel Tunnel.

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High-intensity discharge lamp

High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) are a type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.

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High-speed rail in Europe

High-speed rail is emerging in Europe as an increasingly popular and efficient means of transport.

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High-speed rail in Italy

High-speed rail in Italy consists of two lines connecting most of the country's major cities.

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Hijab by country

The word hijab refers to both the head-covering traditionally worn by some Muslim women and Islamic styles of dress in general.

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Hiking in Kosovo

Hiking in Kosovo started with establishment of the first hiking association in 1928, and it continued with creation of different association all around the territory which was then part of Yugoslavia.

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Hilary Rose (sociologist)

Hilary Ann Rose (born 1935) During the 1939–45 war she was evacuated from London with her mother and brother.

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Himara

Himara or Himarë (from Χειμάρρα, Himarra) is a bilingual region and municipality in southern Albania, part of Vlorë County.

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Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

Hinkley Point C nuclear power station (HPC) is a project to construct a 3,200 MWe nuclear power station with two EPR reactors in Somerset, England.

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Hippophae

Hippophae is a genus of sea buckthorns, deciduous shrubs in the family Elaeagnaceae.

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Historical Archives of the European Union

The Historical Archives of the European Union (HAEU), located in Florence (Italy), is the official archives for the historical documents of the Institutions of the European Union.

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History of AC power plugs and sockets

This is a history of AC power plugs and sockets.

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History of AT&T

The history of AT&T dates back to the invention of the telephone itself.

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History of autonomous cars

Experiments have been conducted on automating cars since at least the 1920s; promising trials took place in the 1950s and work has proceeded since then.

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History of British Airways

British Airways (BA), the United Kingdom's national airline, was formed in 1974 with the merger of the two largest UK airlines, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA), and including also two smaller regional airlines, Cambrian Airways and Northeast Airlines.

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History of Cadbury

Cadbury is a British multinational confectionery company owned by Mondelēz International.

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History of Croatia since 1995

This is the history of Croatia since the end of the Croatian War of Independence.

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History of Estonia

The history of Estonia forms a part of the history of Europe.

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History of Fianna Fáil

Fianna Fáil was founded on 23 March 1926 when a group of Dail deputies led by Eamonn De Valera split from Sinn Féin.

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History of free and open-source software

In the 1950s and 1960s, computer operating software and compilers were delivered as a part of hardware purchases without separate fees.

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History of High Speed 2

The history of High Speed 2 is the background to the planned construction of High Speed 2 (HS2), a new high-speed railway in Great Britain that will connect London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds and other cities in the UK.

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History of Islam in southern Italy

The history of Islam in Sicily and Southern Italy began with the first Muslim settlement in Sicily, at Mazara, which was captured in 827.

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History of Luxembourg

The history of Luxembourg consists of the history of the country of Luxembourg and its geographical area.

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History of machine translation

Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.

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History of Maersk Air

Maersk Air was a Danish airline which operated between 1969 and 2005.

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History of mobile phones

The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network.

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History of plug-in hybrids

The history of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) spans a little more than a century, but most of the significant commercial developments have taken place after 2002.

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History of post-Communist Albania

In 1991, the Socialist Party of Albania, with specific social democratic ideology took control of the country through democratic elections.

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History of the Common Security and Defence Policy

This article outlines the history of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union (EU), a part of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).

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History of the euro

The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s.

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History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–57)

The period saw the first moves towards European unity as the first bodies began to be established in the aftermath of the Second World War.

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History of the European Union

The European Union is a geo-political entity covering a large portion of the European continent.

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History of the European Union (1993–2004)

The history of the European Union between 1993 and 2004 was the period between its creation (replacing the European Economic Community) and the 2004 enlargement.

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History of the Italian Republic

After World War II and the overthrow of Mussolini's fascist regime, Italy's history was dominated by the Christian Democracy (Democrazia Cristiana, DC) political party for 48 years—from the 1946 election until the 1994 election—while the opposition was led by the Italian Communist Party (PCI).

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History of the minimum wage

The history of minimum wage is about the attempts and measures governments have made to introduce a standard amount of periodic pay below which employers could not compensate their workers.

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History of the oil tanker

The history of the oil tanker is part of the evolution of the technology of oil transportation alongside the oil industry.

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History of the UK Independence Party

The UK Independence Party is a British political party, founded in 1993.

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History of the World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade.

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History of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet.

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History of West Africa

The history of West Africa began with the first human settlements around 4,000 BCE.

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HIV trial in Libya

The HIV trial in Libya (or Bulgarian nurses affair) concerns the trials, appeals and eventual release of six foreign medical workers charged with conspiring to deliberately infect over 400 children with HIV in 1998, causing an epidemic at El-Fatih Children's Hospital in Benghazi, Libya.

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Hoffmann-La Roche

F.

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Hohe Schrecke

The Hohe Schrecke is a ridge of hills in central Germany.

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Holger Michael

Holger Michael (born 1954) is a German diplomat.

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Holmquist

Holmquist is a surname of Swedish origin.

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Honeywell

Honeywell International Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of commercial and consumer products, engineering services and aerospace systems for a wide variety of customers, from private consumers to major corporations and governments.

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Horizon (Online magazine)

Horizon is an online-only, open-access magazine covering research and innovation, published in Brussels since 2013 by the European Commission.

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Horizon Europe

Horizon Europe is a planned 7-year European Union scientific research initiative meant to succeed the current Horizon 2020 program.

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Hot Press

Hot Press is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin, Ireland, founded in June 1977.

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Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas

Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas (HERMIONE) is an international multidisciplinary project, started in April 2009, that studies deep-sea ecosystems.

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Hotspot Ecosystems Research on the Margins of European Seas

Hotspot Ecosystems Research on the Margins of European Seas, or HERMES, was an international multidisciplinary project, from April 2005 to March 2009, that studied deep-sea ecosystems along Europe's deep-ocean margin.

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HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration

HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration is a private business school located in Hamburg, Germany.

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HSH Nordbank

HSH Nordbank is a commercial bank in northern Europe with headquarters in Hamburg as well as Kiel, Germany.

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Hugh Christian Watkins

Hugh Christian Watkins (born 7 June 1959) is a British cardiologist.

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Human analog missions

Human analog missions are activities undertaken on Earth in various environments to simulate aspects of human missions to other worlds, including the Moon, asteroids, and Mars.

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Human Brain Project

The Human Brain Project (HBP) is a large ten-year scientific research project, based on exascale supercomputers, that aims to build a collaborative ICT-based scientific research infrastructure to allow researchers across Europe to advance knowledge in the fields of neuroscience, computing, and brain-related medicine.

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Human rights in Romania

Human rights in Romania are generally respected by the government.

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Human rights in Ukraine

Human rights in Ukraine were better than those in most former Soviet republics as of 2009 and Ukraine was labeled as "Free" by organizations such as Freedom House.

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Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey

This article discusses the human rights situation of Kurds in Turkey.

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Human Variome Project

The Human Variome Project (HVP) is the global initiative to collect and curate all human genetic variation affecting human health.

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Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake

An earthquake struck Nepal at on 25 April 2015 with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.8 or 8.1Ms and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent).

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Hummus

Hummus (or; حُمُّص, full Arabic name: hummus bi tahini حمص بالطحينة) is a Levantine dip or spread made from cooked, mashed chickpeas or other beans, blended with tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, salt and garlic.

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Hungarian European Union membership referendum, 2003

A referendum on joining the European Union was held in Hungary on 12 April 2003.

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Hungarian migrant quota referendum, 2016

A referendum related to the European Union's migrant relocation plans was held in Hungary on 2 October 2016.

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Hungarian Socialist Party

The Hungarian Socialist Party (Magyar Szocialista Párt), known mostly by its acronym MSZP, is a social-democratic political party in Hungary.

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Hungarians

Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary (Magyarország) and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history and speak the Hungarian language.

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Hungary

Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.

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Hungary–Slovakia relations

Hungary and Slovakia are two neighboring countries in Central Europe.

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Hurt Report

The Hurt Report was a motorcycle safety study conducted in the United States, initiated in 1976 and published in 1981.

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Huzar v Jet2.com

was a landmark case, taken to the Court of Appeal in May 2014, which created binding case law for all future flight delay compensation claims in England and Wales.

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Hybrid electric vehicle

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain).

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Hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing (also fracking, fraccing, frac'ing, hydrofracturing or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid.

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Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower.

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Iași

Iași (also referred to as Jassy or Iassy) is the second-largest city in Romania, after the national capital Bucharest, and the seat of Iași County.

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Ian Duncan, Baron Duncan of Springbank

Ian James Duncan, Baron Duncan of Springbank (born 1973) is a Conservative politician, currently serving as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in both the Scotland Office and the Northern Ireland Office.

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Iberia (airline)

Iberia, legally incorporated as Iberia, Líneas Aéreas de España, S.A. Operadora, Sociedad Unipersonal, is the flag carrier airline of Spain, founded in 1927.

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ICANN

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a nonprofit organization responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces and numericalspaces of the Internet, ensuring the network's stable and secure operation.

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ICEARRAY

ICEARRAY is an abbreviation for Icelandic Strong-motion Array.

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Iceland

Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic, with a population of and an area of, making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe.

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Iceland–European Union relations

Iceland is heavily integrated into the European Union via the European Economic Area and the Schengen Agreement, but it is not a member state.

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ICF International

ICF International, Inc. is a global consulting and technology services company.

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ICub

iCub is a 1 metre high open source robotics humanoid robot testbed for research into human cognition and artificial intelligence.

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Identity documents in Sweden

There are several identity documents used in Sweden.

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IEC 60906-1

IEC 60906-1 is an international standard designed "to provide a standard for a safe, compact and practical 16 A 250 V AC system of plugs and socket-outlets that could be accepted by many countries as their national standard, even if not in the near future." The standard was originally published by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1986; the current edition is ed2.0 published in 2009.

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IEEE 802.11p

IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard to add wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE), a vehicular communication system.

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IFRS 1

International Financial Reporting Standard 1: First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards or IFRS 1 is an international financial reporting standard issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

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IGLYO

The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer & Intersex Youth and Student Organisation (IGLYO) is an international LGBT organisation that was created in 1984 as a reaction to the need for better cooperation among regional, local and national LGBTQ youth and student organisations.

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Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant

The Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Ignalinos Atominė Elektrinė, IAE, Игналинская атомная электростанция, Ignalinskaya atomnaya elektrostantsiya) is a closed two-unit RBMK-1500 nuclear power station in Visaginas Municipality, Lithuania.

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Igor Yegorov

Igor Yegorov (born June 3, 1958) is a Ukrainian economist, Sc.D. in Economics, Deputy Director of the Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.

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IHH (Turkish NGO)

IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation (Turkish: İHH İnsani Yardım Vakfı; full Turkish name: İnsan Hak ve Hürriyetleri ve İnsani Yardım Vakfı, in English: The Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief) or İHH is a conservative Turkish NGO, whose members are predominantly Turkish Muslims, active in more than 100 countries.

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Ilham Aliyev

Ilham Aliyev (İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev; born 24 December 1961) is the fourth and current President of Azerbaijan, in office since 2003.

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Ilkka Laitinen

Ilkka Laitinen (born 22 August 1962 in Nurmes, Finland) is a major general and the Deputy Chief of the Finnish Border Guard.

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Illegal logging

Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber in violation of laws.

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Imagem

Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher.

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IMC Process Guide

IMC Process Guide is the name of an electronic performance support system (EPSS).

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Imia/Kardak

Imia (Ίμια) or Kardak is a pair of small uninhabited islets in the Aegean Sea, situated between the Greek island chain of the Dodecanese and the southwestern mainland coast of Turkey.

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Immigration by country

This article delineates the issue of immigration in different countries.

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Immigration to Turkey

Since the 19th century, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples (who are termed "Muhacir" under a general definition) from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, 'Circassians', Chechens), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), Crete (Cretan Turks), took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features.

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Impact assessment

Policy Impact Assessments (IAs) are formal, evidence-based procedures that assess the economic, social, and environmental effects of public policy.

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Impact of the privatisation of British Rail

The impact of the privatisation of British Rail in the 1990s has been the subject of much debate, which has continued to the present day.

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In silico clinical trials

An in silico clinical trial is an individualised computer simulation used in the development or regulatory evaluation of a medicinal product, device, or intervention.

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In silico medicine

In silico medicine (also known as "computational medicine") is the application of in silico research to problems involving health and medicine.

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Inés Ayala

Inés Ayala Sender (born 28 March 1957 in Zaragoza) is a Spanish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, which is affiliated to the Party of European Socialists.

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Inchicore College of Further Education

Inchicore College of Further Education is part of the CDETB (City of Dublin Education and Training Board) and is located in the heart of Inchicore, Dublin, Ireland.

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Incremental capital-output ratio

The Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR) is the ratio of investment to growth which is equal to the reciprocal of the marginal product of capital.

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Independence Day (Georgia)

Independence Day (დამოუკიდებლობის დღე, damoukideblobis dghe) is an annual public holiday in Georgia observed on 26 May.

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Independent Family Brewers of Britain

The Independent Family Brewers of Britain (IFBB) was formed in the 1993 by an informal group of family-owned/controlled brewery CEOs known as the Pimlico Group - all of whom were part of the UK's Brewers Society, now the British Beer and Pub Association.

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INDICARE

The overall goal of INDICARE (The INformed DIalogue about Consumer Acceptability of DRM Solutions in Europe) was to help to reconcile heterogeneous interests of multiple stakeholders, and to support the emergence of a common European position with regard to consumer and user issues of Digital Rights Management (DRM) solutions.

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Indicative limit value

In the law of the European Union, indicative limit values, more exactly indicative occupational exposure limit values (IOELVs), are human exposure limits to hazardous substances specified by the Council of the European Union based on expert research and advice.

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Indigo Era (economics)

The Indigo Era, or "Indigo economies", is a concept first publicized in early 2016 by international businessman Mikhail Fridman, the co-founder of LetterOne, an international investment business.

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Indigo Publications

Indigo Publications is a French company that publishes numerous trade newsletters and websites, mostly dedicated to specialized business sectors.

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Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels

The indirect land use change impacts of biofuels, also known as ILUC, relates to the unintended consequence of releasing more carbon emissions due to land-use changes around the world induced by the expansion of croplands for ethanol or biodiesel production in response to the increased global demand for biofuels.

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Individual fishing quota

Individual fishing quotas (IFQs) also known as "individual transferable quotas" (ITQs) are one kind of catch share, a means by which many governments regulate fishing.

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Indonesia–European Union relations

Diplomatic relations between European countries and Indonesia date back to 1949.

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Induced demand

Induced demand, or latent demand, is the phenomenon that after supply increases, more of a good is consumed.

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Industrial design rights in the European Union

Industrial design rights in the European Union are provided at both the Union level by virtue of the Community design and at the national level under individual national laws.

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Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 is a name for the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies.

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Infectious salmon anemia virus

Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) is a viral disease of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that affects fish farms in Canada, Norway, Scotland and Chile, causing severe losses to infected farms.

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Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species.

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Influenza pandemic

An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads on a worldwide scale and infects a large proportion of the world population.

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Information privacy

Information privacy, or data privacy (or data protection), is the relationship between the collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal and political issues surrounding them.

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Information privacy law

Information privacy law or data protection laws prohibit the disclosure or misuse of information about private individuals.

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Information Services Procurement Library

ISPL is an evolution of Euromethod.

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Infrastructure and economics

This article delineates the relationship between infrastructure and various economic issues.

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Infrastructure Consortium for Africa

The (ICA) was launched at the 2005 G8 Gleneagles Summit, with the mission to help improve the lives and economic well-being of African people by supporting and promoting increased infrastructure investment from both public and private sources.

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Infrastructure-based development

Infrastructure-based economic development also called infrastructure-driven development combines key policy characteristics inherited from the Rooseveltian progressivist tradition and Neo-Keynesian economics in the United States, France's Gaullist and Neo-Colbertist centralized economic planning, Scandinavian social democracy as well as Singaporean and Chinese state capitalism: it holds that a substantial proportion of a nation’s resources must be systematically directed towards long term assets such as transportation, energy and social infrastructure (schools, universities, hospitals…) in the name of long term economic efficiency (stimulating growth in economically lagging regions and fostering technological innovation) and social equity (providing free education and affordable healthcare).

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Inga-Britt Ahlenius

Inga-Britt Monica Stigsdotter Ahlenius (born 19 April 1939) is a Swedish auditor, public servant and former Under-Secretary-General for the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS).

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Ingeborg Gräßle

Ingeborg Helen Gräßle (born 2 March 1961) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany.

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Inger Hirvelä López

Inger Emilia Hirvelä López (née Sandholm) (born 2 January 1940) is a Finnish politician.

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Ingrīda Ūdre

Ingrīda Latimira, formerly Ingrīda Ūdre, (born November 14, 1958) is a Latvian politician who belongs to the Latvian Farmers' Union political party.

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Inherent safety

In the chemical and process industries, a process has inherent safety if it has a low level of danger even if things go wrong.

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Initiative

In political science, an initiative (also known as a popular or citizens' initiative) is a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote (referendum, sometimes called a plebiscite).

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Inkjet printing

Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates.

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Inmarsat

Inmarsat plc is a British satellite telecommunications company, offering global mobile services.

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Innocent Project

The Innocent Project is a teachers' training project in the framework of the program "Life Long Learning" by the European Commission, which presents free material for lessons and training of teachers, to integrate pupils of foreign origin into the education (inter cultural education).

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Innovation

Innovation can be defined simply as a "new idea, device or method".

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Innovation and Networks Executive Agency

The Innovation and Networks Executive Agency (INEA) is an executive agency established by the European Commission in order to run the Connecting Europe Facility and parts of Horizon 2020, with legacy programmes of the TEN-T programme and the Marco Polo programme.

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Innovative Medicines Initiative

The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) is a European initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of pharmaceutical research.

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INREV

The European Association for Investors in Non-Listed Real Estate Vehicles (INREV), incorporated in 2002, is a non-profit association located in the Netherlands that provides services and education for investors interested in the European non-listed real estate fund market.

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Insafe

Insafe is a European network of Awareness Centres promoting safer and better usage of internet, It is co-funded by the Safer Internet Programme.

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INSEAD

INSEAD is a graduate and proprofit business school with campuses in Europe (Fontainebleau, France), Asia (Singapore), and the Middle East (Abu Dhabi).

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Inside GNSS

Inside GNSS is an international controlled circulation trade magazine owned by Gibbons Media and Research LLC.

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Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals

The Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals or IBEI (in English: Barcelona Institute of International Studies) is an inter-university research institute and postgraduate education center located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

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Institut Français de la Mode

Institut Français de la Mode (IFM) (French for "French Institute of Fashion") is a higher education institution offering postgraduate courses and applied research for the fashion, luxury goods, design and textile industries, and creative industries more generally.

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Institute for Energy and Transport

The Institute for Energy and Transport (IET) is one of the seven scientific Institutes of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), a Directorate General of the European Commission (EC).

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Institute for Environment and Sustainability

The Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) used to be a specialised institute of the Joint Research Centre directorate of the European Commission, based in Ispra, Italy.

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Institute for European Environmental Policy

Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) is an independent, not for profit policy studies institute, a green think tank and a leading centre for the analysis and development of environmental policy in Europe and beyond.

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Institute for Health and Consumer Protection

The Institute for Health and Consumer Protection or IHCP, located in Ispra, Italy, is one of the seven institutes of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), a Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC).

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Institute for Information, Telecommunication and Media Law

Institute for Information, Telecommunication and Media Law or ITM (Institut für Informations-, Telekommunikations- und Medienrecht) is a research & educational organisation located in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.

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Institute for Prospective Technological Studies

The Institute for Prospective Technological Studies or IPTS, located in Seville, Spain, is one of the seven institutes of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), a Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC).

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Institute for Public Policy and Good Governance

The Institute for Public Policy and Good Governance is an Albanian think tank based in Tirana, Albania.

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Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements

The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), located in Geel, Belgium, is one of the seven institutes of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), a Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC).

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Institute for Social and Economic Change

The Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) is a social science research institute in Bangalore, India.

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Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen

The Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (IPSC), located in Ispra, Italy, is one of the seven institutes of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), a Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC).

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Institute for Transuranium Elements

The Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) was a nuclear research institute in Karlsruhe, Germany.

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Institute of Economics, Polish Academy of Sciences

Institute of Economics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Instytut Nauk Ekonomicznych PAN, abbreviation: INE PAN) is a public Polish research center for economic and business studies.

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Institute of Intercultural Management and Communication

The Institute of Intercultural Management and Communication or ISIT is a French Grande École.

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Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy

The "Simion Stoilow" Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy is a research institute in Bucharest, Romania.

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Institute of Molecular Biotechnology

The Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) is an independent research organisation founded as a joint initiative of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim.

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Institute of Occupational Medicine

The Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) was founded in 1969 by the National Coal Board (NCB) as an independent charity in the UK and retains this charitable purpose and status today.

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Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology

The Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS) is a joint CNRS-Paul Sabatier University research center.

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Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience

The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN) is a research institution dedicated to discovering what causes mental illness and diseases of the brain.

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Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe

The Network of Universities from the Capitals of Europe (UNICA) is a network of 49 universities, gathering major higher education institutions in 37 European capital cities.

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Institutional seats of the European Union

The seven institutions of the European Union (EU) are seated in four different cities, viz. Brussels, Frankfurt, Luxembourg and Strasbourg, rather than being concentrated in a single capital city.

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Institutionalism (international relations)

In international relations, institutionalism comprises a group of differing theories on international relations (IR).

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Institutions of the European Union

The institutions of the European Union are the seven principal decision making bodies of the European Union (EU).

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Instrument for Stability

The Instrument for Stability (IfS, more commonly referred to as the Stability Instrument) is a financial and political instrument at the disposal of the European Union.

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Integrated coastal zone management

Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) or Integrated coastal management (ICM) is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve sustainability This concept was born in 1992 during the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro.

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Integrity pact

As "a tool for preventing corruption in public contracting", an integrity pact is a multi-party agreement entered into by a public body seeking to procure goods and services of significant value, the companies interested in bidding to supply the goods and services, and a third party organisation such as a civil society organisation who will have a role in monitoring compliance with the pact.

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Intel

Intel Corporation (stylized as intel) is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, in the Silicon Valley.

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Intelligent banknote neutralisation system

An intelligent banknote neutralisation system (IBNS) is a security system which protects valuables against unauthorised access to its contents by rendering it unusable by marking all the cash as stolen by a degradation agent when an attempted attack on the system is detected.

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Intelligent Car Initiative

The Intelligent Car Initiative is a policy framework set up by the European Commission to tie up all activities relating to 'intelligent' automobiles.

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Intelligent Finance

Intelligent Finance (IF) is a Scottish offset bank, a division of Bank of Scotland plc which is part of Lloyds Banking Group.

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Intelligent speed adaptation

Intelligent speed adaptation (ISA), also known as alerting, and intelligent authority, is any system that ensures that vehicle speed does not exceed a safe or legally enforced speed.

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Intelligent transportation system

An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application which, without embodying intelligence as such, aims to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.

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Inter-Active Terminology for Europe

Inter-Active Terminology for Europe (IATE) is the inter-institutional terminology database of the European Union.

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Interactive machine translation

Interactive Machine Translation (IMT), is a specific sub-field of computer-aided translation.

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Interchange fee

Interchange fee is a term used in the payment card industry to describe a fee paid between banks for the acceptance of card based transactions.

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Interconnector Turkey–Greece–Italy

The Interconnector Turkey–Greece–Italy (ITGI) is a natural gas transportation project proposed in the framework of the Southern Gas Corridor.

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Intercontinental Exchange

Intercontinental Exchange is an American company that owns exchanges for financial and commodity markets, and operates 23 regulated exchanges and marketplaces.

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Intergovernmental Conference

An Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) is the formal procedure for negotiating amendments to the founding treaties of the European Union.

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Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail

The Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF, from Organisation intergouvernementale pour les Transports Internationaux Ferroviaires; OTIF), is an intergovernmental organisation that governs international rail transport.

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Intergovernmentalism

In political science, intergovernmentalism treats states, and national governments in particular, as the primary actors in the integration process.

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Intermodal freight transport

Intermodal freight transport involves the transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation (e.g., rail, ship, and truck), without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes.

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Intermodal passenger transport

Intermodal passenger transport, also called mixed-mode commuting, involves using two or more modes of transportation in a journey.

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Internal Audit Service (European Commission)

The Internal Audit Service or IAS is a Directorate-General (DG) of the European Commission that was established in 2001 to provide an increased accountability of the Commission.

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Internal conflict in Peru

The Peru's internal War on Terror, beginning in 1980, is an ongoing armed conflict between the government of Peru and some terrorist organizations such as the insurgent People's Guerilla Army (Ejército Guerrillero Popular), armed wing of the Communist Party of Peru (known as Shining Path or "PCP-SL") and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement which was also involved in the conflict from 1982 to 1997.

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Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre or IDMC is an International non-governmental organization established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council in Geneva.

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Internal Market Information System

The Internal Market Information System (IMI) is an IT-based network that links public bodies in the European Economic Area.

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Internal Services in the European Commission

The term Internal Service refers to a collection of Directorate-Generals and Services within the European Commission that provide services to the policy-making DGs or perform set administrative tasks.

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International Aging Research Portfolio

International Aging Research Portfolio (IARP) is a non-profit, open-access knowledge management system incorporating grants, publications, conferences in natural and social & behavioral sciences.

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International aid to Palestinians

International aid has played a major role in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as the Palestinians claim it has been used as a means to keep the peace process going, and the Israelis that it is used to fund terrorism.

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International Association of Deposit Insurers

The International Association of Deposit Insurers (IADI) was formed on 6 May 2002 with the purpose of sharing deposit insurance expertise with the world and contributing to the stability of financial systems as the standard setter for deposit insurance with a global and expanding membership.

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International Association of Public Transport

The International Association of Public Transport (UITP, from the L’Union internationale des transports publics) is a non-profit advocacy organization for public transport authorities and operators, policy decision-makers, scientific institutes and the public transport supply and service industry.

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International Carbon Action Partnership

The International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) was founded in 2007 by more than 15 government representatives as an international cooperative forum, bringing together states and sub-national jurisdictions that have implemented or are planning to implement emissions trading systems (ETS).

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International Centre for Black Sea Studies

The International Centre for Black Sea Studies (Greek: Διεθνές Κέντρο Μελετών Ευξείνου Πόντου, English Acronym: ICBSS, Greek Acronym: ΔΙΚΕΜΕΠ) is a think-tank based in Athens, Greece, committed to promoting multilateral cooperation between the countries of the Black Sea region and with their international partners.

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International Centre for Counter-Terrorism

The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) is an independent think and do tank providing multidisciplinary policy advice and practical, solution-oriented implementation support on prevention and the rule of law, two vital pillars of effective counter-terrorism.

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International Centre for Sport Security

The International Centre for Sport Security (ICSS) is a Qatar-backed, not-for-profit organisation based in Doha, Qatar, which is the subject of various controversies.

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International Chemical Safety Cards

International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) are data sheets intended to provide essential safety and health information on chemicals in a clear and concise way.

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International Civilian Representative for Kosovo

The International Civilian Representative for Kosovo (ICR), supported by the International Civilian Office (ICO), was the European Union Special Representative (EUSR) for Kosovo (appointed by the Council of the European Union) which was re-appointed by the International Steering Group for Kosovo as the ICR pursuant to the Ahtisaari Plan.

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International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) is a standardization body set up in 1925 by the International Congress of Radiology, originally as the X-Ray Unit Committee until 1950.

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International Conference on Afghanistan, London (2006)

The Afghanistan Compact was the outcome of the London Conference on Afghanistan in 2006.

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International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network

The International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), formerly the International Marketing Supervision Network (IMSN), is a global network of consumer protection authorities which engages in dispute resolution and encourages cooperation between law enforcement agencies for disputes arising from commerce across international borders.

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International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is a project that brings together the regulatory authorities of Europe, Japan and the United States and experts from the pharmaceutical industry in the three regions to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration.

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International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES; Conseil International de l'Exploration de la Mer, CIEM) is the world’s oldest intergovernmental science organization.

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International cybercrime

There is no commonly agreed single definition of “cybercrime”.

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International economic law

"International economic law" is an increasingly seminal field of international law that involves the regulation and conduct of states, international organizations, and private firms operating in the international economic arena.

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International financial institutions

An international financial institution (IFI) is a financial institution that has been established (or chartered) by more than one country, and hence are subjects of international law.

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International Human Epigenome Consortium

The International Human Epigenome Consortium (IHEC) is a scientific organization, founded in 2010, that helps to coordinate global efforts in the field of Epigenomics.

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International Institute for Environment and Development

The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) is an independent policy research institute (think tank) whose stated mission is to "build a fairer, more sustainable world, using evidence, action and influence in partnership with others." Its director is Dr Andrew Norton.

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International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (known by its Spanish acronym CIMMYT for Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo) is a non-profit research and training institution dedicated to both the development of improved varieties of wheat and maize with the aim of contributing to food security, and the introduction of improved agricultural practices to smallholder farmers to help boost production, prevent crop disease and improve their livelihoods.

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International matrimonial law

International matrimonial law is an area of private international law (or conflict of laws in the United States).

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International Mechanism of Scientific Expertise on Biodiversity

The consultative process towards an IMoSEB (International Mechanism of Scientific Expertise on Biodiversity) was a multidisciplinary effort from 2005 to 2008 that involved a large number of stakeholders and had a considerable political and media audience.

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International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion in Europe

Human migration into and within the EU is a current and ongoing political issue.

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International Network for Bamboo and Rattan

The International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) is an independent intergovernmental organization established in 1997 to develop and promote innovative solutions to poverty and environmental sustainability using bamboo and rattan.

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International Network of Museums for Peace

The International Network of Museums for Peace (originally the International Network of Peace Museums) was established following a conference in Bradford in 1992.

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International Organization for Biological Control

The International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control, usually referred to as IOBC, is a professional organization affiliated with the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) and aims to be an effective advocate for biological control, integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated production (IP).

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International Organization of Securities Commissions

The International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) is an association of organisations that regulate the world’s securities and futures markets.

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International Partnership for Human Rights

International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR) is an international non-governmental human rights organization with its seat in Brussels, Belgium.

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International Payment Instruction

The IPI (International Payment Instruction) payment slip is a uniform European payment receipt.

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International reactions to the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt

Many international leaders and governments responded to the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.

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International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

International reactions to the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum of 2016 are the reactions to the decision to leave the European Union by the United Kingdom.

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International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

The publication of satirical cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on September 30, 2005 led to violence, arrests, inter-governmental tensions, and debate about the scope of free speech and the place of Muslims in the West.

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International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2016

International reactions to the November 8, 2016 election of Republican Donald Trump emerged from around the world, including states, other institutions, and people.

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International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Abkhazia and South Ossetia are partially recognised republics in the Caucasus, claiming independence from Georgia.

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International Resource Panel

The International Resource Panel is a scientific panel of experts that aims to help nations use natural resources sustainably without compromising economic growth and human needs.

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International response to the Beslan school siege

The international reactions to the Beslan school hostage crisis was.

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International Russian Rotary Children's Music Competition

The International Russian Rotary Children's Music Competition is one of the leading events in cultural life of Russian and European youth.

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International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles

The International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles or Safe Harbour Privacy Principles were principles developed between 1998 and 2000 in order to prevent private organizations within the European Union or United States which store customer data from accidentally disclosing or losing personal information.

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International School of Protocol and Diplomacy

The International School of Protocol and Diplomacy (ISPD) is a non-governmental, non-profit institution located in Brussels, Belgium with focused training in the area of protocol, etiquette, soft diplomacy and cross-cultural relations.

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International Science and Technology Center

The International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) is an international organization established by an in November 1992 as a program to prevent nuclear proliferation and the proliferation of other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) by giving Russian and Newly Independent States (NIS) scientists and engineers with knowledge and skills of WMD or missile delivery systems, opportunities to redirect their talents to peaceful activities such as fundamental research, international programs and innovation and commercialization.

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International Securities Identification Number

An International Securities Identification Number (ISIN) uniquely identifies a security.

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International Society for Knowledge Organization

The International Society for Knowledge Organization, or ISKO, is the principal professional association for scholars of knowledge organization, knowledge structures, classification studies, and information organization and structure.

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International Somalia Contact Group

The International Somalia Contact Group is an informal group of mainly western UN Ambassadors that was established at the United Nations headquarters in New York City in June 2006 to support "peace and reconciliation" in Somalia.

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International Standards on Auditing

International Standards on Auditing (ISA) are professional standards for the performance of financial audit of financial information.

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International status and usage of the euro

The international status and usage of the euro has grown since its launch in 1999.

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International Steering Group for Kosovo

The International Steering Group for Kosovo (ISG) was an organization formed pursuant to the Ahtisaari Plan concerning the Kosovo status process.

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International Swede of the Year

International Swede of the Year (Årets svensk i världen) is a prize awarded by the Society for expatriate Swedes (Swedish: Föreningen svenskar i världen).

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International Union of Biological Sciences

The International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) is a non-profit organization and non-governmental organization, founded in 1919, that promotes the biological sciences internationally.

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International Year of Volunteers

International Year of Volunteers was designated for 2001 by the United Nations General Assembly.

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Internationalist Review

The Internationalist Review is an independent, non-profit e-journal founded on July 3, 2006, in Maastricht, Netherlands.

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Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network

The Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network, also known as "I&J Policy Network", "Internet & Jurisdiction, or simply "I&J", is a multistakeholder organization addressing the tension between the cross-border Internet and national jurisdictions.

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Internet censorship and surveillance by country

This list of Internet censorship and surveillance by country provides information on the types and levels of Internet censorship and surveillance that is occurring in countries around the world.

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Internet Memory Foundation

The Internet Memory Foundation (formerly the European Archive Foundation) is a non-profit foundation whose purpose is archiving content of the World Wide Web.

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Interparliamentary EU Information Exchange

, the InterParliamentary EU information eXchange, is a platform for the exchange of information between EU national parliaments as well as the European Parliament concerning issues related to the European Union, especially in light of the provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon.

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Interrail

The Interrail Pass is a railway ticket (Railroad Pass), available to European residents.

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Interreg

Interreg is a series of five programmes to stimulate cooperation between regions in the European Union, funded by the European Regional Development Fund.

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Intersos

INTERSOS is a non-profit humanitarian aid organization that works to assist victims of natural disaster and armed conflict.

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Inttranet

The Inttranet is a multilingual portal for and global network of professional interpreters and translators, fully compatible with ISO 9001 quality assurance requirements, and was officially inaugurated in October 2002.

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Investor-state dispute settlement

Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) or investment court system (ICS) is a system through which investors can sue countries for alleged discriminatory practices.

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Invoice

An invoice, bill or tab is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer, relating to a sale transaction and indicating the products, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller had provided the buyer.

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Involve (think tank)

The Involve Foundation (known as Involve) is a leading UK based think tank and charity working on public participation.

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Ioannis Ikonomou

Ioannis Ikonomou (Γιάννης Οικονόμου, born in Heraklion, Crete in 1964) is a Greek translator who has been working for the European Commission in Brussels since 2002.

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Ion Bazac

Ion Bazac (born July 27, 1968) is a Romanian physician and politician.

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IP Federation

The IP Federation (formerly the "Trade Marks, Patents and Designs Federation" or TMPDF) is a United Kingdom industry intellectual property trade association.

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IPHT Jena

The Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT — German: Institut für Photonische Technologien) is a non-university research facility in Jena, Thuringia, Germany.

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IPM (software)

The Interactive Policy Making, or IPM, is an online opinion poll management system launched in 2001, which is used to gather the opinion of European Union citizens and entreprises regarding policy development The software is part of the Interactive Policy Making Initiative and is made of various modules which assist in the creation of such questionnaires - including a creation, translation, test, launch and analysis module.

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IPR-Helpdesk

The IPR-Helpdesk is a project funded by the European Commission (EC) and a source and guide to patent information.

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Ipsen

Ipsen is a French pharmaceutical company headquartered in Paris, France.

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IPv6 deployment

Deployment of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), the next generation of the Internet Protocol, has been in progress since the mid-2000s.

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IQAir

IQAir is a Swiss-based company that specializes in technology solutions that help protect people from airborne pollutants.

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IRAP PhD Program

International relativistic astrophysics PhD program, or IRAP PhD program is the international joint doctorate program in relativistic astrophysics initiated and co-sponsored by ICRANet.

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Iraq–European Union relations

Iraq – European Union (EU) relations refers to the international relations between the Republic of Iraq and the EU.

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Iraqi Kurdistan parliamentary election, 2009

The Iraqi Kurdistan legislative elections of 2009 took place on 25 July 2009.

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Irish emergency budget, 2009

The 2009 Irish emergency budget refers to the delivery of an emergency government budget by the Government of Ireland on 7 April 2009, its second in six months.

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Irish Farmers' Association

The Irish Farmers' Association (IFA) (Irish: Feirmeoirí Aontaithe na hÉireann) is a national organisation to represent the interests of all sectors of farming in Ireland.

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Irish language in Northern Ireland

The Irish language (also known as Irish Gaelic) (Gaeilge) is a recognised minority language in Northern Ireland.

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Irish Times Debate

The Irish Times National Debating Championship is a debating competition for students in higher education in Ireland.

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Iron-Age-Danube project

“Monumentalized Early Iron Age Landscapes in the Danube river basin” Iron-Age-Danube is a cross-border project and is part of the Interreg Danube Transnational Programme of the European Union.

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Irtysh Air

Irtysh-Air (Kazakh: АО Авиакомпания «Иртыш-Аир») is an airline headquartered in Ekibastuz, Pavlodar Province, Kazakhstan.

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Islam and clothing

Islam says that the believing women should lower their gaze, guard their modesty, not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband's fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, Foster brother, and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments.

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Islam in Italy

Muslim presence in Italy dates back to the 9th century, when Sicily came under control of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Islamic dress in Europe

Islamic dress in Europe, especially the variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women, has become a prominent symbol of the presence of Islam in western Europe.

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Islamic Relief

Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW) is an international humanitarian organisation that provides development programs and humanitarian relief around the globe, regardless of race, political affiliation, gender or belief.

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ISM band

The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands are radio bands (portions of the radio spectrum) reserved internationally for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than telecommunications.

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ISO 3166-1 alpha-2

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest.

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ISO/IEC JTC 1

ISO/IEC JTC 1 is a joint technical committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 Coded character sets is a standardization subcommittee of the Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), that develops and facilitates standards within the field of coded character sets.

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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25 Interconnection of information technology equipment is a standardization subcommittee of the Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), which develops and facilitates standards within the field of interconnection of information technology equipment.

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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 6

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 6 Telecommunications and information exchange between systems is a standardization subcommittee of the Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), that develops and facilitates standards within the field of telecommunications and information exchange between systems.

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ISO/TC 176

ISO/TC 176 is Technical Committee 176 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), responsible for Quality management and quality assurance - the ISO 9000 family of standards.

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Isomaltulose

Isomaltulose is a disaccharide carbohydrate composed of glucose and fructose.

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Ispra

Ispra is a comune and small town on the eastern coast of Lake Maggiore, in the province of Varese (Lombardy, northern Italy).

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Israel–European Union relations

Israel is an associated state of the European Union.

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Israel–Malaysia relations

Israel–Malaysia relations refers to commercial and cultural ties between Israel and Malaysia.

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Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions

The Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD) is a group opposed to Israeli settlements, which describes itself as "an Israeli peace and human rights organization dedicated to ending the occupation of the Palestinian territories and achieving a just peace between Israelis and Palestinians." ICAHD says it uses non-violent, direct-action means of resistance to end Israel's policy of demolishing Palestinian homes in the occupied territories." ICAHD was founded by eight activists (see box), among whom was Jeff Halper, a long-time human rights advocate and professor of Anthropology, who serves as ICAHD's Director.

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Israeli-occupied territories

The Israeli-occupied territories are the territories occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War of 1967.

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Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016 are the economic, human and political issues that were discussed during the campaign about the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, during the period leading up to the Brexit referendum of 23 June 2016.

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It Gets Better Project

It Gets Better is an Internet-based 501(c)3 nonprofit founded in the United States by gay activist, author, media pundit, and journalist Dan Savage and his husband Terry Miller on September 21, 2010, in response to the suicides of teenagers who were bullied because they were gay or because their peers suspected that they were gay.

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Italian Grid Infrastructure

The INFN Grid project was an initiative of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) —Italy's National Institute for Nuclear Physics—for grid computing.

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Italian Senior Civil Service

In Italy the Senior Civil Service or "la dirigenza" is the set of high-ranking executives (“Dirigenti”) who are in charge of the top and middle management of national or local governmental offices.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Italy National Renewable Energy Action Plan

The Italy National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Italy.

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ITSEC

The Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria (ITSEC) is a structured set of criteria for evaluating computer security within products and systems.

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ITunes Store

The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It opened on April 28, 2003, and has been the largest music vendor in the United States since April 2008, and the largest music vendor in the world since February 2010.

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IUCLID

IUCLID (International Uniform Chemical Information Database) is a software application to capture, store, maintain and exchange data on intrinsic and hazard properties of chemical substances.

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IUS

Ius or IUS may refer to.

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Ivan Rogers

Sir Mark Ivan Rogers KCMG (born 1960) is a former senior British civil servant, who was the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union from 4 November 2013 until his resignation on 3 January 2017.

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Ivo Sanader

Ivo Sanader (born on 8 June 1953) is a Croatian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Croatia from 2003 to 2009.

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Ivor Richard, Baron Richard

Ivor Seward Richard, Baron Richard, (30 May 1932 – 18 March 2018) was a British Labour Party politician who served as a Member of Parliament from 1964 until 1974.

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Izhevsk

Izhevsk (p; Иж, Iž, or Ижкар, Ižkar) is the capital city of the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located along the Izh River in the Western Ural Mountains.

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Iztok Jarc

Iztok Jarc (born 21 August 1963) is a Slovenian diplomat and politician.

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J-segment

J-segment is a car classification defined by European Commission as the segment of the sport utility cars (including off-road vehicles).

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J. Michael McGinnis

James Michael McGinnis (born 12 July 1944) is a physician, epidemiologist, and long-time contributor to national and international health programs and policy, including continuous policy responsibilities for leadership in disease prevention and health promotion through four Administrations (Carter, Reagan, Bush, Clinton).

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J. Peter Burgess

J.

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Jacek Purchla

Jacek Purchla (born 1954 in Kraków) – Polish Art Historian and Economist, Professor of Humanities, founder and director of the International Cultural Centre in Kraków.

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Jacek Spławiński

Jacek Spławiński (born 8 August 1937) is a Polish pharmacologist specializing in clinical pharmacology, professor of medical sciences, ECFMG certified doctor and author and co-author of more than 100 scientific papers.

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Jacqueline Galant

Jacqueline Galant is a Belgian policitian from the Mouvement Réformateur.

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Jacqueline Minor

Jacqueline Minor has been the European Commission's Head of Representation in the United Kingdom since 2013.

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Jacques Barrot

Jacques Barrot (3 February 1937 – 3 December 2014) was a French politician, who served as European Commissioner for Justice between 2008 and 2010, after having spent four years serving as Commissioner for Transport (2004–2008) and Commissioner for Regional Policy for eight months (2004).

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.

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Jacques de Larosière

Jacques de Larosière de Champfeu (born 12 November 1929 in Paris) is a French central banker.

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Jacques Villiers

Jacques Villiers (26 August 1924 – 13 March 2012) was a French aerospace engineer and public servant.

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Jaipur bombings

The Jaipur bombings were a series of nine synchronized bomb blasts that took place on 13 May 2008 within a span of fifteen minutes at locations in Jaipur, the capital city of the Indian state of Rajasthan, and a tourist destination.

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James Dooge

James Clement Dooge (30 July 1922 – 20 August 2010) was an Irish Fine Gael politician, engineer, climatologist, hydrologist and academic who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1981 to 1982, Leader of Seanad Éireann and Leader of Fine Gael in the Seanad from 1982 to 1987 and Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 1973 to 1977.

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James Gleick

James Gleick (born August 1, 1954) is an American author and historian of science whose work has chronicled the cultural impact of modern technology.

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James Goldsmith

Sir James Michael Goldsmith (26 February 1933 – 18 July 1997), a member of the prominent Jewish Goldsmith family, was an Anglo-French financier, tycoonBillionaire: The Life and Times of Sir James Goldsmith by Ivan Fallon and politician.

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James Harding (journalist)

James Paul Harding (born 15 September 1969) is a British journalist, and was the Director of BBC News from August 2013 until 1 January 2018.

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James Hemsley

James Hemsley is the founder of the EVA Conferences on Electronic Imaging & the Visual Arts.

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James McKendry

James Alexander McKendry (born 30 September 1935) is an Irish artist.

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James Provan

James Lyal Clark Provan (born 19 December 1936) is a British farmer, businessman and politician who served four terms as a Member of the European Parliament.

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James Robertson (activist)

James Robertson (born 11 August 1928), a British-born political and economic thinker and activist, became an independent writer and speaker in 1974 after an early career as a British civil servant.

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Jan Świerkowski

Jan Świerkowski (born 1984) is a Polish astronomer, science promoter and curator of projects combining science and art.

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Jan Borgman

Jan Borgman (born 30 November 1929) is a Dutch astronomer and university administrator.

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Jan Długosz University

The Jan Długosz University is a public university located in Częstochowa, in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland.

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Jan Dusík

Jan Dusík (born 25 April 1975) is a Czech politician, former Minister of Environment, activist and since 18 July 2011 working in the regional office for Europe of the United Nations Environment Programme in Geneva; he has been the Acting Director of the Office since 1 December 2011.

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Jan Mühlfeit

Jan Mühlfeit (born January 8, 1962) is a Czech manager, global strategist, coach and mentor.

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Jan Mohr

Jan Gunnar Faye Mohr, (10 January 1921 – 17 March 2009) was a Norwegian-Danish physician and geneticist, known for his discovery of the first cases of autosomal genetic linkage in man, between the Lutheran blood groups and the ABH-secretor system, and between these and the hereditary disease myotonic dystrophy.

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Jan Philipp Albrecht

Jan Philipp Albrecht (born 20 December 1982) is a German politician of the Alliance '90/The Greens, part of The Greens-European Free Alliance.

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Jane Fountain

Jane E. Fountain is an American political scientist and technology theorist.

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Jane Freedman

Jane Freedman (born 21 September 1968 in London) is a British–French sociologist and international relations scholar.

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Jane Haining

Jane Haining (6 June 1897 – 16 August 1944) was a Church of Scotland missionary.

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Jane Morrice

Jane Morrice (born 11 May 1954) is a former politician in Northern Ireland.

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Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon

Janet Anne Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon (born 20 August 1955) is a British Labour Co-operative Party politician.

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Janez Potočnik

Janez Potočnik (pronounced; born 22 March 1958) is a Slovenian politician, he served as European Commissioner for Environment until 1 November 2014.

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Janusz Korwin-Mikke

Janusz Ryszard Korwin-Mikke (born 27 October 1942), often referred to by his initials JKM, is a Polish politician, writer and the founder of the right-wing libertarian and Eurosceptic political party called "Liberty".

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Janusz Lewandowski

Janusz Antoni Lewandowski (born 13 June 1951) is a Polish politician and economist belonging to the Gdańsk liberals group, and a former member of the European Parliament (elected on 13 June 2004), Chairman of the Committee on Budgets.

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Japan–European Union relations

Relations between Japan and the European Union (EU) date back to 1959.

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Jasenovac, Sisak-Moslavina County

Jasenovac is a village and a municipality in Croatian Slavonia, in the southern part of the Sisak-Moslavina County at the confluence of the river Una into Sava.

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JASON reactor

JASON was a nuclear reactor installed by the Ministry of Defence at the Royal Naval College in Greenwich, London, now home to the University of Greenwich.

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Jörgen Holmquist

Jörgen Holmquist (1 May 1947 – 28 March 2014) was a Swedish public administrator who was the Director-General of Internal Market and Services at the European Commission, a position he held until 2010.

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Jürgen von Hagen

Jürgen von Hagen (born in Iserlohn on December 14, 1955) is a German economist and professor at the University of Bonn, where he currently also serves as director of the Institute for International Economic Policy.

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JCB (company)

J.C. Bamford Excavators Limited, universally known as JCB, is an English multinational corporation, with headquarters in Rocester, Staffordshire, manufacturing equipment for construction, agriculture, waste handling and demolition.

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Jean Godeaux

Baron Jean Godeaux (3 July 1922 – 27 April 2009) was a Belgian economist, civil servant and former governor of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) from 1982 until 1989.

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Jean Mischo

Jean Mischo (born 1938, Luxembourg City, died 10 May 2016), was an Advocate General of the European Court of Justice.

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Jean Monnet

Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet (9 November 1888 – 16 March 1979) was a French political economist and diplomat.

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Jean Pisani-Ferry

Jean Pisani-Ferry (born July 28, 1951) is a French economist and public policy expert.

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Jean-François Deniau

Jean-François Deniau (31 October 1928, Paris – 24 January 2007, Paris) was a French statesman, diplomat, essayist and novelist.

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Jean-Marc Ayrault

Jean-Marc Ayrault (born 25 January 1950) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 16 May 2012 to 31 March 2014.

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Jean-Paul Gauzès

Jean-Paul Gauzès (born 1 October 1947 in Toulouse) is a French politician of the Union for a Popular Movement, part of the European People's Party.

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Jean-Pierre Boissel

Jean-Pierre Boissel is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Novadiscovery.

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Jean-Pierre Jouyet

Jean-Pierre Jouyet (born 13 February 1954) is the ambassador of France to the United Kingdom.

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Jean-Yves Le Drian

Jean-Yves Le Drian (born 30 June 1947) is a French politician of the Socialist Party serving as Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs since 2017.

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Jenkins Commission (EU)

Term: 1977-1981 Party: SOC --> The Jenkins Commission was the European Commission that held office from 6 January 1977 to 6 January 1981.

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Jennifer Murnane O'Connor

Jennifer Murnane O'Connor (born 24 May 1966) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as a Senator for the Labour Panel since April 2016.

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Jenny Cheshire

Jenny L. Cheshire is a British sociolinguist and professor at Queen Mary University of London.

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Jeremy Hunt

Jeremy Richard Streynsham Hunt (born 1 November 1966) is a British Conservative Party politician serving as the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care since 2012 and Member of Parliament (MP) for South West Surrey since 2005.

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Jeremy Rifkin

Jeremy Rifkin (born January 26, 1945) is an American economic and social theorist, writer, public speaker, political advisor, and activist.

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Jeroen Dijsselbloem

Jeroen René Victor Anton Dijsselbloem (born 29 March 1966) is a Dutch politician of the Labour Party who served as President of the Eurogroup from 21 January 2013 to 12 January 2018, and as President of the Board of Governors of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) from 11 February 2013 until 12 January 2018.

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Jersey

Jersey (Jèrriais: Jèrri), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey (Bailliage de Jersey; Jèrriais: Bailliage dé Jèrri), is a Crown dependency located near the coast of Normandy, France.

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Jerusalem-Project

The Jerusalem-Project is a Swiss-Israeli-Palestinian initiative for the creation of new, unexpected perspectives, which should create a Win-win situation for Israelis and Palestinians.

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Jesús M. de Miguel Rodríguez

Jesús M. de Miguel Rodríguez (born 1947) is a sociologist and professor of sociology at the University of Barcelona where he is director of the sociological research group GRS.

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Jesús Villasante

Jesús Villasante is the head Net Innovation Unit of the Communications Networks, Content and Technology (Connect) Directorate General in the European Commission.

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Jesse Bering

Jesse Michael Bering (born 6 May 1975) is a writer and academic.

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Jessica Rosencrantz

Jessica Emilia Marie Rosencrantz, née Andersson, (born6 October 1987) is a Swedish politician for the Moderate Party, and a minister of the Riksdag since 2010.

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Jesus the Worker, Vitoria

Jesus the Worker, Vitoria, is a polytechnic institute founded by Jesuit Fr.

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Jim Dougal

James Dougal (19 March 1945 – 15 October 2010) was a Northern Irish journalist, writer and broadcaster who had worked, from 1969 until shortly before his death for RTÉ, UTV and the BBC.

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Jim Stolze

Jim Stolze (born November 30, 1973) is a European thought leader on digital transformation and entrepreneurship.

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Jo Cornu

Jozef Cornu (born 1944) is a Belgian engineer and business executive, since 2013 CEO of the National Railway Company of Belgium.

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Joakim Zander

Joakim Zander (born 1975 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish author and lawyer.

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Joanna Bruzdowicz

Joanna Bruzdowicz (born May 17, 1943 in Warsaw) is a Polish composer.

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Joanna Kuenssberg

Joanna Kate Kuenssberg (born 1973) is a British diplomat who has been the United Kingdom's High Commissioner to Mozambique since 2014.

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Joaquín Almunia

Joaquín Almunia Amann (born 17 June 1948) is a Spanish politician and formerly, prominent member of the European Commission.

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João Vale de Almeida

João Vale de Almeida (born 29 January 1957) is a European diplomat who is the current Ambassador of the European Union to the United Nations since October 2015.

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Jože Dežman

Jože Dežman (born 26 September 1955) is a Slovenian historian, museum curator, philosopher and editor.

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Jocelyn Dela-Cruz

Jocelyn Dela-Cruz (born Philippines) is a Principal Environmental Scientist at the New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Australia.

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Jodoigne

Jodoigne (Geldenaken) is a Walloon city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.

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Johann-Dietrich Wörner

Johann-Dietrich "Jan" Wörner, born 18 July 1954 in Kassel, is a German civil engineer, university professor and former president of Technische Universität Darmstadt.

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Johannes Hahn

Johannes Hahn (born 2 December 1957) is an Austrian politician who has served as European Commissioner for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations since November 2014.

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Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition

The Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition, also known as JREC, is the group of countries supporting the Declaration on The Way Forward on Renewable Energy (also known as the JREC Declaration), made at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, in September 2002.

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John Bourn

Sir John Bryant Bourn KCB (born 21 February 1934) is a former Comptroller and Auditor General and therefore a former head of the National Audit Office.

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John Dalli

John Dalli (born 5 October 1948) is a former Maltese politician who served as Cabinet Minister in various Maltese governments between 1987 and 2010.

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John Davies (businessman)

John Emerson Harding Harding-Davies, (8 January 1916 – 4 July 1979) was a successful British businessman who served as Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry during the 1960s.

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John Edwin Mroz

John Edwin Mroz (May 1, 1948 – August 15, 2014) was the founder, president, and CEO of the EastWest Institute, best known for his diplomatic efforts in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

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John F. Smith (musician)

John F. Smith is a British musician and trade unionist.

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John Fitzmaurice

John Fitzmaurice (18 November 1947 in Copenhagen - August 2003 in Brussels), was an administrator, academic and writer.

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John Kaputin

Sir John Kaputin, CMG (born 11 July 1941) was the foreign minister of Papua New Guinea from 1992 until 1994 and from December 1999 until 2000.

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John Loughhead

Prof John Neil Loughhead CB OBE FREng FIMechE FIET (born 24 September 1948) is a British businessman and Chief Scientific Adviser to Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS).

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John Mogg, Baron Mogg

John Frederick Mogg, Baron Mogg KCMG (5 October 1943) is a previous Chairman of Ofgem and the current Chairman of the EU Energy Regulators.

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John Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich

John Edward Hollister Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich (born 11 April 1943), is a British entrepreneur, politician and nobleman.

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John O'Farrell (venture capitalist)

John O’Farrell is an Irish venture capitalist at the Silicon Valley firm Andreessen Horowitz, which he joined in June 2010 as its third general partner.

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John Thackara

John Thackara (born 6 August 1951, Newcastle upon Tyne) is a British-born writer, advisor and public speaker.

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Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development

Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development (J&JPRD) is a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson that is responsible for discovering and developing pharmaceutical drugs.

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Joint audit

A joint audit is an audit on a legal entity (the auditee) by two or more auditors to produce a single audit report, thereby sharing responsibility for the audit.

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Joint European Resources for Micro to Medium Enterprises

Joint European Resources for Micro to Medium Enterprises or JEREMIE is an initiative of the European Commission in cooperation with the European Investment Fund to support private businesses in select member states.

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Joint Research Centre

The Joint Research Centre (JRC) is the European Commission's science and knowledge service which employs scientists to carry out research in order to provide independent scientific advice and support to EU policy.

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Joinup collaboration platform

Joinup is a collaboration platform created by the European Commission.

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Jokela school shooting

The Jokela school shooting occurred on 7 November 2007, at Jokela High School in Jokela, a town in the municipality of Tuusula, Finland.

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Joly Dixon

Henry Joly Dixon is a retired member of the European Civil Service, who served from 1993 to 2003 as Director of International Affairs in the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission.

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Jonas Öberg

Jonas Öberg (born 22 November 1977 in Sweden) is a free and open source software activist, describing himself as an instigator in the world of free, having worked with the Free Software Foundation Europe, GNU Project, FSCONS, Creative Commons and the Shuttleworth Foundation.

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Jonathan Faull

Sir Jonathan Michael Howard Faull KCMG (born 20 August 1954 in Chatham, Kent) is a former British official in the European Commission.

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Jonathan Glover

Jonathan Glover (born 1941) is a British philosopher known for his studies on ethics.

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Jonathan Michie

Jonathan Michie (born 25 March 1957, London, England) is a British economist and holds the joint post of Director of the Department for Continuing Education, and President of Kellogg College, University of Oxford, where he is Professor of Innovation & Knowledge Exchange.

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Jordan–European Union relations

Jordan–European Union relations are the relations between the European Union (EU) and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan which is outlined by a number of agreements and close co-operation.

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Jordi Gual

Jordi Gual Solé (Lleida, 1957) is a Spanish Economist and Chairman of CaixaBank and Professor of IESE Business School - University of Navarra.

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Jordi Montaña

Jordi Montaña has been the Rector of the University of Vic since 13 July 2010, when he was appointed by the Balmes University Foundation Board of Trustees.

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Jorge Briz Abularach

Jorge Briz Abularach (born 27 September 1955) is a Guatemalan politician who served as his country's foreign minister from January 2004 to July 2006 and president of Guatemala's Chamber of Commerce.

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Jorge Moreira da Silva

Jorge Manuel Lopes Moreira da Silva, GOIH (born 24 April 1971 in Vila Nova de Famalicão) is a Portuguese politician and an international expert on climate change, carbon finance, energy and environmental policy.

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José

José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph.

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José Manuel González-Paramo

José M. González-Páramo is Ph.D., M.Phil.

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José Sócrates

José Sócrates Carvalho Pinto de Sousa, GCIH (born 6 September 1957), commonly known as José Sócrates, is a Portuguese politician who was the Prime Minister of Portugal from 12 March 2005 to 21 June 2011.

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Joseph H. H. Weiler

Joseph Halevi Horowitz Weiler (born 2 September 1951) is a South African-American academic, currently serving as European Union Jean Monnet Chair at New York University Law School and Senior Fellow of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard.

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Joseph Muscat

Joseph Muscat (born January 22, 1974) is a Maltese politician who has served as Prime Minister of Malta since 2013, and Leader of the Partit Laburista (PL) since June 2008.

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Joshua Livestro

Joshua Livestro (born 16 December 1970, in Amersfoort) is a Dutch columnist and political writer.

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Josip Perković

Josip Perković (born 17 May 1945) is a former director of the Yugoslav-era Croatian secret police, the State Security Service (Služba državne sigurnosti, SDS),The State Security Service (SDB or SDS) was the federal secret police of Yugoslavia.

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JPI Oceans

The Joint Programming Initiative Healthy and Productive Seas and Oceans (JPI Oceans) is an intergovernmental initiative to enable cooperation in marine and maritime research.

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Juan Carlos I of Spain

Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, born 5 January 1938) reigned as King of Spain from 1975 until his abdication in 2014.

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Juan Pavón

Juan Pavón (born 19 November 1962) is a Spanish computer scientist, full professor of the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM).

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Judiciary of Greece

The Judicial system of Greece is the country's constitutionally established system of courts.

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Judiciary of Malta

The judiciary of Malta interprets and applies the laws of Malta, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution.

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Judiciary of Poland

Judiciary of Poland is a responsibility, as defined by the constitution of Poland, of a four-tier court system: the Supreme Court of Poland, the common courts, administrative courts (including the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland) and military courts.

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Judiciary of the Czech Republic

The Judiciary of the Czech Republic is set out in Constitution, which defines courts as independent institutions within the traditional framework of checks and balances.

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Judit Kormos

Judit Kormos is a Professor of Applied linguistics at the Lancaster University, United Kingdom.

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Judith Merkies

J.A. "Judith" Merkies (born 28 September 1966 in London, Ontario, Canada) is a Dutch politician for the Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid - PvdA).

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Juergen Zeddies

Juergen Zeddies (born 28 June 1942 in Hameln) is a German agricultural economist, Emeritus of the University of Hohenheim and an advisor to German and international governments and research organisations.

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Juha Sipilä

Juha Petri Sipilä (born in Veteli, 25 April 1961) is the current Prime Minister of Finland.

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Jules Horowitz Reactor

The Jules Horowitz Reactor (Réacteur Jules Horowitz or RJH) is a Material Test Reactor (MTR) cooled and moderated with water.

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Julia Gillard

Julia Eileen Gillard (born 29 September 1961) is a retired Australian politician who served as the 27th Prime Minister of Australia and Leader of the Australian Labor Party from 2010 to 2013.

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Julia Slingo

Dame Julia Mary Slingo, (née Walker; born 13 December 1950) is a British meteorologist and climate scientist.

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Julian Cooper

Julian Marc Cooper (born 1945) is a British academic, and specialist on Russian economic matters, including Russian defence budget and military expenditure.

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Julian King (diplomat)

Sir Julian Beresford King (born 22 August 1964) is a British diplomat and civil servant who served as Ambassador to Ireland and France and Director General of the Northern Ireland Office.

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Juliet Davenport

Juliet Davenport OBE (born 1968) is a British businesswoman.

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July 2016 Turkish military asylum incident in Greece

During the failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt on 15 July 2016, eight Turkish military personnel claimed asylum in Greece.

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Juncker Commission

The Juncker Commission is the European Commission in office since 1 November 2014 and is due to serve until 2019.

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Juncker–Asselborn Ministry I

The first Juncker–Asselborn Ministry was the government of Luxembourg between 31 July 2004 and 23 July 2009.

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June 2017 Portugal wildfires

A series of four initial deadly wildfires erupted across central Portugal in the afternoon of 17 June 2017 within minutes of each other, resulting in at least 66 deaths and 204 injured people.

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Juraj Chmiel

Juraj Chmiel (born 16 August 1960) is a Czech diplomat.

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Justice and Development Party (Turkey)

The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi), abbreviated officially AK Parti in Turkish, is a conservative political party in Turkey.

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Justin Webb

Justin Oliver Webb (born Justin Oliver Prouse, 3 January 1961 in Portsmouth, Hampshire) is a British journalist who has worked for the BBC since 1984.

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Justus Lipsius building

The Justus Lipsius building, located in Brussels, Belgium, was the headquarters of the Council of the European Union from 1995, and the de facto home of the European Council from 2002 (de jure as of 2004), until their relocation to the adjacent newly constructed Europa building at the beginning of 2017.

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Jutta Allmendinger

Jutta Allmendinger is a German social scientist, currently the President of the WZB Berlin Social Science Center.

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Jutta Limbach

Jutta Limbach (27 March 1934 – 10 September 2016) was a German jurist and politician.

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Juvenes Translatores

Juvenes Translatores (Latin for "young translators"), launched in 2007, is a translation contest for secondary school pupils in the European Union (EU) organised by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation (DGT).

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Jyllands-Posten

Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten (English: The Morning Newspaper "The Jutland Post"), commonly shortened to JP, is a Danish daily broadsheet newspaper.

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Jyrki Katainen

Jyrki Tapani Katainen (born 14 October 1971) is a Finnish politician and the European Commission Vice-President for Jobs, Growth, Investment and Competitiveness, in office since 2014.

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Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad (p; former German name: Königsberg; Yiddish: קעניגסבערג, Kenigsberg; r; Old Prussian: Twangste, Kunnegsgarbs, Knigsberg; Polish: Królewiec) is a city in the administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea.

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Kalypso Nicolaïdis

Kalypso Aude Nicolaïdis (Καλυψώ Νικολαΐδη) is a Greek / French academic, currently Professor of International Relations and Director of the Center for International Studies at Oxford University, England.

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Kanterkaas

Kanterkaas is a Dutch yellow cheese made from cow's milk.

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Kardinal-Frings-Gymnasium

The Kardinal-Frings-Gymnasium (KFG, until 1979 Erzbischöfliches Gymnasium Beuel) is a private catholic secondary school of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne in Beuel, a borough of the former German capital Bonn in North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Karel Schwarzenberg

Karel Schwarzenberg (born 10 December 1937) is a Czech politician, former leader of the TOP 09 party and its candidate for President of the Czech Republic in the 2013 election.

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Karel Van Miert

Karel Antonius Lucia Maria van Miert (17 January 1942 – 22 June 2009) was a Flemish politician of the Different Socialist Party and official of the European Commission.

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Karel Vinck

Karel Vinck (born 19 September 1938, Aalst) is a Belgian businessman.

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Karen Avraham

Karen B. Avraham (born in 1962) is an American-Israeli human geneticist.

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Karen Fogg

Karen Fogg is a British diplomat, who has worked for the European Commission, and served as the Head of the European Commission Delegation in Bucharest between 1993 and 1998, and as Head of the European Commission Delegation in Ankara between 1998 and 2002, after joining the Commission in 1973.

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Karin Kneissl

Karin Kneissl (born 18 January 1965) is an Austrian diplomat and journalist serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 18 December 2017.

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Karl Aiginger

Karl Aiginger (born October 23, 1948) is an Austrian economist.

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Karl Marx

Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.

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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie) is a public research university and one of the largest research and educational institutions in Germany.

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Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart

The Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart is a widespread table of nuclides in print.

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Karmenu Vella

Karmenu Vella is a Maltese politician and current member of the European Commission, where he is in charge of Environment, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.

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Kasia Glowicka

Kasia Glowicka (born Katarzyna Glowicka, October 12, 1977), also known as Katarina Glowicka, is an award-winning Polish composer and lecturer of computer music at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels.

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Kati Piri

Kati Piri (born 8 April 1979) is Hungarian-born Dutch politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Netherlands since July 2014.

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Katosi Water Works

Katosi Water Works (KWW), also Katosi Water Treatment Plant is a water purification project in Uganda.

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Katrin Amunts

Katrin Amunts is a German neuroscientist.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.

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Kazem Behbehani

Dr.

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KBC Bank

KBC Bank N.V. is a Belgian universal multi-channel bank, focusing on private clients and small and medium-sized enterprises.

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KCOM Group

KCOM Group (formerly known as Kingston Communications and latterly KC) is a UK communications and IT services provider.

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Keith Stenning

Keith Stenning is a cognitive scientist and Honorary Professor at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, UK.

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Ken Macdonald

Kenneth Donald John Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of River Glaven, QC (born 4 January 1953) was Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) of England and Wales (2003–2008).

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Kentriki Ellada

Kentriki Ellada (Κεντρική Ελλάδα), meaning Central Greece, is a first level NUTS division of Greece created for statistical purposes by the European Union.

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Kernel Patch Protection

Kernel Patch Protection (KPP), informally known as PatchGuard, is a feature of 64-bit (x64) editions of Microsoft Windows that prevents patching the kernel.

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Kerry Bog Pony

The Kerry Bog Pony is a mountain and moorland breed of pony that originated in Ireland.

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Kerry slug

The Kerry slug or Kerry spotted slug (Geomalacus maculosus) is a rare species of medium-sized to large air-breathing land slug.

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Kevin Cahill (author)

Kevin James Cahill (born October 1944) is an author and investigative journalist, living in Devon, England.

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Kevin Deveaux

Kevin Eugene Deveaux (born September 24, 1966) is a Canadian lawyer and an international expert on parliaments and political parties who worked for the United Nations as the senior global adviser on parliaments and their development from 2008-2012.

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Kevin Dunion

Kevin Harry Dunion (born 20 December 1955) is the Convener of the Standards Commission for Scotland and was the first Scottish Information Commissioner 2003−2012.

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Kevin McCabe (businessman)

Kevin Charles McCabe (born 1948) is an English property business man.

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Khan Dannun

Khan Dannun (خان دنون, also spelled Khan Danun, Khan Dunnun or Khan Dhul-Nun) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Markaz Rif Dimashq District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate.

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Kick It Out (organisation)

Kick It Out was established as a campaign with the brand name 'Let's Kick Racism Out of Football' in 1993 and as an organisation in 1997.

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Kidnapping of Alan Johnston

The kidnapping of Alan Johnston, a BBC journalist, by the Palestinian Army of Islam in Gaza City took place on 12 March 2007, following which Johnston was held in captivity for 114 days.

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Kiepe Electric

Kiepe Electric GmbH (formerly Vossloh Kiepe) is a German manufacturer of electrical traction equipment for trams, trolleybuses other road and rail transport vehicles, as well as air-conditioning and heating systems, and conveyor device components.

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Kilkee

Kilkee is a small coastal town in County Clare, Ireland.

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Killing of animals

The killing of animals is animal euthanasia (for pain relief), animal sacrifice (for a deity), animal slaughter (for food), hunting (for food, for sport, for fur and other animal products, etc.), blood sports, or roadkill (by accident).

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Kim Swales

Kim Swales is a Professor of Economics at the University of Strathclyde.

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Kimberley Process Certification Scheme

The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) is the process established in 2000 to prevent "conflict diamonds" from entering the mainstream rough diamond market by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/56 following recommendations in the Fowler Report.

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Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.

Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 133 S.Ct.

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Kip Meek

Kip Meek (born 18 April 1955), full name Kingsley John Neville Meek, is a British businessperson specialising in media and telecommunication.

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Kirchberg, Luxembourg

Kirchberg (Kierchbierg) is a quarter in north-eastern Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg.

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Kiril Tenekedjiev

Prof.

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Kirill Serebrennikov

Kirill Semyonovich Serebrennikov (Russian: Кирилл Семёнович Серебренников, born September 7, 1969) is a Russian stage and film director, and theatre designer.

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Kirsten Sehnbruch

Kirsten Sehnbruch (born March 15, 1970 in Oberhausen) is an associate professor of the Public Policy Institute of the Diego Portales University and director of the Centre for New Development Thinking.

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Klaus M. Leisinger

Klaus M. Leisinger (born 6 February 1947 in Lörrach) is a social scientist and economist.

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Klaus Regling

Klaus P. Regling (born 3 October 1950 in Lübeck, West Germany) is a German economist and current Chief Executive Officer of the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and Managing Director of the European Stability Mechanism.

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Klaus Wälde

Klaus Wälde (born 1966) is a German economist and Professor of Economics at the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz.

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Klaus Welle

Klaus Welle became the Secretary General of the European Parliament on 15 March 2009.

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Klimaschutz- und Energie-Beratungsagentur Heidelberg-Nachbargemeinden gGmbH (KliBA)

The Klimaschutz- und Energie-Beratungsagentur Heidelberg-Nachbargemeinden gGmbH (Climate Protection and Energy Advice Agency Heidelberg and neighboring municipalities), also called KliBA, is an independent non-profit organization founded on March 17, 1997 under the objective of assisting citizens, companies and municipalities in the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region with the implementation of environmentally sound measures.

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KLM

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V., is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands.

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KMG Ethiopia

KMG Ethiopia, also known as Kembatti Mentti Gezzima-Tope (Kembatta Women Standing Together), is an indigenous non-governmental charitable organization based in Kembata, Ethiopia, dedicated to protecting women's rights, fostering women's health and supporting the environment.

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Knowledge intensive business services

Knowledge Intensive Business Services (commonly known as KIBS) are services and business operations heavily reliant on professional knowledge.

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KOMP (communication device)

KOMP is a communication device for seniors, developed by the Norwegian startup No Isolation.

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Koninklijke Hoogovens

Koninklijke Hoogovens known as Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken (KNHS) until 1996 or informally Hoogovens.

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Konrad Mizzi

Konrad Mizzi (born 4 November 1977) is a Maltese Labour politician, currently serving as a Member of Parliament and as the Minister for Tourism in Malta.

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Konstanty Radziwiłł

Konstanty Mikołaj Melchior Maria Radziwiłł (born 1958), is a Polish politician and physician.

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Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini

Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini (1997) C-34/95 is an EU law case, concerning the free movement of goods in the European Union.

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Koralm Railway

The Koralm railway (Koralmbahn) is a 127 km-longJohannes Fleckl-Ernst: Geodätische Herausforderungen beim Projekt „Koralmtunnel“.

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Korea Institute for International Economic Policy

The Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) is a think tank under the affiliation of the South Korean government.

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Koreans in Germany

Koreans in Germany numbered 31,248 individuals, according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

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Kosova e Re

Kosova e Re, also known as the New Kosovo project, is a plan of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo to build a new 500 MW power plant near Prishtina, to rehabilitate the existing Kosovo B power plant and completely shut down the Kosovo A power plant which is considered the largest source of pollution in Kosovo.

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Kosovan local elections, 2008

The 2008 Serbian local elections in Kosovo were held on 11 May 2008, together with Serbia's parliamentary elections and elections in Vojvodina.

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Kosovo

Kosovo (Kosova or Kosovë; Косово) is a partially recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo (Republika e Kosovës; Република Косово / Republika Kosovo).

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Kosovo and the euro

Before Kosovo declared its independence in 2008, Kosovo unilaterally adopted the euro as its currency in 2002 when it was a United Nations mandate; although, it is not an official eurozone member.

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Kosovo Centre for Public Safety Education and Development

The Kosovo Centre for Public Safety Education and Development (KCPSED), formerly the Kosovo Police Service School, is a training centre and education provider for the Kosovo Police, and for other public services in Kosovo.

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Krško Nuclear Power Plant

The Krško Nuclear Power Plant (Jedrska elektrarna Krško, JEK, or Nuklearna elektrarna Krško, NEK, Nuklearna elektrana Krško) is located in Vrbina in the Municipality of Krško, Slovenia.

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Kremikovtzi AD

Kremikovtzi AD (Кремиковци АД) was Bulgaria's largest metalworking company.

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Krenar Gashi

Krenar Gashi (born 1982) is a Kosovar Albanian political scientist, currently based in Belgium as a Basileus doctoral fellow at the Centre for EU Studies, Ghent University.

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Kristalina Georgieva

Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova (Кристалина Иванова Георгиева-Кинова, born 13 August 1953 in Sofia)) is a Bulgarian politician and the current chief executive officer of the World Bank. Until 2017, she was European Commissioner for Budget and Human Resources in the college of the Juncker Commission.http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-16-3576_en.htm From 1993–2010, she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group, eventually rising to become its vice president and corporate secretary in March 2008. She has also served as a member of the board of trustees and associated professor in the Economics Department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria. On 27 September 2016, the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General. Her short run Secretary-General at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October, where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates. In the same vote, António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General. On 28 October, the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017. Georgieva was named "European of the Year" in 2010, europeanvoice.com, 30 November 2010 and "EU Commissioner of the Year", b2bnews.bg, 1 December 2010 as an acknowledgment of her work, in particular, her handling of the humanitarian disasters in Haiti and Pakistan. Previously, she had been nominated among the candidates for the category "Commissioner of the Year", the prestigious award organized by the European Voice newspaper.

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Kristian Norheim

Kristian Norheim (born 19 April 1976) is a Norwegian politician who has been a member of the Stortinget as an alternate for State Secretary Bård Hoksrud.

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Kulturzentrum Schlachthof (Wiesbaden)

The Kulturzentrum Schlachthof e.V. (literally, Cultural Center "Slaughterhouse") in Wiesbaden, Germany, is a cultural center in a complex which formerly housed the municipal slaughterhouse, approximately 500 meters southeast of the Wiesbaden Hauptbahnhof railway station.

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Kyogami

Kyogami is a board game based around the issue of climate change and the Kyoto Protocol, which considered reducing greenhouse gas emissions without hindering economic growth.

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Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.

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Kyoto Protocol and government action

This article is about the Kyoto Protocol and government action in relation to that treaty.

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L'Aquila

L'Aquila (meaning "The Eagle") is a city and comune in Southern Italy, both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila.

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La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport

La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport is an airport located 2.5 km northwest of La Rochelle, a commune of the département of Charente-Maritime in France.

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La vita non perde valore

La vita non perde valore (Life does not lose its value) is a 2012 documentary film about the reintegration into society of former child soldiers in Sierra Leone.

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Laboratoires Servier

Servier Laboratories (French: Laboratoires Servier, often abbreviated to Servier) is a privately owned French pharmaceutical company that specialises in medication for cardiological and rheumatological conditions, as well as for diabetes and clinical depression.

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Labour law

Labour law (also known as labor law or employment law) mediates the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions and the government.

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Labour market flexibility

The degree of labour market flexibility is the speed with which labour markets adapt to fluctuations and changes in society, the economy or production.

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Ladislav Miko

Ladislav Miko (born 9 April 1961) is Czech environmental expert and politician.

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Lagan Weir

The Lagan Weir, completed in 1994, at a cost of £14m, is located across the Lagan between the Queen Elizabeth Bridge and the M3 bridge (completed around the same time) in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

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Laganside Corporation

The Laganside Corporation was a non-departmental public body formed by the Laganside Development (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 with the goal of regenerating large sections of land in Belfast, Northern Ireland adjacent to the River Lagan.

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Lake Karla

Lake Karla (Λίμνη Κάρλα) is a former lake that sits at above sea level making it the only one in the plain of Thessaly.

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Lake Koroneia

Lake Koroneia (Λίμνη Κορώνεια) is a lake in the heart of the Thessaloniki regional unit in the Mygdonian basin in Greece.

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Lake Kuyucuk

Lake Kuyucuk (Kuyucuk Gölü) is a small shallow lake located in Arpaçay district of Kars Province in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey.

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Lake Turkana Wind Power Station

Lake Turkana Wind Power Project (LTWP) is the single largest private investment in Kenya’s history.

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Lalya Gaye

Lalya Gaye is a digital media artist and interaction designer whose early work was influential in the field of locative media.

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LAM Mozambique Airlines

LAM - Mozambique Airlines, S. A. (LAM - Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique, S. A.) or Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique, Ltd., operating as LAM Mozambique Airlines (LAM Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique), is the flag carrier of Mozambique.

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Lambert conformal conic projection

A Lambert conformal conic projection (LCC) is a conic map projection used for aeronautical charts, portions of the State Plane Coordinate System, and many national and regional mapping systems.

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Lambert Schaus

Lambert Schaus (18 January 1908 – 10 August 1976) was a Luxembourg politician, jurist, and diplomat.

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Land administration

Land administration is the way in which the rules of land tenure are applied and made operational.

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Land mine situation in Chechnya

Chechnya is the most land mine-affected region worldwide.

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Land's End Airport

Land's End Airport, situated near St Just in Penwith, west of Penzance, in Cornwall, is the most south westerly airport of mainland Britain.

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Landesbank Berlin Holding

Landesbank Berlin Holding (formerly Bankgesellschaft Berlin) (is a large commercial bank based in Berlin, Germany. It is the holding company of the Berliner Sparkasse and Landesbank. In 2007, LBB was taken over by the Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband (DSGV). Berlin was forced to sell its stake by the European Commission as a condition of permitting the bailout of the then Bankgesellschaft Berlin, which had gotten into difficulties due to a real-estate scandal. In 2010, a net profit of EUR 317 million was reported.

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Landfill Directive

The Landfill Directive, more formally Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 is a European Union directive that regulates waste management of landfills in the European Union.

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Language and the euro

Several linguistic issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar and the formation of plurals.

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Language education by region

Practices in language education vary significantly by region.

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Language interpretation

Interpretation or interpreting is a translational activity in which one produces a first and final translation on the basis of a one-time exposure to an utterance in a source language.

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Languages of Greece

The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by 99% of the population.

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Languages of the European Union

The languages of the European Union are languages used by people within the member states of the European Union (EU).

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LAPCAT

LAPCAT (Long-Term Advanced Propulsion Concepts and Technologies) was a 36-month European FP6 study to examine ways to produce engines for a Mach 4-8 hypersonic speed aircraft.

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Larisa Shchiryakova

Larisa Shchiryakova (Belarusian: Лариса Щирякова) is a Belarusian journalist who freelances for Belsat.

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Lars-Hendrik Röller

Lars-Hendrik Röller (born in Frankfurt am Main on July 19th, 1958) is a German economist who currently works as professor at the European School of Management and Technology.

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Laser fence

A laser fence or laser wall is a mechanism to detect objects passing the line of sight between the laser source and the detector.

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Lastovo

Lastovo (Lagosta, Augusta, Augusta Insula, Ladestanos, Illyrian: Ladest) is an island municipality in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County in Croatia.

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Late Payment Directive

The Late Payment Directive, 2011/7/EU is a Directive of the European Union concerning commercial late payments.

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Latvia

Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

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Latvian euro coins

Latvia replaced its previous currency, the lats, with the euro on 1 January 2014, after a European Union (EU) assessment in June 2013 asserted that the country had met all convergence criteria necessary for euro adoption.

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Laurent Gervereau

Laurent Gervereau (born 1956, in Paris) is a French artist, novelist, philosopher and filmmaker.

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Law 3037/2002

In 2002, the Greek government passed the vague and controversial Law 3037/2002 which effectively banned all electronic games in public places to fight illegal gambling.

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Law of France

In academic terms, French law can be divided into two main categories: private law ("droit privé") and public law ("droit public").

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Laws against Holocaust denial

Holocaust denial, the denial of the systematic genocidal killing of approximately six million Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, is illegal in 16 European countries and Israel.

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László Andor

László Andor (born 3 June 1966 in Zalaegerszeg) is a Hungarian economist.

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László Kovács (politician)

László Kovács (born 3 July 1939) is a Hungarian politician and diplomat, former European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union.

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Lëtzebuerger Journal

The Lëtzebuerger Journal is a daily newspaper in Luxembourg.

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Lúcio Mauro Vinhas de Souza

Lúcio Vinhas de Souza is a Portuguese economist.

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Le Bioscope

Le Bioscope is a former theme park at Ungersheim, in the Upper Rhine (the Haut-Rhin département) of France.

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Le Collège-Lycée Cévenol International

The Collège Cévenol—later known as Le Collège-Lycée Cévenol International—was a unique and historic international secondary school located in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, in the département of Haute-Loire, France.

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LEADER programme

The LEADER programme (an acronym in French meaning Links between actions for the development of the rural economy) is a European Union initiative to support rural development projects initiated at the local level in order to revitalise rural areas and create jobs.

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League of Polish Families

The League of Polish Families (Polish: Liga Polskich Rodzin, LPR) is a nationalist conservative political party in Poland, part of the Catholic-National Movement and with many elements of far-right ideology.

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Learning economy

Modern economies can be characterised as learning economies in which knowledge is the crucial resource and learning is the most important process.

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Lecithin

Lecithin (from the Greek lekithos, "egg yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so are both hydrophilic and lipophilic), and are used for smoothing food textures, dissolving powders (emulsifying), homogenizing liquid mixtures, and repelling sticking materials.

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Lecture recording

Lecture recording refers to the process of recording and archiving the content of a lecture, conference, or seminar.

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Legal Acts of the European Union

Legal Acts of the European Union are laws which are adopted by the Institutions of the European Union in order to exercise the powers given to them by the EU Treaties.

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Legal aid

Legal aid is the provision of assistance to people otherwise unable to afford legal representation and access to the court system.

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Legal status of the State of Palestine

There are a wide variety of views regarding the legal status of the State of Palestine, both among the states of the international community and among legal scholars.

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Legislature broadcaster

A legislature broadcaster is a broadcaster, a television channel or a radio station that mainly broadcasts sound or video from the legislature and other parliamentary chambers such as parliamentary commissions in a city, state or in a country.

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Legrand (company)

Legrand is a French industrial group historically based in Limoges in the Limousin region.

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Leif Östling

Leif Albert Östling (born 25 September 1945) is a Swedish chief executive officer and former head of the Scania AB truck company, owned by the German Volkswagen Group.

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Lenovo

Lenovo Group Ltd. or Lenovo PC International, often shortened to Lenovo (formerly stylized as lenovo), is a Chinese multinational technology company with headquarters in Beijing, China and Morrisville, North Carolina.

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Leo Tindemans

Leonard Clemence "Leo" Tindemans (16 April 1922 – 26 December 2014) was a Belgian politician.

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Leon Brittan

Leon Brittan, Baron Brittan of Spennithorne, (25 September 1939 – 21 January 2015) was a British politician, Conservative Member of Parliament, and barrister, as well as a member of the European Commission.

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Leonardo da Vinci programme

The Leonardo da Vinci programme is a European Commission funding programme focused on the teaching and training needs of those involved in vocational education and training (VET).

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Leonid Libkin

Leonid Libkin is a computer scientist who works in database theory, logic in computer science, and finite model theory.

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Leonidas Donskis

Leonidas Donskis (13 August 1962 – 21 September 2016) was a Jewish-Lithuanian philosopher, political theorist, historian of ideas, social analyst, and political commentator, professor of politics and head of "VDU Academia Cum Laude" at Vytautas Magnus University, Honorary Consul of Finland in Kaunas and deputy chairman of the Lithuanian Jewish Community.

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Leprechaun economics

Leprechaun economics was a term coined by Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman in a tweet on 12 July 2016 in response to the publication by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO) that Irish GDP had grown by 26.3%, and Irish GNP had grown by 18.7%, in the 2015 Irish national accounts.

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Les Anciens d'AEGEE-Europe

Les Anciens d'AEGEE is the alumni association of the interdisciplinary European students' association Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe (AEGEE).

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Les Reed (songwriter)

Leslie David Reed OBE (born 24 July 1935, in Woking, Surrey, England) is an English songwriter, arranger, musician and light orchestra leader.

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Lesbophobia

Lesbophobia (sometimes lesbiphobia) comprises various forms of negativity towards lesbians as individuals, as couples, or as a social group.

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Lesinurad

Lesinurad (brand name Zurampic) is a urate transporter inhibitor for treating hyperuricemia associated with gout.

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Lesley Abdela

Lesley Julia Abdela (born 17 November 1945) is a British expert on women's rights and representation.

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Leslie Fielding

Sir Leslie Fielding (born 29 July 1932 in London, England) is a former British diplomat.

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Leszno

Leszno (Lissa, between 1800 and 1918 also called Polnisch Lissa or Lissa in Posen) is a town in western Poland with 64,612 inhabitants (2014).

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Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies

The Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies is an interfaculty interdisciplinary research centre of the Humanities and Social Sciences at KU Leuven, Belgium.

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Levy Report

The Levy Report (דו״ח לוי), officially called Report on the Legal Status of Building in Judea and Samaria (דו״ח על מעמד הבניה באזור יהודה ושומרון), is an 89-page report on West Bank settlements published on 9 July 2012, authored by a three-member committee headed by former Israeli Supreme Court justice Edmund Levy.

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LGBT adoption

LGBT adoption is the adoption of children by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people.

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LGBT rights in Croatia

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Croatia have expanded in recent years but LGBT persons may still face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents.

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LGBT rights in Cyprus

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Cyprus may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents.

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LGBT rights in Europe

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country.

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LGBT rights in Latvia

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Latvia may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents.

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LGBT rights in Poland

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Poland face legal challenges not faced by non-LGBT residents.

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LGBT rights in Portugal

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in Portugal have improved substantially in the past decade and are now among the best in the world.

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LGBT rights in the European Union

LGBT rights in the European Union are protected under the European Union's (EU) treaties and law.

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LGBT rights in the Netherlands

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in the Netherlands have been some of the most progressive in the world.

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LGC Ltd

LGC Limited, formerly the Laboratory of the Government Chemist, is an international life sciences measurement and testing company.

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LGV Est

The Ligne à Grande Vitesse Est européenne (English: East European High Speed Line), typically shortened to LGV Est, is a French high-speed rail line that connects Vaires-sur-Marne (near Paris) and Vendenheim (near Strasbourg).

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Liam Fox

Liam Fox (born 22 September 1961) is a British politician of the Conservative Party serving as Secretary of State for International Trade and President of the Board of Trade since 2016.

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Liam McArthur

Liam Scott McArthur (born 8 August 1967) is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician and Member of the Scottish Parliament for Orkney since 2007.

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Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova

The Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova (Partidul Liberal Democrat din Moldova, PLDM) is a conservative political party in Moldova.

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Liberal Union Party of Albania

The Liberal Union Party is a political party in Albania.

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Liberbank

Liberbank is a Spanish bank constituted by a combination of Group Cajastur, Caja de Extremadura and Caja Cantabria.

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Libertas.eu

Libertas was a pan-European political party founded by Declan Ganley that took part in the European Parliament election, 2009 in several member states of the European Union.

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Liberty Stadium

The Liberty Stadium (Stadiwm Liberty) is a sports stadium and conferencing venue located in the Landore area of Swansea, Wales.

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Libor

The London Inter-bank Offered Rate is the average of interest rates estimated by each of the leading banks in London that it would be charged were it to borrow from other banks.

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Libor scandal

The Libor scandal was a series of fraudulent actions connected to the Libor (London Interbank Offered Rate) and also the resulting investigation and reaction.

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LibreOffice

LibreOffice is a free and open source office suite, a project of The Document Foundation.

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Libyan Airlines

Libyan Airlines (الخطوط الجوية الليبية; transliterated: al-Khutut al-Jawiyah al-Libiyah), formerly known as Libyan Arab Airlines over several decades, is the flag carrier of Libya.

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Licia Ronzulli

Licia Ronzulli (born: Milan, Italy 14 September 1975) was an Italian MEP representing The People of Freedom party and New Forza Italia party 2009-2014.

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Lieve Fransen

Lieve Fransen is a Senior Adviser to European Policy Centre on health, social and migration policies.

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Life cycle thinking

Life cycle thinking is an approach to becoming mindful of how everyday life affects the environment.

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LIFE Factory Microgrid

is a demonstrative project cofinanced by the LIFE+ 2013 programme of the European Commission and whose origin can be explained within the framework of the 20-20-20 challenge of the European Union to reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption.

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Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013

The Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 (previously referred to as the "Integrated action programme in the field of lifelong learning" or the "Integrated programme") is the European Union programme for education and training.

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Ligier

Ligier is a French automobile and minibus maker created by former racing driver and rugby player Guy Ligier, specialized in the manufacturing of microcars.

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Lignes Aériennes Congolaises (2005–2013)

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Lilian Edwards

Lilian Edwards is a UK academic and frequent speaker on issues of Internet law and intellectual property.

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Lilianne Ploumen

Elisabeth Maria Josepha "Lilianne" Ploumen (born 12 July 1962) is a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA).

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Limassol

Limassol (Λεμεσός; Limasol or Leymosun) is a city on the southern coast of Cyprus and capital of the eponymous district.

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Limbal stem cell

Limbal stem cells, also called corneal epithelial stem cells, are stem cells located in the basal epithelial layer of the corneal limbus.

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Limburg Zoo

The Limburg Zoo, also known as Zwartberg Zoo, was a zoo in the Belgian parish of Zwartberg in the municipality of Genk.

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LIMES Project

LIMES (Land and Sea Monitoring for Environment and Security) is an Integrated Project that provides to the GMES Program expertise in the security area through the development of applications and services applying innovative solutions based on Earth Observation systems and satellite Communication and Positioning technologies in the following domains.

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Linda Liukas

Linda Liukas (born 1986) is a Finnish computer programmer, children's writer and programming instructor.

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Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings

The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings are annual, scientific conferences held in Lindau, Bavaria, Germany since 1951.

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Lingueo

Lingueo.com is a social network whose aim is to help its users to practice and learn foreign languages.

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Lionello Levi Sandri

Lionello Levi Sandri (5 October 1910 in Milan – 14 April 1991 in Rome) was an Italian politician and European Commissioner.

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List of acronyms associated with the eurozone crisis

This is a list of acronyms and initialisms associated with the eurozone crisis.

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List of addresses to the Oireachtas

Several distinguished leaders have addressed a joint session of Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann, the two houses of the Oireachtas or parliament of Ireland.

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List of air carriers banned in the European Union

The list of air carriers banned in the European Union is a list of airlines failing to meet regulatory oversight standards of the EU, and which are banned from entering the airspace of any member state.

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List of airlines of North Korea

This is a list of airlines currently operating in North Korea.

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List of alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford

A list of alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford.

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List of alumni of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

This is a list of notable alumni of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (French: Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement, abbreviated IHEID or the Graduate Institute Geneva), a bilingual postgraduate university located in Geneva, Switzerland.

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List of ambassadors of Burundi to Belgium

The Burundian Ambassador to Belgium is the official representative of the Government of Burundi to the Government of Belgium.

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List of ambassadors of Myanmar to Belgium

The Myanmar Ambassador in Brussels is the official representative of the Government in Naypyidaw to the Government of Belgium and concurrently to the European Commission.

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List of ambassadors of Rwanda to Belgium

The Rwandan Ambassador to Belgium is the official representative of the Government of Rwanda to the Government of Belgium he is concurrently accredited to the European Commission, the government in The Hague and the Holy See.

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List of ambassadors of Thailand to Belgium

The Thai Ambassador in the City of Brussels is the official representative of the Government in Bangkok to the Government of Belgium and the European Union.

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List of ambassadors of Yemen to Belgium

The Yemenite ambassador in Brussels is the official representative of the Government in Aden to the Government of the Belgium and the European Commission.

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List of awards and nominations received by Adele

The English singer and songwriter Adele has received various awards and nominations.

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List of énarques

This is a list of énarques.

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List of banned video games

This is a list of video games that had been censored or banned by governments of various states in the world.

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List of bodies of the European Union

Below is a list of bodies of the European Union.

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List of business entities

A business entity is an entity that is formed and administered as per corporate law in order to engage in business activities, charitable work, or other activities allowable.

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List of Catalans

This is a list of notable people from Catalonia, Spain.

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List of citizen science projects

Citizen science projects are activities sponsored by a wide variety of organizations so non-scientists can meaningfully contribute to scientific research.

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List of civilian radiation accidents

This article lists notable civilian accidents involving radioactive materials or involving ionizing radiation from artificial sources such as x-ray tubes and particle accelerators.

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List of Columbia University people in politics, military and law

This is a partially sorted list of notable persons who have had ties to Columbia University.

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List of countries and dependencies by population

This is a list of countries and dependent territories by population.

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List of countries and dependencies by population density

This is a list of countries and dependent territories ranked by population density, measured by the number of human inhabitants per square kilometer.

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List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

This is a list of sovereign states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency released in 2015.

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List of countries by GDP (nominal)

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.

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List of countries by natural disaster risk

This is a list of countries by natural disaster risk, as measured in the World Risk Index, calculated by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) and featured in the 2016 World Risk Report (WRR 2016) published by the Alliance Development Works/Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft (BEH).

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List of countries by rail usage

This is a list of countries by rail usage.

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List of countries by system of government

This is a list of countries by system of government.

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List of countries with multiple capitals

Some countries have multiple capitals.

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List of country codes on British diplomatic vehicle registration plates

This is a list of country codes on British diplomatic car number plates, i.e. the first group of three numbers.

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List of Deputy Prime Ministers of Luxembourg

The Deputy Prime Minister of Luxembourg is the second-highest position in the Luxembourgian cabinet.

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List of designated terrorist groups

This is a list of designated terrorist groups by national governments, former governments, and inter-governmental organizations, where the proscription has a significant effect on the group's activities.

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List of digital library projects

This is a list of digital library projects.

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List of diplomatic missions in Albania

This page lists diplomatic missions resident in Albania.

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List of diplomatic missions in Algeria

This is a list of diplomatic missions in Algeria.

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List of diplomatic missions in Belgium

This page lists diplomatic missions resident in the Kingdom of Belgium.

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List of diplomatic missions in Brunei

This is a list of diplomatic missions in Brunei.

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List of diplomatic missions of the European Union

The member states of the European Union are aligned in their foreign policy on many issues.

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List of diplomatic visits to the United States

International trips made by the heads of state and heads of government to the United States have become a valuable part of American diplomacy and international relations since such trips were first made in the mid-19th century.

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List of egg dishes

This is a list of egg dishes.

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List of energy abbreviations

This is a list of acronyms found in the context of energy issues.

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List of European Commission portfolios

A portfolio in the European Commission is an area of responsibility assigned to a European Commissioner, usually connected to one or several Directorates-General (DGs).

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List of European Commissioners by nationality

A European Commissioner is a member of the European Commission.

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List of European Council meetings

This is a list of meetings of the European Council (informally referred to as EU summits); the meetings of the European Council, an institution of the European Union (EU) comprising heads of state or government of EU member states.

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List of European Space Agency programs and missions

The European Space Agency (ESA) operates a number of missions, both operational and scientific, including collaborations with other national space administrations such as the Japanese JAXA, the French CNES, the American NASA, and the Chinese CNSA.

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List of European Union member states by political system

This is a list of European Union member states, their forms of government and their parliaments.

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List of European Union robotics projects

This is a list of robotics projects in the European Union (EU), or sponsored by them.

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List of Finns

This is a list of notable people from Finland.

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List of G8 leaders

This is a list of the heads of government of the Group of 8 nations at each G6, G7, G8 summit since the organisation's inception in 1975.

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List of Galileo satellites

This is a list of past and present satellites of the Galileo navigation system.

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List of government departments, their agencies and their ministers in Northern Ireland

A list of Northern Ireland government departments, their agencies and their ministers and related organisations.

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List of homelessness organizations

This is a list of organizations that provide services or work on issues related to homelessness.

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List of In Our Time programmes

In Our Time is a discussion programme on the history of ideas; it has been hosted since 1998 by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom.

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List of international organisations which have French as an official language

List of international organisations which have French as an official, administrative or working language.

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List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official language

List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official, administrative or working language.

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List of international organization leaders in 2003

2002 international organization leaders – 2003 international organization leaders – 2004 international organization leaders – International organization leaders by year ---- See also.

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List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama

This is a list of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States.

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List of international presidential trips made by Benigno Aquino III

This is a list of foreign presidential trips made by Benigno Aquino III, the 15th President of the Philippines.

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List of international presidential trips made by François Hollande

This is a list of international presidential trips made by François Hollande, the 24th President of France.

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List of international presidential trips made by Petro Poroshenko

This is a list of international presidential trips made by Petro Poroshenko, the 5th President of Ukraine.

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List of international trips made by the President of the United States

International trips made by the President of the United States have become a valuable part of U.S. diplomacy and international relations since such trips were first made in the early 20th century.

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List of international trips made by the United States Secretary of State

This is a list of international visits undertaken by the United States Secretary of State.

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List of Irish people

This is a list of notable Irish people who were born on the island of Ireland, in either the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland, and have lived there for most of their lives.

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List of Italians

This is a list of Italians, who are identified with the Italian nation through residential, legal, historical, or cultural means, grouped by their area of notability.

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List of largest mergers and acquisitions

The following tables list the largest mergers and acquisitions in their respective decade.

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List of least carbon efficient power stations

This is a list of least carbon efficient power stations in selected countries.

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List of Linux adopters

Linux adopters are organizations and individuals who have moved from other operating systems to Linux.

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List of Luxembourgers

This is a list of people from Luxembourg.

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List of mayors of Lisbon

This is a list of mayors of Lisbon (Lisboa, CML, literally: "President of the Municipal Chamber of Lisbon", and also Lisboa, literally: "President of the Municipality of Lisbon"), the capital city of Portugal, and also the most populated.

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List of members of the European Parliament for Croatia, 2014–19

This is a list of Members of the European Parliament for the Croatia in the 2014 to 2019 session, ordered by name.

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List of members of the Hellenic Parliament, 2012–14

This is a list of the 300 members who were elected to the Greek Parliament in the Greek legislative election, June 2012.

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List of members of the Parliament of Finland, 2011–15

The 36th Eduskunta follows the parliamentary election held on 17 April 2011.

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List of Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni

This is a list of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University) alumni.

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List of National Coordinate Reference Systems

The list of national Coordinate Reference systems (or list of official geographic projections,...) lists geographic projections officially recommended for existing countries.

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List of New York University alumni

New York University (NYU) is one of the world's premier residential research and teaching institutions.

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List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States

This is a list of nicknames of Presidents of the United States that were in common usage at the time they were in office or shortly thereafter.

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List of non-governmental organizations in Vietnam

This is a list of notable non-governmental organizations working in Vietnam or connected with Vietnam.

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List of nuclear research reactors

This is an annotated list of all the nuclear research reactors in the world, sorted by country, with operational status.

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List of NUTS regions in the European Union by GDP

The European Union uses a classification for subnational territory called Nomenclature des Unites Territriales Statistiques (commonly abbreviated as NUTS).

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List of oceanographic institutions and programs

This is a list of oceanography, atmospheric science and climate related institutions and programs.

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List of official languages by institution

This is a list of official languages for significant regional and international institutions.

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List of official trips made by Edi Rama

This is a list of official trips made by Edi Rama as the 33rd Prime Minister of the Republic of Albania.

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List of open-source software for mathematics

This is a list of open-source software to be used for high-order mathematical calculations.

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List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol

As of June 2013, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to combat global warming.

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List of people associated with Bletchley Park

This is a list of people associated with Bletchley Park (the British codebreaking establishment), notable either for their achievements there or elsewhere.

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List of people associated with the London School of Economics

This list of people associated with the London School of Economics includes notable alumni, non-graduates, academics and administrators affiliated with the London School of Economics and Political Science.

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List of people from Sligo

Sligo is a town in the North West of the Republic of Ireland and the county town of County Sligo, and has produced several noted artists, entertainers, politicians and business-people.

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List of people from the London Borough of Ealing

Among those who were born in the London Borough of Ealing, or have dwelt within the borders of the modern borough are (alphabetical order).

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List of Polish cheeses

This is a list of cheeses from Poland.

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List of political catchphrases

The following is a list of political catchphrases, that is, distinctive statements uttered by political figures that have gone on to become well known.

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List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland

There are a number of political parties in Ireland, and coalition governments are common.

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List of politicians in Poland

This is the list of the most popular politicians in Poland ranked by the level of the trust and distrust among the voters.

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List of postal codes in Belgium

For more see Postal codes in Belgium.

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List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2014

This is a list of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2014, the sixth year of his presidency as the 44th President of the United States.

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List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2016

This is a list of presidential trips made by Barack Obama during 2016, the eighth year of his presidency as the 44th President of the United States.

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List of presidential trips made by Frank-Walter Steinmeier

This is a list of presidential visits to foreign countries made by Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the current President of Germany.

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List of presidents of College of Europe

The President of the Administrative Council of the College of Europe chairs its highest decision-making authority, and is responsible for the implementation of the College’s objectives.

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List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union

This is a list of presidents of the institutions of the European Union (EU).

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List of recognized higher education accreditation organizations

This is a list of recognized higher education related accreditation organizations.

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List of science and technology awards

A list of medals, prizes, and other awards in the fields of science, technology, engineering and social science.

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List of Stewards of the Manor of Northstead

The position of Steward of the Manor of Northstead is a procedural device to allow Members of Parliament to resign from the British House of Commons.

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List of style guides

A style guide or style manual is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization or field.

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List of supranational environmental agencies

A variety of supranational environmental agencies, commissions, programs and secretariats exist across the world today.

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List of the first LGBT holders of political offices

This is a list of political offices which have been held by a lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender person, with details of the first holder of each office.

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List of the largest trading partners of the European Union

According to the European Commission Directorate-General for Trade.

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List of the names of bodies of the European Union in its official languages

This is a list of the names of the bodies of the European Union in its official languages.

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List of top international rankings by country

This list of top international rankings by country includes global-scale lists of countries with rankings (this list only contains sovereign states), sorted by country that is placed top or bottom in the respective ranking.

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List of treaties

This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.

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List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status

A number of United Kingdom (and Isle of Man and Channel Islands) food and drink products have been granted Protected Geographical Status under European Union law.

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List of University of Greifswald people

This List of people associated with the University of Greifswald contains notable alumni and faculty past and present of an institution of higher education founded as early as 1456.

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List of University of London people

The following people spent time at the University of London as either teaching staff or students.

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List of visitors to Tsitsernakaberd

Tsitsernakaberd is the official memorial to the Armenian Genocide victims in Yerevan, Armenia.

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List of volunteer awards

This is a list of awards issued by organisations and governmental bodies honoring the contributions of volunteers (unpaid staff).

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List of waste management acronyms

The following article contains a list of acronyms and initials used in the waste management industry.

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List of whistleblowers

This is a list of major whistleblowers from various countries.

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Literacy in the United States

Rates of literacy in the United States depend on which of the various definitions of literacy is used.

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Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.

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Lithuania and the euro

Lithuania is an EU member state which joined the Eurozone by adopting the euro on 1 January 2015.

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Lithuanian census of 1923

The Lithuanian census of 1923 was performed on September 17–23, several years after Lithuania re-established its independence in 1918.

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Lithuanian Diplomatic Service

The Diplomatic Service of the Republic of Lithuania is part of the governmental service tasked with enforcing the foreign policy set by the President, the Parliament, and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania.

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Lithuanian European Union membership referendum, 2003

The 2003 Lithuanian European Union referendum took place from 10 May to 11 May 2003 to decide whether Lithuania should join the European Union (EU).

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Lithuanian parliamentary election, 2008

Parliamentary elections were held in Lithuania on 12 October 2008, with a second round on 26 October in the constituencies where no candidate won a majority in the first round of voting.

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LitPol Link

The Lithuania–Poland interconnection LitPol Link represents electricity link between the Baltic transmission system (part of the IPS/UPS system) and the synchronous grid of Continental Europe.

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Livechat Software

LiveChat Software (WSE:LVC) is a customer service software company and developer of LiveChat - software as a service-based help desk software and online chat software for ecommerce sales, customer support and lead generation.

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LliureX

LliureX is a project of the Generalitat Valenciana whose objective is the introduction of the new technologies of information and communication based on free software in the education system in the Valencian Community.

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Lloyds Bank

Lloyds Bank plc is a British retail and commercial bank with branches across England and Wales.

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Lloyds Banking Group

Lloyds Banking Group plc is a major British financial institution formed through the acquisition of HBOS by Lloyds TSB in 2009.

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Load securing

Load securing, also known as cargo securing, is the securing of cargo for transportation.

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Lobby register

A Lobby Registry, also named Lobbyist Registry, Register for Lobby Transparency or Registry of Lobbyists is a public database, in which information about lobbying actors and key data about their actions can be accessed.

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Lobbying

Lobbying, persuasion, or interest representation is the act of attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of officials in their daily life, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies.

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LOBSTER

LOBSTER was a European network monitoring system, based on passive monitoring of traffic on the internet.

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Local number portability

Local number portability (LNP) for fixed lines, and full mobile number portability (FMNP) for mobile phone lines, refers to the ability of a "customer of record" of an existing fixed-line or mobile telephone number assigned by a local exchange carrier (LEC) to reassign the number to another carrier ("Service Provider Portability"), move it to another location ("Geographic Portability"), or change the type of service ("Service Portability").

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Loco2

Loco2 is an online booking service for train travel in the UK and Europe.

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Loganair

Loganair Limited is a Scottish regional airline founded in 1962, with its registered office on the grounds of Glasgow Airport in Paisley, Renfrewshire.

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Logical framework approach

The Logical Framework Approach (LFA) is a methodology mainly used for designing, monitoring, and evaluating international development projects.

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Logology (science of science)

Logology ("the science of science") is the study of all aspects of science and of its practitioners—aspects philosophical, biological, psychological, societal, historical, political, institutional, financial.

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Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash

The Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash occurred on 7 September 2011 when Yak-Service's Flight 9633, a Yakovlev Yak-42 charter flight carrying the players and coaching staff of the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl professional ice hockey team, crashed near the Russian city of Yaroslavl.

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Londa Schiebinger

Londa Schiebinger (shē/bing/ǝr; born May 13, 1952) is the John L. Hinds Professor of History of Science, Department of History, and by courtesy the d-school, Stanford University.

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London School of Economics

The London School of Economics (officially The London School of Economics and Political Science, often referred to as LSE) is a public research university located in London, England and a constituent college of the federal University of London.

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Longannet power station

Longannet power station was a large closed coal-fired power station in Fife.

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Longer Heavier Vehicle

Longer Heavier Vehicles (LHVs), also called super lorries, is a classification of large goods vehicle (LGV) (formerly Heavy Goods Vehicles, HGVs) in the United Kingdom.

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Lophelia

Lophelia pertusa, the only species in the genus Lophelia, is a cold-water coral which grows in the deep waters throughout the North Atlantic ocean, as well as parts of the Caribbean Sea and Alboran Sea.

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Lorenzo Natali Journalism Prize

The European Commission is organizing the Lorenzo Natali Prize as part of its efforts to promote development, human rights and democracy and help lift developing countries out of poverty.

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Loughborough University Department of Politics, History and International Relations

The Department of Politics, History and International Relations (PHIR) is a department of Loughborough University located in Leicestershire in the UK.

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Louis Michel

Louis Hortense Omer Charles Michel (born 2 September 1947) is a Belgian politician.

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Louis-Georges Rabot

Louis-Georges Rabot (1913 – June 1978) was a French and European civil servant who served as the first Director-General for Agriculture in the European Commission from 1958 to 1978.

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Lousewies van der Laan

Louse Wies Sija Anne Lilly Berthe (Lousewies) van der Laan (born 18 February 1966 in Rotterdam) is a Dutch politician and was the leader of the parliamentary group of the social liberal Democrats 66 (D66) in the House of Representatives for six months in 2006.

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Low-carbon fuel standard

A low-carbon fuel standard (LCFS) is a rule enacted to reduce carbon intensity in transportation fuels as compared to conventional petroleum fuels, such as gasoline and diesel.

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Low-cost carrier

A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline (also known as ''no-frills'', ''discount'' or budget carrier or airline, or LCC) is an airline without most of the traditional services provided in the fare, resulting in lower fares and fewer comforts.

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Loyola de Palacio

Ignacia Loyola de Palacio y del Valle-Lersundi (16 September 1950—13 December 2006) was a Spanish politician.

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Lublin

Lublin (Lublinum) is the ninth largest city in Poland and the second largest city of Lesser Poland.

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Luc Coene

Luc Coene (11 March 1947 – 5 January 2017) was a Belgian economist.

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Luc Soete

Luc Soete (born 15 September 1950, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek) is a Belgian economist, Rector Magnificus and professor of International Economic Relations at the School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, and former director of UNU-MERIT, a joint research institute of the United Nations University (UNU) and Maastricht University.

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Ludger Fischer

Ludger Fischer (born 30 October 1957 in Essen) is a German historian on building history, reviewer of contemporary architecture and political scientist.

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Ludwig Krämer

Ludwig Krämer (born 1939) is a German academic and former public servant who is active in the field of environmental law at national, regional and international levels and in particular in the European Community.

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Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter

Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter mbH, commonly abbreviated LGW, is a German regional airline headquartered in Dortmund.

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Lufthansa

Deutsche Lufthansa AG, commonly known as Lufthansa (sometimes also as Lufthansa German Airlines), is the largest German airline and, when combined with its subsidiaries, also the largest airline in Europe both in terms of fleet size and passengers carried during 2017.

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Luis de Guindos

Luis de Guindos Jurado (born 16 January 1960) is a Spanish politician.

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Luis Garicano

Luis Garicano Gabilondo (Valladolid, 1967) is a Spanish economist.

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Luisa Massimo

Luisa Massimo (22 December 1928 – 5 October 2016) was an Italian pediatrician.

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Lukáš Parízek

Lukáš Parízek (born 9 September 1986, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) is a Slovak politician, current State Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic, appointed on 23 March 2016 following the Slovak parliamentary elections on 5 March 2016 and the Special Representative for the Slovak OSCE Chairmanship.

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Lundbeck

H.

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Lupinus

Lupinus, commonly known as lupin or lupine (North America), is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae.

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Luv Puri

Luv Puri is an award-winning South Asian journalist and political analyst.

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Lux-Development

Lux-Development S.A., better known as LuxDev, is the aid and development agency of the government of Luxembourg.

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Luxembourg City

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg, Luxembourg, Luxemburg), also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg or d'Stad, Ville de Luxembourg, Stadt Luxemburg, Luxemburg-Stadt), is the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (also named "Luxembourg"), and the country's most populous commune.

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Luxembourg compromise

The Luxembourg Compromise (or "Luxembourg Accord") was an agreement reached in January 1966 to resolve the "empty chair crisis" which had caused a stalemate within European Economic Community.

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Luxembourg Leaks

Luxembourg Leaks (sometimes shortened to Lux Leaks or LuxLeaks) is the name of a financial scandal revealed in November 2014 by a journalistic investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists.

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Luxembourg Stock Exchange

The Luxembourg Stock Exchange, LuxSE (French: Bourse de Luxembourg) is based in Luxembourg City at 35A boulevard Joseph II.

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Luxemburger Wort

Luxemburger Wort is a German language Luxembourgish daily newspaper.

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Luxury vehicle

Luxury vehicle is a marketing term for a vehicle that provides luxury—pleasant or desirable features beyond strict necessity—at increased expense.

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Lynemouth power station

Lynemouth Power Station is a biomass power plant which provides electricity for the UK National Grid.

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Lyon

Lyon (Liyon), is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France.

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Lyon Turin Ferroviaire

Lyon Turin Ferroviaire (LTF), subsidiary of Réseau Ferré de France (RFF) and Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI), was the early developer of the joint French-Italian part of the future rail link between Lyon and Turin.

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M-segment

M-segment is a car classification defined by European Commission as multi purpose cars.

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Maastricht Treaty

The Treaty on European Union (TEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Maastricht is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Rome). The TEU was originally signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands to further European integration. On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty. Upon its entry into force on 1 November 1993 during the Delors Commission, it created the three pillars structure of the European Union and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro. TEU comprised two novel titles respectively on Common Foreign and Security Policy and Cooperation in the Fields of Justice and Home Affairs, which replaced the former informal intergovernmental cooperation bodies named TREVI and European Political Cooperation on EU Foreign policy coordination. In addition TEU also comprised three titles which amended the three pre-existing community treaties: Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, and the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community which had its abbreviation renamed from TEEC to TEC (being known as TFEU since 2007). The Maastricht Treaty (TEU) and all pre-existing treaties, has subsequently been further amended by the treaties of Amsterdam (1997), Nice (2001) and Lisbon (2009).

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Małgorzata Górska

Małgorzata Górska is a Polish activist and conservationist, who played an integral role in the movement to protect the Rospuda Valley in north-eastern Poland, one of Europe’s last true wilderness areas.

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Macedonia (region)

Macedonia is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe.

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Machine translation

Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT (not to be confused with computer-aided translation, machine-aided human translation (MAHT) or interactive translation) is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.

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Maciej Nowicki

Maciej Nowicki (born 28 September 1941 in Warsaw) is a Polish politician, manager and scientist.

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Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure

The Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) was introduced by the European Union in autumn 2011 amidst the economic and financial crisis, and entered into force on 13 December 2011.

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Made in EU

Made in EU (also Made in the EU and Made in Europe) is a designation of origin that has been established since 2003 by the European Commission.

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Madou Plaza Tower

Madou Plaza Tower is a high-rise building in Brussels (Belgium).

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MAIDS report

The MAIDS (Motorcycle Accidents In Depth Study) report is a large-scale, comprehensive study of Powered Two Wheelers (PTW, i.e., motorcycles, scooters and mopeds) accidents carried out across five European countries, using both accident and exposure (or control) cases, as was done in the Hurt Report, and following the standards of OECD.

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Mailis Reps

Mailis Reps (née Rand, born 13 January 1975 in Tallinn) is an Estonian politician, a member of the Estonian Centre Party.

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Main line for Europe

The Main line for Europe (referred to as the Magistrale für Europa in German and Magistrale européenne in French) is a Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) project for the creation of a high-speed railway line between Paris and Bratislava, with a branch-off to Budapest.

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Majuba Power Station

Majuba Power Station between Volksrust and Amersfoort in Mpumalanga, South Africa, is a coal-fired power plant operated by Eskom.

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Makers UPV

Makers UPV is a non-profit community of students from the Universitat Politècnica of València (Valencia, Spain) founded in April 2013, whose objective is to enhance the learning experience of students by adding a practical approach based on "experiential learning", Do it yourself and the Maker Culture.

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Malado Kaba

Malado Kaba (born 1971) is a Guinean economist and politician who has served a finance minister since January 2016.

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Malév Hungarian Airlines

MALÉV Ltd. (Zrt.), which did business as MALÉV Hungarian Airlines (Magyar Légiközlekedési Vállalat, abbreviated MALÉV), was the flag carrier of Hungary from 1946 until 2012.

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Malcolm Johnson (administrator)

Malcolm Johnson (born 19 June 1947) is a British current of the ITU and former Director of the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB) of the ITU Standardization Sector (ITU-T).

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Malfatti Commission

Term: 1973-1977 Party: CD --> The Malfatti Commission is the European Commission that held office from 1 July 1970 to 21 March 1972.

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Malin Persson Giolito

Anna Malin Ulrika Persson Giolito (born 25 September, 1969 in Stockholm) is a Swedish author and lawyer.

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Malta Declaration (European Union)

The Malta Declaration is a declaration made on 3 February 2017 during the European migrant crisis by leaders of the European Union in Malta, which holds the six-month rotating presidency of the European Union, that focuses on measures to stem the flow of immigration from Libya to Italy and the EU.

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Malta–Sicily interconnector

The Malta–Sicily interconnector is the submarine power cable which connects the power grid of Malta with the Italian Transmission Network managed by Terna, which is part of the European grid.

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Maltese lira

The lira (lira Maltija, plural: liri, ISO 4217 code: MTL) was the currency of Malta from 1825 until 31 December 2007.

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Manisa

Manisa is a large city in Turkey's Aegean Region and the administrative seat of Manisa Province.

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Mansholt Commission

Term: 1972-1973 Party: SOC --> The Mansholt Commission is the European Commission that held office from 22 March 1972 to 5 January 1973.

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Manuel Alvar

Manuel Alvar (July 8, 1923 - August 13, 2001) was a Spanish linguist, historian, and university professor who specialized in the study of dialectology and philology of the Spanish language.

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Manuel Marín

Manuel Marín González (21 October 1949 – 4 December 2017) was a Spanish politician, former President of the Congress of Deputies of Spain.

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Maraviroc

Maraviroc (INN, brand-named Selzentry, or Celsentri outside the U.S.) is an antiretroviral drug in the CCR5 receptor antagonist class used in the treatment of HIV infection.

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María José Alonso

María José Alonso (Carrizo de la Ribera, León, Spain, 1958) is full professor of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology at the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain.

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MarBEF Data System

MarBEF Data System (Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning) was a project of the European Union's Network of Excellence which served as a platform to integrate and disseminate knowledge and expertise on marine biodiversity, with informative links to researchers, industry, stakeholders and the general public.

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Marc Fonbaustier

Marc Fonbaustier (born 30 June 1964 in Saint-Vallier, France) is a French diplomat, Deputy Managing Director of Agence de Coopération Médias (subsidiary of France Médias Monde) since September 2017, France Ambassador to Togo from 2014 to 2017, and General Consul of France to Hong-Kong and Macau from 2009 to 2010.

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Marc Luyckx Ghisi

Marc Luyckx Ghisi was born 20 April 1942 in Louvain, Belgium.

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Marc-Henri Wajnberg

Marc-Henri Wajnberg is a Belgian film director born in 1953.

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Marco Dorigo

Marco Dorigo (born 26 August 1961, in Milan, Italy) is a research director for the Belgian Funds for Scientific Research and a co-director of IRIDIA, the artificial intelligence lab of the Université Libre de Bruxelles.

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Marco Iansiti

Marco Iansiti is a professor at the Harvard Business School, whose primary research interest is technology and operations strategy and the management of innovation.

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Mareel

Mareel is a multi-purpose entertainment venue located on the waterfront of Lerwick, the capital of Shetland.

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Marek Prawda

Marek Prawda, born 1 October 1956 in Kielce) is a Polish diplomat. Currently he is Head of Representation - Poland at European Commission since April 2016. Prawda studied economics at the University of Leipzig and sociology at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Science. In 1979 he obtained a degree in economic studies and in 1984 a PhD degree in sociology. In 1992 he started his diplomatic career as First Secretary to the Embassy of Poland in Bonn, Germany. In 2000 and 2005 he had been Director at the Secretariat of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. From 2001 to 2005, he served as Ambassador to Sweden, from 2006 to 2012 as Ambassador to Germany and from 2012 to 2016 as Ambassador to the European Union. After Beata Szydło took over the government Prawda had to leave the diplomatic service in February 2016. One month later he was appointed by Jean-Claude Juncker as Head of the European Representation in Warsaw. While Ambassador to Germany, Prawda has been an important promoters of the German-Polish dialogue. In 2012 he has been awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Order of Merit of Brandenburg. Prawda has published a number of articles on Polish-German relations in newspapers and magazines.

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Margaret Gallagher

Margaret Gallagher is an Irish freelance researcher and writer specialising in gender and media.

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Margaret Gallagher bibliography

Margaret Gallagher is an Irish freelance researcher and writer specialising in gender and media.

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Margaritis Schinas

Margaritis Schinas (Μαργαρίτης Σχοινάς, born July 28, 1962 in Thessaloniki, Greece) is the current Chief Spokesperson of the European Commission, and a Deputy Director-General at the Commission's DG Communication.

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Marginal efficiency of capital

The marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) is that rate of discount which would equate the price of a fixed capital asset with its present discounted value of expected income.

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Margot Wallström

Margot Elisabeth Wallström (born 28 September 1954) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician and has served as Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Nordic Cooperation since October 2014.

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Margrethe Vestager

Margrethe Vestager (born 13 April 1968) is a Danish politician, who is currently serving as the European Commissioner for Competition.

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Margunn Bjørnholt

Margunn Bjørnholt (born 9 October 1958 in Bø, Telemark) is a Norwegian sociologist and economist.

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Mari people

The Mari (мари, марийцы) are a Finno-Ugric ethnic group, who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia.

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Maria Grazia Giammarinaro

Maria Grazia Giammarinaro (born 23 June 1953) is an Italian judge and policy-maker.

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Maria João Rodrigues

Maria João Rodrigues (born 1955) is a Portuguese academic specialised in EU affairs and a European politician.

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Maria Luís Albuquerque

Maria Luís Albuquerque (born 16 September 1967 in Braga) is a Portuguese politician.

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Marian Oprișan

Marian Oprişan (born September 14, 1965) is a Romanian politician.

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Mariana Kotzeva

Mariana Mihaylova Kotzeva (Мариана Михайлова Коцева, born March 12, 1967) is a Bulgarian statistician and econometrician.

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Mariana Mazzucato

Mariana Mazzucato (born June 16, 1968) is an economist, with dual Italian and United States citizenship.

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Mariann Fischer Boel

Mariann Fischer Boel (born 15 April 1943, Åsum) is a Danish politician, serving as European Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development from 2004 to 2009.

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Marianne Githens

Marianne Githens (November 10, 1936 – February 27, 2018) was an American political scientist, feminist, and author.

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Marie Curie Fellows Association

The Marie Curie Fellows Association (MCFA) is the association of scientists who have been awarded a Marie Curie fellowship or other research training grants from the European Commission within the Marie Curie Actions programme (FP6), the People programme (FP7), or the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions programme (Horizon 2020).

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Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions

Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) are a set of major mobility research grants created by the European Union/European Commission to support research in the European Research Area (ERA).

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Marilyn Douala Bell

Marilyn Douala Bell is a socio-economist and current president of the cultural organisation doual'art based in Douala, Cameroon.

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Marina Blagojević

Marina Blagojević (also, Marina Šijaković-Blagojević and Marina Blagojević Hughson; born 1958) is a Serbian sociologist, gender scholar, gender expert, and feminist.

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Marina Catena

Marina Catena is the Director of the United Nations World Food Programme in Paris and Lieutenant of the Italian Army (Specialized Reserve).

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Marine Equipment Directive 96/98/EC

Marine Equipment Directive 96/98/EC (also known as M.E.D. 96/98/EC and often called M.E.D/MED approval or certification in everyday language) is an authorization of equipment and products for Marine industry.

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Marine spatial planning

Marine spatial planning (MSP) is a process that brings together multiple users of the ocean – including energy, industry, government, conservation and recreation – to make informed and coordinated decisions about how to use marine resources sustainably.

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Mario Telò

Mario Telò (born 3 August 1950, Cremona, Italy) is an Italian political scientist and researcher who focuses on European studies, political theory and international relations.

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Mariya Gabriel

Mariya Ivanova Gabriel (née Nedelcheva; born 20 May 1979) is a Bulgarian politician and a member of the GERB party.

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Mark Gasson

Mark N. Gasson is a British scientist and visiting research fellow at the Cybernetics Research Group, University of Reading, UK.

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Mark Weisbrot

Mark Alan Weisbrot is an American economist and columnist.

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Market surveillance (products)

Market surveillance for products ensures that products on the market are in conformity with the applicable law.

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Marketing Authorization Application

Marketing Authorisation Application (MAA) is an application submitted by a drug manufacturer seeking permission to bring a newly developed medicinal product (for example, a new medicine) to the market.

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Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004

The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (known as "MiFID") as subsequently amended is a European Union law that provides harmonised regulation for investment services across the 31 member states of the European Economic Area (the 28 EU member states plus Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein).

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Marko Perković

Marko Perković (born 27 October 1966) is a Croatian musician and has been the lead singer of the band Thompson since 1991.

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Markos Kyprianou

Markos Kyprianou (Μάρκος Κυπριανού; born 22 January 1960 in Limassol) is a Cypriot politician who served as a Minister of Foreign Affairs until his official resignation on 19 July 2011, following the events of the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion.

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Markus Söder

Markus Söder (born 5 January 1967 in Nuremberg) is a German politician and party member of the Christian Social Union (CSU).

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Marmara University

Marmara University (Turkish: Marmara Üniversitesi) is a public university in the Fatih district of Istanbul, in Turkey.

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Maroš Šefčovič

Maroš Šefčovič (born 24 July 1966) is a Slovak diplomat serving as Vice-President of the European Commission since 2014.

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Marrakesh VIP Treaty

The Marrakesh VIP Treaty (formally the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works by Visually Impaired Persons and Persons with Print Disabilities, colloquially MVT) is a treaty on copyright adopted in Marrakesh, Morocco, on 28 June 2013.

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Marta Andreasen

Marta Andreasen (born 26 November 1954) is an Argentine-born Spanish accountant, employed in January 2002 by the European Commission as Chief Accountant,Andreasen, Marta: Brussels Laid Bare, pg.

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Martín von Hildebrand

Dr.

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Martin Bangemann

Martin Bangemann (born 15 November 1934 in Wanzleben) is a German politician and a former leader of the FDP (1985–1988).

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Martin Rapaport

Martin Rapaport is chairman of the Rapaport Group, founder of the Rapaport Diamond Report and the RapNet online diamond trading network.

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Martin Schulz

Martin Schulz (born 20 December 1955) is a German politician who served as leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany from March 2017 to February 2018 and as a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since September 2017.

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Martin Selmayr

Martin Selmayr (born 5 December 1970) is a German-Belgian civil servant who has been the Secretary-General of the European Commission since 1 March 2018.

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Martin Weale

Martin Robert Weale (born 1955) is a British economist.

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Martin Westlake

Martin Westlake (born 1957) is a British academic and author, and previously a civil servant.

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Martinair

Martinair, legally Martinair Holland N.V., is a Dutch cargo airline headquartered and based at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and a subsidiary of Air France-KLM.

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Martine Aubry

Martine Louise Marie Aubry (née Delors; born 8 August 1950) is a French politician.

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Mass surveillance

Mass surveillance is the intricate surveillance of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population in order to monitor that group of citizens.

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Massimiano Bucchi

Massimiano Bucchi (born Arezzo, 15 May 1970) is an Italian sociologist, writer and a scholar of the relationships among science, technology and society.

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Master of Arts (Scotland)

The degree of Master of Arts in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree (either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland (the University of St Andrews, the University of Glasgow, the University of Aberdeen and the University of Edinburgh) plus the University of Dundee (as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews) and Heriot-Watt University (at honours level only).

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Master of European Law

Master of European Law (LL.M. Eur) is a specialized Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree, awarded after successful completion of a course of study in the law of the European Union and preparation of subsequent master's thesis within this field.

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Mastercard

Mastercard Incorporated (stylized as MasterCard from 1979 to 2016 and mastercard since 2016) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in the Mastercard International Global Headquarters in Purchase, New York, United States.

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Masterplan (band)

Masterplan is a German power metal band, founded by guitarist Roland Grapow and drummer Uli Kusch upon leaving Helloween in 2001.

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Mateusz Szczurek

Mateusz Szczurek (born 11 August 1975, Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish economist and politician.

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Math-GAMES

The Math-GAMES is an educational project in the framework of the program "Erasmus+" by the European Commission, which presents free material for lessons and training of teachers, to teach pupils Mathematics through games, mostly traditional games like chess, checkers or mill.

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Mathias Dewatripont

Mathias François Dewatripont (born 27 December 1959) is a Belgian economist and professor at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

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Matteo Renzi

Matteo Renzi (born 11 January 1975) is an Italian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from February 2014 until December 2016.

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Mauri König

Mauri König is a Brazilian journalist who has won several international prizes for his work on human rights abuses.

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Mauritania Airways

Mauritania Airways S.A. was an airline based in Nouakchott, Mauritania, operating out of Nouakchott International Airport.

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Maurizio Prato (scientist)

Maurizio Prato (born in Lecce October 11, 1953), is an Italian Organic Chemist, who is best known for his work on the functionalization of carbon nanostructures, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene.

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Max Foster

Max Foster (born 30 October 1972) is an Anchor and Correspondent for CNN International, based in London.

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Max Schrems

Maximilian Schrems (usually referred to as Max Schrems) is an Austrian lawyer, author and privacy activist who became known for campaigns against Facebook for privacy violation, including its violations of European privacy laws and alleged transfer of personal data to the US National Security Agency (NSA) as part of the NSA's PRISM program.

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Max Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies

The Max Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies (Max-Weber-Kolleg für kultur- und sozialwissenschaftliche Studien) is an international and interdisciplinary "high-ranking research centre which forms an avant-garde institution of the University of Erfurt," according to the European Commission's CORDIS.

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Mário Centeno

Mário José Gomes de Freitas Centeno (born 9 December 1966) is a Portuguese economist, university professor, and politician.

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Mónica Feria Tinta

Mónica Feria Tinta (born September 1966) is a leading public international lawyer.

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MDMB-CHMICA

MDMB-CHMICA (also incorrectly known as MMB-CHMINACA) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug.

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Mead in Poland

Mead (miód pitny, literally "drinkable honey") is an alcoholic beverage that has been part of Polish culinary tradition for over a thousand years.

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Meca-Medina ruling

The Meca-Medina ruling, known officially as David Meca-Medina and Igor Majcen v Commission of the European Communities, was a landmark judgement in the European Court of Justice that established primacy of EU law over sports federations.

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Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification

The Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification (CVM) is a safeguard measure invoked by the European Commission when a new member or acceding state of the European Union has failed to implement commitments undertaken in the context of the accession negotiations in the fields of the Area of freedom, security and justice or internal market policy.

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MEDEA Awards

The MEDEA Awards is a free competition launched in November 2007 and supported by the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Commission through the.

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Media & Citizenship

Media & Citizenship Transnational Television Cultures Reshaping Political Identities in the European Union is a three year (2008–2011) research project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission.

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Media freedom in Azerbaijan

Free Mass Media meeting the modern standards is being developed in Azerbaijan.

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Media freedom in Serbia

Censorship in Serbia is prohibited by the Constitution.

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Media freedom in the European Union

Media freedom in the European Union is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights.

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Media Lab Europe

Media Lab Europe (MLE) was a research institute in Dublin, Ireland based on the MIT Media Lab.

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Media Lab Helsinki

The Media Lab is a unit focusing on digital design within the Department of Media at the School of Arts, Design and Architecture, Aalto University in Helsinki, Finland.

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Media literacy

Media literacy encompasses the practices that allow people to access, critically evaluate, and create media.

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Media of Bulgaria

The media of Bulgaria refers to mass media outlets based in Bulgaria.

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Media of Kosovo

The Media of Kosovo consists of different kinds of communicative media such as radio, television, newspapers, and internet web sites.

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Media of Montenegro

The media of Montenegro refers to mass media outlets based in Montenegro.

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Media of Poland

The Media of Poland consist of several different types of communications media including television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet.

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Media Sustainability Index

The International Research and Exchanges Board’s (IREX) Media Sustainability Index (MSI) is a tool to evaluate the global development of independent media.

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Mediation

Mediation is a dynamic, structured, interactive process where a neutral third party assists disputing parties in resolving conflict through the use of specialized communication and negotiation techniques.

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Medication package insert

A package insert (formally prescribing information in the United States; in Europe, patient information leaflet or instructions for use for human medicines and package leaflet for veterinary medicines) is a document provided along with a prescription or over-the-counter medication to provide additional information about that drug.

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Mediterranean Interregional Commission

The Mediterranean Interregional Commission is one of the twelve Committees of the United Cities and Local Governments.

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Mediterranean Science Commission

The Mediterranean Science Commission, or Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Méditerranée (CIESM), is a commission created in Madrid, Spain, in 1919 to undertake multilateral international research on marine science in the Mediterranean Sea.

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MEGAL pipeline

The MEGAL pipeline (Mittel-Europäische-Gasleitung) is a major natural gas pipeline system in southern Germany.

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Megalopoli Power Plant

The Megalopoli Power Plant is a power plant in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese that produces electricity for southern Greece and the islands.

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Meglena Kuneva

Meglena Shtilianova Kuneva (Меглена Щилиянова Кунева; born 22 June 1957) is a Bulgarian and EU politician.

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Member of the European Parliament

A Member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament.

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Member state of the European Union

The European Union (EU) consists of 28 member states.

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Member states of the United Nations

The United Nations member states are the sovereign states that are members of the United Nations (UN) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly.

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Member states of the Venice Commission

Starting with 18 member states, soon all member states of the Council of Europe joined the Venice Commission and since 2002 non-European states can also become full members.

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Members of the 31st Dáil

The 31st Dáil Éireann constituted the lower house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland following the 2011 general election of TDs (Members of Parliament) on 25 February 2011.

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Members of the House of Lords

This is a list of members of the House of Lords, the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Memmingen Airport

Memmingen Airport, also known as Allgäu-Airport Memmingen, is an international airport in the town of Memmingerberg near Memmingen, in the Swabia region of Germany.

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Meningococcal disease

Meningococcal disease describes infections caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (also termed meningococcus).

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Meningococcal vaccine

Meningococcal vaccine refers to any of the vaccines used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis.

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Mepolizumab

Mepolizumab (trade name Nucala) is a humanized monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma.

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Merck Serono

Merck Serono (EMD Serono in the United States and Canada) is a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Darmstadt, Germany, and a brand and division of Merck focused on biopharmaceuticals.

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Mercury battery

A mercury battery (also called mercuric oxide battery, or mercury cell) is a non-rechargeable electrochemical battery, a primary cell.

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Mercy Corps

Mercy Corps is a global non-governmental, humanitarian aid organization operating in transitional contexts that have undergone, or have been undergoing, various forms of economic, environmental, social and political instabilities.

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Merger control

Merger control refers to the procedure of reviewing mergers, acquisitions under antitrust / competition law.

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Merger Treaty

The Merger Treaty (or Brussels Treaty) was a European treaty which combined the three executive bodies of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC) into a single institutional structure.

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Merovingian art

Merovingian art is the art of the Merovingian dynasty of the Franks, which lasted from the 5th century to the 8th century in present-day France, Benelux and a part of Germany.

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Metayage

The Metayage system (métayage, aparcería, mezzadria) is the cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce, as a kind of sharecropping.

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Methoxetamine

Methoxetamine, abbreviated as MXE, is a dissociative hallucinogen that has been sold as a designer drug.

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Metock v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform

Metock v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform (2008) is an EU law case, significant in Ireland and Denmark, on the Citizens Rights Directive and family unification rules for migrant citizens.

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Metric Martyrs

The Metric Martyrs were a British advocacy group based in the United Kingdom who campaigned for the freedom to choose what units of measurement are used by traders.

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Metrication

Metrication or metrification is conversion to the metric system of units of measurement.

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Michael Froman

Michael B. Froman (born August 20, 1962) is an American lawyer who served as the U.S. Trade Representative from 2013 to 2017.

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Michael Moriarty (Education and Training Ireland)

Michael Moriarty (born in Dublin, Ireland, on 8 March 1954) is General Secretary of Education and Training Boards Ireland (ETBI), the representative body at both national and European level for Ireland’s 16 statutory regional Education and Training Boards (ETBs).

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Michael Noonan

Michael James Noonan (born 21 May 1943) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister for Finance from 2011 to 2017, Leader of the Opposition and Leader of Fine Gael from 2001 to 2002, Minister for Health from 1994 to 1997, Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1986 to 1987, Minister for Energy from January 1987 to March 1987 and Minister for Justice from 1982 to 1986.

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Michael Nugent

Michael Nugent (born 1 June 1961) is an Irish writer and activist.

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Michael Sukin

Michael Sukin is an American attorney specializing in music and entertainment, the owner of Sukin Law Group.

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Michael Widenius

Ulf Michael Widenius (often called Monty; born 3 March 1962, in Helsinki, Finland) is the main author of the original version of the open source MySQL database, a founding member of the MySQL AB company and is currently CTO of the MariaDB Corporation AB.

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Michaele Schreyer

Michaele Schreyer (born 9 August 1951 in Cologne) was a commissioner of the European Commission from September 1999 to November 2004.

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Michel Barnier

Michel Bernard Barnier (born 9 January 1951) is a French politician serving as European Chief Negotiator for the United Kingdom Exiting the European Union since December 2016.

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Michel Goldman

Michel Goldman (born 1 January 1955) is a Belgian medical doctor who specialized in internal medicine and immunology.

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Michel Rasquin

Michel Rasquin (19 September 1899 – 27 April 1958) was a Luxembourgish journalist and socialist politician, and European Commissioner.

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Michel van den Abeele

Michel van den Abeele is a former Director-General of the European Commission, is actually chairman of the board of the Belgian public owned company APETRA and active in several Belgian charities.

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Mickey Kantor

Michael Kantor (born August 7, 1939) is an American politician and lawyer.

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Microbusiness in France

According to European Commission, micro enterprises (or microbusinesses) are companies run by a maximum of 10 people with an annual turnover and total balance sheet below 2.000.000 EUR.

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Microoxygenation

Micro-oxygenation is a process used in winemaking to introduce oxygen into wine in a controlled manner.

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Microsemi

Microsemi Corporation was an Aliso Viejo, California-based provider of semiconductor and system solutions for aerospace & defense, communications, data center and industrial markets.

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Microsoft Corp v Commission

Microsoft Corp v Commission (2007) is a case brought by the European Commission of the European Union (EU) against Microsoft for abuse of its dominant position in the market (according to competition law).

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Microsoft Development Center Norway

Microsoft Development Center Norway (before 2010 known as Fast Search & Transfer ASA (FAST)) is a Norwegian company based in Oslo.

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Microsoft litigation

Microsoft has been involved in numerous high-profile legal matters that involved litigation over the history of the company, including cases against the United States, the European Union, and competitors.

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Microstates and the European Union

There are a number of microstates in Europe.

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Migalastat

Migalastat (or 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin; trade names Galafold and formerly Amigal) is a drug for the treatment of Fabry disease, a rare genetic disorder. It was developed by Amicus Therapeutics. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assigned it orphan drug status in 2004, and the European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) followed in 2006. The European Commission approved the drug in May 2016.

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Migrant domestic workers

Migrant domestic workers (also known as foreign home care workers, foreign domestic workers,foreign domestic helpers, transnational domestic workers, foreign domestic employees, overseas domestic workers and domestic migrant workers) are, according to the International Labour Organization’s Convention No. 189 and the International Organization for Migration, any persons “moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family,” engaged in a work relationship performing “in or for a household or households.” Domestic work itself can cover a "wide range of tasks and services that vary from country to country and that can be different depending on the age, gender, ethnic background and migration status of the workers concerned." These particular workers have been identified by some academics as situated within "the rapid growth of paid domestic labor, the feminization of transnational migration, and the development of new public spheres.” Prominent discussions on the topic include the status of these workers, motivations for becoming one, recruitment and employment practices in the field, and various measures being undertaken to change the conditions of domestic work among migrants.

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Miguel Arias Cañete

Miguel Arias Cañete (born 24 February 1950) is a Spanish politician.

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Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 (assumed)23 April 1616 NS) was a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists.

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Miguel Frasquilho

Miguel Reis Antunes Frasquilho is a Portuguese economist and politician.

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Miguel Poiares Maduro

Miguel Poiares Maduro (born 3 January 1967) is a Portuguese academic and politician.

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Mihail Roco

Mihail C. Roco is the founding chair of the US National Science and Technology Council subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology (NSET), and is Senior Advisor for Science and Engineering, including Nanotechnology, at the National Science Foundation.

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Miia Rannikmäe

Miia Rannikmäe (née Tammeorg, born 4 October 1951, in Tartu) is an Estonian chemist specializing in cognitive learning and scientific literacy.

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Mikkeli

Mikkeli (S:t Michel official writing, short for Sankt Michel) is a town and municipality in Finland.

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Miklós Seszták

Miklós Seszták (born 31 October 1968) is a Hungarian jurist and politician.

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Milan Pogačnik

Milan Pogačnik (born 30 August 1946) is a Slovenian politician.

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Military Mobility (PESCO)

Military Mobility is one of the initial projects launched under the European Union's (EU) Permanent Structured Cooperation in Defence (PESCO) facility.

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Millán Millán

Dr.

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Miloš Zeman

Miloš Zeman (born 28 September 1944) is a Czech politician serving as the third and current President of the Czech Republic since 8 March 2013.

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Mineral industry of Europe

The European mining industry has a long tradition, right now it is by far the continent's most modern and innovative industrial sectors.

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Mining Association of the United Kingdom

The Mining Association of the United Kingdom is a trade association for all kinds of mining undertaken by UK companies.

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Ministry (government department)

A ministry is a governmental organisation, headed by a minister, that is meant to manage a specific sector of public administration.

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Minority SafePack

Minority SafePack — one million signatures for diversity in Europe is an ongoing European Citizens' Initiative on minority rights in the EU, sponsored by FUEN.

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Mirandesa

The Mirandesa is a cattle breed from Portugal.

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Mirek Topolánek

Mirek Topolánek (born 15 May 1956) is a Czech politician and business manager who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 2006 to 2009 and Leader of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) from November 2002 to April 2010.

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Miroslav Vasin

Miroslav Vasin (Serbian Cyrillic:, born in 1955) is a Serbian politician.

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Missing Children Europe

Missing Children Europe is an organisation which aims to ensure that every EU member state has the necessary procedures and regulations in place to deal with cases of missing and/or sexually exploited children, and are able to both provide support for the victims, and take steps to prevent future disappearances.

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Mission Innovation

(MI) is a global initiative of 23 countries and the European Commission (on behalf of the EU) partnering to reinvigorate and accelerate clean energy innovation with the objective of making clean energy more widely affordable.

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Mitja Ferenc

Mitja Ferenc (21 March 1960) is a Slovenian historian, educator and author.

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Mlekara Subotica

Mlekara Subotica (Млекара Суботица) was a Serbian producer of dairy products based in Subotica, Serbia.

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Mobile virtual network operator

A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), virtual network operator (VNO), or mobile other licensed operator (MOLO), is a wireless communications services provider that does not own the wireless network infrastructure over which it provides services to its customers.

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Model European Parliament

The Model European Parliament (MEP) is an international simulation of the working of the European Parliament for students aged 16–19.

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Modulation (European Union)

As part of its Agenda 2000 reforms, and effective 1 January 2000, EU member-countries may reduce (or modulate) direct aid to producers (by a maximum of 20%) in cases where.

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Mohamed Bacar

Colonel Mohamed Bacar (born May 5, 1962 in Barakani, Anjouan, then a French colony) was President of Anjouan, one of the three autonomous islands that make up the Union of the Comoros, from 2001 to 2008.

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Mohammed VI of Morocco

Mohammed VI (محمد السادس,; born 21 August 1963) is the King of Morocco.

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MOL (company)

MOL Group (Magyar OLaj- és Gázipari Részvénytársaság, Hungarian Oil and Gas Public Limited Company), commonly known as MOL, is a Hungarian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Budapest, Hungary.

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Moldova–European Union relations

Relations between Moldova and the European Union (EU) are currently shaped via the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), an EU foreign policy instrument dealing with countries bordering its member states.

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Moldovan presidential election, 2011–2012

A presidential election was held in Moldova on 16 December 2011.

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Mona Eltahawy

Mona Eltahawy (منى الطحاوى,; born August 1, 1967) is a freelance Egyptian-American journalist, and social commentator based in New York City.

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Monaco

Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco (Principauté de Monaco), is a sovereign city-state, country and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe.

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Monaco–European Union relations

Relations between Principality of Monaco and the European Union (EU) are primarily conducted through France.

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Money burning

Money burning or burning money is the purposeful act of destroying money.

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Money laundering

Money laundering is the act of concealing the transformation of profits from illegal activities and corruption into ostensibly "legitimate" assets.

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Mongolian presidential election, 2013

Presidential elections were held in Mongolia on 26 June 2013.

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Monica Macovei

Monica Luisa Macovei (born 4 February 1959) is a Romanian politician, lawyer and former prosecutor, currently a Member of the European Parliament from the European Conservatives and Reformists and formerly a member of the Romanian Democratic Liberal Party.

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Monique Breteler

Monique Maria Bernadette Breteler (born 26 January 1961, Nijmegen) is a Dutch neuroepidemiologist.

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Monnet Plan

The Monnet plan was proposed by French civil servant Jean Monnet after the end of World War II.

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Monopoly

A monopoly (from Greek μόνος mónos and πωλεῖν pōleîn) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity.

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Monorail

A monorail is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail.

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Monserrate Palace

The Monserrate Palace (Palácio de Monserrate) is a palatial villa located near Sintra, the traditional summer resort of the Portuguese court.

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Montenegro

Montenegro (Montenegrin: Црна Гора / Crna Gora, meaning "Black Mountain") is a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe.

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Montenegro and the euro

Montenegro has no currency of its own.

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Moors

The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta during the Middle Ages.

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Mora–Siljan Airport

Mora–Siljan Airport is located about 7 km or 3.3 NM southwest of Mora, Sweden.

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MoReq2

MoReq2 is short for “Model Requirements for the Management of Electronic Records”, second version.

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Morten Helveg Petersen

Morten Helveg Petersen (born 14 September 1966) is a Danish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Denmark.

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Mortgage Credit Directive

The Mortgage Credit Directive (MCD) is a body of European legislation for the regulation of first- and second chargemortgages and consumer buy-to-let (CBTL) lending.

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Moscow Bureau for Human Rights

The Moscow Bureau for Human Rights (Московское бюро по правам человека) is Russian human rights monitoring non-governmental organization, which is headed by Alexander Brod.

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Moscow State Institute of International Relations

Moscow State Institute of International Relations (Московский государственный институт международных отношений (Университет) МИД России, often abbreviated as MGIMO University, MGIMO (МГИМО)) is an academic institution run by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, which is considered the most elite university in Russia.

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MOSE Project

MOSE (MOdulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico, Experimental Electromechanical Module) is a project intended to protect the city of Venice, Italy and the Venetian Lagoon from flooding.

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Moses (machine translation)

Moses is a free software, statistical machine translation engine that can be used to train statistical models of text translation from a source language to a target language.

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Motion picture content rating system

A motion picture content rating system is designated to classify films with regard to suitability for audiences in terms of issues such as sex, violence, substance abuse, profanity, impudence or other types of mature content.

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Motor vehicle type approval

Motor vehicle type approval is the method by which motor vehicles, vehicle trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles achieve Type approval in Europe.

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Motorola Mobility v. Apple Inc.

Motorola Mobility v. Apple Inc. was one of a series of lawsuits between technology companies Motorola Mobility and Apple Inc..

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Motorways of the Sea

Motorways of the Sea are a concept in the transport policy of the European Union, stressing the importance of sea transport.

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Motto of the European Union

In varietate concordia (in English: United in diversity) is the official motto of the European Union (EU), adopted in 2000.

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Mount Anville Secondary School

Mount Anville Secondary School is a Roman Catholic, private all-girls post-primary school in Goatstown, a suburb of Dublin, in Ireland.

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MTBE controversy

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive used as an oxygenate and to raise the octane number.

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Mulard

The mulard (or moulard) is a domestic duck hybrid of Pekin and muscovy ducks.

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Mullaghmore, County Clare

Mullaghmore is a 180m limestone hill in the Burren in Glenquin, County Clare, Ireland.

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Mullard Space Science Laboratory

The UCL Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL) is the United Kingdom's largest university space research group.

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Multi-level governance

Multi-level (or multilevel) governance is an approach in political science and public administration theory that originated from studies on European integration.

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Multi-speed Europe

Multi-speed Europe or two-speed Europe (called also "variable geometry Europe" or "Core Europe" depending on the form it would take in practice) is the idea that different parts of the European Union should integrate at different levels and pace depending on the political situation in each individual country.

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MULTICUBE

"Multi-objective Design Space Exploration of MultiProcessor-SoC Architectures for Embedded Multimedia Applications" (MULTICUBE) is a Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) project aimed to define innovative methods for the design optimization of computer architectures for the embedded system domain.

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Munich Security Conference

The Munich Security Conference (MSC; Münchner Sicherheitskonferenz) is an annual conference on international security policy that has taken place in Munich, Bavaria since 1963.

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Munich–Mühldorf railway

The Munich–Mühldorf railway is a 74.8 km long main line in the German state of Bavaria, which opened on 1 May 1871.

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Municipality of Differdange v Commission

Municipality of Differdange v Commission (1984) is an EU law case, concerning judicial review in the European Union.

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Music Tech Fest

Music Tech Fest (MTF) is a three-day arts festival and creative space where participants share and "develop new formats of musical performance and expression." It is billed as the 'festival of music ideas'.

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Musk xylene

Musk xylene is a synthetic musk fragrance which mimics natural musk.

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Muslim Council for Cooperation in Europe

The Muslim Council for Cooperation in Europe (MCCE) is a representative body of European citizens of Muslim faith before the EU administration for advice, representation and intra-European collaboration.

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Mutagen

In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.

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MV Princess of the Stars

MV Princess of the Stars (sometimes mistakenly referred to as Princess of Stars)Princess of the Stars is seen on the port side of the ship, but Princess of Stars is also used by her shipping company, Sulpicio Lines.

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My Life My Say

My Life My Say (MLMS) is a youth-led, party neutral non-profit organization based in the United Kingdom on mission to re-brand politics and secure a better Brexit for young people by facilitating their direct involvement in the decision-making processes.

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Mycotoxin

A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης mykes, "fungus" and τοξικόν toxikon, "poison") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals.

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MyOcean

MyOcean is a series of projects granted by the European Commission within the GMES Program (Seventh Framework Program), whose objective is to define and to set up a concerted and integrated pan-European capacity for ocean monitoring and forecasting.

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MYRRHA

The MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) is a "first of its kind" design project of a nuclear reactor coupled to a proton accelerator (a so-called Accelerator-driven system (ADS)).

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Myslovitz

Myslovitz is a Polish rock band.

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Nabucco pipeline

The Nabucco-West pipeline (also referred to as the Turkey–Austria gas pipeline) was a proposed natural gas pipeline from the Turkish-Bulgarian border to Austria.

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Nadia Calviño

Nadia Calviño Santamaría (born 3 October 1968), is a Spanish State economist, academic and civil servant of the European institutions.

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Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 to 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but usually is 1 to 100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale).

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Nanotoxicology

Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials.

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Nantes

Nantes (Gallo: Naunnt or Nantt) is a city in western France on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast.

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National Academic Recognition Information Centre

All EU and EEA states and all the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Cyprus have a designated National Academic Recognition Information Centre (NARIC), which provides a way to compare academic qualifications as part of the Bologna Process.

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National Anticorruption Directorate

The National Anticorruption Directorate (Direcţia Naţională Anticorupţie (DNA)), formerly National Anticorruption Prosecution Office (Parchetul Naţional Anticorupţie), is the Romanian agency tasked with preventing, investigating and prosecuting corruption-related offenses (such as bribery, graft, patronage and embezzlement) that caused a material damage to the Romanian state.

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National Asset Management Agency

The National Asset Management Agency (NAMA; Gníomhaireacht Náisiúnta um Bhainistíocht Sócmhainní) is a body created by the government of Ireland in late 2009, in response to the Irish financial crisis and the deflation of the Irish property bubble.

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National Association of Local Authorities of Georgia

The National Association of Local Authorities of Georgia was set up in 2003 by the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe under the instruction of the Council of Europe and the European Commission in order to carry out a new joint activity for setting up a national association of local authorities in Georgia.

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National Bank of Greece

The National Bank of Greece (NBG; Εθνική Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος) is a global banking and financial services company with its headquarters in Athens, Greece.

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National broadband plan

Broadband is a term normally considered to be synonymous with a high-speed connection to the internet.

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National Centre for Research on Europe

The National Centre for Research on Europe (NCRE) is a multidisciplinary research department at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand.

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National Coalition Party

The National Coalition Party (NCP; Kansallinen Kokoomus; Kok.; Samlingspartiet; Saml.) is a centre-right political party in Finland considered to be liberal, and conservative, and liberal-conservative.

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National Council of the Judiciary

The National Council of the Judiciary (Polish: Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa) is a public body in Poland responsible for nominating judges and reviewing ethical complaints against sitting jurists.

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National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession

Beginning in 2008 many nations of the world enacted fiscal stimulus plans in response to the Great Recession.

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National Food Chain Safety Office

National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO) is the integrated food safety authority of Hungary, established on 15 March 2012.

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National Grid (Great Britain)

The National Grid is the high-voltage electric power transmission network in Great Britain, connecting power stations and major substations and ensuring that electricity generated anywhere in GB (England, Scotland and Wales) can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere.

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National Grid plc

National Grid plc is a British multinational electricity and gas utility company headquartered in Warwick, United Kingdom.

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National Library of the Czech Republic

The National Library of the Czech Republic (Národní knihovna České republiky) is the central library of the Czech Republic.

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National Malaria Center of Cambodia

The National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM) is a government agency responsible for directing and supervising the control of vector-borne disease in Cambodia.

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National parliaments of the European Union

The national parliaments of the European Union are those legislatures responsible for each member state of the European Union (EU).

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National Public Health Institute of Finland

The National Public Health Institute of Finland (KTL, Kansanterveyslaitos, Folkhälsoinstitutet) was a research and expert institute under the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health charged with the task of protecting and promoting health in Finland.

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National Radiological Protection Board

The National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) was a public authority in the UK created by the Radiological Protection Act 1970.

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National Renewable Energy Action Plan

A National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) is a detailed report submitted by countries outlining commitments and initiatives to develop renewable energy that all member states of the European Union were obliged to notify to the European Commission by 30June 2010.

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National Security Council (Turkey)

The National Security Council (Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, MGK) comprises the Chief of Staff, select members of the Council of Ministers, and the President of the Republic (who is also the Commander-in-chief).

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National Sun Yat-sen University

National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU) is a public research-intensive university renowned as a seat of oceanology and management studies, located in Sizihwan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and Pratas Islands, South China Sea.

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National Technical University of Athens

The National (Metsovian) Technical University of Athens (NTUA; Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο, National Metsovian Polytechnic), sometimes known as Athens Polytechnic, is among the oldest higher education institutions of Greece and the most prestigious among engineering schools.

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National Water and Sewerage Corporation

The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) is a water supply and sanitation company in Uganda.

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NATS Holdings

NATS Holdings, formerly National Air Traffic Services and commonly referred to as NATS, is the main Air Navigation Service Provider in the United Kingdom.

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Natura 2000

Natura 2000 is a network of nature protection areas in the territory of the European Union.

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Natural disaster

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes.

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Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine

The natural gas transmission system of Ukraine is a complex of natural gas transmission pipelines for gas import and transit in Ukraine.

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Nature-based solutions

Nature-based solutions (NBS or NbS) refers to the sustainable management and use of nature for tackling environmental and societal challenges.

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NatWest

National Westminster Bank, commonly known as NatWest, is a major retail and commercial bank in the United Kingdom.

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Navteq

Navteq (styled as 'NAVTEQ') was an American Chicago-based provider of geographic information system (GIS) data and a major provider of base electronic navigable maps. The company was acquired by Nokia in 2007/2008, and fully merged into Nokia in 2011 to form part of the Here business unit.

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Nîmes–Alès–Camargue–Cévennes Airport

Nîmes Airport or Nîmes–Alès–Camargue–Cévennes Airport (Aéroport de Nîmes-Alès-Camargue-Cévennes) is an airport located south-southeast of the city of Nîmes, in the village of Saint-Gilles near Garons.

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Near-field communication

Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of each other.

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NECA Project

The NECA Project (Net Environment for Embodied Emotional Conversational Agents) was a research project that focused on multimodal communication with animated agents in a virtual world.

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NECOBELAC Project

The NECOBELAC Project is a network of collaboration between Europe, Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries to spread know-how in scientific writing and provide the best tools to exploit open access information for the safeguard of public health.

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Neil Kinnock

Neil Gordon Kinnock, Baron Kinnock, (born 28 March 1942) is a Welsh Labour Party politician.

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Neil Pakey

Neil Pakey (born 15 January 1961) was CEO of Shannon Airport until June 2016.

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Nekkerspoel

Nekkerspoel is a hamlet of Mechelen, Belgium, immediately east of the city.

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Neonicotinoid

Neonicotinoids (sometimes shortened to neonics) are a class of neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to nicotine.

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Net neutrality by country

Net neutrality is the principle that governments should mandate Internet service providers to treat all data on the Internet the same, and not discriminate or charge differently by user, content, website, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or method of communication.

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Net neutrality in the European Union

The basic framework of net neutrality in the European Union (EU) is laid down by Article 3 of EU Regulation 2015/2120.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media

Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media (Nederlands Instituut voor de Classificatie van Audiovisuele Media) is the institute responsible for the content given for review for the Dutch motion picture rating system, Kijkwijzer, and the software given for review for the European video game content rating system PEGI.

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Netinera

Netinera (formerly Arriva Deutschland), is a railway company operating in Germany.

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Netto (store)

Netto is a Danish discount supermarket operating in Denmark, Germany, Poland, Sweden, and previously in the United Kingdom both as a stand alone venture until its sale in 2010 to Asda and via a joint venture with Sainsbury's between 2014 and 2016.

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Neuchâtel

Neuchâtel, or Neuchatel; (neu(f) "new" and chatel "castle" (château); Neuenburg; Neuchâtel; Neuchâtel or Neufchâtel)The city was also called Neuchâtel-outre-Joux (Neuchâtel beyond Joux) to distinguish it from another Neuchâtel in Burgundy, now Neuchâtel-Urtière.

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NeuGRID

neuGRID is a web portal aimed to (i) help neuroscientists do high-throughput imaging research, and (ii) provide clinical neurologists automated diagnostic imaging markers of neurodegenerative diseases for individual patient diagnosis.

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Neukölln (locality)

Neukölln is an inner-city locality (Ortsteil) of Berlin in the homonymous borough (Bezirk) of Neukölln, including the historic village of Rixdorf and numerous Gründerzeit apartment blocks.

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Neural Designer

Neural Designer is a software tool for data analytics based on neural networks, a main area of artificial intelligence research, and contains a graphical user interface which simplifies data entry and interpretation of results.

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Neuroelectrics

Neuroelectrics is a Barcelona-based Spanish company which produces devices to stimulate and treat the brain.

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Neuromorphic engineering

Neuromorphic engineering, also known as neuromorphic computing, is a concept developed by Carver Mead, in the late 1980s, describing the use of very-large-scale integration (VLSI) systems containing electronic analog circuits to mimic neuro-biological architectures present in the nervous system.

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Neven Mimica

Neven Mimica (born 12 October 1953) is a Croatian politician and diplomat who serves as European Commissioner for International Cooperation and Development in the Juncker Commission since 1 November 2014.

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Neville Keery

Neville Keery (born 5 May 1939 in Dublin, Ireland) is a poet and activist and has had a career as a journalist, administrative officer, Senator, and Senior European Commission Official.

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Nevis

Nevis is a small island in the Caribbean Sea that forms part of the inner arc of the Leeward Islands chain of the West Indies.

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New Europe (newspaper)

New Europe is a weekly newspaper published in English founded in 1993.

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New Mobility Agenda

The New Mobility Agenda is an international institution which, although a virtual and open collaborative project today, was originally set up by an international working group meeting at the Abbey de Royaumont near Paris in 1974 with the support of the Parisian OECD to challenge old ideas and practices in the field of urban transport through a long term collaborative program of information exchange, education and peer support.

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New York Stock Exchange

The New York Stock Exchange (abbreviated as NYSE, and nicknamed "The Big Board"), is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York.

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New Zealand–European Union relations

New Zealand and the European Union (EU) have solid relations and increasingly see eye-to-eye on international issues.

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NEXA Center for Internet and Society

The NEXA Center for Internet & Society is a research center founded at the Department of Control and Computer Engineering of Polytechnic University of Turin.

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Nexiona Connectocrats

Nexiona Connectocrats is a Spanish software company that develops Internet of Things (IoT) solutions.

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NextGenPower

NextGenPower is an integrated project which aims to demonstrate new alloys and coatings in boiler, turbine and interconnecting pipework.

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NGO Monitor

NGO Monitor (Non-governmental Organization Monitor) is a non-governmental organization based in Jerusalem, which analyzes and reports on the output of the international NGO community from a pro-Israel perspective.

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Nguyễn Tiến Trung

Nguyễn Tiến Trung (born in 1983, Hung Ha district, Thai Binh province), is a pro-democracy activist in Vietnam.

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Nick Clegg

Sir Nicholas William Peter Clegg (born 7 January 1967) is a British politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2015 and as Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2007 to 2015.

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Nick Palmer

Nicholas Douglas Palmer (born 5 February 1950, London) is a British politician, translator and computer scientist.

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Nicola Sturgeon

Nicola Ferguson Sturgeon (born 19 July 1970) is a Scottish politician who is the current First Minister of Scotland and leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), in office since November 2014.

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Nicolas J. Cerf

Nicolas Jean Cerf (born 1965) is a Belgian physicist.

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Nicos Anastasiades

Nicos Anastasiades (Νίκος Αναστασιάδης; Nikos Anastasiadis; born 27 September 1946) is a Greek Cypriot politician who has been President of Cyprus since 2013.

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Niels Helveg Petersen

Niels Lolk Helveg Petersen (informally Niels Helveg; 17 January 1939 – 3 June 2017) was a Danish politician.

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Nigel Farage

Nigel Paul Farage (While Farage himself pronounces it thus, he has stated that he does not mind if the alternative pronunciation of is used by others –, Newsnight (YouTube – UKIP webmaster's channel), 18 April 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2013. born 3 April 1964) is a British politician, broadcaster and political analyst who was the leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) from 2006 to 2009 and again from 2010 to 2016.

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Nigel Gilbert

Geoffrey Nigel Gilbert (born 21 March 1950) is a British sociologist and a pioneer in the use of agent-based models in the social sciences.

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Niki (airline)

Niki (also styled as NIKI or flyNiki, legally NIKI Luftfahrt GmbH) was an Austrian low-cost airline headquartered in Office Park I at Vienna International Airport in Schwechat.

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Niki Goulandris

Niki Goulandris (Νίκη Γουλανδρή) is a Greek philanthropist and an accomplished botanical painter.

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Nikolay Alexeyev

Nikolay Alexandrovich Alexeyev (also spelled as Alekseyev, Alekseev, or Alexeev (Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Алексе́ев) born on 23 December 1977) is a Russian LGBT rights activist, lawyer, and journalist.

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Nikolina Angelkova

Nikolina Angelkova (Николина Ангелкова) (born 30 November 1979) is a Bulgarian politician who is the Minister of Tourism since 4 May 2017 and has also served as the Minister of Tourism from November 2014 to January 2017.

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Nisia Aigaiou, Kriti

Nisia Aigaiou, Kriti (Νησιά Αιγαίου, Κρήτη), meaning "Aegean Islands, Crete", is a first level NUTS administrative division of Greece created for statistical purposes by the European Union.

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Nitrile rubber

Nitrile rubber, also known as NBR, Buna-N, and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, is a synthetic rubber copolymer of acrylonitrile (ACN) and butadiene.

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NITROS Project

The NITROS (Network for Innovative Training on ROtorcraft Safety) project is an ongoing project which began in November, 2016 consisting of 12 different Early Stage Researchers (ESRs).

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Nivolumab

Nivolumab, marketed as Opdivo, is a medication used to treat cancer.

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Nizami Street

Nizami Street (Nizami küçəsi) is a large pedestrian and shopping street in downtown Baku, Azerbaijan, named after classical poet Nizami Ganjavi.

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Noël Devisch

Noël Devisch (born 6 March 1943, in Bruges) is a Belgian businessman and former President of the Boerenbond (Belgian Catholic Farmers Union) in Leuven.

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Noëlle Lenoir

Noëlle Lenoir (born 27 April 1948 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine) is a French politician.

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Nobina

Nobina AB (former Concordia Bus AB) is the largest bus transport group in the Nordic region, serving markets in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden with a total of 3,347 buses (2014).

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Noise calculation

Noise calculation is the process of calculating the level of noise immission using the metric dB(A).

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Non-road engine

Non-road engine (which may include non-road equipment and non-road vehicle) is an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine engine used for other purposes than being an engine of a vehicle operated on public roadways.

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Non-Violence (sculpture)

Non-Violence is a bronze sculpture by Swedish artist Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd of an oversized Colt Python.357 Magnum revolver with a knotted barrel and the muzzle pointing upwards.

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Nonoxynols

Nonoxynols also known as nonaethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol nonyl phenyl ether are mixtures of nonionic surfactants used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents or defoaming agents.

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Noocracy

Noocracy, or "aristocracy of the wise", as defined by Plato, is a social and political system that is "based on the priority of human mind", according to Vladimir Vernadsky.

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Nord Stream

Nord Stream (former names: North Transgas and North European Gas Pipeline; Северный поток, Severny potok) is an offshore natural gas pipeline from Vyborg in the Russian Federation to Greifswald in Germany that is owned and operated by Nord Stream AG.

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NordBalt

NordBalt (also formerly known as SwedLit) is a submarine power cable between Klaipėda in Lithuania and Nybro in Sweden.

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Nordic Green Left Alliance

The Nordic Green Left Alliance (NGLA) is an alliance of Nordic left-wing parties, founded in Reykjavík, Iceland, on 1 February 2004.

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Nordic Passport Union

The Nordic Passport Union allows citizens of the Nordic countriesIceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finlandto travel and reside in another Nordic country (excluding Greenland and Svalbard) without any travel documentation (e.g. a passport or national identity card) or a residence permit.

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NorduGrid

NorduGrid is a collaboration aiming at development, maintenance and support of the free Grid middleware, known as the Advanced Resource Connector (ARC).

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Norman conquest of southern Italy

The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1139, involving many battles and independent conquerors.

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NORMAPME

NORMAPME or European Office of Crafts, Trades and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises for Standardisation was created in 1996 by UEAPME with the support of the European Commission.

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North Sea Link

The North Sea Link (also known as North Sea Network Link or NSN Link, HVDC Norway–Great Britain, and Norway–UK interconnector) is a 1,400 MW subsea high-voltage direct current electricity cable under construction between Norway and the United Kingdom.

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North Sea Offshore Grid

The North Sea Offshore Grid, officially the North Seas Countries Offshore Grid Initiative (NSCOGI), is a collaboration between EU member-states and Norway to create an integrated offshore energy grid which links wind farms and other renewable energy sources across the northern seas of Europe.

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North Sea Region Programme

The North Sea Region Programme 2007–2013 supports transnational regional development projects connecting regions from seven countries around the North Sea.

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Northern Dimension

The Northern Dimension is a joint policy between four equal partners - the European Union, Russia, Norway and Iceland - regarding the cross-border and external policies geographically covering North-West Russia, the Baltic Sea and the Arctic regions, including the Barents region.

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Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership

Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership (NDEP) tackles special issues arising from the northern environment: protection of waters (the Baltic Sea and the Barents Sea) and nuclear safety and such special issues as waste management and district heating projects.

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Northern Dimension Partnership in Public Health and Social Well-being

The Northern Dimension Partnership in Public Health and Social Well-being (NDPHS) is a transnational cooperative effort of ten governments, the European Commission and eight international organisations to tackle challenges regarding health and social well-being issues in the Northern Dimension area.

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Northern Greece

Northern Greece (Βόρεια Ελλάδα, Voreia Ellada) is used to refer to the northern parts of Greece, and can have various definitions.

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Not Quite the Diplomat

Not Quite the Diplomat: Home Truths About World Affairs is a book by Chris Patten, published by Allen Lane in September 2005.

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Notice and take down

Notice and take down is a process operated by online hosts in response to court orders or allegations that content is illegal.

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Notified Body

A notified body, in the European Union, is an entity that has been accredited by a Member State to assess whether a product to be placed on the market meets certain preordained standards.

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Notre Dame attack

On 6 June 2017, at around 16:00 CET, French police shot a man who attacked a police officer with a hammer outside Notre Dame cathedral on the Île de la Cité, located in the center of Paris.

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Novartis

Novartis International AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland.

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Novel food

Novel food is defined as a type of food that does not have a significant history of consumption or is produced by a method that has not previously been used for food.

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November 2005 in sports

No description.

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November 2015 Paris attacks

The November 2015 Paris attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that occurred on Friday, 13 November 2015 in Paris, France and the city's northern suburb, Saint-Denis.

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Novo Nordisk

Novo Nordisk A/S is a Danish multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Bagsværd, Denmark, with production facilities in eight countries, and affiliates or offices in 75 countries.

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Nuala O'Loan, Baroness O'Loan

Nuala Patricia O'Loan, Baroness O'Loan, DBE (born 20 December 1951), known between 2007 and 2009 as Dame Nuala O'Loan, is a noted public figure in Northern Ireland.

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Nuclear decommissioning

Nuclear decommissioning is the process whereby a nuclear facility is dismantled to the point that it no longer requires measures for radiation protection.

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Nuclear power in France

Nuclear power is a major source of energy in France, with a 40% share of energy consumption in 2015.

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Nuclear power in the European Union

Nuclear power in the European Union accounted for approximately 15% of total energy consumption in 2005.

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Nuclear power in the United Kingdom

Nuclear power in the United Kingdom generates around a quarter of the country's electricity as of 2016, projected to rise to a third by 2035.

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Nuclear Suppliers Group

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multilateral export control regime and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons.

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Nuno Melo (politician)

João Nuno Lacerda Teixeira de Melo (born 18 March 1966 in Joane, Portugal), commonly known as Nuno Melo, is a Portuguese lawyer and politician and (since 2009) a Member of the European Parliament (MEP),European Parliament,, accessed 21 October 2013 having headed the list for the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party (CDS-PP) in the 2009 European elections.

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Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway

The Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway is a 190 km-long German high-speed railway under construction, between Nuremberg and Erfurt. The line is listed in the Germany's federal transport plan as Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit Nr. ("German Unity transport project no") 8.1 and is a section of the high-speed route between Berlin and Munich and a section of the line connecting Italy and Scandinavia in the European Union's Trans-European Rail network. It consists of an upgraded line between Nuremberg and Ebensfeld and a new line between Ebensfeld and Erfurt. The journey time between Erfurt and Nuremberg will be reduced to approximately one hour and 20 minutes after completion. The planning began in 1991 and construction started in April 1996. Three years later construction was stopped by the new SPD-Green coalition government formed after the 1998 election and only recommenced in 2002. The new line was opened at the timetable change on 10 December 2017. The timing of the final commissioning of the upgraded section is still uncertain.

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NUTS statistical regions of Greece

The NUTS codes of Greece are part of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, an official nomenclature of the European Commission used by Eurostat for statistical purposes.

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NUTS statistical regions of Serbia

As a candidate country of the European Union, Serbia (RS) is in the process of being included in the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS).

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Nynas

Nynas AB is a Swedish manufacturer of specialty naphthenic oils and bitumen products.

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Oberbruch Industry Park

Oberbruch Industry Park (German: Industriepark Oberbruch), is a former site of Akzo Nobel in Heinsberg, Germany's most western district, near the Dutch border.

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Obinna Onwujekwe

Obinna E. Onwujekwe is Professor of Health Economics and Policy and Pharmacoeconomics in the Departments of Health Administration & Management and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, based in University of Nigeria.

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Object Action Complex

Object-Action Complexes (OACs) are proposed as a universal representation enabling efficient planning and execution of purposeful action at all levels of a cognitive architecture (Kruger 2009, Worgotter 2008, Geib 2006, Piater 2009).

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Obwarzanek krakowski

An obwarzanek krakowski (plural: obwarzanki krakowskie; also spelled obarzanek) is a braided ring-shaped bread that is boiled and sprinkled with salt, poppy seeds, sesame seeds, etc., before being baked.

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Occupy movement

The Occupy movement is an international socio-political movement against social and economic inequality and the lack of "real democracy" around the world.

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October 1999 Mexico floods

In October 1999, severe flooding affected portions of eastern Mexico and Central America.

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Odessa–Brody pipeline

The Odessa–Brody pipeline (also known as Sarmatia pipeline) is a crude oil pipeline between the Ukrainian cities Odessa at the Black Sea, and Brody near the Ukrainian-Polish border.

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Odile Jacob

Odile Jacob is a French publisher who founded Les Éditions Odile Jacob in the middle of the 1980s.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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Off-budget enterprise

Off-budget enterprises (OBEs, or special districts) are a type of government in the United States, the UK and the EU.

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Office for administration and payment of individual entitlements

The Office for administration and payment of individual entitlements, also known as the Paymaster's Office or PMO is a central office of the European Commission.

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Office for Metropolitan Architecture

The Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) is a Dutch architectural firm based in Rotterdam, founded in 1975 by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas and Greek architect Elia Zenghelis, along with Madelon Vriesendorp and Zoe Zenghelis.

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Office of Infrastructure and Logistics

The Office of Infrastructure and Logistics is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels

The Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels is part of the Executive Office and is the focus of Northern Ireland's relations with the institutions of the European Union.

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Official development assistance

Official development assistance (ODA) is a term coined by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to measure aid.

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Offshore aquaculture

Offshore aquaculture, also known as open ocean aquaculture, is an emerging approach to mariculture or marine farming where fish farms are moved some distance offshore.

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Offshore Supplies Office

OSO was a British government agency with a remit to support British suppliers to the offshore oil and gas industry in the British sector of the North Sea.

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OHB SE

OHB SE is a European multinational technology corporation.

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Oil shale industry

The oil shale industry is an industry of mining and processing of oil shale—a fine-grained sedimentary rock, containing significant amounts of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds), from which liquid hydrocarbons can be manufactured.

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Olaf Scholz

Olaf Scholz (born) is a German politician, serving as Federal Minister of Finance and Vice Chancellor alongside Chancellor Angela Merkel from the CDU since 14 March 2018.

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Olaratumab

Olaratumab (trade name Lartruvo) is a monoclonal antibody developed by Eli Lilly and Company for the treatment of solid tumors.

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Olena Zerkal

Olena Volodymyrivna Zerkal (Олена Володимирівна Зеркаль, born 24 June 1973 in Kyiv) is Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine for the European Integration, in office since 2014.

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Olive oil

Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin.

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Olive oil acidity

Free acidity is an important parameter that defines the quality of olive oil and is defined as a percentage as grams of free fatty acids (expressed as oleic acid, the main fatty acid present in olive oil) in 100 grams of oil.

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Olli Rehn

Olli Ilmari Rehn (born 31 March 1962 in Mikkeli, Finland) is a Finnish politician, a member of the Centre Party of Finland.

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Olympic Air

Olympic Air S.A. (Ολυμπιακή) is a regional airline, a subsidiary of the Greek airline carrier Aegean Airlines.

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Olympic Airways Services

Olympic Airways - Services S.A. is the largest ground handling operator of Greece.

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Once-only principle

The once-only principle is an e-government concept that aims to ensure that citizens, institutions, and companies only have to provide certain standard information to the authorities and administrations once.

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One to One (TV series)

One to One was an Irish television series which airs on RTÉ One.

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One Watt Initiative

The One Watt Initiative (or the proper One-Watt Initiative) is an energy-saving initiative by the International Energy Agency (IEA) to reduce standby power-use by any appliance to not more than one watt in 2010, and 0.5 watts in 2013, which has given rise to regulations in many countries and regions.

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One-Two-GO Airlines

One Two Go Airlines Co.

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Online hate speech

Online hate speech is a type of speech that takes place online (e.g. the Internet, social media platforms) with the purpose to attack a person or a group on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, or gender.

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Open access

Open access (OA) refers to research outputs which are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers, and possibly with the addition of a Creative Commons license to promote reuse.

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Open access in Germany

Open access to scholarly communication in Germany has evolved rapidly since the early 2000s.

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Open access in India

In India, open access to scholarly communication has been developing for several decades.

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Open data

Open data is the idea that some data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control.

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Open educational resources in Canada

Open educational resources in Canada are the various initiatives related to open educational resources (OER) and open education established nationally and provincially in Canada, and with international collaboration.

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Open Energy Modelling Initiative

The Open Energy Modelling Initiative (openmod) is a grass roots community of energy system modellers from universities and research institutes across Europe and elsewhere.

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Open energy system models

Open energy system models are energy system models that are open source.

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Open Knowledge International

Open Knowledge International (OKI) (known as the Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) until April 2014, then Open Knowledge until May 2016) is a global non-profit network that promotes and shares information at no charge, including both content and data.

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Open method of coordination

The open method of coordination (OMC) is a relatively new and intergovernmental means of governance in the European Union, based on the voluntary cooperation of its member states.

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Open Mobile Terminal Platform

The Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) was a forum created by mobile network operators to discuss standards with manufacturers of mobile phones and other mobile devices.

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Open skies

Open skies is an international policy concept that calls for the liberalization of the rules and regulations of the international aviation industry—especially commercial aviation—in order to create a free-market environment for the airline industry.

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Open Source Day

Open Source Day is an international conference gathering fans of open solutions from Central and Eastern Europe.

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Open source in Kosovo

The first project in open source in Kosovo was the adjustment of Open Office Packet in December 2003.

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Open Source Observatory and Repository

The Open Source Observatory and Repository (OSOR) is an online project launched by the European Commission under the IDABC programme, to support the distribution and re-use of software developed by or for public sector administrations across Europe, connecting EU services and Member States.

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Open standard

An open standard is a standard that is publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it, and may also have various properties of how it was designed (e.g. open process).

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Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten

No description.

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Open-access mandate

An open-access mandate is a policy adopted by a research institution, research funder, or government which requires researchers—usually university faculty or research staff and/or research grant recipients—to make their published, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers open access (1) by self-archiving their final, peer-reviewed drafts in a freely accessible institutional repository or disciplinary repository ("Green OA") or (2) by publishing them in an open-access journal ("Gold OA") or both.

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OpenCorporates

OpenCorporates is a website which shares data on corporate entities as open data under the share-alike attribution Open Database License.

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OpenDocument adoption

The following article details governmental and other organizations from around the world who are in the process of evaluating the suitability of using (adopting) OpenDocument, an open document file format for saving and exchanging office documents that may be edited.

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OpenForum Europe

OpenForum Europe (OFE) is a European open source software advocacy group.

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Openreach

Openreach is a functional division of telecommunications company BT plc, that owns and maintains the telephone wires, ducts, cabinets and exchanges that connect nearly all homes and businesses in the United Kingdom to the national broadband and telephone network.

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Opera Software

Opera Software AS is a Norwegian software company, primarily known for its desktop Opera web browser, and mobile web browser Opera Mini.

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Operation Mare Nostrum

Operation Mare Nostrum was a year-long naval and air operation commenced by the Italian government on October 18, 2013, to tackle the increased immigration to Europe during the second half of 2013 and migratory ship wreckages off Lampedusa.

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Operation Triton

Operation Triton is a border security operation conducted by Frontex, the European Union's border security agency.

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Operation Vistula

Operation Vistula (Akcja "Wisła") was a codename for the 1947 forced resettlement of the Ukrainian minority including Boykos and Lemkos from the south-eastern provinces of post-war Poland, to the Recovered Territories in the west of the country.

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Opt-outs in the European Union

In general, the law of the European Union is valid in all of the twenty-eight European Union member states.

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Opus gallicum

The opus gallicum (Latin for "Gallic work") was a technique of construction whereby precise holes were created in stone masonry for the insertion of wooden beams to create a wooden infrastructure.

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Oracle Corporation

Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation, headquartered in Redwood Shores, California.

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Orano

Orano (previously Areva) is a French multinational group specializing in nuclear power and renewable energy headquartered in Paris La Défense.

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Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

The Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (French: Ordre de Mérite du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg) is a distinguished honorary order of Luxembourg.

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Order of Sikatuna

The Order of Sikatuna (Orden ni Sikatuna) is the national order of diplomatic merit of the Republic of the Philippines.

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Ordonnance

In French politics, an ordonnance ("order") is a statutory instrument issued by the Council of Ministers in an area of law normally reserved for primary legislation enacted by the French Parliament.

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Orga Systems

Orga Systems was a software vendor for convergent charging and billing solutions with an international customer base in telecommunications, utilities and automotive markets.

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Orgalime

Orgalime (derived originally from the French Organisme de Liaison des Industries Métalliques Européennes) is the European Engineering Industries Association, speaking for 40 trade federations representing companies in the mechanical, electrical, electronics and metalworking and metal articles industries of 23 European countries.

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Organic food

Organic food is food produced by methods that comply with the standards of organic farming.

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Organic food culture

Organic food culture refers to a recent social and cultural trend in which there has been an increased interest in organic food due to the rise of media coverage on health, food safety, and environmental dangers of pesticides.

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Organic Food Federation

The Organic Food Federation is a lobbying organization which certifies organic products in the United Kingdom.

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Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

Flag of the Francophonie The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), generally known as the Francophonie (La Francophonie), but also called International Organisation of La Francophonie in English language context, is an international organization representing countries and regions where French is a lingua franca or customary language, where a significant proportion of the population are francophones (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with French culture.

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Organising Bureau of European School Student Unions

The Organising Bureau of European School Student Unions (OBESSU) is the European platform for cooperation between the national school student unions in Europe, active in general secondary and secondary vocational education.

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Orna Berry

Orna Berry (ארנה ברי; born December 19, 1949), is an Israeli scientist, high-tech entrepreneur, businesswoman, senior director among the Israeli science and technology industries and laureate of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Award.

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Orphan drug

An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent that has been developed specifically to treat a rare medical condition, the condition itself being referred to as an orphan disease.

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Orphan work

An orphan work is a copyright protected work for which rightsholders are positively indeterminate or uncontactable.

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Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric

The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric (OOA; Serbian and Православна охридска архиепископија (ПОА), Pravoslavna ohridska arhiepiskopija (POA)) is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox Archbishopric with canonical jurisdiction over the territory of the Republic of Macedonia.

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Ortolan bunting

The ortolan (Emberiza hortulana) or ortolan bunting, is a bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a passerine family now separated by most modern scholars from the finches, Fringillidae.

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Ortoli Commission

Term: 1973-1977 Party: CD --> The Ortoli Commission is the European Commission that held office from 6 January 1973 to 5 January 1977.

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Osimertinib

Osimertinib (previously known as mereletinib; trade name Tagrisso) is a medication used to treat non-small-cell lung carcinomas with a specific mutation.

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Oslo

Oslo (rarely) is the capital and most populous city of Norway.

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Osmia bicolor

Osmia bicolor, the two-coloured mason-bee, is a Palearctic species of bee in the genus Osmia.

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OSPAR Convention

The or OSPAR Convention is the current legislative instrument regulating international cooperation on environmental protection in the North-East Atlantic.

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OSU-03012

OSU-03012 (AR-12) is a celecoxib derivative with anticancer and anti-microbial activity.

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Othmar Karas

Othmar Karas (born 24 December 1957) is an Austrian politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Austria.

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Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer

Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer (16 July 1896 – 8 August 1969) was a German human biologist and geneticist, who was the Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Münster until his 1965 retirement.

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Otmar Issing

Otmar Issing (born 27 March 1936 in Würzburg) is a German economist.

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Outcome-based education

Outcome-based education (OBE) is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes).

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Outline of the European Union

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the European Union: The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states, located primarily in Europe.

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Outokumpu

Outokumpu Oyj is a group of companies headquartered in Helsinki, Finland, producing stainless steel, employing 10,785 employees in more than 30 countries.

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Ovenden Moor Wind Farm

Ovenden Moor Wind Farm is a wind powered electricity generating site in England.

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Ovos Moles de Aveiro

Ovos Moles de Aveiro ("soft eggs from Aveiro", literally) is a local delicacy from Aveiro District, Portugal, made of egg yolks and sugar.

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Owen Paterson

Owen William Paterson (born 24 June 1956) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from 2012 until 2014.

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Oxo Biodegradable

OXO Biodegradable OXO-biodegradation is defined by CEN (the European Standards Organisation) as "degradation resulting from oxidative and cell-mediated phenomena, either simultaneously or successively." Sometimes described as "OXO-degradable" but this describes only the first or oxidative phase and this description should not be used for material which degrades by the process of OXO-biodegradation defined by CEN.

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Oxsensis

Oxsensis Ltd.

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Oxybenzone

Oxybenzone or benzophenone-3 (trade names Milestab 9, Eusolex 4360, Escalol 567, KAHSCREEN BZ-3) is an organic compound.

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Pablo Zalba Bidegain

Pablo Zalba Bidegain (born 28 January 1975) is a Spanish economist and politician and has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP), for the European People's Party, since June 2009.

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Pacific Island Farmers Organisation Network

The Pacific Island Farmers Organisation Network (PIFON) serves as an umbrella organisation for national farmer organizations in the Pacific island region.

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Pakistan International Airlines

Pakistan International Airlines (پاکستان انٹرنیشنل ایئر لائنز) commonly referred to by the abbreviation PIA (پی‌آئی‌اے) is the national flag carrier of Pakistan.

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Pakistan–European Union relations

Pakistan–European Union relations are the international relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the common foreign policy and trade relations of the European Union.

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Palagummi Sainath

Palagummi Sainath (born 1957) is an Indian journalist and photojournalist who focuses on social & economic inequality, rural affairs, poverty and the aftermath of globalization in India.

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Palais Rohan, Strasbourg

The Palais Rohan (Rohan Palace) in Strasbourg is the former residence of the prince-bishops and cardinals of the House of Rohan, an ancient French noble family originally from Brittany.

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Palestinian Centre for Human Rights

The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR, المركز الفلسطيني لحقوق الإنسان) is an independent Palestinian human rights organization based in Gaza City, founded and directed by Raji Sourani.

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Palestinian presidential election, 2005

The 2005 Palestinian presidential election — the first to be held since 1996 — took place on Sunday, 9 January 2005 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

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Pamela Gillies

Pamela Gillies, CBE, FRSA, FAcSS, FRSE (born 1953) is a Scottish academic and educator, appointed as Principal/Vice-Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University in March 2006.

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PAMELA Project

The Process for Advanced Management of End of-Life-Aircraft (PAMELA) Project, initiated in 2006, is an enterprise set up by Airbus at Tarbes Airport in Southern France, with the aim of recycling aircraft parts.

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Pan European Networks

Pan European Networks (PEN) is a marketing company per the European Commission.

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Pan-European identity

Pan-European identity is the sense of personal identification with Europe, in a cultural, racial or political sense.

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Pan-European Institute

The Pan-European Institute (PEI) (Finnish Pan-Eurooppa Instituutti) is a Finnish research institute at Turku School of Economics, in Turku, Finland.

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Pan-European Pension

The Pan-European Pension Product (PEPP) is a proposed pension which will be available to residents of the European Union.

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PANACREAS

PANACREAS stands for “Integrating chemical approaches to treat pancreatic cancer: making new leads for a cure” and is being supported through Coordination Theme 1 (Health) of the European Community’s FP7.

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Panama Papers

The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities.

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Pandemic H1N1/09 virus

The Pandemic H1N1/09 virus is a swine origin Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 virus strain responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic.

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Pandemrix

Pandemrix is an influenza vaccine for influenza pandemics, such as the H1N1 2009 flu pandemic colloquially called the swine flu.

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Pangani River

The Pangani River (pin-gi'nee) (also called Luffu and Jipe Ruvu, especially in older sources, and probably once called Rhaptus) is a major river of northeastern Tanzania.

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Pannella List

The Pannella List (Lista Pannella, LP) is a liberal and libertarian association, which was also the electoral list of the Italian Radicals between 1992 and 1999, when it was replaced by the Bonino List.

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Paolo Vineis

Paolo Vineis is a professor of Environmental Epidemiology at Imperial College London.

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Parachute Type foundry

Parachute is a European type foundry with offices in Athens and London.

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Parex Bank

Parex Banka was founded in 1992 by Valery Kargin and Viktor Krasovickis as a privately owned full-service banking company in Riga, Latvia.

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Paris Club

The Paris Club (Club de Paris) is a group of officials from major creditor countries whose role is to find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries.

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Paris Opera Awards

The Paris Opera Awards (POA) is an international contest for opera singers held in Paris, France.

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Paris Pact Initiative

The Paris Pact site is an international partnership aimed at combating Afghan opiates trafficking, consumption and related problems in countries along the Afghan opiates trafficking routes.

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Parliament of Finland

The Parliament of Finland, is the unicameral supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906.

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Parlophone

Parlophone Records Limited (also known as Parlophone Records and Parlophone) is a German-British major record label founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon.

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Parsytec

ISRA VISION PARSYTEC AG is a company of ISRA VISION AG and was founded in 1985 as Parsytec (PARallel SYstem TEChnology) in Aachen, Germany.

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Partition of Belgium

The partition of Belgium is a hypothetical situation which has been discussed by both Belgian and international media, especially in the context of events such as the 2007–11 Belgian political crisis.

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Party Games (Yes Minister)

"Party Games" is the twenty-second and final episode of the BBC comedy series Yes Minister.

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Party of European Socialists

The Party of European Socialists (PES) is a social-democratic European political party.

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Parviz Bagirov

Parviz Bagirov (born 31 July 1983) is a well known Azerbaijani education reformist and specialist.

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Pascale Ehrenfreund

Pascale Ehrenfreund (born 1960 in Vienna) is an Austrian astrophysicist.

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Passive smoking

Passive smoking is the inhalation of smoke, called second-hand smoke (SHS), or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), by persons other than the intended "active" smoker.

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Passport stamp

A passport stamp is a rubber stamp inked impression received in one's passport upon entering or exiting a country.

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Passports of the European Union

The European Union itself does not issue ordinary passports, but ordinary passport booklets issued by its 28 member states share a common format.

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Pasty

A pasty or pastie (or, Pasti) is a baked pastry, a traditional variety of which is particularly associated with Cornwall, United Kingdom.

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Patent infringement

Patent infringement is the commission of a prohibited act with respect to a patented invention without permission from the patent holder.

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Patent law of the European Union

European Union patent law is a subset of European patent law.

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Pathchooser

Initial Training Network (ITN) granted by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (mobility research grants created by the European Union/European Commission to support European research).

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Patras

Patras (Πάτρα, Classical Greek and Katharevousa: Πάτραι (pl.),, Patrae (pl.)) is Greece's third-largest city and the regional capital of Western Greece, in the northern Peloponnese, west of Athens.

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Patrick Develtere

Patrick Develtere (born August 26, 1961 in Roeselare) succeeded in September 2010 as president of, (formerly ACW) a Belgian Christian Workers’ movement.

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Patrick Hillery

Patrick John Hillery (Pádraig J. Ó hIrghile; 2 May 1923 – 12 April 2008) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as the 6th President of Ireland from December 1976 to December 1990.

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Patrick McLaughlin (churchman)

Patrick McLaughlin (1909–1988) was an English Roman Catholic lay brother of the Order of Saint Benedict and a Christian writer, as well as a former Anglican priest until he became a Roman Catholic in 1962.

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Paul Bernd Spahn

Paul Bernd Spahn (born October 17, 1939) is emeritus professor of public finance at the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

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Paul Cézanne University

Paul Cézanne University (also referred to as Paul Cézanne University Aix-Marseille III) (French: Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III) was a public research university based in the heart of Provence (South East of France), in both Aix-en-Provence and Marseille.

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Paul De Grauwe

Paul De Grauwe (born 18 July 1946) is a Belgian economist and John Paulson Professor in European Political Economy at the London School of Economics and Political Science as head of the European Institute.

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Paul Peters (publisher)

Paul Harvey Peters (born September 24, 1982) is the President of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), the Chair of Crossref, and the Chief Executive Officer of the Open Access publisher Hindawi.

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Paul Seabright

Paul Seabright (born 8 July 1958) is British Professor of Economics in the Industrial Economics Institute and Toulouse School of Economics at the University of Toulouse, France.

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Paul van Buitenen

Paul van Buitenen (born 28 May 1957) is a retired Dutch politician of the Europe Transparent party who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009.

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Pauline Green

Dame Pauline Green, (born 8 December 1948) is a former Labour and Co-operative Member of the European Parliament and former Leader of the Parliamentary Group of the Party of European Socialists (PES).

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Pauline Neville-Jones, Baroness Neville-Jones

Lilian Pauline Neville-Jones, Baroness Neville-Jones (born 2 November 1939) is a former BBC Governor and Chairman of the British Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC).

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Paulo Freire Institute, Malta

Paulo Freire Institute is an education organization in Zejtun, Malta.

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Paulo Portas

Paulo de Sacadura Cabral Portas (born 12 September 1962), is a Portuguese media and political figure, who has, since the 1990s, been Portugal's leading conservative politician.

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Paulo Rangel

Paulo Artur dos Santos Castro de Campos Rangel (born 18 February 1968 in Vila Nova de Gaia) is a Portuguese jurist and politician, vice-president of the European People's Party.

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Pavel Romanov

Pavel (Vasil’evich) Romanov (May 22, 1964 — June 9, 2014) was a Russian sociologist, Doctor of Social Sciences, the professor of the HSE (National Research University - Higher School of Economics) department of socio-economic systems and social politics; the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Social Policy Studies; the director of the Center for Social Policy and Gender Studies (ru).

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Pay to fly

Pay-to-fly or pay-to-work programs, sometimes referred to as "pay-to-fly" or "p2f", also known as 'self-sponsored line training', are an aviation industry practice whereby a professional pilot operates an aircraft on revenue-earning commercial operation by paying for it.

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Paysafe Group

Paysafe Group Limited (formerly known as Optimal Payments PLC) is an online payments company based in the Isle of Man and regulated in the United Kingdom.

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Päivi Kairamo

Päivi Kairamo (former Kairamo-Hella, born 10 April 1964) is a Finnish diplomat and civil servant.

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Päivi Luostarinen

Päivi Luostarinen (born. 13 January 1955 Viitattu 21.3.2017 (pdf)) is a Finnish diplomat.

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Péter Balázs

Péter Balázs (born 5 December 1941) is a Hungarian politician and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary, born in Kecskemét, 1941.

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Péter Szijjártó

Péter Szijjártó (born 30 October 1978) is a Hungarian politician, who has been Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade since 23 September 2014.

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Póvoa de Varzim

Póvoa de Varzim, also spelled Povoa de Varzim, is a Portuguese city in Northern Portugal and sub-region of Greater Porto.

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Peace

Peace is the concept of harmony and the absence of hostility.

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Peace Implementation Council

The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) is an international body charged with implementing the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Peace Revolution

Peace Revolution is an online meditation platform aimed at young adults.

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Peacebuilding

Peacebuilding is an intervention technique or method that is designed to prevent the start or resumption of violent conflict by creating a sustainable peace.

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Pears (soap)

Pears transparent soap is a brand of soap first produced and sold in 1807 by Andrew Pears at a factory just off Oxford Street in London, England.

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Pearson Commission

The Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury, better known as the Pearson commission was a United Kingdom royal commission, established in 1973 under the chairmanship of Lord Pearson.

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Pedro Crespo

Pedro M. Crespo Bofill is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Tecnun School of Engineering of the University of Navarre in Spain, and Head of the Electronics & Communications Department at CEIT Research Institute.

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Pedro Passos Coelho

Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho (born 24 July 1964) is a Portuguese politician who was the 118th Prime Minister of Portugal, in office from 2011 to 2015.

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Pedro Pedrosa Mendes

Pedro Pedrosa Mendes is a Professor of Computational Systems Biology in the School of Computer Science at the University of Manchester.

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Pedro Santana Lopes

Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes GCC (born 29 June 1956), a Portuguese lawyer and politician, was Prime Minister of Portugal from 2004 to 2005.

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Pedro Solbes

Pedro Solbes Mira (born 31 August 1942 in Pinoso, Alicante) is a Spanish economist.

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Pekka Huhtaniemi

Pekka Juhani Huhtaniemi (born. 9 November 1949 Valkeakoski) is a Finnish diplomat.

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Pelagic fish

Pelagic fish live in the pelagic zone of ocean or lake waters – being neither close to the bottom nor near the shore – in contrast with demersal fish, which do live on or near the bottom, and reef fish, which are associated with coral reefs.

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Pelješac Bridge

The Pelješac Bridge (Pelješki most) is a planned bridge in Croatia, whose construction started in 2007.

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Pembroke Power Station

Pembroke B Power Station is a 2,000 MWe natural gas-fired power station near Pembroke in Wales.

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Penelope Project

Penelope' was the code word given to a draft text of the EU Constitution prepared for the President of the European Commission, Romano Prodi, in 2001.

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Penile plethysmograph

Penile plethysmography (PPG) or phallometry is measurement of bloodflow to the penis, typically used as a proxy for measurement of sexual arousal.

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People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie, VVD) is a conservative-liberal political party in the Netherlands.

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People's Pledge

The People's Pledge was a political campaign to secure a referendum on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union.

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PeopleSoft

PeopleSoft, Inc. was a company that provided human resource management systems (HRMS), Financial Management Solutions (FMS), supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), and enterprise performance management (EPM) software, as well as software for manufacturing, and student administration to large corporations, governments, and organizations.

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Per Arne Watle

Per Arne Watle (born 1948) is a Norwegian businessperson and former politician for the Centre Party.

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Per Frimann

Per Frimann Hansen (born 4 June 1962) is a Danish former football player.

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Per Kågeson

Per Kågeson', (born 14April 1947) in Trollhättan is a Swedish author, scientist, debater and consultant within the area of environmental protection.

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Performics

Performics is a performance marketing agency that provides paid search, natural search, social, display, affiliate and mobile marketing solutions to a variety of Fortune 500 and smaller clients.

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Perindopril

Perindopril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, or stable coronary artery disease in form of perindopril arginine (trade names include Coversyl, Coversum) or perindopril erbumine (Aceon).

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Period-after-opening symbol

The period-after-opening symbol or PAO symbol is a graphic symbol that identifies the useful lifetime of a cosmetic product after its package has been opened for the first time.

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Permanent Structured Cooperation

The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is the part of the European Union's (EU) security and defence policy (CSDP) in which 25 of the 28 national armed forces pursue structural integration.

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Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection.

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Pesticides in the European Union

Pesticides in the European Union.

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Peter Altmaier

Peter Altmaier (born 18 June 1958) is a German politician serving as Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy since March 2018.

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Peter Beazley

Peter George Beazley CBE (9 June 1922 – 23 December 2004) was a British businessman and Conservative Party politician, who worked for Imperial Chemical Industries for over thirty years.

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Peter Cooper (journalist)

Peter Cooper (born August 1960, Salisbury, England) is a British businessman, journalist and author living in Dubai.

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Peter Gloystein

Peter Gloystein (born 25 November 1945 in Bremen, Germany) is a German banker and Christian Democratic Union party politician.

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Peter Grünberg

Peter Andreas Grünberg (18 May 1939 – 7 April 2018) was a German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his discovery with Albert Fert of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disk drives.

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Peter Hartman

Peter F. Hartman (born 1949, Curaçao) is a Dutch executive and vice-chairman of Air France-KLM.

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Peter Hill (civil servant)

Peter Hill is a UK Civil Servant, and a former political advisor and EU politician, currently working in the Prime Minister's Office as the Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister.

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Peter Jambrek

Peter Jambrek (born 14 January 1940) is a Slovenian sociologist, jurist, politician and intellectual.

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Peter Mandelson

Peter Benjamin Mandelson, Baron Mandelson, (born 21 October 1953) is a British Labour politician, president of international think tank Policy Network and Chairman of strategic advisory firm He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Hartlepool from 1992 to 2004, and held a number of Cabinet positions under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown.

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Peter Schmidhuber

Peter Schmidhuber (15 December 1931) is a former German and European politician from the Bavarian CSU party.

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Peter Sutherland

Peter Denis Sutherland (25 April 1946 – 7 January 2018) was an Irish businessman, barrister and politician who served as UN Special Representative for International Migration from 2006 to 2017, Chairman of Goldman Sachs from 1995 to 2015, Director-General of the World Trade Organization from 1993 to 1995, European Commissioner for Competition from 1985 to 1989 and Attorney General of Ireland from 1981 to 1982 and 1982 to 1994.

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Peter van Walsum

A.

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Peter Westmacott

Sir Peter John Westmacott (born 23 December 1950) is a senior British diplomat, who was British Ambassador to Turkey, then Ambassador to France (2007 to 2011) and finally Ambassador to the United States from January 2012 to January 2016, succeeding Sir Nigel Sheinwald, a posting announced by the Prime Minister's Office on 24 June 2011.

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Peter Whelan (lawyer)

Peter Whelan (born 1979) is a professor of law at the School of Law, University of Leeds.

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Peterborough

Peterborough is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England, with a population of 183,631 in 2011.

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Peterborough City Council

Peterborough City Council is the local authority for Peterborough in the East of England.

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Petra Kelly

Petra Karin Kelly (29 November 1947 – c. 1 October 1992) was a German Green politician and ecofeminist activist.

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Petten nuclear reactor

The Petten nuclear reactors are nuclear research reactors in Petten, Netherlands.

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Peugeot 106

The Peugeot 106 is a city car produced by French automaker Peugeot between 1991 and 2003.

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Pheme (project)

Pheme is a 36-month research project into establishing the veracity of claims made on the internet.

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Phili Viehoff

Philippine Johanna "Phili" Viehoff born Maag-van Os van den Abeele (8 June 1924 – 1 June 2015) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party.

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Philip Alston

Philip G. Alston is an international law scholar and human rights practitioner.

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Philip Bean

Philip Thomas Bean (born 24 September 1936) is Emeritus Professor of Criminology at Loughborough University, former President of the British Society of Criminology (1996–99) and an authority and author on the impact on society of drugs, mental illness and crime having published 62 works that are held in approximately 6,000 libraries around the world.

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Philip Campbell (scientist)

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Philip Lymbery

Philip John Lymbery (born 23 September 1965) is the chief executive officer of Compassion in World Farming (Compassion) and a commentator on the effects of industrial farming.

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Philip R. Lane

Philip Richard Lane (born 27 August 1969) is an Irish economist who has served as the Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland since November 2015.

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Philip Ruttley

Philip Ruttley (born 1954) is a leading Anglo-Swiss lawyer and published expert in European Union competition (anti-trust) law and international trade law.

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Philippe Autier

Philippe Autier (born 29 December 1956) is a Belgian epidemiologist.

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Philippe Couvreur

Philippe Couvreur (born 29 November 1951 in Schaerbeek, Belgium) currently serves as registrar at the International Court of Justice.

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Philippe Legrain

Philippe Legrain is a British political economist and writer.

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Philippine Navy

The Philippine Navy (PN; Filipino: Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas, Armada de Filipinas) is the naval warfare service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

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Philippines–European Union relations

The European Union and the Philippines share diplomatic, economic, cultural and political relations.

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Phoenix Trail

The Phoenix Trail is a footpath and cycleway which runs between the market towns of Thame in South Oxfordshire and Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire, passing through the villages of Towersey and Bledlow.

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Phorm

Phorm, formerly known as 121Media, was a digital technology company known for its contextual advertising software.

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PHOSFOS

PhoSFOS is a research and technology development project co-funded by the European Commission.

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Phosphates in detergent

Phosphates in detergent refers to the use of phosphates as an ingredient in a detergent product.

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Photonics

Photonics is the physical science of light (photon) generation, detection, and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and detection/sensing.

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Physical therapy

Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is one of the allied health professions that, by using mechanical force and movements (bio-mechanics or kinesiology), manual therapy, exercise therapy, and electrotherapy, remediates impairments and promotes mobility and function.

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Pier Carlo Padoan

Pier Carlo Padoan (born 19 January 1950) is an Italian economist served as Minister of Economy and Finances of Italy from 2014 to 2018.

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Piero Malvestiti

Piero Malvestiti (26 June 1899 – 5 November 1964) was an Italian politician who was a minister in successive governments in the 1940s and 1950s, a European Commissioner and President of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community.

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Pierre Chatenet

Pierre Chatenet was a French politician born 6 March 1917 in Paris and died 4 September 1997 in Tafers.

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Pierre Moscovici

Pierre Moscovici (born 16 September 1957) is a French politician currently serving as the European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs.

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Pierre Nanterme

Pierre Nanterme (born 1959) is a French business executive.

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Pierre Pestieau

Pierre Pestieau (born 1943 in Froidchapelle) is a Belgian economist.

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Pierre Véron (lawyer)

Pierre Véron (born 20 July 1947) is a French lawyer and specialist in the field of patent litigation.

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Pilkington

Pilkington Group Limited is a multinational glass-manufacturing company headquartered in St Helens, United Kingdom and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Japan-based NSG Group.

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Pinoso

Pinoso is a traditional Spanish town which sits located in the mountainous countryside of the Alicante/Murcia border (at some 56 km from Alicante).

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Piraeus Bank

Piraeus Bank A.E. (Τράπεζα Πειραιώς ΑΕ), is a Greek multinational financial services company with its headquarters in Athens, Greece.

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Pirfenidone

Pirfenidone is a medication used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

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Plain tobacco packaging

Plain tobacco packaging, also known as generic, neutral, standardised or homogeneous packaging, refers to packaging that requires the removal of all branding (colours, imagery, corporate logos and trademarks), permitting manufacturers to print only the brand name in a mandated size, font and place on the pack, in addition to the health warnings and any other legally mandated information such as toxic constituents and tax-paid stamps.

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Planetary boundaries

Planetary boundaries is a concept of nine Earth system processes which have boundaries proposed in 2009 by a group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre and Will Steffen from the Australian National University.

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Platform economy

The platform economy is economic and social activity facilitated by platforms.

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Platform of European Memory and Conscience

The Platform of European Memory and Conscience is an educational project of the European Union bringing together government institutions and NGOs from EU countries active in research, documentation, awareness raising and education about the crimes of totalitarian regimes.

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Plaumann & Co v Commission

Plaumann & Co v Commission (1963) is an EU law case, concerning judicial review in the European Union.

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Ploteus

PLOTEUS is an acronym of Portal on Learning Opportunities Throughout European Space, meant to connote πλωτηρ (ploter) which means "navigator" in ancient Greek.

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Plug-in electric vehicle

A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from an external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the electricity stored in the rechargeable battery packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels.

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PM2 (disambiguation)

PM2 may refer to.

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PM²

PM² (pronounced “P-M squared”) is a project management methodology developed and endorsed by the European Commission (EC).

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Pneumococcal Awareness Council of Experts

The Pneumococcal Awareness Council of Experts (PACE) is a project of the Sabin Vaccine Institute and is composed of global experts in infectious diseases and vaccines.

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Pobal Chill Chomáin

Pobal Chill Chomáin (PCC, English: People of Kilcommon) is a pressure group based in the parish of Kilcommon in County Mayo, Ireland.

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Poland in the European Union

Poland has been a member state of the European Union since 1 May 2004, with the Treaty of Accession 2003 signed on 16 April 2003 in Athens as the legal basis for Poland's accession to the EU.

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Poland National Renewable Energy Action Plan

The Poland National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Poland.

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Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters

Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) was the third of the three pillars of the European Union (EU).

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Policies of Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi was the Prime Minister of Italy, the head of the country's government, for almost ten years.

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Policy measures of the European Union

The European Union uses a range of legal instruments to implement policy, varied across two major decision-making processes co-decision and cooperation procedure.

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Policy reactions to the Eurozone crisis

The Eurozone crisis is an ongoing financial crisis that has made it difficult or impossible for some countries in the euro area to repay or re-finance their government debt without the assistance of third parties.

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Polish minority in the Czech Republic

The Polish minority in the Czech Republic (Polska mniejszość narodowa w Republice Czeskiej, Polská národnostní menšina v České republice) is a Polish national minority living mainly in the Zaolzie region of western Cieszyn Silesia.

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Polish Register of Shipping

Polish Register of Shipping, (in Polish: Polski Rejestr Statków S.A.), also known as PRS, is an independent classification society established in 1936.

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Political foundation at European level

A European political foundation, formally a political foundation at European level, informally a Eurofoundation, is a research and advocacy organization close to, but independent from a Europarty.

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Political killings in the Philippines (2001–10)

The political killings in the Philippines are a series of extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances of Left-wing politicians and activists, journalists, human rights advocates, the political opposition, and outspoken clergy that have increased dramatically since 2001.

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Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn

This article summarises the policies, views and voting record of Labour Party MP Jeremy Corbyn, who since 12 September 2015 has been the Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom.

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Political positions of Marine Le Pen

Marine Le Pen is a French politician, who is the President of the National Front (FN).

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Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democracy, whereby executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Politics of France

The politics of France take place with the framework of a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French Fifth Republic.

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Politics of Malta

The politics of Malta takes place within a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Malta is the constitutional head of state.

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Politics of Portugal

Politics in Portugal takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Portugal is the head of government.

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Politics of the European Union

The politics of the European Union are different from other organisations and states due to the unique nature of the European Union (EU).

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Poltava (chicken)

The Poltava is an old Ukrainian dual-purpose breed of chicken named after the Ukrainian city of Poltava.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, also polyaromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) are hydrocarbons—organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—that are composed of multiple aromatic rings (organic rings in which the electrons are delocalized).

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Pomalidomide

Pomalidomide (INN; marketed as Pomalyst in the U.S. and Imnovid in the EU and Russia) is a derivative of thalidomide marketed by Celgene.

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Pontifex (project)

PONTIFEX (Planning Of Non-specific Transportation by an Intelligent Fleet EXpert) was a mid-1980s project that introduced a novel approach to complex aircraft fleet scheduling, partially funded by the European Commission's Strategic Programme for R&D in Information Technology.

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PoolParty Semantic Suite

The PoolParty Semantic Suite is a technology platform provided by the Semantic Web Company.

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Population Europe

Population Europe is a collaborative network of Europe’s demographic research institutes and centres.

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Population transfer

Population transfer or resettlement is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another, often a form of forced migration imposed by state policy or international authority and most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion but also due to economic development.

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Porphyria

Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up, negatively affecting the skin or nervous system.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.

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Post-2008 Irish banking crisis

The post-2008 Irish banking crisis was the situation whereby, due to the Great Recession, a number of Irish financial institutions faced almost imminent collapse due to insolvency.

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Post-2008 Irish economic downturn

The post-2008 Irish economic downturn in the Republic of Ireland, coincided with a series of banking scandals, followed the 1990s and 2000s Celtic Tiger period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment, a subsequent property bubble which rendered the real economy uncompetitive, and an expansion in bank lending in the early 2000s.

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Post-quantum cryptography

Post-quantum cryptography (sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe or quantum-resistant) refers to cryptographic algorithms (usually public-key algorithms) that are thought to be secure against an attack by a quantum computer.

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Post-Soviet states

The post-Soviet states, also collectively known as the former Soviet Union (FSU) or former Soviet Republics, are the states that emerged and re-emerged from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its breakup in 1991, with Russia internationally recognised as the successor state to the Soviet Union after the Cold War.

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Postchristianity

Postchristianity is the loss of the primacy of the Christian worldview in political affairs, especially in the Global North where Christianity had previously flourished, in favor of alternative worldviews such as secularism or nationalism.

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Postediting

Post-editing (or postediting) is the process whereby humans amend machine-generated translation to achieve an acceptable final product.

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Potential London NFL franchise

The London NFL franchise is a hypothetical National Football League (NFL) American football team based in London, England; formed as a new expansion team, or by relocating one of the existing 32 NFL teams currently based in the United States.

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Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) is a German government-funded research institute addressing crucial scientific questions in the fields of global change, climate impacts, and sustainable development.

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Poul Nyrup Rasmussen

Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen (informally Poul Nyrup, born 15 June 1943), was Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists (PES) from 2004 to 2011.

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Poverty in the United Kingdom

Despite being a developed country, those who are living at the lower end of the income distribution in the United Kingdom have a relatively low standard of living.

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Poverty in Vietnam

As in many other developing countries, hunger and poverty in Vietnam has existed for a significant amount of time.

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Povl Riis

Povl Riis (1925-2017) was a Danish gastroenterologist.

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Power-line communication

Power-line communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to consumers.

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Pradofloxacin

Pradofloxacin (trade name Veraflox) is a 3rd generation enhanced spectrum veterinary antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class. It was developed by Bayer HealthCare AG, Animal Health GmbH, and received approval from the European Commission in April 2011 for prescription-only use in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs and cats.

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Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism

The Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism (also known as the Prague Declaration), which was signed on 3 June 2008, was a declaration initiated by the Czech government and signed by prominent European politicians, former political prisoners and historians, among them former Czech President Václav Havel and future German President Joachim Gauck, which called for "Europe-wide condemnation of, and education about, the crimes of communism." To date, the most visible proposal set forth by the declaration was the adoption of the European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism (known as the International Black Ribbon Day in some countries), adopted by the European Union and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, as the official international remembrance day for victims of totalitarian regimes.

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Prüm Convention

The Prüm Convention (sometimes known as Schengen III Agreement) is a treaty which was signed on 27 May 2005 by Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Spain in the town of Prüm in Germany, and which is open to all members of the European Union, 14 of which are currently parties.

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Precautionary principle

The precautionary principle (or precautionary approach) generally defines actions on issues considered to be uncertain, for instance applied in assessing risk management.

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Premier League

The Premier League is the top level of the English football league system.

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Presidency of the Council of the European Union

The presidency of the Council of the European Union is responsible for the functioning of the Council of the European Union, the upper house of the EU legislature.

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President of the European Commission

The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the:European Union.

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President of the European Council

The President of the European Council is a principal representative of the European Union (EU) on the world stage, and the person presiding over and driving forward the work of the European Council.

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President of the European Union

The official title President of the European Union (or President of Europe) does not exist, but there are a number of presidents of European Union institutions, including.

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Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte

The presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte started when then-Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte won the Philippine presidential election on May 9, 2016.

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Press Club Brussels Europe

The Press Club Brussels Europe is a joint initiative of the Associations of International Journalists based in Brussels and the Brussels-Capital Region and has been inaugurated in December 2010 by the former President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso.

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Presseurop

Presseurop was a multilingual Paris-based news portal that translated and published Europe-related news articles daily from over two hundred sources into ten European languages, including English.

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PReVENT

PReVENT is a European automotive industry activity co-funded by the European Commission to contribute to road safety by developing and demonstrating preventive safety applications and technologies.

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Price fixing

Price fixing is an agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity only at a fixed price, or maintain the market conditions such that the price is maintained at a given level by controlling supply and demand.

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Price fixing cases

This is a partial list of notable price fixing and bid rigging cases.

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Primary and secondary legislation

In parliamentary systems and presidential systems of government, primary legislation and secondary legislation, the latter also called delegated legislation or subordinate legislation, are two forms of law, created respectively by the legislative and executive branches of government.

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Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg

Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg (Guillaume Marie Louis Christian; born 1 May 1963) is the third son and youngest child of Grand Duke Jean and Grand Duchess Josephine-Charlotte of Luxembourg.

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PRISM (surveillance program)

PRISM is a code name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies.

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Prison education

Prison education is any educational activity that occurs inside prison.

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Privacy Commissioner (New Zealand)

The Office of the New Zealand Privacy Commissioner was established to administer the Privacy Act 1993.

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Privacy Impact Assessment

A Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) is a process which assists organizations in identifying and minimizing the privacy risks of new projects or policies.

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Privacy International

Privacy International (PI) is a UK-based registered charity that defends and promotes the right to privacy across the world.

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Privacy law

Privacy law refers to the laws that deal with the regulating, storing, and using of personally identifiable information of individuals, which can be collected by governments, public or private organizations, or other individuals.

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Privatization

Privatization (also spelled privatisation) is the purchase of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by private investors, or the sale of a state-owned enterprise to private investors.

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Proactive law

Proactive law seeks a new approach to legal issues in businesses and societies.

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Probabilistic Action Cores

PRAC (Probabilistic Action Cores) is an interpreter for natural-language instructions for robotic applications developed at the Institute for Artificial Intelligence at the University of Bremen, Germany, and is supported in parts by the European Commission and the German Research Foundation (DFG).

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Probiotic

Probiotics are microorganisms that are claimed to provide health benefits when consumed.

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Procter & Gamble

Procter & Gamble Co. (P&G) is an American multi-national consumer goods corporation headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1837 by British American William Procter and Irish American James Gamble.

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Prodesis

Prodesis was a development project in the Lacandon region of Chiapas, Mexico, that ran from 2004 to 2008.

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Prodi Commission

The Prodi Commission was the European Commission in office between 1999 and 2004.

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Product Environmental Footprint

Developed by the European Commission, the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) is a multi-criteria measure of the environmental performance of a good or service throughout its life cycle.

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Product Liability Directive 1985

The Product Liability Directive is a directive of the Council of the European Union that created a regime of strict liability for defective products.

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Professional qualifications in the United Kingdom

Professional qualifications in the United Kingdom are titles or awards granted by professional bodies.

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Programmes and stakeholders relations

The Programmes and stakeholders relations Directorate or PSR, located in Brussels, Belgium and Ispra, Italy, is part of the Joint Research Centre (European Commission), a Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC).

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Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats

The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists (PES).

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Project DIANE

Project DIANE, an acronym for Diversified Information and Assistance NEtwork, was a very early videoconferencing based community service network created in the United States.

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Propachlor

Propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) is an herbicide first marketed by Monsanto.

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Propfan

A propfan or open rotor engine is a type of aircraft engine related in concept to both the turboprop and turbofan, but distinct from both.

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Proposed directive on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights

The European Union (EU) directive on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights (2005/0127/COD) was a proposal from the European Commission for a directive aimed "to supplement Directive 2004/48/EC of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (Civil enforcement)" (Source: Justification for the proposal, COM(2005) 276 final, July 12, 2005).

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Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions

The Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions (Commission proposal COM(2002) 92), procedure number 2002/0047 (COD) was a proposal for a European Union (EU) directive aimed to harmonise national patent laws and practices concerning the granting of patents for computer-implemented inventions, provided they meet certain criteria.

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Proposed long-term solutions for the Eurozone crisis

The proposed long-term solutions for the Eurozone crisis involve ways to deal with the ongoing Eurozone crisis and the risks to Eurozone country governments and the Euro.

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Proprietary software

Proprietary software is non-free computer software for which the software's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights—usually copyright of the source code, but sometimes patent rights.

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Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems

Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems (POLES) is a world simulation model for the energy sector that runs on the Vensim software.

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Prostitution in Belgium

Prostitution in Belgium is legal but certain related activities such as soliciting and pimping are illegal.

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Protein adulteration in China

In the People's Republic of China, the adulteration and contamination of several food and feed ingredients with inexpensive melamine and other compounds, such as cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide, are common practice.

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Proteomics Identifications Database

The PRIDE (PRoteomics IDEntifications database) is a public data repository of mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics data, and is maintained by the European Bioinformatics Institute as part of the Proteomics Team.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.

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Protestantism by country

There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,Jay Diamond, Larry.

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Proximus Group

The Proximus Group (previously known as Belgacom Group) is the largest telecommunications company in Belgium, headquartered in Brussels.

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PRS for Music

PRS for Music Limited (formerly The MCPS-PRS Alliance Limited) is the UK’s leading collection society, bringing together two collection societies: the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society (MCPS) and the Performing Right Society (PRS).

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Prym

The "William Prym Holding GmbH" is the oldest family business in Germany.

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PTV AG

PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG is a German company specialising in software solutions and consulting services for traffic and transportation, mobility, and logistics.

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Public defender

A public defender is an attorney appointed to represent people who cannot afford to hire one.

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Public Interest Oversight Board

The Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB) is an international body that oversees the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and seeks to improve the quality and public interest focus of the IFAC standards in the areas of audit, education, and ethics.

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Public Lending Right

A Public Lending Right (PLR) programme, is a programme intended to either compensate authors for the potential loss of sales from their works being available in public libraries, or as a governmental support of the arts, through support of works available in public libraries, such as books, music and artwork.

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Public opinion on global warming

Public opinion on global warming is the aggregate of attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population concerning the science, economics, and politics of global warming.

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Public pensions in Greece

Public pensions in Greece are designed to provide incomes to Greek pensioners upon reaching retirement.

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Public policy school

Public policy schools are typically university programs which teach students policy analysis, policy studies, public policy, political economy, urban planning, public administration, public affairs, and public management.

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Pulsonix

Pulsonix is an electronic design automation (EDA) software suite for schematic capture and PCB design.

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Punta Palascia Lighthouse

Punta Palascia Lighthouse (Faro di Punta Palascia) is an active lighthouse located in Capo d'Otranto, which is the easternmost point in Italy and the narrowest point of Strait of Otranto at the mouth of Adriatic Sea.

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Purple economy

The purple economy is that part of the economy which contributes to sustainable development by promoting the cultural potential of goods and services.

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Qanat

A qanāt (قنات) is a gently sloping underground channel to transport water from an aquifer or water well to surface for irrigation and drinking.

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Quadriga (award)

Quadriga was an annual German award sponsored by Netzwerk Quadriga gGmbH, a non-profit organization based in Berlin.

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Quaero

Quaero (Latin for I seek) was a European research and development program with the goal of developing multimedia and multilingual indexing and management tools for professional and general public applications (such as search engines).

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Qualcomm

Qualcomm is an American multinational semiconductor and telecommunications equipment company that designs and markets wireless telecommunications products and services.

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Qualification types in the United Kingdom

In the UK education sector, there are a wide range of qualification types offered by the United Kingdom awarding bodies.

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Quality of Government Institute

The Quality of Government (QoG)-institute is an independent research institute at the University of Gothenburg.

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Quality-adjusted life year

The quality-adjusted life year or quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived.

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Quantum dot display

A quantum dot display is a display device that uses quantum dots (QD), semiconductor nanocrystals which can produce pure monochromatic red, green, and blue light.

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Quantum technology

Quantum technology is a new field of physics and engineering, which transitions some of the properties of quantum mechanics, especially quantum entanglement, quantum superposition and quantum tunnelling, into practical applications such as quantum computing, quantum sensors, quantum cryptography, quantum simulation, quantum metrology and quantum imaging.

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Queijo de Nisa

Queijo de Nisa is a semi-hard sheep's milk cheese from the municipality of Nisa, in the subregion of Alto Alentejo in Portugal.

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Quentin Willson

Quentin Willson (born 23 July 1957) is an English TV presenter, motoring journalist, author, TV producer and former car dealer, perhaps most widely known as a presenter of the motoring programmes Britain's Worst Driver, Fifth Gear, and the original incarnation of Top Gear.

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R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport

R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport was a judicial review case taken against the United Kingdom government by a company of Spanish fishermen who claimed that the United Kingdom had breached European Union law by requiring ships to have a majority of British owners if they were to be registered in the UK.

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R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union is a legal case decided by the United Kingdom Supreme Court on 24 January 2017, which ruled that the UK Government (the executive) may not initiate withdrawal from the European Union by formal notification to the Council of the European Union as prescribed by Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union without an Act of the UK Parliament permitting the government to do so.

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Racism in Germany

Racism in German history is inextricably linked to the Herero and Namaqua genocide in colonial times.

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Racism in Turkey

In Turkey, racism and ethnic discrimination are present in its society and throughout its history, and this racism and ethnic discrimination is also institutional against the non-Muslim and non-Sunni minorities.

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Ractopamine

Ractopamine is a feed additive, banned in most countries, to promote leanness in animals raised for their meat.

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Radiocentre

Radiocentre is the industry body for UK commercial radio.

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Radiohead

Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire, formed in 1985.

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Radoslav Procházka

Radoslav Procházka (born 31 March 1972) is a Slovak lawyer, former politician and former leader of the political party Sieť.

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Raffaele Marchetti

Raffaele Marchetti (13 December 1975) is an Italian political scientist and editorialist.

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Raghaw Sharan Pandey

R S Pandey is a politician and a former Indian Administrative Service officer (batch of 1972 and retired in 2010).

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Rail transport in Afghanistan

Afghanistan has three railroad lines in the north of the country.

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Railteam

Railteam is an alliance of seven European high-speed rail operators.

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Rajneesh Narula

Rajneesh Narula (born 29 April 1963), is a British economist and academic.

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Ralf Dahrendorf

Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf, Baron Dahrendorf, (1 May 1929 – 17 June 2009) was a German-British sociologist, philosopher, political scientist and liberal politician.

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Ralph Gretzmacher

Ralph Gretzmacher is an Austrian scientist, professor of botany, zoology and an expert on tropical and subtropic agronomy.

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Rama I Cabinet

The first Cabinet of Prime Minister Edi Rama is the 73rd Government of the Republic of Albania formed on 15 September 2013.

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Ramakrishna Mission Home of Service

Ramakrishna Mission Home of Service is an Indian non-governmental organisation (NGO) located in Varanasi (formerly known as Banaras), established in 1900, and a branch of Ramakrishna Mission since 1902.

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Ramón Flecha

Ramón Flecha is a professor of sociology at the University of Barcelona, Doctor Honoris Causa from West University of Timişoara, and a renowned researcher in social sciences in Europe.

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Ramón Sampedro

Ramón Sampedro Cameán (5 January 1943 – 12 January 1998) was a Spanish seaman and writer.

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Rambus

Rambus Incorporated, founded in 1990, is an American technology licensing company, and has also been labelled as a patent troll.

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Ramiro Villapadierna

Ramiro Villapadierna (Madrid, Spain, 1964) is a reporter and observer working on Centreuropean affaires and culture, and a former war correspondent.

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Ramon Tremosa

Ramon Tremosa i Balcells (Barcelona, 30 June 1965) is a Spanish economist and politician, professor at the Department of Economic Theory at the University of Barcelona,.

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Ramona Mănescu

Ramona Nicole Mănescu (born 6 December 1972, Constanţa) is a Romanian politician and lawyer.

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Raniero Vanni d'Archirafi

Raniero Vanni d'Archirafi (born 7 June 1931) is a former Italian diplomat.

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Ranjit Nayak

Ranjit Nayak (born April 28, 1968, in India) is a senior staff member of the World Bank and currently serves as the chief adviser to the Government of Macedonia on international and European Union affairs.

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Rankings of academic publishers

Academic publishing is a global industry.

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Rankings of universities in Pakistan

This article presents an overview of university rankings in Pakistan.

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Rape in Germany

Rape in Germany is defined by Section 177 of the Criminal Code of Germany.

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Rape in Sweden

Rape in Sweden has a legal definition described in Chapter 6 in the Swedish Penal Code.

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Rapid Exchange of Information System

The Rapid Exchange of Information System (RAPEX) is the EU rapid alert system for unsafe consumer products and consumer protection.

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Rare disease

A rare disease is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population.

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Rastatt Tunnel

The Rastatt Tunnel is a railway tunnel that is currently under construction on the Karlsruhe–Basel high-speed railway under Rastatt in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Raymond Barre

Raymond Octave Joseph Barre (12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist.

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Raymond H. A. Carter

Raymond H. A. Carter (born 17 April 1955, Rochefort-sur-Mer, France) was a Gendarmerie Nationale senior officer who served for thirty-five years.

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Raymond Vouel

Raymond Vouel (8 April 1923 – 12 February 1987) was a Luxembourg politician.

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Róża Thun

Róża Maria Gräfin von Thun und Hohenstein (née Woźniakowska, born 13 April 1954), is a Polish politician, more usually known as Róża Thun, than by her formal style of Countess.

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RCTV

Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional (RCTV Internacional) was a Venezuelan cable television network headquartered in the Caracas neighborhood of Quinta Crespo.

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REACH authorisation procedure

The authorisation procedure is one of the regulatory tools of the European regulation (EC) REACH n°1907/2006 aiming to ban the use of substances of very high concern (SVHC) included in the Annex XIV of REACH, so as to substitute them by technically and economically feasible alternatives.

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Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings

On 12 March 2004, Spaniards took to the streets protesting against the Madrid train bombings in a government-organized demonstration to condemn ETA, which at the time was being blamed for the attacks.

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Reactions to the Black Saturday bushfire crisis

The Black Saturday bushfires were a series of fires that ignited across the Australian state of Victoria during extreme weather conditions on 7 February 2009.

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Reactions to the Catalan independence referendum, 2017

As a result of the advisory Catalan independence referendum, 2017, reactions came from a multitude of avenues, including the domestic central state and other official bodies, as well as international commentary.

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Reactions to the Gezi Park protests

The AKP government's handling of the 2013–14 protests in Turkey has been roundly criticized by other nations and international organizations, including the European Union, the United Nations, the United States, the UK, and Germany.

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Reactions to the Manchester Arena bombing

The reactions to the Manchester Arena bombing, which occurred on 22 May 2017, include the responses by political and religious leaders, media and the general public, both within the United Kingdom, where the Manchester Arena bombing took place, and from other nations and international organizations.

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Reactions to the November 2015 Paris attacks

On the night of 13 November 2015, Paris suffered a series of terror attacks.

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Reactions to the Panama Papers

This article lists some of the reactions and responses from countries and other official bodies regarding the leak of legal documents related to offshore tax havens from the law firm Mossack Fonseca, called the Panama Papers.

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Readme.cc

Readme.cc, supported by the European Commission, is a web 2.0 Internet portal for books and readers.

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Real Insurance Company of Malawi

Real Insurance Company of Malawi Limited, commonly referred to as Real Insurance, is an insurance company based in Blantyre, Malawi.

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Real Madrid C.F.

Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ("Royal Madrid Football Club"), commonly known as Real Madrid, or simply as Real, is a professional football club based in Madrid, Spain.

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Real-time Neutron Monitor Database

The Real-time Neutron Monitor Database (or NMDB) is a worldwide network of standardized neutron monitors, used to record variations of the primary cosmic rays.

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Reasonable time

Reasonable time is that amount of time which is fairly necessary, conveniently, to do whatever is required to be done, as soon as circumstances permit.

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Rebeca Minguela

Rebeca Minguela is a Spanish entrepreneur and startup advisor.

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Rebecca Harms

Rebecca Harms (born 7 December 1956) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany.

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Reclaimed water

Reclaimed or recycled water (also called wastewater reuse or water reclamation) is the process of converting wastewater into water that can be reused for other purposes.

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Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions.

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Records management

Records management, also known as records and information management, is an organizational function devoted to the management of information in an organization throughout its life cycle, from the time of creation or inscription to its eventual disposition.

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Recreational Craft Directive

The Recreational Craft Directive, Directive 94/25/EC on recreational craft, as amended by Directive 2003/44/EC, is a European Union directive which sets out minimum technical, safety and environmental standards for the trade of boats, personal watercraft, marine engines and components in Europe.

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Red tape

Red tape is an idiom that refers to excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that is considered redundant or bureaucratic and hinders or prevents action or decision-making.

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Redgrave and Lopham Fens

Redgrave and Lopham Fens is a 127 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Thelnetham in Suffolk and Diss in Norfolk.

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Redress (charitable organisation)

Redress, or The Redress Trust is a human rights organisation based in London, England, that helps survivors of torture to obtain justice and reparation, in the form of compensation, rehabilitation, official acknowledgement of the wrong and formal apologies.

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Refugees of the Syrian Civil War

Refugees of the Syrian Civil War or Syrian refugees are citizens and permanent residents of Syrian Arab Republic, who have fled from their country since the onset of the Syrian Civil War in 2011 and have sought asylum in other parts of the world. In 2016, from an estimated pre-war population of 22 million, the United Nations (UN) identified 13.5 million Syrians requiring humanitarian assistance, of which more than 6 million are internally displaced within Syria, and around 5 million are refugees outside of Syria. The vast majority of the latter are hosted by countries neighboring Syria. Among countries of the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP), a coordination platform including neighboring countries (with the exception of Israel) and Egypt, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) counted 5,165,502 registered refugees, as of August 2017. Turkey is the largest host country of registered refugees with over 3.5 million Syrian refugees. The UNHCR counted almost 1 million asylum applicants in Europe, as of August 2017. Humanitarian aid to internally displaced persons (IDPs) within Syria and Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries is planned largely through the UNHCR. By 2016, various nations had made pledges to the UNHCR to permanently resettle 170,000 registered refugees.

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Regensburg lecture

The Regensburg lecture or Regensburg address was delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg in Germany, where he had once served as a professor of theology.

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Reggio Emilia

Reggio Emilia (also; Rèz, Regium Lepidi) is a city in northern Italy, in the Emilia-Romagna region.

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Regional Cooperation Council

The Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) is a regional cooperative framework for countries in Southeast Europe, with the goal of "promoting mutual cooperation and European and Euro-Atlantic integration of South East Europe in order to inspire development in the region to the benefit of its people".

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Regional Representation of the European Commission in Bonn

The regional representation of the European Commission in Bonn is part of the Commission representation in Germany.

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Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is a European Union regulation dating from 18 December 2006.

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Registry of Research Data Repositories

The Registry of Research Data Repositories (re3data.org) is an Open Science tool that offers researchers, funding organizations, libraries and publishers an overview of existing international repositories for research data.

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Regulation and licensure in engineering

Regulation and licensure in engineering is established by various jurisdictions of the world to encourage public welfare, safety, well-being and other interests of the general public, and to define the licensure process through which an engineer becomes authorized to practice engineering and/or provide engineering professional services to the public.

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Regulation of electronic cigarettes

Regulation of electronic cigarettes varies across countries and states, ranging from no regulation to banning them entirely.

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Regulation of genetic engineering

The regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country.

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Regulation of nicotine marketing

As nicotine is highly addictive, marketing nicotine-containing products is regulated in most jurisdictions.

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Regulation of pesticides in the European Union

A pesticide, also called Plant Protection Product (PPP), which is a term used in regulatory documents, consists of several different components.

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Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is generally regulated by the national aviation authority of the country.

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Regulatory competition

Regulatory competition, also called competitive governance or policy competition, is a phenomenon in law, economics and politics concerning the desire of law makers to compete with one another in the kinds of law offered in order to attract businesses or other actors to operate in their jurisdiction.

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Reimund Neugebauer

Reimund Neugebauer (born 27 June 1953 in Esperstedt am Kyffhäuser) is a German mechanical engineer and professor who has been working in the field of machine tools and forming processes.

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Reinhard Bütikofer

Reinhard Hans Bütikofer (born 26 January 1953) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany.

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Reinhard Marx

Reinhard Marx (born 21 September 1953) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church and chairman of the German Bishops' Conference.

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Relevant market

In competition law, a relevant market is a market in which a particular product or service is sold.

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Religion in Belgium

Religion in Belgium is diversified, with Christianity, in particular the Catholic Church, representing the largest community, though it has experienced a significant decline since the 1980s (when it was the religion of over 70% of the population).

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Religion in Denmark

Of all the religions in Denmark, the most prominent is Christianity in the form of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark (Dansk Folkekirke), the state religion.

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Religion in Estonia

Estonia, which historically was a Lutheran Protestant nation, is today one of the "least religious" countries in the world in terms of declared attitudes, with only 14% of the population declaring religion to be an important part of their daily life.

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Religion in Europe

Religion in Europe has been a major influence on today's society art, culture, philosophy and law.

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Religion in Hungary

Religion in Hungary has been dominated by forms of Christianity for centuries.

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Religion in Italy

Religion in Italy is characterised by the predominance of Christianity and an increasing diversity of religious practices, beliefs and denominations.

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Religion in Latvia

The main religion traditionally practiced in Latvia is Christianity.

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Religion in Sweden

Religion in Sweden is diversified.

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Religion in the Czech Republic

Religion in the Czech Republic was dominated by Christianity until at least the early 20th century.

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Religion in the European Union

Religion in the European Union is diverse.

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Religion in the Netherlands

Religion in the Netherlands was predominantly Christianity between the 10th and until the late 20th century; in the mid-20th century roughly 60% of the population was still Protestant and 40% was Catholic.

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Rem Koolhaas

Remment Lucas "Rem" Koolhaas (born 17 November 1945) is a Dutch architect, architectural theorist, urbanist and Professor in Practice of Architecture and Urban Design at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University.

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Renate Weber

Renate Weber is a Romanian lawyer and human rights activist who, in November 2007, was elected as.

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René Barents

René Barents (born 31 December 1951) is a Dutch European Union law scholar.

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Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership

The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) is a Vienna-based that advances markets for renewable energy and energy efficiency with a particular emphasis on the emerging markets and developing countries.

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Renewable energy debate

There is a renewable energy debate about the constraints and opportunities associated with the use of renewable energy.

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Renewable Energy Directive 2009

The Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC is a European Union directive which mandates levels of renewable energy use within the European Union.

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Renewable energy in Iceland

About 85% of the total primary energy supply in Iceland is derived from domestically produced renewable energy sources.

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Renewable energy in the European Union

The share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy continued rising to reach 17% in the European Union in 2016, a doubling of the share attained in 2004 at just 8.5%.

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Renewable Fuels Regulators Club

The Renewable Fuels Regulators Club (or REFUREC) is a network of governmental institutions that offers a pan-European platform for discussion, information exchange and tackling cross-border issues relating to the biofuels market in the European Union and beyond.

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Rental Directive

Council Directive 92/100/EEC of 19 November 1992 on rental right and lending right and on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual property is a European Union directive in the field of copyright law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome.

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Report of the committee of inquiry on industrial democracy

The Report of the committee of inquiry on industrial democracy (1977) Cmnd 6706, also the Bullock Report for short, was a report proposing for a form of worker participation or workers' control, chaired by Alan Bullock.

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Reporters Without Borders

Reporters Without Borders (RWB), or Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF), is an international non-profit, non-governmental organization that promotes and defends freedom of information and freedom of the press.

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Representation of the European Commission in Germany

The Representation of the European Commission in Germany is a representation of the European Commission with the head office located in Berlin.

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Representative of the European Union, London

The Representative of the European Union (specifically the Representative of the European Commission and the Representative of the European Parliament) in London are the diplomatic missions of the European Commission and the European Parliament in the United Kingdom.

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Research and development agreement

An agreement on an order given to an undertaking to perform research and development for a principal.

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Research Data Alliance

The Research Data Alliance (RDA) is a research community organization started in 2013 by the European Commission, the American National Science Foundation and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Australian Department of Innovation.

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Research Executive Agency

The Research Executive Agency (REA) is an executive agency established by the European Commission (initially via Decision 2008/46/EC and subsequently via Decision 2013/778/EU) in order to manage specific Community activities in the field of research and innovation.

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Research Foundation for Governance in India

Research Foundation for Governance in India (RFGI) is a think tank based in Ahmedabad, India, with the aim to research, promote, and implement various legal and political reforms in Gujarat and across India.

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Research Fund for Coal and Steel

Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) is an EU programme managed by the European Commission, supporting research in the coal and steel sectors in Europe.

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Research Institute for Arts and Technology

The Research Institute for Arts and Technology (RIAT) is an independent Austrian research institute established in 2015 and located in Neubau, Vienna.

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Resistant starch

Resistant starch (RS) is starch, including its degradation products, that escapes from digestion in the small intestine of healthy individuals.

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Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic

Organizations from around the world responded to the West African Ebola virus epidemic.

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Responsible Research and Innovation

Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) describes a research and innovation process that takes into account effects and potential impacts on the environment and society.

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Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 2002/95/EC, (RoHS 1), short for Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union.

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Retail concentration

Retail concentration refers to the market-share generally belonging to the top 4 or 5 mass distribution firms present in a regional market, as a percentage of the total.

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Retail Motor Industry Federation

The Retail Motor Industry Federation (RMI) represents the interests of motor industry operators in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, providing sales and services to motorists and businesses.

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Revenue management

Revenue management is the application of disciplined analytics that predict consumer behaviour at the micro-market level and optimize product availability and price to maximize revenue growth.

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Rewilding Europe

Rewilding Europe is a non-profit organisation based in Nijmegen, Netherlands, working to create rewilded landscapes in at least 10 different regions across Europe.

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Rex Winsbury

Rex Winsbury (6 May 1935 – 8 July 2015) was a British journalist and author.

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Rey Commission

The Rey Commission is the European Commission that held office from 2 July 1967 to 30 June 1970.

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Rhubarb Triangle

The Rhubarb Triangle is a triangle in West Yorkshire, England between Wakefield, Morley and Rothwell famous for producing early forced rhubarb.

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Rich Representation Language

The Rich Representation Language, often abbreviated as RRL, is a computer animation language specifically designed to facilitate the interaction of two or more animated characters.

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Richard Corbett

Richard Graham Corbett (born 6 January 1955) is the UK Labour Party leader in the European Parliament.

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Richard Dimbleby Lecture

The Richard Dimbleby Lecture (also known as the Dimbleby Lecture) was founded in memory of Richard Dimbleby, the BBC broadcaster.

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Richard Huxtable

Richard Huxtable (born 1974) is the Deputy Director and Professor in Medical Ethics and Law at the Centre for Ethics in Medicine, at the University of Bristol.

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Richard Jonckheere

Richard Jonckheere (born 20 January 1963 in Brussels, Belgium), more known by his stage names, Richard 23 and Richard JK, is a Belgian musician, best known as a member of Front 242 (which he joined in 1983) and was a founding member of Revolting Cocks (which he left in 1986).

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Richard Mayne (administrator)

Richard John Mayne (2 April 1926 – 29 November 2009) was a British journalist, broadcaster, writer and an advocate for European integration.

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Richard Portes

Richard Portes CBE (born December 10, 1941) is professor of Economics at London Business School.

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Richard von Weizsäcker

Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician (CDU), who served as President of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany until 1990) from 1984 to 1994.

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Richmond (Yorks) (UK Parliament constituency)

Richmond (Yorks) is a constituency in North Yorkshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since May 2015 by Rishi Sunak, a Conservative.

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Richmond (Yorks) by-election, 1989

A by-election was held in the Richmond (Yorks) constituency of the United Kingdom Parliament on 23 February 1989.

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Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)

The Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018), code-named Operation Damascus Steel, was a military offensive launched by the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) in February 2018 in a bid to capture the rebel-held eastern Ghouta suburb.

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Right of asylum

The right of asylum (sometimes called right of political asylum, from the Ancient Greek word ἄσυλον) is an ancient juridical concept, under which a person persecuted by his own country may be protected by another sovereign authority, such as another country or church official, who in medieval times could offer sanctuary.

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Right of initiative (legislative)

The right of (legislative) initiative is the constitutionally defined power to propose a new law (bill).

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Right of Irish expatriates to vote

At most elections in the Republic of Ireland the electoral register is based on residential address, and the only nonresident voters are those serving abroad on government business; this includes Irish diplomats and their spouses, and Defence Forces and Garda Síochána personnel but not their spouses.

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Right to be forgotten

The right to be forgotten is a concept that has been discussed and put into practice in both the European Union (EU), and Argentina since 2006.

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Right to silence

The right to silence is a legal principle which guarantees any individual the right to refuse to answer questions from law enforcement officers or court officials.

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Right2Water

Right2Water is a campaign to commit the European Union and Member States to implement the human right to water and sanitation.

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Right2Water Ireland

Right2Water Ireland is a peaceful protest movement campaigning against Irish Water's introduction of water charges in the Ireland.

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Rimonabant

Rimonabant (also known as SR141716; trade names Acomplia, Zimulti) is an anorectic antiobesity drug that was first approved in Europe in 2006 but was withdrawn worldwide in 2008 due to serious psychiatric side effects; it was never approved in the United States.

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Ringwood Waldorf School

The Ringwood Waldorf School is an independent alternative school standing on the borders of Dorset and Hampshire, with classes ranging from Kindergarten to the Upper school.

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Rino Rappuoli

Rino Rappuoli is Chief Scientist & Head of External Research and Development (R&D) at GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines.

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Rio Tinto Alcan

Rio Tinto Alcan Inc. (now Rio Tinto) is a Canadian company based in Montreal.

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Risk factors for genocide

The assessment of risk factors for genocide is an upstream prevention mechanism for genocide.

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Rita Kinka

Rita Kinka (born 1962, in Subotica), is a Serbian pianist of Hungarian descent.

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Rituximab

Rituximab, sold under the brand name Rituxan among others, is a medication used to treat certain autoimmune diseases and types of cancer.

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Rivaroxaban

Rivaroxaban, sold under the brand name Xarelto, among others, is an oral anticoagulant medication (blood thinner).

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Roads in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom has a network of roads, of varied quality and capacity, totalling about.

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Roaming

Roaming is a wireless telecommunication term typically used with mobile devices (like mobile phones).

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Robert Cailliau

Robert Cailliau (born 26 January 1947) is a Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who created the first web browser for the Mac.

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Robert Cooper (strategist)

Sir Robert Francis Cooper (born 1947 in Essex, United Kingdom) is a British diplomat and adviser currently serving as a Special Advisor at the European Commission with regard to Myanmar.

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Robert Fico

Robert Fico (born 15 September 1964) is a Slovak politician who served as Prime Minister of Slovakia from 2012 until his resignation in 2018.

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Robert Holzmann

Robert Holzmann (born February 27, 1949, in Leoben, Styria – a historic province of central Austria) is an Austrian economist.

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Robert J. Rubinstein

Robert J. Rubinstein (born 1952) is a Social Entrepreneur and the founder and driving force behind TBLI (Triple Bottom Line Investing) Group, a group that specializes in Environmental, Social and Governance ESG and Impact Investing, using Triple Bottom Line principles.

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Robert Lepage

Robert Lepage, (born December 12, 1957) is a Canadian playwright, actor, film director, and stage director.

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Robert Marjolin

Robert Marjolin (27 July 1911 – 15 April 1986) was a French economist and politician involved in the formation of the European Economic Community.

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Robert Menasse

Robert Menasse (born 21 June 1954 in Vienna) is an Austrian writer.

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Robert Mundell

Robert Alexander Mundell, CC (born October 24, 1932) is a Canadian economist.

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Robert Schuman

Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman (29 June 18864 September 1963) was a Luxembourg-born French statesman.

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Robert Verrue

Robert Verrue (14 November 1947 – 26 September 2012) was an official of the European Commission.

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Robin Alexander

Robin Alexander is a British educationist and academic known particularly for championing the cause of primary education, for his leadership of the Cambridge Primary Review, and for his research and writing on education policy, culture, curriculum, pedagogy, dialogic teaching and comparative and international education.

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Robin Hood tax

The Robin Hood tax commonly refers to a package of financial transaction taxes (FTT) proposed by a campaigning group of civil society non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

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Robin McInnes

Professor Robin McInnes, OBE (born 1 October 1949) is an English chartered geologist and chartered civil engineer who is an authority on coastal management and ground instability problems; he lives and works on the Isle of Wight, UK.

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RoboEarth

RoboEarth is a network and database repository where robots can share information and learn from each other and a cloud for outsourcing heavy computation tasks.

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Robot competition

A robotic competition is an event where robots have to accomplish a task.

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Rocco Buttiglione

Rocco Buttiglione (born 6 June 1948) is an Italian Union of Christian and Centre Democrats politician and an academic. Buttiglione's nomination for a post as European Commissioner with a portfolio that was to include civil liberties, resulted in controversy as some political groups opposed him for his conservative Roman Catholic views against homosexuality, despite his assurances that these were only his personal convictions and would not dictate his administration. Buttiglione is a Professor of political science at Saint Pius V University in Rome, and member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences. He served as a minister for EU policies (from 2001 to 2005) and then as Minister for Cultural Assets and Activities (from 2005 to 2006) in Silvio Berlusconi's governments. In 2005 Buttiglione received an honorary doctoral degree for his commitment to the ideas of liberty. In May 2006, he unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Turin.

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Rochdale Canal

The Rochdale Canal is a navigable broad canal in Northern England, between Manchester and Sowerby Bridge, part of the connected system of the canals of Great Britain.

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Roger Helmer

Roger Helmer (born 25 January 1944) is a British politician and businessman.

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Roman Scharf

Roman Scharf is a businessman, investor and one of the co-founders of VoIP company Jajah.

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Romani alphabets

The Romani language has for most of its history been an entirely oral language, with no written form in common use.

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Romani people

The Romani (also spelled Romany), or Roma, are a traditionally itinerant ethnic group, living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern Indian subcontinent, from the Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Sindh regions of modern-day India and Pakistan.

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Romanian judicial reform

Recent decades have seen a surge in the birth of "supraterritorial institutions and associations", that have been gathered by their enactment of common law and practices.

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Romano Prodi

Romano Prodi (born 9 August 1939) is an Italian politician who served as the 10th President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004.

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Rome II Regulation

The Rome II Regulation (EC) No is a European Union Regulation regarding the conflict of laws on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations.

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Ronald Grierson

Sir Ronald Hugh Grierson (6 August 1921 – 23 October 2014) was a German-born British banker, businessman, government advisor, and British Army officer.

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Ronald MacDonald (economist)

Ronald MacDonald OBE (born 1955) is a Scottish economist specialising in applied exchange rate analysis through econometric techniques.

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Ronny Bruckner

Ronny Bruckner also known as Yaron Bruckner (31 March 1957 – 4 August 2013), was a Belgian businessman.

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Roquette Frères v Council

Roquette Frères v Council was a ruling by the European Court of Justice which annulled a Regulation because the European Council failed to consult with the European Parliament.

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Rosela Gjylbegu

Rosela Gjylbegu (pronounced; born 13 March 1987 in Shkodër, Albania) is an Albanian singer.

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Rosemanowes Quarry

Rosemanowes Quarry, near Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom, was a granite quarry and the site of an early experiment in extracting geothermal energy from the earth using hot dry rock (HDR) technology.

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Rosie Goldsmith

Rosie Goldsmith is an award-winning journalist specializing in arts and current affairs in the UK and abroad.

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Rospuda

The Rospuda is a small river in north-eastern Poland.

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Roth-Händle

Roth-Händle is the name of a former company in the tobacco industry in Lahr, Germany and nowadays is a cigarette brand that is manufactured by Reemtsma, a subsidiary of Imperial Tobacco since 2002.

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Roy Jenkins

Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, (11 November 1920 – 5 January 2003) was a British Labour Party, SDP and Liberal Democrat politician, and biographer of British political leaders.

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Roy Thomas Severn

Professor Roy Thomas Severn CBE DSc PhD FREng FICE (6 September 1929 – 25 November 2012) was a British civil engineer and earthquake engineering expert.

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Royal Bank of Scotland

The Royal Bank of Scotland (Banca Rìoghail na h-Alba, Ryal Bank o Scotland, Banc Brenhinol yr Alban), commonly abbreviated as RBS, is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc, together with NatWest and Ulster Bank.

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Royal Bank of Scotland Group

The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc (also known as RBS Group) is a British banking and insurance holding company, based in Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Royal Canin

Royal Canin manufactures and supplies dog and cat feed worldwide.

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Royal Institute of European Studies

The Royal Institute of European Studies (RIEE), (Spanish:Real Insituto de Estudios Europeos) is a Spanish Think Tank and graduate school dedicated to research and post graduate education in subjects related to the European Union.

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Royal Society

The President, Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly known as the Royal Society, is a learned society.

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RTD info

RTD info was a quarterly magazine published by the European Commission presenting a mix of research results and debate on scientific subjects of interest to a wide, non-specialised readership.

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RTL 5

RTL 5 is the second channel of the RTL Group in the Netherlands and began transmission on 2 October 1993.

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Rudy Aernoudt

Rudy Aernoudt is a Belgian professor, writer, politician, economist and philosopher, born 5 November 1960 in Torhout.

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Rue de la Loi

Rue de la Loi (French) or Wetstraat (Dutch) is a principal road running through central and eastern Brussels (Belgium) which is famous due to the presence of several notable governmental buildings (of Belgium and the European Union).

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Rulemaking

In administrative law, rule-making is the process that executive and independent agencies use to create, or promulgate, regulations.

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Rupert Matthews (politician)

Rupert Oliver Matthews MEP (born 5 December 1961) is an English author on the paranormal, and a Conservative Party politician.

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Rusnė Island

Rusnė Island is an island in Nemunas Delta, Šilutė District Municipality, Lithuania.

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Russell Frederick Bretherton

Russell Frederick Bretherton, (3 February 1906 – 11 January 1991), was a British economist, civil servant and amateur entomologist, particularly noted for his membership of the Spaak Committee in 1955.

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Russia in the European energy sector

The Russian Federation supplies a significant volume of fossil fuels and is the largest exporter of oil and natural gas to the European Union.

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Russia–European Union relations

Russian–European relations are the international relations between the European Union (EU) and its largest bordering state, Russia, to the east.

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Russia–Ukraine gas disputes

The Russia–Ukraine gas disputes refer to a number of disputes between Ukrainian oil and gas company Naftohaz Ukrayiny and Russian gas supplier Gazprom over natural gas supplies, prices, and debts.

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Russia–United States relations

Russia–United States relations refers to the bilateral relationship between the United States and Russia.

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Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods

Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods is trade and economic confrontation that resulted from putting all Ukrainian importers to the "list of risk" by the Federal Customs Service of Russia on 14 August 2013 that resulted the embargo of imports from Ukraine to Russia.

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Russian financial crisis (2014–2017)

The financial crisis in Russia in 2014–2017 was the result of the collapse of the Russian ruble beginning in the second half of 2014.

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Russian legislative election, 2007

Legislative elections were held in the Russian Federation on 2 December 2007.

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Russian presidential election, 2018

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 18 March 2018.

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Russian-Tajik Slavonic University

Russian-Tajik Slavonic University (RTSU), also known as Russian-Tajik University, is a university in Tajikistan located in Dushanbe.

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Rutland

Rutland is a landlocked county in the East Midlands of England, bounded to the west and north by Leicestershire, to the northeast by Lincolnshire and the southeast by Northamptonshire.

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Ryanair

Ryanair is an Irish low-cost airline founded in 1984, headquartered in Swords, Dublin, Ireland, with its primary operational bases at Dublin and London Stansted airports.

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S band

The S band is a designation by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for a part of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum covering frequencies from 2 to 4 gigahertz (GHz).

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S-segment

S-segment (or sport cars) is a car classification defined by European Commission.

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S. V. Divvaakar

Subramanyam Vidalur Divvaakar (born July 3, 1960) is an author and business consultant from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

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SaarLorLux

SaarLorLux or Saar-Lor-Lux (also SarLorLux in French), a portmanteau of Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg, is a euroregion of five different regional authorities located in four different European states.

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Saša Janković

Saša Janković (Саша Јанковић,; born 27 April 1970) is Serbian lawyer, journalist, human rights activist and politician who served as the National Ombudsman of the Republic of Serbia between 2007 and 2017.

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Sabine Carey

Sabine C. Carey (born 1974) is a German political scientist.

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Sabine Herlitschka

Sabine Herlitschka is the chief executive officer (CEO) of Infineon Technologies Austria, a group subsidiary of Infineon Technologies AG.

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SABRE (rocket engine)

SABRE (Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine) is a concept under development by Reaction Engines Limited for a hypersonic precooled hybrid air-breathing rocket engine.

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Safe Road Trains for the Environment

Safe Road Trains for the Environment (SARTRE) is a European Commission-funded project to investigate and trial technologies and strategies for the safe platooning of road vehicles, a transportation concept in which several vehicles are electronically linked together in a "road train", with only the lead driver in active control.

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Saferworld

Saferworld is an international non-governmental organisation with conflict prevention and peacebuilding programmes in over 20 countries and territories in the Horn of Africa, the African Great Lakes region, Asia, the Middle East, Central Asia and the Caucasus.

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Safety

Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf), the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes.

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Safety and Health in Mines Convention, 1995

Safety and Health in Mines Convention, 1995 is an International Labour Organization Convention.

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Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

The safety of high energy particle collisions was a topic of widespread discussion and topical interest during the time when the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and later the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)—currently the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator—were being constructed and commissioned.

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Safran Aircraft Engines

Safran Aircraft Engines (previously Snecma) is a French aerospace engine manufacturer headquartered in Courcouronnes, France.

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SAGA-EO Project

The SAGA-EO Project (Support Action to GMES Africa on Earth Observation) consists of a feasibility study on critical pieces of the puzzle of the Lisbon Declaration Implementation Plan on GMES Africa and to complement previous experience in that field.

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Sahrawi refugee camps

The Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria, are a collection of refugee camps set up in the Tindouf Province, Algeria in 1975-76 for Sahrawi refugees fleeing from Moroccan forces, who advanced through Western Sahara during the Western Sahara War.

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Sahrawi refugees

Sahrawi refugees refers to the refugees of the Western Sahara War (1975–1991) and their descendants, who are still mostly populating the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria.

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Salah El Mur

Salah Elmur (Arabic: صلاح المر, born 1966 Khartoum, Sudan) is a contemporary artist living and working in Khartoum.

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Salt and cardiovascular disease

Salt consumption has been intensely studied for its role in human physiology and impact on human health.

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Sam Falle

Sir Samuel Falle (19 February 1919 – 20 February 2014) was a British diplomat and decorated Royal Navy officer.

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Same-sex marriage in France

Same-sex marriage has been legal in France since 18 May 2013.

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Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom

Marriage is a devolved issue in the different parts of the United Kingdom, and the status of same-sex marriage is different in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

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Sammy van Tuyll van Serooskerken

Samuel Ernest "Sammy", Baron van Tuyll van Serooskerken (born 10 October 1951 in Velp) is a Dutch politician.

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SAMPA

The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

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San Glorio

San Glorio is a mountain pass in the Cantabrian Mountains of Northern Spain.

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San Mamés Stadium (2013)

San Mamés (also known as Nuevo San Mamés or San Mames Barria) is an all-seater football stadium in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.

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San Marino–European Union relations

Relations between Republic of San Marino and the European Union (EU) began in February 1983.

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Sanctuary Records

Sanctuary Records Group Limited is a record label based in the United Kingdom and a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management.

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Sandro Calvani

Sandro Calvani (born 1952), is the Senior Adviser on Strategic Planning for the Mae Fah Luang Foundation (under Royal Patronage), Bangkok, Thailand.

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Sandro Gozi

Sandro Gozi is an Italian politician and Member of the Parliament of Italy.

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Sanjaya Lall

Sanjaya Lall (13 December 1940 – 18 June 2005), was a development economist, Professor of Economics and Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford University.

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Sankalp Rehabilitation Trust

Sankalp Rehabilitation Trust is a Mumbai-based NGO that works with the injecting drug using community since 1995, preventing HIV/AIDS through education and needle-exchange programme & disposals.

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Sanofi

Sanofi S.A. is a French multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Gentilly, France, as of 2013 the world's fifth-largest by prescription sales.

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Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies

The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies (SSSA, Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant'Anna) is a special-statute public university located in Pisa, Italy, operating in the field of applied sciences.

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Santer Commission

The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March 1999.

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Santer-Poos Ministry II

The Santer-Poos Ministry II was the government of Luxembourg between 14 July 1989 and 13 July 1994.

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Santer-Poos Ministry III

The Santer-Poos III Ministry was the government of Luxembourg between 13 July 1994 and 26 January 1995.

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Saparmurat Niyazov

Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov (Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow); 19 February 1940 – 21 December 2006) was a Turkmen politician who served as the leader of Turkmenistan from 1985 until his death in 2006. He was First Secretary of the Turkmen Communist Party from 1985 until 1991 and continued to lead Turkmenistan for 15 years after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Turkmen media referred to him using the title "His Excellency Saparmurat Türkmenbaşy, President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers". His self-given title Türkmenbaşy, meaning Head of the Turkmen, referred to his position as the founder and president of the Association of Turkmens of the World. Foreign media criticised him as one of the world's most totalitarian and repressive dictators, highlighting his reputation of imposing his personal eccentricities upon the country, which extended to renaming months for details of his own biography among other things. Global Witness, a London-based human rights organisation, reported that money under Niyazov's control and held overseas may be in excess of US$3 billion, of which between $1.8–$2.6 billion was allegedly situated in the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund at Deutsche Bank in Germany.

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Sapir Report

An Agenda for a Growing Europe, also called The Sapir Report, is a report on the economy of the European Union edited by a panel of experts under the direction of André Sapir and published in July 2003.

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Sappi

Sappi Limited, originally incorporated as South African Pulp and Paper Industries Limited in 1936, is a South African pulp and paper company with global operations.

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Sara Rankin

Sara Rankin FRSB is a Professor of Leukocyte and Stem Cell Biology at Imperial College London.

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SAREB

SAREB (Sociedad de Gestión de Activos procedentes de la Reestructuración Bancaria - English: Company for the Management of Assets proceeding from Restructuring of the Banking System) is the bad bank of the Spanish government, the government-owned company is responsible for managing assets transferred by the four nationalized Spanish financial institutions (BFA-Bankia, Catalunya Banc, NGC Banco-Banco Gallego and Banco de Valencia).

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Sasol

Sasol Limited is an integrated energy and chemical company based in Sandton, South Africa.

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Sasser (computer worm)

Sasser is a computer worm that affects computers running vulnerable versions of the Microsoft operating systems Windows XP and Windows 2000.

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Satellite Internet access

Satellite Internet access is Internet access provided through communications satellites.

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Savvas Tsitouridis

Savvas Tsitouridis (born 3 February 1954) is a Greek politician and member of the New Democracy and former Minister for Employment and Social Protection.

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São Tomé and Príncipe dobra

The dobra is the currency of São Tomé and Príncipe.

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Séralini affair

The Séralini affair was the controversy surrounding the publication, retraction, and republication of a journal article by French molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini.

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SCADPlus

SCADPlus is an information portal maintained by the European Commission, providing public access to European Union initiatives and policies.

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Scallop

Scallop is a common name that is primarily applied to any one of numerous species of saltwater clams or marine bivalve mollusks in the taxonomic family Pectinidae, the scallops.

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Scandinavian Mountains

The Scandinavian Mountains or the Scandes is a mountain range that runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula.

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SCCP

* The Scientific Committee on Consumer Products of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection.

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SCHED DEADLINE

SCHED_DEADLINE is a CPU scheduler available in the Linux kernel since version 3.14, Linux Weekly News, Deadline scheduling for Linux OSNews, Deadline Scheduling in the Linux Kernel based on the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) and Constant Bandwidth Server (CBS) L. Abeni and G. Buttazzo, "Integrating multimedia applications in hard real-time systems," Proc.

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Schengen Area

The Schengen Area is an area comprising 26 European states that have officially abolished passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders.

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Schengen Information System

The Schengen Information System (SIS) is a governmental database maintained by the European Commission.

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Schmallenberg virus

Schmallenberg virus is the informal name given to a recently isolated orthobunyavirus, which has not been given a formal name, initially reported in October 2011 to cause congenital malformations and stillbirths in cattle, sheep, goats, and possibly alpaca.

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Schuman Declaration

The Schuman Declaration is the statement made by the French foreign minister Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950.

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Schuman metro station

Schuman is a metro station in the City of Brussels.

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Schuman railway station

Schuman is a railway and metro station in the City of Brussels located above the Schuman metro station.

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Schuman roundabout

Schuman Roundabout (Dutch: Schumanplein, French: Rond-point Schuman), or Schuman Square, is a roundabout at the end of the Wetstraat / Rue de la Loi in Brussels that serves as a focus for major institutions of the European Union (EU).

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Science advice

Science advice is the process, structures and institutions through which governments and politicians consider science, technology and innovation information in policy- and decision- making.

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Science and technology in Jordan

Science and Technology is Jordan's fastest-growing economic sector.

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Science and technology in Pacific Island countries

Pacific Island economies are mostly dependent on natural resources, with a tiny manufacturing sector and no heavy industry.

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Science Communication Prize

The Science Communication Prize is an annual award in science writing given by the European Commission.

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Science on Stage Europe

The European initiave Science on Stage - initially launched as Physics on Stage in 1999 – is designed for European teachers to share good practice in science teaching and to discuss (new) ways of improving the quality of science lessons.

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Science outreach

Science outreach, also called Education and Public Outreach (EPO or E/PO) or simply public outreach, is an umbrella term for a variety of activities by research institutes, universities, and institutions such as science museums, aimed at promoting public awareness (and understanding) of science and making informal contributions to science education.

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Science Picnic

The Science Picnic is Europe's largest outdoor science-popularization event organized jointly by Polish Radio and the Copernicus Science Centre.

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Science policy

Science policy is concerned with the allocation of resources for the conduct of science towards the goal of best serving the public interest.

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Sciences Po Lille

Sciences Po Lille - Institut d'études politiques de Lille (Lille Institute of Political Studies), officially referred to as Sciences Po Lille (pronounced see-ohns po), is part of the highly selective grandes écoles and is located in Lille, France.

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Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety

The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) is one of the independent scientific committees managed by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commission, which provide scientific advice to the Commission on issues related to non-food issues.

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Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks

The Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) is one of the independent scientific committees managed by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commission, which provide scientific advice to the Commission on issues related to consumer products.

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Scientific Committee on Food

The Scientific Committee on Food (SCF), established in 1974, was the main committee providing the European Commission with scientific advice on food safety.

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Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks

The Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) is one of the independent scientific committees managed by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commission, which provide scientific advice to the Commission on issues related to consumer products.

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Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limit Values

The Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limit Values (SCOEL) is a committee of the European Commission established in 1995 to advise on occupational exposure limits for chemicals in the workplace within the framework of.

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Scientific mobility

Scientific mobility describes the growing movement of scientists and tertiary students of science and engineering around the world.

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Scots law

Scots law is the legal system of Scotland.

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Scott Pace

Scott Norman Pace (born January 23, 1959) currently serves as the Executive Secretary of the National Space Council.

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Scripps Networks Interactive

Scripps Networks Interactive (SNI) was an American mass media company, which was formed on July 1, 2008 through the spin-off of the E. W. Scripps Company's cable television networks and online assets.

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Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa

The Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (SNS) is a public higher learning institution in Pisa, Italy.

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Sea traffic management

Sea traffic management (STM) is a methodology, developed by the Swedish Maritime AdministrationMonaLisa: MonaLisa project, endorsed by the European Commission, sought to define a set of systems and procedures to guide and monitor sea traffic in a manner similar to air traffic management.

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Seal hunting

Seal hunting, or sealing, is the personal or commercial hunting of seals.

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Seamount

A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island, islet or cliff-rock.

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Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg

The city of Strasbourg (France) is the official seat of the European Parliament.

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Seán Kelly (Irish politician)

Seán Thomas Kelly (born 26 April 1952) is an Irish politician who has served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Ireland since 2009.

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Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece

The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, usually referred to as the second bailout package or the second memorandum, is a memorandum of understanding on financial assistance to the Hellenic Republic in order to cope with the Greek government-debt crisis.

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Second Orbán Government

The second government of Viktor Orbán or the Government of National Cooperation (in Hungarian: A Nemzeti Együttműködés Kormánya) was the Government of Hungary from 29 May 2010 to 6 June 2014.

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Secretariat of the European Parliament

The secretariat of the European Parliament is the administrative body of the European Parliament headed by a Secretary-General.

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Secretariat-General of the European Commission

The Secretariat-General of the European Commission is a Directorate-General of the European Commission.

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Secretary (title)

Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization.

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Secretary-General of the European Commission

The Secretary-General of the European Commission is the senior civil servant of the European Commission.

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Sedlo Seamount

Sedlo Seamount is an isolated seamount and underwater volcano located in the Northeast Atlantic, northeast of Graciosa Island.

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Seed money

Seed money, sometimes known as seed funding or seed capital, is a form of securities offering in which an investor invests capital in exchange for an equity stake in the company.

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Seizure of Bulgaria's Corpbank

In June 2014, a run on Bulgaria’s Corporate Commercial Bank (Corpbank) brought down the bank, the country’s fourth largest.

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Self Help Africa

Self Help Africa is an international charity that promotes and implements long-term rural development projects in Africa.

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Self-employment

Self-employment is the state of working for oneself rather than an employer.

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Semantic Interoperability Centre Europe

The Semantic Interoperability Centre Europe (SEMIC.EU) was an eGovernment service initiated by the European Commission and managed by the Interoperable Delivery of European eGovernment Services to public Administrations, Businesses and Citizens (IDABC) Unit.

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Sendo

Sendo was a British manufacturer and supplier of mobile phones founded in 1998 and based in Birmingham.

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Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis is the study of how the uncertainty in the output of a mathematical model or system (numerical or otherwise) can be apportioned to different sources of uncertainty in its inputs.

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Sensitivity auditing

Sensitivity auditing is an extension of sensitivity analysis for use in policy-relevant modelling studies.

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Sentence spacing

Sentence spacing is the horizontal space between sentences in typeset text.

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Sentence spacing in language and style guides

Sentence spacing guidance is provided in many language and style guides.

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Sentiment analysis

Opinion mining (sometimes known as sentiment analysis or emotion AI) refers to the use of natural language processing, text analysis, computational linguistics, and biometrics to systematically identify, extract, quantify, and study affective states and subjective information.

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Separation of powers

The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state.

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Separation of powers in the United Kingdom

The conception of the separation of powers has been applied to the United Kingdom and the nature of its executive (UK government, Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive), judicial (England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) and legislative (UK Parliament, Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales and Northern Ireland Assembly) functions.

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Serbia

Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.

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Serbia and Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro (Srbija i Crna Gora, Србија и Црна Гора; SCG, СЦГ), officially the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Državna Zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, Државна Заједница Србија и Црна Гора), was a country in Southeast Europe, created from the two remaining federal republics of Yugoslavia after its breakup in 1992.

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Serene Husseini Shahid

Serene Husseini Shahid (سيرين حُسيني شهيد, French: Sirine Husseini Shahid; 1920–2008) was born in Jerusalem as a member of the influential Husayni family.

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Serge Brammertz

Baron Serge Brammertz (born 17 February 1962) is a Belgian jurist.

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Service for Foreign Policy Instruments

The Service for Foreign Policy Instruments (FPI) is a department (Directorate-General) of the European Commission set up in response to the establishment of the European External Action Service (EEAS).

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Service innovation

The concept of service Innovation was first discussed in Miles (1993) and has been developed in the past two decades.

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Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006

The Services in the Internal Market Directive (also called the "Bolkestein Directive") is an EU law aiming at establishing a single market for services within the European Union (EU).

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SES S.A.

SES S.A. is a communications satellite owner and operator providing video and data connectivity worldwide to broadcasters, content and internet service providers, mobile and fixed network operators, governments and institutions, with a mission to “connect, enable, and enrich”.

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SESAR Joint Undertaking

SESAR Joint Undertaking is the European public-private partnership that is managing the development phase of the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) Programme that will give Europe a high-performance Air Traffic Management infrastructure which will enable the safe and environmentally friendly development of air transport.

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Set-aside

Set-aside was a scheme introduced by the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1988 (Regulation (EEC) 1272/88), to (i) help reduce the large and costly surpluses produced in Europe under the guaranteed price system of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP); and (ii) to deliver some environmental benefits following considerable damage to agricultural ecosystems and wildlife as a result of the intensification of agriculture.

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Sewage sludge

Sewage sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or municipal wastewater.

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Sexism

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender.

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Seza Kutlar Aksoy

Seza Kutlar Aksoy (born 1945) is an award-winning Turkish children's author residing in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Shareholder rights plan

A shareholder rights plan, colloquially known as a "poison pill", is a type of defensive tactic used by a corporation's board of directors against a takeover.

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Shark finning

Shark finning is the act of removing fins from sharks, often while the shark is alive.

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Shark sanctuary

A shark sanctuary is an area that forbids commercial fishing operations from targeting and retaining caught sharks, including their fins.

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Shazam (application)

Shazam is an application developed by Shazam Entertainment Ltd.

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Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park

The Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park (Parku Kombëtar Shebenik-Jabllanicë) is a national park in eastern Albania adjacent to the border with the Republic of Macedonia.

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Sheila Tlou

Sheila Dinotshe Tlou is a Botswana specialist in HIV/AIDS and women's health, and a nursing educator.

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Shellfish Association of Great Britain

The Shellfish Association of Great Britain (SAGB) is a historic association that was founded as the Oyster Merchants’ and Planters’ Association in 1903, it was renamed the SAGB in 1969.

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Sherpa (emissary)

A sherpa is the personal representative of a head of state or government who prepares an international summit, particularly the annual G7 Summit.

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Ship breaking

Ship breaking or ship demolition is a type of ship disposal involving the breaking up of ships for either a source of parts, which can be sold for re-use, or for the extraction of raw materials, chiefly scrap.

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SHIWA project

The SHIWA (SHaring Interoperable Workflows for large-scale scientific simulations on Available DCIs) is a project led by the LPDS (Laboratory of Parallel and Distributed Systems) of MTA Computer and Automation Research Institute.

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Shlomo Shamai

Professor Shlomo Shamai (Shitz) (Hebrew: שלמה שמאי (שיץ) &rlm) is a distinguished professor at the Department of Electrical engineering at the Technion − Israel Institute of Technology.

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Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing

The Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing was the suicide bombing of a crowded public bus (Egged bus 2) in the Shmuel HaNavi quarter in Jerusalem, Israel, on August 19, 2003.

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Short sea shipping

The modern terms short sea shipping, marine highway and motorways of the sea refer to the historical terms coastal trade, coastal shipping, coasting trade and coastwise trade, which encompass the movement of cargo and passengers mainly by sea along a coast, without crossing an ocean.

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Short-range device

A short-range device (SRD), described by ECC Recommendation 70-03, is a radio-frequency transmitter device used in telecommunication for the transmission of information, which has low capability of causing harmful interference to other radio equipment.

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Short-term business statistics

Short-term business statistics (STS) are economic statistics published by Eurostat, the European Commission's statistical office.

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Sicco Mansholt

Sicco Leendert Mansholt (13 September 1908 – 29 June 1995) was a Dutch politician who served as the 4th President of the European Commission from 1972 to 1973.

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Sidel

Sidel is a manufacturing company providing packaging equipment for liquids such as water; carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks; and sensitive beverages like milk, liquid dairy products, juices, nectars, tea, coffee, isotonics and beer.

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Siemens

Siemens AG is a German conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe with branch offices abroad.

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Sigmar Gabriel

Sigmar Hartmut Gabriel (born 12 September 1959) is a German politician who was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2017 to 2018 and Vice-Chancellor of Germany from 2013 to 2018.

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Siim Kallas

Siim Kallas (born 2 October 1948 in Tallinn) is an Estonian politician, who most recently served as European Commissioner for Transport between 2010 and 2014.

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Sima Avramović

Sima Avramović (Сима Аврамовић / Sima Avramović) (b. 1950) is one of the foremost Serbian authorities on comparative law, legal history, law and religion, Roman law, and rhetoric, and the Dean of the University of Belgrade's Law School.

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Simin Davoudi

Simin Davoudi FAcSS is Professor of Environmental Policy and Planning at Newcastle University.

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Simon Fraser (diplomat)

Sir Simon James Fraser (born 3 June 1958) is a British former diplomat who served as the Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from August 2010 to July 2015, having served as Permanent Secretary of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills from May 2009 to August 2010.

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Simon Manley

Simon John Manley CMG (born 18 September 1967) is a British diplomat who became Ambassador to Spain in October 2013.

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Simon Rogerson

Simon Rogerson is lifetime Professor Emeritus in Computer Ethics at the Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility (CCSR), De Montfort University.

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Simon Sweeney

Simon Sweeney is an English author and lecturer in international political economy and business based at the University of York.

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Simona Levi

This article contains material translated from the Spanish Wikipedia's version of this page. Simona Levi is a theatre director, playwright, activist, technopolitical strategist, cultural manager and curator, multidisciplinary artist, researcher, reporter, teacher and lecturer.

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Singapore Airlines Cargo

Singapore Airlines Cargo (abbreviated as SIA Cargo) was a cargo airline based in Singapore.

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Single Euro Payments Area

The Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) is a payment-integration initiative of the European Union for simplification of bank transfers denominated in euro.

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Single European Act

The Single European Act (SEA) was the first major revision of the 1957 Treaty of Rome.

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Single European Sky

The Single European Sky is a European Commission initiative by which the design, management and regulation of airspace will be coordinated throughout the European Union (ECAA area).

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Single European Sky ATM Research

Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) is a collaborative project to completely overhaul European airspace and its air traffic management (ATM).

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Single Resolution Mechanism

The Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) is one of the pillars of the European Union's banking union.

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Single Supervisory Mechanism

The Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) is the name for the mechanism that grants the European Central Bank (ECB) a supervisory role to monitor the financial stability of banks based in participating nation states.

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Sione Ngongo Kioa

Sione Ngongo Kioa (born 14 April 1959) is a Tongan diplomat and is the High Commissioner of the Kingdom of Tonga to the United Kingdom.

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Sipilä Cabinet

The cabinet of Juha Sipilä is the 74th and incumbent government of Finland.

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Sir Robert Menzies Lecture

The Sir Robert Menzies Lecture is an annual lecture delivered in Melbourne, by a prominent politician, academic or other noteworthy individual, about various aspects of modern liberalism.

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Siraitia grosvenorii

Siraitia grosvenorii (luo han guo or monk fruit) is a herbaceous perennial vine of the Cucurbitaceae (gourd) family, native to southern China and northern Thailand.

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Sister city

Twin towns or sister cities are a form of legal or social agreement between towns, cities, counties, oblasts, prefectures, provinces, regions, states, and even countries in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.

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Site of Community Importance

A Site of Community Importance (SCI) is defined in the European Commission Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) as a site which, in the biogeographical region or regions to which it belongs, contributes significantly to the maintenance or restoration at a favourable conservation status of a natural habitat type or of a species and may also contribute significantly to the coherence of Natura 2000, and/or contributes significantly to the maintenance of biological diversity within the biogeographic region or regions concerned.

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Sixpack (European Union law)

The EU economic governance, Sixpack describes a set of European legislative measures to reform the Stability and Growth Pact and introduces greater macroeconomic surveillance.

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Sky Italia

Sky Italia is an Italian digital satellite television platform owned by Sky plc.

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Sky News

Sky News is a 24-hour international multimedia news organisation based in the UK that started as a 24-hour television news channel.

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Skyguide

Skyguide (Swiss Air Navigation Services Ltd.) is an air navigation service provider which manages and monitors Swiss airspace.

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SkyJet Airlines

Magnum Air (SkyJet), Inc., operating as SkyJet Airlines (styled as SKYJET Airlines), is Manila's first boutique airline in the Philippines that launched the Manila-Basco route for its initial operation The airline started regular commercial flights on 14 December 2012.

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SLOOP Project

SLOOP - Sharing Learning Objects in an Open Perspective - is an eLearning and open content project started in 2005 thanks to a European project co-funded within the Leonardo da Vinci programme.

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Slovak euro coins

The Slovak euro coins are the European monetary union euro coins issued by Slovakia since 2009.

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Slovak referendum, 1997

A referendum in Slovakia was held on 23 May and 24 May 1997.

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Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Slovene Home Guard

The Slovene Home Guard (Slovensko domobranstvo; Slowenische Landeswehr) was a Slovene military anti-Partisan organization during the 1943-1945 German occupation of the formerly Italian-occupied Province of Ljubljana.

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Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene:, abbr.: RS), is a country in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes.

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Slovenian tolar

The tolar was the currency of Slovenia from 8 October 1991 until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 2007.

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Slovenian Youth Theatre

The Slovenian Youth Theatre or Mladinsko Theatre (Slovensko mladinsko gledališče) was founded in Ljubljana in 1955 as the first professional theater for children and youth in Slovenia.

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Small and medium-sized enterprises

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs, also small and medium enterprises) or small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are businesses whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits.

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Small Business Act for Europe

The Small Business Act for Europe (SBA) is an overarching framework for the EU policy on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).

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Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price

In competition law, before deciding whether companies have significant market power which would justify government intervention, the test of small but significant and non-transitory increase in price (SSNIP) is used to define the relevant market in a consistent way.

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Small farm

The definition of a small farm has varied over time and by country.

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Smart grid

A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources.

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Smart gun

A smart gun, by popular usage, is a firearm that is smart but only in the sense that it can detect its authorized user(s) or something that is normally only possessed by its authorized user(s). It is also called a personalized gun. Smart guns have one or more systems that allow them to fire only when activated by an authorized user. Those systems typically employ RFID chips or other proximity tokens, fingerprint recognition, magnetic rings, or mechanical locks.

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Smart intelligent aircraft structure

The term "smart structures" is commonly used for structures which have the ability to adapt to environmental conditions according to the design requirements.

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SME Europe

SME Europe (Small and Medium Entrepreneurs Europe) is the official business association of the European People's Party with the aim of defending the interests of small and medium sized enterprises at European level.

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Smederevo Fortress

The Smederevo Fortress (Cмeдepeвcκa твpђaвa/Smederevska tvrđava) is a medieval fortified city in Smederevo, Serbia, which was temporary capital of Serbia in the Middle Ages.

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Smith Square

Smith Square is a square in the Westminster district of London, just south of the Palace of Westminster.

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Smoked fish

Smoked fish is fish that has been cured by smoking.

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Smoking in Ireland

Smoking in Ireland is banned fully in the general workplace, enclosed public places, restaurants, bars, education facilities, healthcare facilities and public transport.

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Snežana Samardžić-Marković

Snežana Samardžić-Marković (Снежана Самарџић-Марковић, born 10 March 1966) is a Serbian politician.

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Social and environmental impact of palm oil

Palm oil, produced from the oil palm, is a basic source of income for many farmers in South East Asia, Central and West Africa, and Central America.

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Social Democratic Party (Portugal)

The Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata) is a liberal-conservative and liberal political party in Portugal.

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Social Democratic Party (UK)

The Social Democratic Party (SDP) was a centrist political party in the United Kingdom.

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Social Democratic Party of Croatia

The Social Democratic Party of Croatia (Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske or SDP) is a social-democratic political party and the largest party of the Croatian centre-left.

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Social dialogue

Social dialogue (or social concertation) is the process whereby social partners (trade unions and employer organisations) negotiate, often in collaboration with the government, to influence the arrangement and development of work-related issues, labour market policies, social protection, taxation or other economic policies.

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Social Enterprise East Midlands

Social Enterprise East Midlands (generally known by the acronym SEEM) is an organization that exists to help foster an environment in the East Midlands region where social enterprise is encouraged to grow and enabled to develop.

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Social innovation

Social innovations are new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that aim to meet social needs resulting from working conditions, education, community development, and health.

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Social Reporting Standard

The Social Reporting Standard (SRS) provides a standardized reporting guideline for initiatives and projects in the non-profit sector.

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Socialist Party (France)

The Socialist Party (Parti socialiste, PS) is a social-democratic political party in France, and the largest party of the French centre-left.

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Societas privata Europaea

A European Private Company (societas privata Europaea, SPE) is a legal form for a limited liability company that is being proposed by the European Commission to be introduced across the European Union.

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Societas unius personae

A societas unius personae (SUP; single-person company) is a legal form for a single-member private limited liability company proposed by the European Commission.

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Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings

The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) (sometimes known as Anti-Scrape) is an amenity society founded by William Morris, Philip Webb and others, in 1877; to oppose what they saw as destructive 'restoration' of ancient buildings then occurring in Victorian England; 'ancient' being used in the wider sense of 'very old' rather than the more usual modern one of 'pre-medieval'.

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Socrates Network for Translator Training

The Socrates Network for Translator Training (SNTT) is a group of EU universities created in 1990 which provides training for professional translators and interpreters.

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Socrates programme

The SOCRATES programme was an educational initiative of the European Commission; 31 countries took part.

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Sofia

Sofia (Со́фия, tr.) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.

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Sofia Petropoulou

Sofia Petropoulou (Greek: Σοφία Πετροπούλου; born 1964) is a Greek painter based in Athens.

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Soft Border Patrol

Soft Border Patrol is a mockumentary sitcom in the style of a reality television programme based around the subject of the Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border in a post-Brexit world.

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Soft law

The term "soft law" refers to quasi-legal instruments which do not have any legally binding force, or whose binding force is somewhat weaker than the binding force of traditional law, often contrasted with soft law by being referred to as "hard law".

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Software patents under the European Patent Convention

The patentability of software, computer programs and computer-implemented inventions under the European Patent Convention (EPC) is the extent to which subject matter in these fields is patentable under the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of October 5, 1973.

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Soil quality

Soil quality is a measure of the condition of soil relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.

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SOL Project

The SOL Project is an innovative French complementary currency designed to promote a "solidarity economy".

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Solar bus

A solar bus or solar-charged bus is a bus which is powered exclusively or mainly by solar energy.

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Solar cell

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.

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Solar energy in the European Union

Solar energy in the European Union consists of photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal energy.

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Solomon Islands–United Kingdom relations

Solomon Islands – United Kingdom relations are bilateral relations between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Solomon Islands.

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Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management

The Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management (abbreviated as SBS-EM and also known as simply Solvay) is a school of economics and management and a Faculty of the Université libre de Bruxelles, a French-speaking private research university located in Brussels, Belgium.

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SOLVIT

The SOLVIT network is a body funded by the European Commission since 2002 to assist citizens and businesses to ascertain their EU rights in cases where a dispute has risen between a citizen or a company and an official body of a Member state of the European Union.

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Somerset

Somerset (or archaically, Somersetshire) is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west.

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Sonatane Tuʻa Taumoepeau-Tupou

Sonatane Tu'akinamolahi Taumopeau Tupou, Lord Taumoepeau-Tupou of Toula and Kotu (born 14 March 1943, in Nukuʻalofa, died 13 August 2013) was a diplomat from the Kingdom of Tonga.

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Song thrush

The song thrush (Turdus philomelos) is a thrush that breeds across much of Eurasia.

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Sophie in 't Veld

Sophia Helena "Sophie" in 't Veld (born 13 September 1963) is a Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 party.

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Sopot

Sopot (Kashubian: Sopòt; German: Zoppot) is a seaside resort city in Eastern Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland, with a population of approximately 40,000.

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Sorafenib

Sorafenib (co-developed and co-marketed by Bayer and Onyx Pharmaceuticals as Nexavar), is a kinase inhibitor drug approved for the treatment of primary kidney cancer (advanced renal cell carcinoma), advanced primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma), and radioactive iodine resistant advanced thyroid carcinoma.

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Soraya Syed

Soraya Syed Sanders (born 1976) is an English classically trained Islamic calligrapher and artist.

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Sound and music computing

Sound and music computing (SMC) is a research field that studies the whole sound and music communication chain from a multidisciplinary point of view.

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Sources of law

Sources of law are the origins of laws, the binding rules that enable any state to govern its territory.

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South African National Bioinformatics Institute

The South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI) is a non-profit organisation in Cape Town, South Africa dedicated to bioinformatics, biotechnology and genomics in health research.

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South Stream

South Stream (Южный Поток, Южен поток, Јужни ток/Južni tok, Južni tok, Déli Áramlat, Flusso Meridionale) is an abandoned pipeline project to transport natural gas of the Russian Federation through the Black Sea to Bulgaria and through Serbia, Hungary and Slovenia further to Austria.

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South Tyrol quality mark

The quality mark "South Tyrol" is a regional collective trademark with geographical indication, that stands for a certified quality in special agricultural products.

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South-South cooperation in science

South-South cooperation is a term which refers to cooperation between two or more developing countries.

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Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions

The Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions (SACAU) is a not-for-profit farmer organization representing national agricultural unions in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region.

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Southern Gas Corridor

The Southern Gas Corridor is an initiative of the European Commission for the natural gas supply from Caspian and Middle Eastern regions to Europe.

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Space policy of the European Union

A formal European Space Policy was established on 22 May 2007 when a joint and concomitant meeting at ministerial level of the Council of the European Union and the Council of the European Space Agency adopted a Resolution on the European Space Policy.

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Space tourism

Space tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.

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Spain–United Kingdom relations

Spain–United Kingdom relations, also called Spanish-British relations, are the bilateral international relations between the Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

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Spanish general election, 2016

The 2016 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 26 June 2016, to elect the 12th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain.

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Spatial citizenship

Spatial citizenship describes the ability of individuals and groups to interact and participate in societal spatial decision making through the reflexive production and use of geo-media (geographic media such as maps, virtual globes, GIS, and the Geoweb).

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Spatial data infrastructure

A spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a data infrastructure implementing a framework of geographic data, metadata, users and tools that are interactively connected in order to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way.

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Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development

SAPARD (Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development) was established in June 1999 by the Council of the European Union to help countries of Central and Eastern Europe deal with the problems of the structural adjustment in their agricultural sectors and rural areas, as well as in the implementation of the acquis communautaire concerning the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and related legislation.

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Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations of the United Nations

The Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations of the United Nations was established by General Assembly Resolution 2006 (XIX) of 18 February 1965, to conduct a comprehensive review of all issues relating to peacekeeping.

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Special EU Programmes Body

The Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB) (Comhlacht na gClár Speisialta AE; Ulster-Scots: Tha By-Ordnar CE Dargs Convenerie) is a cross-border body in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland which co-ordinates projects funded by the European Union and implemented in Northern Ireland and adjacent regions: the Border region of the Republic of Ireland, and Western Scotland.

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Speed limit

Road speed limits are used in most countries to set the maximum (or minimum in some cases) speed at which road vehicles may legally travel on particular stretches of road.

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Spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterised by loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle wasting, often leading to early death.

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Spirits Europe

spiritsEUROPE represents producers of spirits drinks at the EU level.

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Spiros Simitis

Spiros Simitis (Σπύρος Σημίτης; born 19 October 1934) is an internationally recognised German jurist and a pioneer in the field of data protection.

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Sport policies of the European Union

The European Union plays a minor and mostly indirect policy role in sport, because (a) sport is normally considered to be outside the competences conferred by the member states to the European Union and (b) sport is in general organised internally, on a European continental level (which is not the same as the level of the European Union), or globally.

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Sportfive

Sportfive S.A.S. was an international sports rights marketing agency with a global network of locations and affiliated companies.

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SRSS

SRSS may mean.

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St Edmund's College, Cambridge

St Edmund's College is one of the 31 constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge.

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St Mary's Airport, Isles of Scilly

St Mary's Airport or Isles of Scilly Airport is an airport located east of Hugh Town on St Mary's in the Isles of Scilly, to the south west of Cornwall, UK.

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St. Jude storm

The St.

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Stabex

The Stabex (from French Système de Stabilisation des Recettes d'Exportation) is the acronym for a European Commission compensatory finance scheme to stabilise export earnings of the ACP countries.

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Stabilisation and Association Process

In talks with countries and territories that have expressed a wish to join the European Union, the EU typically concludes Association Agreements in exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in that country or territory.

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Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism

Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism is the mirror instrument of the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) for Kosovo.

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Stability and Growth Pact

The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is an agreement, among the 28 member states of the European Union, to facilitate and maintain the stability of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).

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Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe

The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe was an institution aimed at strengthening peace, democracy, human rights and economy in the countries of South Eastern Europe from 1999 to 2008.

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Stage

Stage or stages may refer to.

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Stahlkammer Zürich

Stahlkammer Zürich is a German television series.

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Stamp duty

Stamp duty is a tax that is levied on documents.

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Standard & Poor's

Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC (S&P) is an American financial services company.

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Standardised European Rules of the Air

Standardized European Rules of the Air (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012) is a European regulation laying down the common rules of the air and operational provisions regarding services and procedures in air navigation issued on September 26, 2012.

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Standardization of Office Open XML

The Office Open XML file formats were standardised between December 2006 and November 2008, first by the Ecma International consortium (where they became ECMA-376), and subsequently, after a contentious standardization process, by the ISO/IEC's Joint Technical Committee 1 (where they became ISO/IEC 29500:2008).

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Standby power

Standby power, also called vampire power, vampire draw, phantom load, ghost load or leaking electricity ("phantom load" and "leaking electricity" are defined technical terms with other meanings, adopted for this different purpose), refers to the way electric power is consumed by electronic and electrical appliances while they are switched off (but are designed to draw some power) or in a standby mode.

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Stanley Cramp

Stanley Cramp (24 September 1913 – 20 August 1987) was a British civil servant and ornithologist best known as the first Chief Editor of the encyclopaedic nine-volume handbook The Birds of the Western Palearctic (BWP).

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Stanley Johnson (writer)

Stanley Patrick Johnson (born 18 August 1940) is a British politician and author, and an expert on environmental and population issues.

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STARTS Prize

The STARTS Prize is the grand prize of the European Commission that honors projects that demonstrate the successful integration of science, technology and art to contribute to social and economic innovation.

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Startup Europe Summit

The Startup Europe Summit (SES) is a pop-up conference that brings together entrepreneurs, investors, academics, policy makers and major corporates.

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Startup Europe Week

Startup Europe Week is a pan-European coordinated startup event series to promote entrepreneurship and to showcase the available local resources for startups and people looking to start a business.

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State Agency on Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources (Azerbaijan)

The State Agency on Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources, SAARES (Alternativ və Bərpa Olunan Enerji Mənbələri üzrə Dövlət Agentliyi, ABEMDA) is a governmental agency under the Ministry of Industry and Energy mandated by the Cabinet of Ministers.

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State aid (European Union)

State aid in the European Union is the name given to a subsidy provided by a government.

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State cartel theory

State cartel theory is a new concept in the field of international relations theory (IR) and belongs to the group of institutionalist approaches.

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State Committee for Family, Women and Children Affairs (Azerbaijan)

The State Committee for Family, Women and Children Affairs of Azerbaijan Republic (Azərbaycan Respublikasının Ailə, Qadın və Uşaq Problemləri üzrə Dövlət Komitəsi) is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Azerbaijan in charge of regulation of activities for protection of rights of women and children and overseeing activities of non-governmental organizations involved in family in Azerbaijan Republic.

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State of the Union (European Union)

The State of the Union address, also known as the State of the European Union, is the annual speech addressed by the President of the European Commission to the European Parliament plenary session in September.

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States of emergency in France

States of emergency in France (état d'urgence) are dispositions to grant special powers to the executive branch in case of exceptional circumstances.

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Statistical business register

A statistical business register (SBR) plays a central part in a system of official economic statistics at a national statistics office.

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Statistics Commission

The Statistics Commission was a non-departmental public body established in June 2000 by the UK Government to oversee the work of the Office for National Statistics.

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Statue of Europe

The Statue of Europe (also referred to as Unity in Peace) is a sculpture symbolising peace through European integration, while at the same time aiming to demonstrate the motto of the European Union (EU), United in Diversity.

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Stavros Dimas

Stavros Dimas (Σταύρος Δήμας,; born 30 April 1941) is a Greek politician who was European Commissioner for the Environment from 2004 to 2009.

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Steam (software)

Steam is a digital distribution platform developed by Valve Corporation, which offers digital rights management (DRM), multiplayer gaming, video streaming and social networking services.

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Stefaan Verhulst

Stefaan G. Verhulst (born 1966) has been exploring the intersection of technology, science and policy for over two decades.

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Stefan Grand Prix

Stefan Grand Prix was a proposed Serbian Formula One team named after its creator, Zoran Stefanović.

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Stefan Schurig

Stefan Schurig (born 1971), is an architect by training and has been devoting most of his professional career to climate change and energy issues and to transforming cities into sustainable systems.

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Stefano Quintarelli

Stefano Quintarelli (born 14 June 1965) is a leading IT expert in Italy.

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STELLA (language courses)

The STELLA project was originally supported and co-funded by the European Commission.

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Stemettes

Stemettes is a social enterprise which encourages girls aged between 5–22 years old to pursue careers in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths, or STEM.

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Stephan Weil

Stephan Weil (born 15 December 1958) is a German politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party in Lower Saxony.

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Stephany Griffith-Jones

Stephany Griffith-Jones (born June 5, 1947) is an economist specialising in international finance and development, with emphasis on reform of the international financial system, specifically in relation to financial regulation, global governance and international capital flows.

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Stephen Haddrill

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags, and the template below.

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Stern Review

The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released for the Government of the United Kingdom on 30 October 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern, chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics (LSE) and also chair of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) at Leeds University and LSE.

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Steven Kull

Dr.

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Steven Vertovec

Steven Vertovec (born 2 July 1957) is an anthropologist and Director of the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, based in Göttingen, Germany.

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Stevia

Stevia is a sweetener and sugar substitute extracted from the leaves of the plant species Stevia rebaudiana.

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Stilton cheese

Stilton is an English cheese, produced in two varieties: Blue, known for its characteristic strong smell and taste, and the lesser-known White.

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Stockholm

Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 952,058 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area.

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Stornoway

Stornoway (Steòrnabhagh) is the main settlement of Western Isles and the capital of Lewis and Harris in Scotland.

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Strandzha Nature Park

Strandzha Nature Park (Природен парк Странджа Priroden park Strandzha, also transliterated as Stranja Nature Park) is the largest protected area in Bulgaria spanning a territory of in the Strandzha Mountain in the extreme south-eastern corner of the country on the border with Turkey.

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Strimvelis

Strimvelis is the first ex-vivo stem cell gene therapy to treat patients with a very rare disease called ADA-SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency due to Adenosine Deaminase deficiency), a rare disorder caused by the absence of an essential protein called adenosine deaminase (ADA), which is required for the production of lymphocytes.

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Strong authentication

Strong authentication is a notion with several unofficial definitions.

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Struan Stevenson

Struan John Stirton Stevenson (born 4 April 1948) is a Scottish politician.

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StudyPortals

StudyPortals is an Eindhoven-based company involved in providing an online education choice platform, listing more than 134,000 undergraduate, postgraduate, distance learning, preparation course programmes worldwide, along with other international education resources.

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Stuyvenberg Rural Training Centre

The Stuyvenberg Rural Training Centre (abbreviated "Stuyvenberg RTC") is a rural boarding centre of vocational education by the Society of Mary, located on the north coast of eastern Makira in Solomon Islands.

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Style guide

A style guide (or manual of style) is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization, or field.

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Styrolution

INEOS Styrolution is a global styrenics supplier and is headquartered in Germany.

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Substance of very high concern

A substance of very high concern (SVHC) is a chemical substance (or part of a group of chemical substances) for which it has been proposed that the use within the European Union be subject to authorisation under the REACH Regulation.

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Sudan Airways

Sudan Airways (الخطوط الجوية السودانية) is the national airline of Sudan, headquartered in Khartoum.

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Sue Hartley

Sue Hartley is a British ecologist and director of the (YESI), at the University of York.

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Suez (company)

Suez S.A. was a leading French-based multinational corporation headquartered in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, with operations primarily in water, electricity and natural gas supply, and waste management.

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Suez Canal Area Development Project

The Suez Canal Corridor Area Project (مشروع تطوير محور قناة السويس.) is a mega project in Egypt that was launched on 5 August 2014 by president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.

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Sulfite

Sulfites or sulphites are compounds that contain the sulfite ion (or the sulfate(IV) ion, from its correct systematic name),.

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Summary of Product Characteristics

The Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC or SmPC) is a specific document required within the European Commission before any medicinal product or biocidal product is authorized for marketing.

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Summer 1993

Summer 1993 (Original title: Estiu 1993) is a 2017 Catalan-language Spanish drama film directed and written by Carla Simón.

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Summer Time in Europe

European Summer Time is the variation of standard clock time that is applied in most European countries, not including Iceland, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Turkey and Russia — in the period between spring and autumn, during which clocks are advanced by one hour from the time observed in the rest of the year, in order to make the most efficient use of seasonal daylight.

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Summerhill College

Summerhill College (aka The College of the Immaculate Conception) is a Roman Catholic voluntary secondary school for boys located in the town of Sligo in northwest Ireland.

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Sun acquisition by Oracle

The acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation was completed on January 27, 2010.

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Super grid

A super grid is a wide area transmission network that makes it possible to trade high volumes of electricity across great distances.

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Supermini

Supermini (also called B-segment across Europe) is a class of car larger than a city car but smaller than a small family car.

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SuperSmart Grid

The SuperSmart Grid (SSG) is a hypothetical wide area electricity network connecting Europe with northern Africa, the Middle East, Turkey and the IPS/UPS system of CIS countries.

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Supranational union

A supranational union is a type of multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states.

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Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe

The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) is a multidisciplinary and cross-national panel database of micro data on health, socio-economic status and social and family networks of more than 120,000 individuals aged 50 or over (more than 297,000 interviews).

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Sustainable biofuel

Sustainable biofuel is biofuel produced in a sustainable manner.

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Sustainable products

Sustainable products are those products that provide environmental, social and economic benefits while protecting public health and environment over their whole life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials until the final disposal.

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Sustainable transport

Sustainable transport refers to the broad subject of transport that is sustainable in the senses of social, environmental and climate impacts and the ability to, in the global scope, supply the source energy indefinitely.

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Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan

A Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) is a planning concept applied by local and regional authorities for strategic mobility planning.

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Suzuki Cappuccino

The Suzuki Cappuccino is a small 2-door, 2-seater detachable hardtop minicar produced by Suzuki Motor Corporation.

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Sven Giegold

Sven Giegold (born 17 November 1969) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany.

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Swap body

A swap body (or swop body) is one of the standard freight containers for road and rail transport.

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Swastika

The swastika (as a character 卐 or 卍) is a geometrical figure and an ancient religious icon from the cultures of Eurasia, where it has been and remains a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions, Chinese religions, Mongolian and Siberian shamanisms.

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Swedbank

Swedbank AB is a Nordic-Baltic banking group based in Stockholm, Sweden, offering retail banking, asset management, financial, and other services.

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Sweden

Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

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Sweden and the euro

Sweden does not currently use the euro as its currency and has no plans to replace the krona in the near future.

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Sweden National Renewable Energy Action Plan

The Sweden National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for Sweden.

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Swedish Institute of Computer Science

RISE SICS (previously Swedish Institute of Computer Science) is a leading research institute for applied information and communication technology in Sweden, founded in 1985.

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Swedish language

Swedish is a North Germanic language spoken natively by 9.6 million people, predominantly in Sweden (as the sole official language), and in parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish.

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Swinkels Family Brewers

Swinkels Family Brewers (formerly Bavaria Brewery) is a family business from Noord-Brabant in the Netherlands, that is active in the beer, soft drink and malt sector.

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Swiss immigration referendum, February 2014

The Swiss federal popular initiative "against mass immigration" (Eidgenössische Volksinitiative "Gegen Masseneinwanderung"., Initiative populaire « Contre l'immigration de masse »., Iniziativa popolare "Contro l'immigrazione di massa".) was a referendum that aimed to limit immigration through quotas, as it had been prior to the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) launched 2002.

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Swiss International Air Lines

Swiss International Air Lines AG (short Swiss, stylized as SWISS) is the national airline of Switzerland operating scheduled services in Europe and to North America, South America, Africa and Asia.

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Swiss referendums, 2005

Five referendums were held in Switzerland during 2005.

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Swissport

Swissport International Ltd. is a Swiss aviation services company providing airport ground and cargo handling services, headquartered in Opfikon, Switzerland.

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Sylvie Goulard

Sylvie Goulard (born 6 December 1964 in Marseille) is a French politician.

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Symbols of Europe

A number of symbols of Europe have emerged since antiquity, notably the mythological figure of Europa herself.

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Symbrion

Symbrion (Symbiotic Evolutionary Robot Organisms) is a project funded by the European Commission between 2008 - 2013 to develop a framework in which a homogeneous swarm of miniature interdependent robots can co-assemble into a larger robotic organism to gain problem-solving momentum.

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Synchronous grid of Continental Europe

The synchronous grid of Continental Europe (also known as Continental Synchronous Area; formerly known as the UCTE grid) is the largest synchronous electrical grid (by connected power) in the world.

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Syngenta

Syngenta AG is a global company agribusiness that produces agrochemicals and seeds.

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System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe

The “System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe” (SIGLE) was established in 1980, two years after a seminar on grey literature organised by the European Commission in York (UK).

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System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012: Central Framework - final, official publication 2012, UN, EC, IMF, OECD and World Bank, United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Bank 2012, 378 pp.

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System of systems

System of systems is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems.

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SYSTRAN

SYSTRAN, founded by Dr.

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T-Mobile Nederland

T-Mobile Nederland BV is the third largest mobile phone company in the Netherlands.

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T2S

T2S (TARGET2-Securities) is a new European securities settlement engine which aims to offer centralised delivery-versus-payment (DvP) settlement in central bank funds across all European securities markets.

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TAAG Angola Airlines

TAAG Angola Airlines E.P. (TAAG Linhas Aéreas de Angola E.P.) is the state-owned national airline of Angola.

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Taavi Kotka

Taavi Kotka (born 21 January 1979) is an IT visionary and previously the Chief information officer of the Estonian Government known for leading e-residency program.

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Taavi Rõivas

Taavi Rõivas (born 26 September 1979) is an Estonian politician, former leader of the Reform Party and former Prime Minister of Estonia.

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Tageblatt

Tageblatt is a German language Luxembourgish daily newspaper published in Esch-sur-Alzette by Editpress.

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Tailored Access Operations

The Office of Tailored Access Operations (TAO) is a cyber-warfare intelligence-gathering unit of the National Security Agency (NSA).

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Taiwan Golden Bee

Taiwan Golden Bee is a Taiwanese manufacturer of scooters, ATVs, and engines in general.

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Tallinn Town Hall

The Tallinn Town Hall (Tallinna raekoda) is a building in the Tallinn Old Town, Estonia, next to the Town Hall Square.

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TAMPEP

TAMPEP (European Network for HIV/STI Prevention and Health Promotion among Migrant Sex Workers) is an international organization that supports the health and human rights of migrant sex workers in Europe.

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Tanja Fajon

Tanja Fajon (Tanya Fayon; born May 9, 1971) is a Slovenian politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Slovenia.

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Tar Sands Healing Walk

The Tar Sands Healing Walk began in 2010.

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Tarja Laitiainen

Tarja Laitiainen is a Finnish diplomat.

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Tax advisor

A tax advisor or tax consultant is a person with advanced training and knowledge of tax law.

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Tax amnesty

Tax amnesty is a limited-time opportunity for a specified group of taxpayers to pay a defined amount, in exchange for forgiveness of a tax liability (including interest and penalties) relating to a previous tax period or periods and without fear of criminal prosecution.

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TBS (U.S. TV channel)

TBS is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System.

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TDG Limited

TDG Limited was a goods transportation, distribution, warehousing and supply chain management company based in England with offices also in Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Hungary and Germany.

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Technical Aid to the Commonwealth of Independent States

TACIS is an abbreviation of "Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States" programme, a foreign and technical assistance programme implemented by the European Commission to help members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (as well as Mongolia), in their transition to democratic market-oriented economies.

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Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA)

The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA) was established in 1983 under the Lomé Convention between the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States and EU member states.

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Technical Specifications for Interoperability

The Technical Specification for Interoperability (TSI) are specifications drafted by the European Railway Agency and adopted in a Decision by the European Commission, to ensure the interoperability of the trans-European rail system.

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Technische Universität Darmstadt

The Technische Universität Darmstadt (unofficially Technical University of Darmstadt or Darmstadt University of Technology), commonly referred to as TU Darmstadt, is a research university in the city of Darmstadt, Germany.

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Technology readiness level

Technology readiness levels (TRL) are a method of estimating technology maturity of Critical Technology Elements (CTE) of a program during the acquisition process.

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Teesside University

Teesside University is a public university with its main campus in Middlesbrough, Teesside in North East England.

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Telecommunications Conformity Assessment and Market Surveillance Committee

Telecommunications Conformity Assessment and Market Surveillance Committee (TCAM) is an advisory and regulatory committee that assist the European Commission in matters regarding conformity assessment and market surveillance.

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Telefónica

Telefónica, S.A. is a Spanish multinational broadband and telecommunications provider with operations in Europe, Asia, and North, Central and South America.

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Telematics

Telematics is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses telecommunications, vehicular technologies, road transportation, road safety, electrical engineering (sensors, instrumentation, wireless communications, etc.), and computer science (multimedia, Internet, etc.). Telematics can involve any of the following.

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Telematics for Libraries Program

A program of the European Commission, the Telematics for Libraries Program has the ambitious aim of unifying access to information throughout the nations of Europe.

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Telephone numbers in Europe

Telephone numbers in Europe are managed by the national telecommunications authorities of each country.

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Television in Italy

Television in Italy was introduced in 1939, when the first experimental broadcasts began.

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Telithromycin

Telithromycin is the first ketolide antibiotic to enter clinical use and is sold under the brand name of Ketek.

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Temporary Agency Work Directive 2008

The Temporary Agency Work Directive is an EU Directive agreed in November 2008 which seeks to guarantee those working through employment agencies equal pay and conditions with employees in the same business who do the same work.

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Ten-Day War

The Ten-Day War (desetdnevna vojna) or the Slovenian Independence War (slovenska osamosvojitvena vojna), was a brief war of independence that followed the Slovenian declaration of independence on 25 June 1991.

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Tendency of the rate of profit to fall

The tendency of the rate of profit to fall (TRPF) is a hypothesis in economics and political economy, most famously expounded by Karl Marx in chapter 13 of Capital, Volume III.

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Terminology Coordination Unit of the European Parliament

The Terminology Coordination Unit (TermCoord) is a supporting unit to the translation units of the Directorate-General for Translation (DG TRAD) of the European Parliament.

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Terrafrica partnership

The TerrAfrica partnership is a US$4 billion, 12-year campaign supported by the African Union, World Bank, United Nations, European Commission, and regional sub-Saharan African governments, and aimed at fighting current, and preventing future desertification and other land degradation in Africa through sustainable land management.

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Terrorist Finance Tracking Program

The Terrorist Finance Tracking Program (TFTP) is a United States government program to access financial transactions on the international SWIFT network that was revealed by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Los Angeles Times in June 2006.

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Tesla Roadster (2008)

The Tesla Roadster is a battery electric vehicle (BEV) sports car that was produced by the electric car firm Tesla Motors (now Tesla, Inc.) in California from 2008 to 2012. The Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells and the first production all-electric car to travel more than per charge. It is also the first production car to be launched into orbit, carried by a Falcon Heavy rocket in a test flight on February 6, 2018. The car is also the first production all-electric car with the top speed of more than 200 km/h. Tesla sold about 2,450 Roadsters in over 30 countries, More than 2,350 units sold through June 2012. Sales during the 3Q 2012: 68 Roadsters and 253 Model S. and most of the last Roadsters were sold in Europe and Asia during the fourth quarter of 2012. Tesla produced right-hand-drive Roadsters from early 2010. The Roadster qualified for government incentives in several nations. The world distance record of for a production electric car on a single charge was set by a Roadster on October 27, 2009, during the Global Green Challenge in outback Australia, in which it averaged a speed of. In March 2010, a Tesla Roadster became the first electric vehicle to win the Monte Carlo Alternative Energy Rally and the first to win any Federation Internationale de l'Automobile-sanctioned championship when a Roadster driven by former Formula One driver Érik Comas beat 96 competitors for range, efficiency and performance in the three-day, nearly challenge. According to the U.S. EPA, the Roadster can travel on a single charge of its lithium-ion battery pack, and can accelerate from in 3.7 or 3.9 seconds depending on the model. It has a top speed of. The Roadster's efficiency,, was reported as 120 MPGe (2.0 L/100 km). It uses 135 Wh/km (21.7 kW·h/100 mi, 13.5 kW·h/100 km or 490 kJ/km) battery-to-wheel, and has an efficiency of 88% on average.

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Test data exclusivity

Test data exclusivity refers to protection of clinical trial data required to be submitted to a regulatory agency to prove safety and efficacy of a new drug, and prevention of generic drug manufacturers from relying on this data in their own applications.

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Tethys Research Institute

The Tethys Research Institute (official name: Istituto Tethys ONLUS) is a non-profit research organisation founded in 1986 to support marine conservation through science and public awareness.

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Tetiana Starodub

Tetiana Starodub, Ph.D. (Political Sciences), Senior Researcher (born 4 October 1979), an Ukrainian scientist, Associate Professor of International Relations Department, Kyiv Academy for the Humanities, Associate professor of political analytics and forecasting Department of National Academy of Public Administration under the Office of the President of Ukraine.

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Tetra Pak

Tetra Pak is a multinational food packaging and processing sub-company of Tetra Laval, with head offices in Lund, Sweden, and Lausanne, Switzerland.

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Thalidomide

Thalidomide, sold under the brand name Immunoprin, among others, is an immunomodulatory drug and the prototype of the thalidomide class of drugs.

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Thames Water

Thames Water Utilities Ltd, known as Thames Water, is the monopoly private utility company responsible for the public water supply and waste water treatment in large parts of Greater London, Luton, the Thames Valley, Surrey, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Kent, and some other areas of the United Kingdom.

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The AIRE Centre

The AIRE Centre (Advice on Individual Rights in Europe) is an English registered charity, with offices located in London.

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The American Heart Institute

The American Heart Institute (AHI) is the first private hospital to provide non-invasive and invasive cardiology interventions and the entire spectrum of adult Cardiothoracic surgery in Cyprus. On March 2011 The American Heart Institute started its operations in its new premises and became a department of the American Medical Center whilst new specialties joined the Center.

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The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment

The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment (UKIE) is a non-profit trade association for the video game industry in the United Kingdom (UK).

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The Brussels Times

The Brussels Times is Belgium’s leading daily online newspaper in English.

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The Co-operative Bank

The Co-operative Bank plc is a retail and commercial bank in the United Kingdom, with its headquarters in Balloon Street, Manchester.

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The Co-operative Banking Group

Co-operative Banking Group Limited (originally Co-operative Financial Services) was a UK-based banking and insurance company and a wholly owned subsidiary of The Co-operative Group.

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The Co-operative Travel

TCCT Retail Limited, trading as The Co-operative Travel was a travel agent in the United Kingdom, run as a joint venture between the Thomas Cook Group, The Co-operative Group and Central England Co-operative from 2011 until 2016.

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The Commission

The Commission may refer to.

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The Copenhagen Post

The Copenhagen Post is a weekly newspaper providing Danish news in English both nationally and internationally; it is the only English-language newspaper published in Denmark.

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The Courier (ACP-EU)

The Courier was an ACP-EU development magazine published by the Development Directorate General of the European Commission, focusing on ACP-EU Development Cooperation.

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The Devil You Know (Yes Minister)

"The Devil You Know" is the twelfth episode of the BBC comedy series Yes Minister and was first broadcast 23 March 1981.

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The Dickson Poon School of Law

The Dickson Poon School of Law is the law school of King's College London, and one of the nine Schools of Study of the College.

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The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) is a study led by Pavan Sukhdev.

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The Endless River

The Endless River is the fifteenth and final studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd.

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The Erased

The Erased (Izbrisani) is the name used in the media for a group of people in Slovenia that remained without a legal status after the declaration of the country's independence in 1991.

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The European Knowledge Centre for Youth Policy

The European Knowledge Centre for Youth Policy is a youth research partnership activity between the Council of Europe and the European Commission.

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The Expendables 2

The Expendables 2 is a 2012 American action film directed by Simon West, written by Richard Wenk and Sylvester Stallone and based on a story by Ken Kaufman, David Agosto and Wenk.

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The Fourth Pillar

The Four Pillars is a research programme set up in 1987 by the Geneva Association, also known as the International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics.

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The FREE Initiative

The Far-Right Extremism in Europe Initiative (The FREE Initiative) is an online resource for practitioners responding to far-right extremism and violence.

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The Future of Work and Death

The Future of Work and Death is a 2016 documentary by Sean Blacknell and Wayne Walsh about the growth of exponential technology.

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The Hathershaw College

The Hathershaw College is a coeducational, Secondary Academy for 11- to 16-year-olds in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England.

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The history of Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnów-Mościce

The history of Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnów-Mościce began in 1927.

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The Learning Teacher Network

The Learning Teacher Network is a European non-profit, member-based education network and association, which performs as a European platform for professional debate in the vanguard of educational progress.

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The LIFE Programme

The LIFE Programme (French: L’Instrument Financier pour l’Environnement) is the European Union’s funding instrument for the environment and climate action.

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The Mall Athens

The Mall Athens is a shopping mall in Athens, Greece.

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The New Statesman

The New Statesman is a British sitcom made in the late 1980s and early 1990s satirising the United Kingdom's Conservative Party Government of the period.

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The Olive Tree (Italy)

The Olive Tree (L'Ulivo) was a denomination used for several successive centre-left political and electoral alliances of Italian political parties from 1995 to 2007.

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The Other Europe

The Other Europe (L'Altra Europa), whose full name is The Other Europe with Tsipras (L'Altra Europa con Tsipras), is a left-wing political alliance in Italy, which took part to the 2014 European Parliament election in support of Alexis Tsipras, the candidate of the Party of the European Left for President of the European Commission.

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The Paper Province

The Paper Province is a business cluster for the pulp and paper industry in Värmland, northern Dalsland and the county of Örebro in central Sweden.

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The Parliament Magazine

The Parliament Magazine is a fortnightly EU politics magazine covering European Parliament news, opinion and comment.

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The People of Freedom

The People of Freedom (Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL) was a centre-right political party in Italy.

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The Raspberry Ice Cream War

The Raspberry Ice Cream War (subtitled A comic for young people on a peaceful Europe without frontiers) is a children's comic book published by the European Commission in 1998.

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The Republicans group (National Assembly)

The Republicans group (groupe Les Républicains), formerly the Union for a Popular Movement group (groupe de l'Union pour un mouvement populaire), is a parliamentary group in the National Assembly including representatives of The Republicans (LR), formerly the Union for a Popular Movement.

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The Studio (TV channel)

The Studio was a cable television film channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

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TheJournal.ie

TheJournal.ie is an internet publication in Ireland.

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Thick shelled river mussel

The thick shelled river mussel (Unio crassus) is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

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Thierry Breton

Thierry Breton (born 15 January 1955 in Paris) is a French businessman, a former Professor at Harvard Business School, and a former Finance minister of France.

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Third country resettlement

Third country resettlement or refugee resettlement is, according to the UNHCR, one of three durable solutions (voluntary repatriation and local integration being the other two) for refugees who fled their home country.

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Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece

The Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, usually referred to as the third bailout package or the third memorandum, is a memorandum of understanding on financial assistance to the Hellenic Republic in order to cope with the Greek government-debt crisis.

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Third Energy Package

The European Union's Third Energy Package is a legislative package for an internal gas and electricity market in the European Union.

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Third Portuguese Republic

The Third Portuguese Republic is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of ''Estado Novo'' of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcello Caetano.

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Third-country economic relationships with the European Union

The European Union has a number of relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union.

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Thomas Bain (Orange)

Thomas R. W. Bain (born) is known for intelligence work done behind the Iron Curtain in 1988 under the pseudonym "Orange".

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Thomas Giegerich

Thomas Giegerich (born 15 March 1959 in Wiesbaden, Germany) is a German jurist.

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Thomas Hoeren

Thomas Hoeren (born on August 22, 1961 in Dinslaken) is a German law professor and a former Court of appeal judge with focus on Information and Media Law.

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Thomas Mirow

Thomas Mirow (born 6 January 1953) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party who served as president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 2008 to 2012.

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Thomas Rabe (manager)

Thomas Rabe (born August 6, 1965, in Luxembourg) is a German manager.

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Thomson Reuters

Thomson Reuters Corporation is a Canadian multinational mass media and information firm.

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Thorn Commission

The Thorn Commission was the European Commission that held office from 6 January 1981 until 5 January 1985.

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Thorn Ministry

The Thorn Ministry was the government of Luxembourg between 15 June 1974 and 16 July 1979.

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Thorvaldur Gylfason

Thorvaldur Gylfason (Icelandic orthography Þorvaldur Gylfason; born 18 July 1951) is an Icelandic economist who has been active in Icelandic public life.

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Three pillars of the European Union

Between 1993 and 2009, the European Union (EU) legally comprised three pillars.

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Thujone

No description.

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Tibor Palánkai

Tibor Palánkai (born 1 March 1938) is a Hungarian economist, university teacher and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

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TICAD Delegations

TICAD Delegations are those attending the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD), which is a conference held every five years in Japan with the objective "to promote high-level policy dialogue between African leaders and development partners." The first four of these conferences were held in Tokyo; and the fifth one was held in nearby Yokohama.

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Ticagrelor

Ticagrelor (trade name Brilinta, Brilique, and Possia) is a platelet aggregation inhibitor produced by AstraZeneca.

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Tim Hailes

Timothy Russell Hailes (born 7 October 1967, Dorchester) is a Managing Director & Associate General Counsel in the Investment Banking Division of JPMorgan Chase & Co.

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Tim Hunt

Sir Richard Timothy Hunt, (born 19 February 1943) is a British biochemist and molecular physiologist.

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Time in Portugal

Portugal has two time zones and observes daylight saving time.

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Timeline of Albanian history

This is a timeline of Albanian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Albania and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of animal welfare and rights in Europe

This page is a timeline of the major events in the history of animal welfare and rights in Europe.

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Timeline of Bulgarian history

This is a timeline of Bulgarian history.

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Timeline of healthcare in Russia

This is a timeline of healthcare in Russia.

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Timeline of influenza

This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, discoveries and developments of vaccines.

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Timeline of Luxembourg City

The following is a timeline of the history of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.

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Timeline of malaria

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite; it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.

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Timeline of nuclear fusion

This timeline of nuclear fusion is an incomplete chronological summary of significant events in the study and use of nuclear fusion.

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Timeline of Slovenian history

This is a timeline of Slovenian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Slovenia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of the 2007 pet food recalls

This timeline of the 2007 pet food recalls documents how events related to the 2007 pet food recalls unfolded.

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Timeline of the Euromaidan

The Euromaidan (Євромайдан,, literally "Eurosquare") was a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, which began on the night of 21 November 2013 with very large public protests demanding closer European integration.

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Timeline of the European migrant crisis

This is a timeline of notable events related to the European migrant crisis.

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Timeline of the Great Recession

This article gives the timeline of the Great Recession, which hit many developed economies in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007-2008.

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Tindouf Province

Tindouf, also written Tinduf (ولاية تندوف), is the westernmost province of Algeria, having a population of 58,193 as of the 2008 census (not including the Sahrawi refugees at the Sahrawi refugee camps).

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Titanium dioxide nanoparticle

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, also called ultrafine titanium dioxide, are particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) with diameters less than 100 nm.

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Tito Boeri

Tito Michele Boeri (born 1958) is a left-wing Italian economist, currently professor of economics at Bocconi University, Milan and acts as Scientific Director of the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti.

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TNT Express

TNT Express is an international courier delivery services company, now a subsidiary of FedEx, with its headquarters in Hoofddorp, Netherlands.

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To Play the King

To Play the King is a 1993 BBC television serial and the second part of the House of Cards trilogy.

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Tobacco smoking

Tobacco smoking is the practice of smoking tobacco and inhaling tobacco smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases).

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Tobin tax

A Tobin tax, suggested by Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences Laureate economist James Tobin, was originally defined as a tax on all spot conversions of one currency into another.

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TOCSIN project

TOCSIN is a research project within the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission.

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Tolerance Rings

Tolerance Rings are radially sprung rings that are press fitted between two mating components to act as frictional fasteners.

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Tom Enders

Dr.

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Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer

Lawrence Sawyer, Baron Sawyer (born 12 May 1943), known as Tom Sawyer, is a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician.

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Tomas Bata University in Zlín

Tomas Bata University in Zlín (TBU), (Czech Univerzita Tomáše Bati ve Zlíně), is a public university comprising six faculties offering courses in technology, economics, humanities, arts and health care.

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Tomáš Zima

Prof.

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Tonight with Vincent Browne

Tonight with Vincent Browne, (formerly Nightly News with Vincent Browne), is a news analysis, current affairs and politics programme which was broadcast on Ireland's TV3 from 2007 to July 2017.

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Tony Abbott (governor)

Anthony John "Tony" Abbott, CMG, OBE (born 9 September 1941) is a British diplomat, who served as Governor of Montserrat from 1997 to 2001.

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Tony Benn

Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn (3 April 1925 – 14 March 2014), originally known as Anthony Wedgwood Benn, but later as Tony Benn, was a British politician, writer, and diarist.

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Tony Brenton

Sir Anthony Russell "Tony" Brenton, (born 1 January 1950) is a former British diplomat.

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Toomas Hendrik Ilves

Toomas Hendrik Ilves (born 26 December 1953) is an Estonian politician who served as the fourth President of Estonia from 2006 until 2016.

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TopoTarget

TopoTarget was a Copenhagen-based biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of drugs and therapies to treat cancer.

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Torrão

Torrão is a civil parish and town, in the municipality of Alcácer do Sal, in the Portuguese district of Setúbal, bordering on the districts of Évora and the Beja.

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Torsten Albig

Torsten Albig (born 25 May 1963 in Bremen) is a German politician from the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

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Torture trade

In 2001, Amnesty International released the report "Stopping the Torture Trade." The term torture trade refers to the manufacture, marketing, and export of tools commonly used for torture, like restraints and high-voltage electro-shock weapons.

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Total League

The Nationale 1 Hommes, officially named the Total League for sponsorship reasons, is the highest men's basketball league in Luxembourg.

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Tourism

Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours.

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Tourism in Croatia

Tourism is a major industry in Croatia.

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Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) is a United States law, passed by the United States Congress in 1976 and administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, that regulates the introduction of new or already existing chemicals.

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TRACECA

TRACECA (acronym: Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia) is an international transport programme involving the European Union and 14 member States of the Eastern European, Caucasian and Central Asian region.

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TRACES

TRACES, or Trade Control and Expert System, is a web-based veterinarian certification tool used by the European Union for controlling the import and export of live animals and animal products within and without its borders.

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Trade association

A trade association, also known as an industry trade group, business association, sector association or industry body, is an organization founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specific industry.

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Trade in Services Agreement

The Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) is a proposed international trade treaty between 23 Parties, including the European Union and the United States.

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Trade Repository

A Trade Repository or Swap Data Repository is an entity that centrally collects and maintains the records of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives.

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TradeArt

TradeArt was an underground art magazine first published by TradeArt Incorporated in March 1999.

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Traffic (conservation programme)

TRAFFIC, the Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network, is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on the trade of wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity and sustainable development.

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Traffic message channel

Traffic Message Channel (TMC) is a technology for delivering traffic and travel information to motor vehicle drivers.

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Traineeship scheme of the European Commission

The official traineeship scheme of the European Commission is a traineeship programme providing official in-service training with the European Commission.

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Trans Austria Gas Pipeline

The Trans Austria Gas (TAG) pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that leads from the Slovak-Austrian border at Baumgarten an der March to Arnoldstein in the south, near the border with Italy.

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Trans Europa Naturgas Pipeline

The Trans Europa Naturgas Pipeline (TENP) is a natural gas pipeline which runs from the German-Netherlands border to the German-Swiss border.

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Trans-European Networks

The Trans-European Networks (TEN) were created by the European Union by Articles 154-156 of the Treaty of Rome (1957), with the stated goals of the creation of an internal market and the reinforcement of economic and social cohesion.

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Trans-European Transport Network Executive Agency

The Trans-European Transport Network Executive Agency (TEN-T EA) was an executive agency established by the European Commission in October 2006 in order to realise the technical and financial implementation of the TEN-T programme.

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Trans-European Transport Networks

The Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) are a planned set of road, rail, air and water transport networks in the European Union.

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Transalpina Square

Transalpina Square (Piazza della Transalpina, meaning "Square of the Transalpina Railway Line)"; Trg Evrope, meaning "Europe Square"), is a square divided between the towns of Gorizia, northeastern Italy, and Nova Gorica, southwestern Slovenia. The railway station of Nova Gorica is located at the eastern end of the square, on the Slovenian side.

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Transatlantic Business Council

The Transatlantic Business Council (TABC) is an advocacy group of more than 70 multinational corporations, headquartered in the United States or Europe.

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Transatlantic relations

Transatlantic relations refer to the historic, cultural, political, economic and social relations between countries on both side of the Atlantic Ocean.

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Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a proposed trade agreement between the European Union and the United States, with the aim of promoting trade and multilateral economic growth.

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Transfer window

The transfer window is the period during the year in which a football club can transfer players from other countries into their playing staff.

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Transitgas Pipeline

The Transitgas Pipeline is a long natural gas pipeline in Switzerland, which connects Trans Europa Naturgas Pipeline (TENP) from Wallbach at the German border and Gaz de France gas grid from Rodersdorf/Oltingue at the French border with the Snam Rete Gas S.p.A. owned gas grid in Gries Pass, Italy.

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Translational research

Translational research – often used interchangeably with translational medicine or translational science or bench to bedside – is an effort to build on basic scientific research to create new therapies, medical procedures, or diagnostics.

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Transmodel

Transmodel (formally CEN TC278, Reference Data Model For Public Transport, EN12896) is the CEN European Reference Data Model for Public Transport Information; it provides an abstract model of common public transport concepts and data structures that can be used to build many different kinds of public transport information system, including for timetabling, fares, operational management, real time data, journey planning etc.

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Transnational Radical Party

The Transnational Radical Party (TRP), whose official name is Nonviolent Radical Party, Transnational and Transparty (NRPTT), is a political association of citizens, members of parliament and members of government of various national and political backgrounds who intend to adopt nonviolent means to create an effective body of international law with respect for individuals, human, civil and political rights, as well as the affirmation of democracy and political freedom in the world.

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Transparency Directive

The Transparency Directive or Directive 2004/109/EC is an EU Directive of 2004.

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Transparency of media ownership in Europe

Transparency of media ownership refers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information about media ownership structures.

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Transparency of media ownership in Romania

Transparency of media ownership refers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information about media ownership structures to make possible for media authorities and the wider public to ascertain who effectively owns and controls the media.

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Transphobia

Transphobia is a range of negative attitudes, feelings or actions toward transgender or transsexual people, or toward transsexuality.

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Transport in Europe

Transport in Europe provides for the movement needs of over 700 million people and associated freight.

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Transport in Slovenia

The location at the junction of the Mediterranean, the Alps, the Dinarides and the Pannonian Plain and the area being traversed by major rivers have been the reasons for the intersection of the main transport routes in Slovenia.

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Transport in the European Union

Transport in the European Union is a shared competence of the Union and its member states.

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Transport in the Netherlands

The Netherlands is both a very densely populated and a highly developed country, in which transport is a key factor of the economy.

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Transport in the United Kingdom

Transport in the United Kingdom is facilitated with road, air, rail, and water networks.

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Transport Research Arena

Transport Research Arena (TRA) is a conference on transport and mobility in Europe.

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Transposition (law)

In European Union law, transposition is a process by which the European Union's member states give force to a directive by passing appropriate implementation measures.

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Transversal programme

The Transversal programme is part of the European Commission's Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013.

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Trasa Kwiatkowskiego

Trasa im.

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Travellingua

Travellingua, also known as the Language and Culture Explorers’ Club, is a project which was supported by the European Commission under Socrates Lingua 1 (Promotion of Language Learning) action.

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TREAT-NMD

TREAT-NMD (treat NeuroMuscular Disease) is a global academic network that focuses on advancing research in neuromuscular disorders.

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Treaties of Nijmegen Medal

The Treaties of Nijmegen Medal (Dutch: Vrede van Nijmegen Penning) is a biannual prize that is awarded to "key international figures committed to European development".

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Treaties of the European Union

The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the European Union (EU) member states which sets out the EU's constitutional basis.

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Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union (EU).

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Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism

The Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism was signed by the member states of the eurozone to found the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), an international organisation located in Luxembourg, to act as a permanent source of financial assistance for member states in financial difficulty, with a maximum lending capacity of €500 billion.

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Treaty of Accession 2005

The Treaty of Accession 2005 is an agreement between the member states of European Union and Bulgaria and Romania.

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Treaty of Accession 2011

The Treaty of Accession 2011 is an agreement between the member states of the European Union and Croatia concerning Croatia's accession to the EU.

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Treaty of Amsterdam

The Treaty of Amsterdam, officially the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, was signed on 2 October 1997, and entered into force on 1 May 1999; it made substantial changes to the Treaty of Maastricht, which had been signed in 1992.

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Treaty of Lisbon

The Treaty of Lisbon (initially known as the Reform Treaty) is an international agreement that amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU).

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Treaty of Nice

The Treaty of Nice was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003.

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Treaty of Rome

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Rome) is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on European Union (TEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Maastricht).

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Trenitalia

Trenitalia is the primary train operator in Italy.

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Triangle building

The seat of the European External Action Service (initially referred to as The Capital, and thereafter sometimes the Triangle building) is the office building on Schuman roundabout in the heart of the European Quarter of Brussels, Belgium, in which most of the European External Action Service (EEAS) resides.

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Trichinosis

Trichinosis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the Trichinella type.

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Tristram Stuart

Tristram James Avondale Stuart (born 1977 in London) is an English author and campaigner.

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Troika

Troika (from тройка, meaning "a set of three", or triumvirate, or three of a kind (disambiguation), or threesome (disambiguation)) may refer to.

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Tropenbos International

Tropenbos International (TBI) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in the Netherlands.

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Tropical Storm Washi

Severe Tropical Storm Washi, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Sendong, was a late-season tropical cyclone that caused catastrophic damage in the Philippines in late 2011.

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Trovafloxacin

Trovafloxacin (sold as Trovan by Pfizer and Turvel by Laboratorios Almirall) was a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA in various bacteria by blocking the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

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Tryggvi Þór Herbertsson

Tryggvi Þór Herbertsson (born 17 January 1963) is the Chairman and Founder of Taurus SLF a independent corporate and investment advisory and was a member of the Icelandic Parliament 2009-2013.

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Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj

Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (Cahiagín Elbegdorj; also referred to as Mongolyin Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj; born 30 March 1963) is a Mongolian politician who served as President of Mongolia from 2009 to 2017.

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TSB Bank (United Kingdom)

TSB Bank plc is a retail and commercial bank in the United Kingdom, which is a subsidiary of the Sabadell Group.

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Tsvetan Vasilev

Tsvetan Vasilev (also spelled Tzvetan Vassilev; Цветан Василев; born 1959) is a Bulgarian entrepreneur.

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Tudor Chiuariu

Tudor-Alexandru Chiuariu (born July 13, 1976) is a Romanian lawyer and politician.

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Tuhobić Tunnel

Tuhobić Tunnel (Tunel Tuhobić) is one of the most significant structures on the Croatian A6 motorway route.

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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Turkish Armed Forces

The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK) are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey.

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Turkish Cypriot State

In order to find a solution to the Cyprus dispute, which started in 1963, numerous plans and meetings in international arena were organized and eventually United Nations determined the solution to be "bi-zonal and bi-communal federation" based on the political equality of Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot people.

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Turkish language

Turkish, also referred to as Istanbul Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and Western Thrace) and 60–65 million native speakers in Western Asia (mostly in Anatolia).

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Turks in the Netherlands

Turks in the Netherlands (occasionally Dutch Turks or Turkish-Dutch) (Turkse Nederlander; Hollanda Türkleri) are the ethnic Turks living in the Netherlands.

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TVN Group

TVN Group (TVN S.A.) is a Polish media and entertainment group established in 1995 as TVN Sp.

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Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2008 (Ireland)

The Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2008 (bill no. 14 of 2008) was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of Ireland that was put to a referendum in 2008 (the first Lisbon referendum).

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Twenty-foot equivalent unit

The twenty-foot equivalent unit (often TEU or teu) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals.

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Type 2 connector

The IEC 62196 Type 2 connector (commonly referred to as Mennekes) is used for charging electric cars within Europe.

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UEFA Celebration Match

The UEFA Celebration Match was a football match played on 13 March 2007 as a celebration of both the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome, which laid the foundations for the European Union, and the 50th year of Manchester United's participation in UEFA competitions.

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UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations

The UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations (FFP) were established to prevent professional football clubs spending more than they earn in the pursuit of success and in doing so getting into financial problems which might threaten their long-term survival.

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Uglješa Šajtinac

Uglješa Šajtinac (Serbian Cyrillic: Угљеша Шајтинац; born 1971 in Zrenjanin, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian writer and playwright.

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UK Cleaning Products Industry Association

The UK Cleaning Products Industry Association is the leading trade association for companies representing UK producers of cleaning and hygiene products.

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UK Data Archive

The UK Data Archive is a national centre of expertise in data archiving in the United Kingdom (UK).

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UK Independence Party

The UK Independence Party (UKIP) is a Eurosceptic and right-wing populist political party in the United Kingdom.

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UK rebate

The UK rebate (or UK correction) is a financial mechanism that reduces the United Kingdom's contribution to the EU budget in effect since 1985.

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Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement

The Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement is a European Union Association Agreement between the European Union (EU), Euratom, Ukraine and the EU's 28 member states (which are separate parties in addition to the EU and Euratom).

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Ukraine–European Union relations

Relations between the European Union (EU) and Ukraine are shaped through the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement and the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA).

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Ukrainian Cargo Airways

Ukrainian Cargo Airways was an airline based in Kiev, Ukraine.

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Ukrainian presidential election, 2004

The Ukrainian presidential election, 2004 was held on October 31, November 21 and December 26, 2004.

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Ukrainian Ye

Ukrainian Ye (Є є; italics: Є є) is a character of the Cyrillic script.

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Ukrainization

Ukrainization (also spelled Ukrainisation or Ukrainianization) is a policy of increasing the usage and facilitating the development of the Ukrainian language and promoting other elements of Ukrainian culture, in various spheres of public life such as education, publishing, government and religion.

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Ukrecoresursy

Ukrecoresursy (Укрекоресурси, full name “State Enterprise for Managing Waste as Secondary Raw Materials”) is a Government of Ukraine state enterprise that provides waste recycling services.

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Ulipristal acetate

Ulipristal acetate, sold under the brand name Ella among others, is a medication used for emergency birth control and uterine fibroids.

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Ulrich Sieber

Prof.

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Ulrich von Hassell

Christian August Ulrich von Hassell (12 November 1881 – 8 September 1944) was a German diplomat during World War II.

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Ultra high temperature ceramic matrix composite

Ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMC) or Ultra-high Temperature Ceramic Composites (UHTCC) are a class of refractory ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), the motivation to develop UHTCMCs is to overcome the limits associated with the bulk UHTCs like ZrB2, HfB2, or their composites due to a catastrofic fracture easily under mechanical or thermo-mechanical loads because of cracks initiated by small defects or scratches.

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Ulyanovsk State University

Ulyanovsk State University (Ульяновский государственный университет, romanised: Ulyanovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet) is a public, research university, located in Ulyanovsk, Russia.

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UM Airlines

UM Air (Українсько-середземноморські авіалінії, Ukrayinsʹko-сeredzemnomorsʹki avialiniyi, legally Ukrainian-Mediterranean Airlines Ltd, is an airline based in Kiev, Ukraine. It currently operates services to the Middle East.

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Umeå University

Umeå University (Umeå universitet) is a university in Umeå in the mid-northern region of Sweden.

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Umut Oran

Umut Oran (born 16 October 1962) is a Turkish textile manufacturer and a centre-left politician who currently serves as a Vice President of Socialist International since 13 December 2014.

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Underground coal gasification

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial process which converts coal into product gas.

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Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive 2009

The Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive is a consolidated EU Directive, that allows collective investment schemes to operate freely throughout the EU on the basis of a single authorisation from one member state.

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Unemployment benefits

Unemployment benefits (depending on the jurisdiction also called unemployment insurance or unemployment compensation) are payments made by the state or other authorized bodies to unemployed people.

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Unified Extensible Firmware Interface

The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a specification that defines a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware.

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Unified Patent Court

The Unified Patent Court (UPC) is a proposed common patent court open for participation of all member states of the European Union.

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Unilever

Unilever () is a British-Dutch transnational consumer goods company co-headquartered in London, United Kingdom and Rotterdam, Netherlands.

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Union des Fabricants

Union des Fabricants (Unifab) was created by several pharmaceutical manufacturers in 1872, when they realised that their products were being counterfeited in Germany and came together to create the "Charte de l'Union des Fabricants".

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Union for the Mediterranean

The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM; Union pour la Méditerranée, الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط) is an intergovernmental organization of 43 member states from Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: the 28 EU member states and 15 Mediterranean partner countries from North Africa, Western Asia and Southern Europe.

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Union of Agricultural Work Committees

The Union of Agricultural Work Committees (UAWC) is a non-profit organization that was established in 1986 to improve the performance and professionalism of Palestinian farmers during the Israel-Palestinian conflict.

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Union of Councils for Soviet Jews

Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union (UCSJ) is a non-governmental organization that reports on the human rights conditions in countries throughout Eastern Europe and Central Asia, exposing hate crimes and assisting communities in need.

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Union of European Federalists

The Union of European Federalists (UEF) is a European non-governmental organisation, campaigning for a Federal Europe.

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Union, Progress and Democracy

Union, Progress and Democracy (Unión Progreso y Democracia, UPyD) is a Spanish political party founded in September 2007.

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UniProt

UniProt is a freely accessible database of protein sequence and functional information, many entries being derived from genome sequencing projects.

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Unitary patent

The European patent with unitary effect (EPUE), more commonly known as the unitary patent, is a new type of European patent in advanced stage of adoption which would be valid in participating member states of the European Union.

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United Airlines

United Airlines, Inc., commonly referred to as United, is a major United States airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.

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United Kingdom Awarding Bodies

An awarding body, in the United Kingdom, is an examination board which sets examinations and awards qualifications, such as GCSEs and A-levels.

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United Kingdom competition law

United Kingdom competition law is affected by both British and European elements.

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United Kingdom enterprise law

United Kingdom enterprise law concerns the ownership, regulation and potentially competition in the provision of public services, private or mutual companies in the United Kingdom.

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United Kingdom grant aid

The Assisted Areas of Great Britain are based upon a map drawn up and agreed with the European Commission in October 2006.

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United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union

The United Kingdom's invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union happened on 29 March 2017, and it began the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union (EU), commonly referred to as Brexit.

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United Kingdom National Renewable Energy Action Plan

The United Kingdom National Renewable Energy Action Plan is the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) for the United Kingdom.

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United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal

The United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal was a major political scandal that emerged in 2009, concerning expenses claims made by members of the United Kingdom Parliament over the previous years.

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United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership, 2015–16

The United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership was a package of changes to the United Kingdom's terms of membership to the European Union (EU) and changes to EU rules which was first proposed by the then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron in January 2013, with negotiations only beginning following the outcome of the UK General Election in the summer of 2015.

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United Nations Border Relief Operation

The United Nations Border Relief Operation (UNBRO) was a donor-nation funded relief effort for Cambodian refugees and others affected by years of warfare along the Thai-Cambodian border.

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United Parcel Service

United Parcel Service (UPS) is an American multinational package delivery and supply chain management company.

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United States of Europe

The United States of Europe, the European state, the European superstate, the European federation and Federal Europe are names used to refer to several similar hypothetical scenarios of the unification of Europe as a single sovereign federation of states (hence superstate), similar to the United States of America, both as projected by writers of speculative fiction and science fiction and by political scientists, politicians, geographers, historians and futurologists.

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United States presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia

Ten United States presidents have made presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.

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United States presidential visits to Western Europe

Thirteen United States presidents have made presidential visits to Western Europe.

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United States sanctions against Iran

United States sanctions against Iran refer to economic, trade, scientific and military sanctions against Iran, which have been imposed by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control, or by the international community under U.S. pressure through the United Nations Security Council.

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United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

On May 8, 2018, the United States withdrew from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.

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United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.

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United States–European Union relations

Relations between the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) are the bilateral relations between that country and the supranational organization.

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Uniting Humanity

Uniting Humanity is an educational charity working with people to promote active global citizenship in England across the world.

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Universal design

Universal design (close relation to inclusive design) refers to broad-spectrum ideas meant to produce buildings, products and environments that are inherently accessible to older people, people without disabilities, and people with disabilities.

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Universal Music Group

Universal Music Group (also known in the United States as UMG Recordings, Inc. and abbreviated as UMG) is an American global music corporation that is a subsidiary of the French media conglomerate Vivendi.

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University College Dublin Library

The UCD library, composed of five separate bodies, has varied ranges of digital and printed books on a wide range of topics.

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University Network of the European Capitals of Culture

The University Network of the European Capitals of Culture(UNeECC), an international non-profit association, was founded upon the initiative of the in Pécs, Hungary in December 2006 by 15 founding members.

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University of Cambodia

The University of Cambodia (UC) is a leading private university located on Northbridge Road in Sen Sok District, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia.

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University of Deusto

The University of Deusto (Universidad de Deusto; Deustuko Unibertsitatea) is a Spanish private university owned by the Society of Jesus, with campuses in Bilbao and San Sebastián, and the Deusto Business School branch in Madrid.

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University of Freiburg

The University of Freiburg (colloquially Uni Freiburg), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), is a public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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University of Gdańsk

The University of Gdańsk (Uniwersytet Gdański) is a public research university located in Gdańsk, Poland.

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University of Gibraltar

The University of Gibraltar is a not-for-profit independent tertiary institution that was established by The University of Gibraltar Act 2015.

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University of Greifswald

The University of Greifswald (Universität Greifswald) is a public research university located in Greifswald, Germany, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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University of Hertfordshire

The University of Hertfordshire is a university in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.

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University of Miami

The University of Miami (informally referred to as UM, U of M, or The U) is a private, nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables, Florida, United States.

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University of Nantes

The University of Nantes (Université de Nantes) is a French university, located in the city of Nantes.

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University of Oxford Chancellor election, 2003

The 2003 University of Oxford election for the position of Chancellor was called upon the death of the incumbent Chancellor, Roy Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead on 5 January 2003.

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University of Pisa

The University of Pisa (Università di Pisa, UniPi) is an Italian public research university located in Pisa, Italy.

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University of Pittsburgh

The University of Pittsburgh (commonly referred to as Pitt) is a state-related research university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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University of Pittsburgh Center for International Studies

University Center for International Studies (UCIS), the first center of its kind when created in 1968, provides a university-wide integration of international scholarship at the University of Pittsburgh.

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University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering

The Faculty of Engineering is one of the four faculties which make up the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland.

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University of Sussex

The University of Sussex is a public research university in Falmer, Sussex, England.

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University18

U18 is a large scale e-education venture based out of India.

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UNRWA

Created in December 1949, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a relief and human development agency which supports more than 5 million registered Palestinian refugees, and their descendants, who fled or were expelled from their homes during the 1948 Palestine war as well as those who fled or were expelled during and following the 1967 Six Day war.

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UPSI

The Universities' Police Science Institute, or UPSI as it is more commonly known, is a joint venture between South Wales Police, Cardiff University and the University of South Wales.

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Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive is a 1991 European Union directive concerning urban waste water "collection, treatment and discharge of urban waste water and the treatment and discharge of waste water from certain industrial sectors".

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Uroš Macerl

Uroš Macerl (born 1968 or 1969) is an organic farmer and environmental activist from Slovenia.

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Ursula von der Leyen

Ursula Gertrud von der Leyen (née Albrecht; born 8 October 1958) is a German politician who has been the Minister of Defence since 2013, and she is the first woman in German history to hold that office.

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USB (Physical)

This article provides information about the physical aspects of Universal Serial Bus, USB: connectors, cabling, and power.

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Usinor

Usinor was a French steel making group formed in 1948.

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USKOK

USKOK (Ured za suzbijanje korupcije i organiziranog kriminaliteta, Croatian State Prosecutor's Office for the Suppression of Organized Crime and Corruption or Bureau for Combating Corruption and Organized Crime) is a body of the Croatian criminal justice system.

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Ussher Fort

Ussher Fort is a fort in Accra, Ghana.

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Utility cycling

Utility cycling encompasses any cycling done simply as a means of transport rather than as a sport or leisure activity.

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UUNET

UUNET, founded in 1987, was one of the largest Internet service providers and one of the early Tier 1 networks.

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Uwe Kitzinger

Uwe Kitzinger (born 12 April 1928) is a political analyst.

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Uzbekistan–European Union relations

Uzbekistan–European Union relations are the international relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the supranational European Union.

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V sign

The V sign is a hand gesture in which the index and middle fingers are raised and parted, while the other fingers are clenched.

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V. K. Samaranayake

Vidya Jyothi V. K. Samaranayake, MBCS, MCS(SL), FNASSL, MIEEE (Sinhala:වී.කේ.සමරනායක) (1939 – 6 June 2007) pioneered computing & IT development industry and usage in Sri Lanka and thus considered as the "Father of Information Technology" in Sri Lanka.

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VA Tech Wabag

VA Tech Wabag Ltd. is an Indian multinational company with headquarters in Chennai, India.

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Vadastuximab talirine

Vadastuximab talirine or SGN-CD33A is an antibody-drug conjugate or ADC directed to CD33 (SIGLEC-3), which is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage.

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Vafa Guluzade

Vafa Guluzade (surname also spelled as Gulizade(h), Goulizade(h), Kulizade(h), Quluzade(h)) ('Vəfa Mirzağa oğlu Quluzadə') (21 December 1940 – 1 May 2015) was an Azerbaijani diplomat, political scientist and specialist in conflict resolution.

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Vale (company)

Vale S.A. is a Brazilian multinational corporation engaged in metals and mining and one of the largest logistics operators in Brazil.

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Valeant Pharmaceuticals

Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, Inc. is a multinational specialty pharmaceutical company based in Laval, Canada.

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Valentin Vodev

Valentin Vodev (born 1978) is an Austrian/Bulgarian industrial designer.

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Validation of foreign studies and degrees

The Validation or recognition of foreign studies and degrees is the process whereby a competent authority in one country formally recognises the value of a qualification from a foreign country.

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Valletta Summit on Migration

The Valletta Summit on Migration, also called the Valletta Conference on Migration, was a summit held in Valletta, Malta, on 11–12 November 2015, in which European and African leaders discussed the European migrant crisis.

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Valorisation

In Marxism, the valorisation or valorization of capital is the increase in the value of capital assets through the application of value-forming labour in production.

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Value-added tax in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the value-added tax (or value added tax, VAT) was introduced in 1973 and is the third-largest source of government revenue, after income tax and National Insurance.

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Valve Corporation

Valve Corporation is an American video game developer and digital distribution company headquartered in Bellevue, Washington.

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Vardar

The Vardar (Вардар) or Axios is the longest and major river in the Republic of Macedonia and also a major river of Greece.

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Variobahn

The Variobahn, formerly known as the Variotram, is a German-designed model of articulated low-floor tram and light rail vehicle.

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Varivode massacre

The Varivode massacre was a mass killing that occurred on 28 September 1995 in the village of Varivode, Croatia during the Croatian War of Independence.

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Vasyl Grytsak

Vasyl Nikolaevich Grytsak (Василь Миколайович Грицак).; born 17 February 1961, village Horynhrad Druhyi, Rivne Raion, Rivne Oblast. People's Deputy of Ukraine of V and VI convocations, Lieutenant General of police, Deputy Chairman of the State Migration Service of Ukraine,. Forbes.ua, April 25, 2013 Candidate of Legal Sciences, docent, State employee of the first rank, Honored Economist of Ukraine, Laureate of the State Prize in the field of science and technology. Member of hostilities, was awarded honors of the President of Ukraine - "Defender of the Fatherland".

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Växjö

Växjö is a city and the seat of Växjö Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden.

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Věra Jourová

Věra Jourová (born August 18, 1964, Třebíč, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech politician, businesswoman, and lawyer, who serves as the European Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality as a part of the Juncker Commission since October 2014.

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Vedior

Vedior N.V. was an international staffing services company providing flexible labour, based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and, thus, contributes more than 60% of its revenue to the social benefits of its employees there.

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Vehicle recycling

Vehicle recycling is the dismantling of vehicles for spare parts.

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Vehicle registration plates of Lithuania

Standard vehicle registration plates in Lithuania bear three letters and three numbers (e.g. ABC 123) in black lettering on a white background.

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Vehicle registration plates of Poland

Vehicle registration plates of Poland indicate the region of registration of the vehicle encoded in the number plate.

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Vehicle registration plates of Russia

Vehicle registration plates are the mandatory number plates used to display the registration mark of a vehicle, and have existed in Russia for many decades.

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Vehicle registration plates of Spain

Vehicle registration plates are the mandatory number plates used to display the registration mark of a vehicle, and have existed in Spain since 1900.

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Vehicular automation

Vehicular automation involves the use of mechatronics, artificial intelligence, and multi-agent system to assist a vehicle's operator.

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Veliki Gložac Tunnel

Veliki Gložac Tunnel (Tunel Veliki Gložac) is one of 13 tunnels found on the Croatian A6 motorway route.

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Vemurafenib

Vemurafenib (INN, marketed as Zelboraf) is a B-Raf enzyme inhibitor developed by Plexxikon (now part of Daiichi-Sankyo) and Genentech for the treatment of late-stage melanoma.

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Vendor lock-in

In economics, vendor lock-in, also known as proprietary lock-in or customer lock-in, makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products and services, unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs.

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Venetian nationalism

Venetian nationalism (also Venetism, from the Venetian/Italian name, venetismo) is a nationalist, but primarily regionalist, movement active in Veneto, Italy, as well as in other parts of the former Republic of Venice.

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Veneto Banca

Veneto Banca S.p.A. is a former Italian bank headquartered in Montebelluna, Italy and currently a wind-down unit.

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Venice Time Machine

The Venice Time Machine is a large international project launched by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and the Ca' Foscari University of Venice in 2012 that aims to build a collaborative multidimensional model of Venice by creating an open digital archive of the city's cultural heritage covering more than 1,000 years of evolution.

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Vertigo angustior

The narrow-mouthed whorl snail, scientific name Vertigo angustior, is a species of minute land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

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Vertigo geyeri

Vertigo geyeri is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

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Vessel monitoring system

Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) is a general term to describe systems that are used in commercial fishing to allow environmental and fisheries regulatory organizations to track and monitor the activities of fishing vessels.

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Via Chem Group

Via Chem Group, a.s. (VCG) is a Czech holding company owned by Euro Capital Alliance registered on the British Virgin Islands.

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VIBOT

VIBOT is an abbreviation of VIsion and RoBOTics.

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Vice presidency of Al Gore

Al Gore served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001, during the Bill Clinton administration.

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Vice-President of the European Commission

A Vice-President of the European Commission is a post in the European Commission usually occupied by more than one member of the Commission.

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Vicente Ferrer Moncho

Vicente Ferrer Moncho (9 April 1920 19 June 2009) was a Jesuit missionary who spent his life working to improve the lives of the poor in the mission he founded in Southern India.

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Video Recordings Act 1984

The Video Recordings Act 1984 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was passed in 1984.

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Video Recordings Act 2010

The Video Recordings Act 2010 (c.1) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that received Royal Assent on 21 January 2010.

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Videotex

Videotex (or "interactive videotex") was one of the earliest implementations of an end-user information system.

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Vijećnica

Sarajevo City Hall (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Gradska vijećnica Sarajevo / Градска вијећница Сарајево), known as Vijećnica, is located in the city of Sarajevo.

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Viking Link

Viking Link is a planned 1,400 MW HVDC submarine power cable between Bicker Fen in Lincolnshire, the United Kingdom and Revsing in southern Jutland, Denmark.

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Vilhelm Helander

Arne Anders Vilhem Helander (born 8 February 1941 in Helsinki), is a Finnish architect and was Professor of Architecture History at Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland from 1986 until 2005, when he became Professor Emeritus.

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Vincent Cochetel

Vincent Cochetel is a French official for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) since 1986.

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Vincenzo Ruggiero

Vincenzo Ruggiero is Professor of Sociology at Middlesex University, London.

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ViPi project

Virtual Portal for Impaired Groups Interaction (ViPi) is a project partially funded by the European Union (EU) under the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013, subprogramme KA3 ICT.

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Virgin Classics

Virgin Classics was a record label founded in 1988 as part of Richard Branson's Virgin Records.

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Virgin Media

Virgin Media Limited is a British company which provides telephone, television and internet services in the United Kingdom.

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Virtual exchange

Virtual Exchange is a term used to describe "technology-enabled, sustained, people-to-people education programs" in which sustained communication and interaction takes place between individuals or groups who are geographically separated, with the support of educators and/or facilitators.

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Virtual Physiological Human

The Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) is a European initiative that focuses on a methodological and technological framework that, once established, will enable collaborative investigation of the human body as a single complex system.

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Visa history of Russia

The visa history of Russia deals with the requirements, in different historical epochs, that a foreign national had to meet in order to obtain a visa or entry permit, to enter and stay in the country.

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Visa Inc.

Visa Inc. (also known as Visa, stylized as VISA) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City, California, United States.

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Visa policy of Australia

The visa policy of Australia deals with the requirements that a foreign national wishing to enter Australia must meet to obtain a visa, which is a permit to travel, to enter and remain in the country.

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Visa policy of Costa Rica

Visitors to Costa Rica require a visa unless they are citizens of one of the eligible countries who are visa exempt up to 90 days.

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Visa policy of the Schengen Area

The visa policy of the Schengen Area is set by the European Union and applies to the Schengen Area and to other EU member states without the opt-outs enjoyed by Ireland and the UK.

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Visa requirements for Algerian citizens

Visa requirements for Algerian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Algeria.

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Visa requirements for Angolan citizens

Visa requirements for Angolan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Angola.

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Visa requirements for Antigua and Barbuda citizens

Visa requirements for Antigua and Barbuda citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Antigua and Barbuda.

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Visa requirements for Argentine citizens

Visa requirements for Argentine citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Argentina.

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Visa requirements for Australian citizens

Visa requirements for Australian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Australia entering with an Australian passport.

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Visa requirements for Bahamian citizens

Visa requirements for Bahamian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of The Bahamas.

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Visa requirements for Barbadian citizens

Visa requirements for Barbadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Barbados.

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Visa requirements for Beninese citizens

Visa requirements for Beninese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Benin.

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Visa requirements for Botswana citizens

Visa requirements for Botswana citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Botswana.

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Visa requirements for Brazilian citizens

Visa requirements for Brazilian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Brazil.

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Visa requirements for Bulgarian citizens

Visa requirements for Bulgarian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Bulgaria.

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Visa requirements for Burkinabe citizens

Visa requirements for Burkinabe citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Burkina Faso.

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Visa requirements for Burundian citizens

Visa requirements for Burundian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Burundi.

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Visa requirements for Cameroonian citizens

Visa requirements for Cameroonian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Cameroon.

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Visa requirements for Cape Verdean citizens

Visa requirements for Cape Verdean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Cape Verde.

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Visa requirements for Central African Republic citizens

Visa requirements for Central African Republic citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Central African Republic.

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Visa requirements for Chadian citizens

Visa requirements for Chadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Chad.

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Visa requirements for Chinese citizens

Visa requirements for Chinese citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of China by the authorities of other states.

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Visa requirements for Comorian citizens

Visa requirements for Comorian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Comoros.

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Visa requirements for Croatian citizens

Visa requirements for Croatian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Croatia.

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Visa requirements for Democratic Republic of the Congo citizens

Visa requirements for Democratic Republic of the Congo citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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Visa requirements for Djiboutian citizens

Visa requirements for Djiboutian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Djibouti.

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Visa requirements for Dominica citizens

Visa requirements for Dominica citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Dominica.

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Visa requirements for EFTA nationals

Visa requirements for EFTA nationals are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states.

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Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens

Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Egypt by the authorities of other states.

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Visa requirements for Emirati citizens

Visa requirements for Emirati citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Arab Emirates.

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Visa requirements for Equatorial Guinean citizens

Visa requirements for Equatorial Guinean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Equatorial Guinea.

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Visa requirements for Eritrean citizens

Visa requirements for Eritrean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Eritrea.

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Visa requirements for Ethiopian citizens

Visa requirements for Ethiopian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Ethiopia.

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Visa requirements for European Union citizens

Visa requirements for European Union citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the European Union.

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Visa requirements for Fijian citizens

Visa requirements for Fijian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Fiji.

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Visa requirements for Gabonese citizens

Visa requirements for Gabonese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Gabon.

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Visa requirements for Gambian citizens

Visa requirements for Gambian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Gambia by the authorities of other states.

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Visa requirements for Ghanaian citizens

Visa requirements for Ghanaian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Ghana.

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Visa requirements for Grenadian citizens

Visa requirements for Grenadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed by the authorities of other states on citizens of Grenada.

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Visa requirements for Guinea-Bissauan citizens

Visa requirements for Guinea-Bissauan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Guinea-Bissau.

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Visa requirements for Guinean citizens

Visa requirements for Guinean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Guinea.

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Visa requirements for Hungarian citizens

Visa requirements for Hungarian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Hungary by the authorities of other states.

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Visa requirements for Indonesian citizens

Visa requirements for Indonesian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Indonesia by the authorities of other states.

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Visa requirements for Iranian citizens

Visa requirements for Iranian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Iran by the authorities of other states.

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Visa requirements for Ivorian citizens

Visa requirements for Ivorian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Ivory Coast.

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Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens

Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Jamaica.

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Visa requirements for Kenyan citizens

Visa requirements for Kenyan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Kenya.

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Visa requirements for Kiribati citizens

Visa requirements for Kiribati citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Kiribati.

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Visa requirements for Lesotho citizens

Visa requirements for Lesotho citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Lesotho.

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Visa requirements for Liberian citizens

Visa requirements for Liberian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Republic of Liberia.

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Visa requirements for Libyan citizens

Visa requirements for Libyan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Libya.

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Visa requirements for Malagasy citizens

Visa requirements for Malagasy citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Madagascar.

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Visa requirements for Malawian citizens

Visa requirements for Malawian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Malawi.

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Visa requirements for Malian citizens

Visa requirements for Malian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Mali.

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Visa requirements for Marshall Islands citizens

Visa requirements for Marshall Islands citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Marshall Islands.

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Visa requirements for Mauritanian citizens

Visa requirements for Mauritanian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Mauritania.

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Visa requirements for Mauritian citizens

Visa requirements for Mauritian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Mauritius.

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Visa requirements for Micronesian citizens

Visa requirements for Micronesian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Federated States of Micronesia.

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Visa requirements for Moroccan citizens

Visa requirements for Moroccan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Morocco.

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Visa requirements for Mozambican citizens

Visa requirements for Mozambican citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Mozambique.

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Visa requirements for Namibian citizens

Visa requirements for Namibian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Namibia.

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Visa requirements for Nauruan citizens

Visa requirements for Nauruan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Nauru.

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Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens

Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of New Zealand.

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Visa requirements for Nigerian citizens

Visa requirements for Nigerian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed by the authorities of other states on citizens of Nigeria.

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Visa requirements for Nigerien citizens

Visa requirements for Nigerien citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Niger.

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Visa requirements for Palauan citizens

Visa requirements for Palauan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Palau.

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Visa requirements for Papua New Guinean citizens

Visa requirements for Papua New Guinean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Papua New Guinea.

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Visa requirements for Polish citizens

Visa requirements for Polish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Poland.

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Visa requirements for Republic of the Congo citizens

Visa requirements for Republic of the Congo citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Republic of the Congo.

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Visa requirements for Romanian citizens

Visa requirements for Romanian citizens are the administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other territories affecting citizens of Romania.

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Visa requirements for Russian citizens

Visa requirements for Russian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Russia.

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Visa requirements for Rwandan citizens

Visa requirements for Rwandan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Rwanda.

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Visa requirements for Saint Kitts and Nevis citizens

Visa requirements for Saint Kitts and Nevis citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

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Visa requirements for Saint Lucian citizens

Visa requirements for Saint Lucian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Saint Lucia.

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Visa requirements for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines citizens

Visa requirements for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

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Visa requirements for Samoan citizens

Visa requirements for Samoan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Samoa.

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Visa requirements for Santomean citizens

Visa requirements for Santomean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the São Tomé and Príncipe.

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Visa requirements for Senegalese citizens

Visa requirements for Senegalese citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Senegal by the authorities of other states.

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Visa requirements for Seychellois citizens

Visa requirements for Seychellois citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Seychelles.

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Visa requirements for Sierra Leonean citizens

Visa requirements for Sierra Leonean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Sierra Leone.

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Visa requirements for Solomon Islands citizens

Visa requirements for Solomon Islands citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Solomon Islands.

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Visa requirements for Somali citizens

Visa requirements for Somali citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Somalia by the authorities of other states.

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Visa requirements for South African citizens

Visa requirements for South African citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of South Africa.

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Visa requirements for South Sudanese citizens

Visa requirements for South Sudanese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of South Sudan.

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Visa requirements for Sudanese citizens

Visa requirements for Sudanese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Sudan.

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Visa requirements for Swazi citizens

Visa requirements for Swazi citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Swaziland.

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Visa requirements for Tanzanian citizens

Visa requirements for Tanzanian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Tanzania.

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Visa requirements for Togolese citizens

Visa requirements for Togolese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Togo.

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Visa requirements for Tongan citizens

Visa requirements for Tongan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Tonga.

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Visa requirements for Trinidad and Tobago citizens

Visa requirements for Trinidad and Tobago citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Trinidad and Tobago.

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Visa requirements for Tunisian citizens

Visa requirements for Tunisian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Tunisia.

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Visa requirements for Tuvaluan citizens

Visa requirements for Tuvaluan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Tuvalu.

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Visa requirements for Ugandan citizens

Visa requirements for Ugandan citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Uganda by the authorities of other states.

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Visa requirements for Vanuatuan citizens

Visa requirements for Vanuatu citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Vanuatu.

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Visa requirements for Zambian citizens

Visa requirements for Zambian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Zambia.

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Visa requirements for Zimbabwean citizens

Visa requirements for Zimbabwean citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Zimbabwe.

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Vision for Europe Award

The Vision for Europe Award is an honour that has been bestowed annually since 1995 by the non-profit Edmond Israel Foundation in "recognition of outstanding achievements in taking Europe into the future." The award is presented to the recipient in a ceremony at the Edmond Israel Foundation building in Luxembourg City.

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Vitamin C

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

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Vittorio Grigolo

Vittorio Grigolo (correctly Vittorio Grigòlo, born February 19, 1977) is an Italian operatic tenor.

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Viviane Reding

Viviane Adélaïde Reding (born 27 April 1951) is a Luxembourgish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Luxembourg.

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Vladimír Špidla

Vladimír Špidla (born 22 April 1951) is a Czech politician who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from July 2002 to June 2004 and as European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities from November 2004 to February 2010.

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Vladimir Kumets

Vladimir Vladimirovich Kumets (Belarusian: Уладзімір Уладзімірoвич Кумец) is a Belarusian dissident and political activist.

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VOA3R

The Virtual Open Access Agriculture & Aquaculture Repository Project (VOA3R) was a European research project financed through the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Union.

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Vodafone Netherlands

Vodafone Libertel B.V. is the second largest mobile phone company in the Netherlands, and was previously called Libertel.

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Vodka war

Vodka war refers to heated discussions within the European Union about the definition of which hard liquors may or may not be branded as "vodka".

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Volcker Rule

The Volcker Rule refers to part of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, originally proposed by American economist and former United States Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker to restrict United States banks from making certain kinds of speculative investments that do not benefit their customers.

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Volnovakha bus attack

The Volnovakha bus attack was an attack on a highway checkpoint near the village of Buhas outside of the Volnovakha municipality in the Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine on 13 January 2015.

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Volodymyr Zhovtyak

Volodymyr Zhovtyak (Володимир Жовтяк,; born 3 June 1973) is a Ukrainian social activist and a human rights defender.

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Voluntary Partnership Agreement

A Voluntary Partnership Agreement, or VPA, is a bilateral timber-trade agreement between the European Union and a timber-exporting country outside the EU.

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Volvo Cars

Volvo Cars (Volvo personvagnar), stylized as VOLVO in the logo, is a Swedish vehicle manufacturer established in 1927.

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Vopak

Royal Vopak N.V. (Koninklijke Vopak) is a Dutch company that stores and handles various oil,chemicals, edible oils and natural gas-related products.

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Voting in the Council of the European Union

The procedures for voting in the Council of the European Union are described in the treaties of the European Union.

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Vranov nad Topľou

Vranov nad Topľou (Slovak before 1927 and from 1944–1969: Vranov; Frö(h)nel / Vronau an der Töpl (rare); Varannó; Воронів над Топлёв) is a city of approximately 23,157 inhabitants in eastern Slovakia, situated near Košice and Prešov, and between the Topľa River and the Ondava River.

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Vulcanus in Japan

The Vulcanus in Japan programme is an industry-oriented student exchange program for EU students.

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Vytautas Landsbergis

Vytautas Landsbergis (born 18 October 1932) is a Lithuanian conservative politician and Member of the European Parliament.

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Vytenis Andriukaitis

Vytenis Povilas Andriukaitis (born 9 August 1951) is Lithuania's European Commissioner, a heart surgeon, and a co-signatory to the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.

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WACOM (WAter COmpetences Model)

WACOM was an international project undertaken through the European Union's Lifelong Learning Programme, specifically the Leonardo da Vinci programme.

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Wage union

The Wage Union is a European Citizens’ Initiative launched by Central European political parties, trade unions and private individuals, aiming to eliminate the economic and wage inequalities between the EU’s western and eastern (those joined after 2004) member states.

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Wageningen University and Research

Wageningen University & Research (also known as Wageningen UR; abbreviation: WUR) is a Dutch public university in Wageningen, Netherlands.

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Wainer Lusoli

Wainer Lusoli (born March 1, 1974) is an Italian academic, trained as a political scientist and policy analyst.

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Wall of Shame

"Wall of Shame" (Schandmauer) is a phrase that is most commonly associated with the Berlin Wall.

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Walter Hallstein

Walter Hallstein (17 November 1901 – 29 March 1982) was a German academic, diplomat, and politician.

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Walter R. Stahel

Walter R. Stahel (born June 5, 1946) is a Swiss architect, graduating from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich in 1971.

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WarnerMedia

Warner Media, LLC (formerly Time Warner Inc.), doing business as WarnerMedia, is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered in New York City and owned by AT&T.

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Warwick Business School

Warwick Business School (WBS) is an academic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Warwick University, originally established in 1967 as the School of Industrial and Business Studies.

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Waste heat recovery unit

A waste heat recovery unit (WHRU) is an energy recovery heat exchanger that transfers heat from process outputs at high temperature to another part of the process for some purpose, usually increased efficiency.

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Water fluoridation

Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay.

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Water fluoridation controversy

The water fluoridation controversy arises from political, moral, ethical, economic, and safety concerns regarding the fluoridation of public water supplies.

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Water Framework Directive 2000

The Water Framework Directive is an EU directive which commits European Union member states to achieve good qualitative and quantitative status of all water bodies (including marine waters up to one nautical mile from shore) by 2015.

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Water supply and sanitation in Belgium

Water supply and sanitation in Belgium is provided by a large variety of organizations: Most of the 589 municipalities of Belgium have delegated the responsibility for water supply and sanitation to regional or inter-municipal utilities.

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Water supply and sanitation in Italy

Water supply and sanitation in Italy is characterized by mostly good services at prices that are lower than in other European countries with similar income levels.

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Water supply and sanitation in Portugal

The Water supply and sanitation services in Portugal have seen important advances in access to services, technologies used and service quality over the past decades (1980s–1990s), partially achieved thanks to important funds from the European Union.

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Water supply and sanitation in Spain

Water supply and sanitation in Spain is characterized by universal access and generally good service quality, while tariffs are among the lowest in the EU.

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Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania

Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania is characterised by: decreasing access to at least basic water sources in the 2000s (especially in urban areas), steady access to some form of sanitation (around 93% since the 1990s), intermittent water supply and generally low quality of service.

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Water supply and sanitation in the European Union

Water supply and sanitation (WSS) in the European Union (EU) is the responsibility of each member state, but in the 21st century union-wide policies have come into effect.

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Water supply and sanitation in Turkey

Water supply and sanitation in Turkey is characterized by achievements and challenges.

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Water supply network

A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supply.

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Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz

Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz, born in 1953 in Gliwice, Poland, is a Polish philosopher and political theorist.

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Web blocking in the United Kingdom

The precise number of websites blocked in the United Kingdom is unknown.

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Web for Schools

The Web for Schools project was funded by the European Commission as part of its ESPRIT programme and ran from 1996-03-01 to 1998-02-28.

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Webster ruling

The Webster ruling is a test case in association football law involving Bobby Webster, a defender formerly with Heart of Midlothian football club in Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Weddel & Co BV v Commission

Weddel & Co BV v Commission (1992) is an EU law case, concerning the Commission of the European Union's official exercise of power.

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Weierstrass Institute

The Weierstrass Institute, formally the Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics (WIAS), is a part of the Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. and a member of the Leibniz Association.

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Wellenstein

Wellenstein (Wellesteen) is a small town in southeastern Luxembourg.

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Welthungerhilfe

Deutsche Welthungerhilfe e. V. – or Welthungerhilfe (German for World Hunger Aid) for short – is a German non-denominational and politically independent non-profit and non-governmental aid agency working in the fields of development cooperation and emergency aid.

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Werner Ungerer

Dr.

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Werner-Thorn-Flesch Ministry

The Werner-Thorn Ministry was the government of Luxembourg between 16 July 1979 and 20 July 1984.

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West Bromwich by-election, 1973

The West Bromwich by-election of 24 May 1973 was held after the appointment of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Maurice Foley to the European Commission.

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Western culture

Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.

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WhatsApp

WhatsApp Messenger is a freeware and cross-platform messaging and Voice over IP (VoIP) service owned by Facebook.

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White City (band)

White City is progressive/punk/rock band, based in Kabul, Afghanistan.

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White Rose

The White Rose (die Weiße Rose) was a non-violent, intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany led by a group of students and a professor at the University of Munich.

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White Stream

White Stream (also known as the Georgia-Ukraine-EU gas pipeline) is a proposed pipeline project to transport natural gas from the Caspian region to Romania and Ukraine with further supplies to Central Europe.

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WhyEurope

WhyEurope is a non-partisan and independent non-profit organization, which was founded in 2016 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.

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Wide area synchronous grid

A wide area synchronous grid (also called an "interconnection" in North America) is an electrical grid at a regional scale or greater that operates at a synchronized frequency and is electrically tied together during normal system conditions.

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Wikiprogress

Wikiprogress is an online platform for sharing information on the measurement of social, economic and environmental progress.

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WikiWarMonitor

WikiWarMonitor is a website dedicated to resolving Wikipedia edit wars.

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Wilhelm Haferkamp

Wilhelm Haferkamp (1 July 1923 – 17 January 1995) was a longtime member of the European Commission.

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Williams & Glyn

Williams & Glyn was a division of The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and National Westminster Bank (NatWest) consisting of 307 RBS branches in England and Wales and NatWest branches in Scotland.

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Williams & Glyn's Bank

Williams & Glyn's Bank Limited was established in London in 1970, when the Royal Bank of Scotland merged its two subsidiaries in England and Wales, Williams Deacon's Bank Ltd.

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Willy De Clercq

Willy Clarisse Elvire Hector, Viscount De Clercq (8 July 1927 – 28 October 2011) was a Belgian liberal politician.

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Wim Kok

Willem "Wim" Kok (born 29 September 1938) is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002.

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Wim van de Camp

Wilhelmus Johannes Gerardus Maria "Wim" van de Camp (born 27 July 1953) is a Dutch politician serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2009.

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Wind power in Denmark

Denmark was a pioneer in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s, and today a substantial share of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas and Siemens Wind Power along with many component suppliers.

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Wind power in Italy

Wind power in Italy, at the end of 2015, consisted of more than 1,847 wind turbines with a total installed capacity of 8,958 megawatts.

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Wind power in the Republic of Ireland

, the Republic of Ireland has 2,878 MegaWatts (3,916 MW all-island) of installed wind power nameplate capacity, and 1 MW of solar power.

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Windows Media Player

Windows Media Player (WMP) is a media player and media library application developed by Microsoft that is used for playing audio, video and viewing images on personal computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system, as well as on Pocket PC and Windows Mobile-based devices.

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Windows Vista editions

Windows Vista—a major release of the Microsoft Windows operating system—was available in six different product editions: Starter; Home Basic; Home Premium; Business; Enterprise; and Ultimate.

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Windows XP

Windows XP (codenamed Whistler) is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.

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Windows XP editions

Windows XP has been released in several editions since its original release in 2001.

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Wings Alliance

Wings (for clarity the Wings Alliance) was the working name of a proposed airline alliance to be anchored by the American carriers Northwest Airlines and Continental Airlines of USA with the European flag carriers KLM of the Netherlands and Italy's Alitalia.

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WISHES

WISHES stands for Web-based Information Service for Higher Education Students (WISHES).

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Withdrawal from the European Union

Withdrawal from the European Union is the legal and political process whereby a member state of the European Union ceases to be a member of the union.

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Withdrawal from the Eurozone

Withdrawal from the Eurozone denotes the process whereby a Eurozone member-state, whether voluntarily or forcibly, stops using the Euro as its national currency and leaves the Eurozone.

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Witold Orłowski

Witold Orłowski (born 1962 in Łódź) is a Polish professor of economics.

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Wolfgang Schäuble

Wolfgang Schäuble (born 18 September 1942) is a German lawyer and politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) whose political career has spanned more than four decades.

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Wolfgang Streitenberger

Wolfgang Streitenberger (born 2 January 1952 in Vienna, Austria)was a senior official of the European Commission, Brussels.

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Women in Austria

The legal position of women in Austria improved since the middle of the 1970s.

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Women in Germany

The roles of German women have changed throughout history, especially during the past few decades, during which the culture has undergone rapid change.

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Women in STEM fields

Many scholars and policymakers have noted that the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM fields) have been predominantly male occupations, with historically low participation among women, from their origin in the Age of Enlightenment to the present time.

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Women to the Top

Women to the Top (W2T) was a European project for bringing more women into top management.

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Word of the year (Portugal)

In Portugal, the Word of the Year (Palavra do Ano) poll is carried out since 2009 by the Porto Editora publishing house.

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Worker representation on corporate boards of directors

Worker representation on corporate boards of directors refers to the right of workers to vote for representatives on a board of directors in corporate law.

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Working language

A working language (also procedural language) is a language that is given a unique legal status in a supranational company, society, state or other body or organization as its primary means of communication.

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World Bank Group interaction with Lebanon

Lebanon's involvement with the World Bank Group began in November 2088 with the funding of the Litani Power and Irrigation project.

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World Economic Forum

The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Swiss nonprofit foundation, based in Cologny, Geneva, Switzerland.

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World energy consumption

World energy consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization.

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World energy resources

World energy resources are the estimated maximum capacity for energy production given all available resources on Earth.

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World Health Summit

The World Health Summit is a health care conference on global health policy development.

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World Osteoporosis Day

World Osteoporosis Day is observed annually on October 20th, and launches a year-long campaign dedicated to raising global awareness of the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and metabolic bone disease.

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World Resources Forum

The World Resources Forum (WRF) is a non-profit organisation for sharing knowledge about the economic, political, social and environmental implications of global resource use.

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World Science Forum

The World Science Forum (WSF) is an international conference series on global science policy.

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World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates

The World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates was initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 90s, as a forum in which the Nobel Peace Laureates and the Peace Laureate Organizations could come together to address global issues with a view to encourage and support peace and human well being in the world.

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World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS)

The World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS) is The Energy and Resources Institute's (TERI) annual flagship event.

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World Values Survey

The World Values Survey (WVS) is a global research project that explores people’s values and beliefs, how they change over time and what social and political impact they have.

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World War I Eastern Front Cemetery No. 123

World War I Eastern Front Cemetery No.

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World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet.

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World Wide Web Consortium

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3).

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Wouter Tebbens

Wouter Tebbens, (born 6 May 1974) is a Dutch activist, researcher and social entrepreneur on Free Knowledge.

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WRc

The WRc Group is an independent public limited company providing research and consultancy in water, waste and the environment in the United Kingdom.

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WSSTP

WssTP is the Water Supply and Sanitation Technology Platform.

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Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego

University of Silesia Press (Pol. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego) was founded in 1968 as the Publishing Department of the University of Silesia, concurrently with the foundation of the University of Silesia in Katowice.

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Xavier Prats Monné

Xavier Prats Monné (born 1956 in Tarragona, Spain) is a high-ranking official of the European Commission.

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Xavier Serra

Xavier Serra (born September 10, 1959) is a researcher in the field of Sound and Music Computing and professor at the Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) in Barcelona.

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Xbox 360 technical problems

The Xbox 360 video game console is subject to a number of technical problems and failures that can render it unusable.

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Xenesis

Xenesis is a 2004 techno-thriller by Beat Glogger, a Swiss science journalist, published by Rowohlt Verlag.

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Xerochore

XEROCHORE is an Exercise to Assess Research Needs and Policy Choices in Areas of Drought founded by European Commission under the FP7-Theme 6, Environment (Including Climate Change), and it is aimed at assisting in the development of a European Drought Policy in accordance with the EU-Water Framework Directive (EU-WFD.

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Xiaolan Fu

Professor Xiaolan Fu (傅晓岚, born 17 August 1967 in China) is a British-based Chinese economist.

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XLAB d.o.o

XLAB d.o.o. is a software development company, founded in 2001 and based in Slovenia.

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XTM International

XTM International is a software development company that specializes in translation software and technology.

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Yanis Varoufakis

Ioannis Georgiou "Yanis" Varoufakis (Ioánnis Georgíou "Giánis" Varoufákis,; born 24 March 1961) is a Greek economist, academic and politician, who served as the Greek Minister of Finance from January to July 2015, when he resigned.

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Yannis Stournaras

Yannis (or Giannis) Stournaras (Γιάννης Στουρνάρας; born 10 December 1956), is a Greek economist who has been the Governor of the Bank of Greece since June 2014.

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YB SK Beveren

YB SK Beveren is a Belgian association football team that plays in the Belgian Provincial Leagues.

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Yeşilova incident

The Yeşilova incident refers to an alleged armed stand off that took place in April 1991 between British Royal Marines and the Turkish Armed Forces at a refugee camp in Yeşilova (also seen spelled Yasilova), a small town in Turkey near the borders of Iraq and Iran.

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Yessotoxin

Yessotoxins are a group of lipophilic, sulfur bearing polyether toxins that are related to ciguatoxins.

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Yiannis Laouris

Yiannis Laouris (Γιάννης Λαούρης; born 1958) is a Greek Cypriot entrepreneur, neurophysiologist, and systems scientist.

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YKK

The is a Japanese group of manufacturing companies.

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Youmanity

Youmanity is a registered charity founded in London in June 2008, designed to celebrate multiculturalism, support social integration and promote human rights.

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Young European Leadership

Young European Leadership (YEL) is an international non-profit and nonpartisan organization composed of and founded by young Europeans.

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Young Initiative on Foreign Affairs and International Relations

The Young Initiative on Foreign Affairs and International Relations (commonly abbreviated IFAIR) is a nonpartisan German think tank dedicated to promoting greater engagement of youth in international affairs.

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Youssouf Ouédraogo

Youssouf Ouédraogo (25 December 1952 – 18 November 2017) was a Burkinabé politician.

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Youth for Exchange and Understanding

Youth for Exchange and Understanding (YEU) is an International Non-Governmental Non-profit Youth Organisation established in 1986 and member of the European Youth Forum in Brussels.

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Youth of JAZAS

Yugoslav Youth Association Against AIDS – Youth of JAZAS (Serbian: Omladina JAZAS-a) is non-profit, humanitarian organization committed to HIV prevention and support to the people living with HIV.

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Yunas Samad

Yunas Samad is a British social scientist whose research is at the interface of sociology, politics and history.

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Yuriy Lutsenko

Yuriy Vitaliyovych Lutsenko (Юрій Віталійович Луценко; born 14 December 1964) is a Ukrainian politician and the current Prosecutor General of Ukraine (since 12 May 2016).

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Yurlov Crower

The Yurlov Crower is an old Russian breed of chicken primarily selected and used for long crowing cock contests in Russia.

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Zangger Committee

The Zangger Committee, also known as the Nuclear Exporters Committee, sprang from Article III.2 of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) which entered into force on March 5, 1970.

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Zdravko Marić

Zdravko Marić (born 3 February 1977) is a Croatian economist who has been the 11th Minister of Finance of Croatia since January 22, 2016.

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Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung

ZEW headquarters in Mannheim The Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) in Mannheim is an economic research institute and a member of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community.

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Ziconotide

Ziconotide (SNX-111; Prialt) is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.

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Ziggo

Ziggo is the largest cable operator in the Netherlands, providing digital cable television, Internet, and telephone service to both residential and commercial customers.

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Zita Gurmai

Zita Gurmai (born June 1, 1965 in Budapest) is a Hungarian politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Hungarian Socialist Party, part of the Party of European Socialists.

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Zolitūde shopping centre roof collapse

On 21 November 2013 the roof of the Zolitūde shopping centre in the Zolitūde neighbourhood of Riga, Latvia, collapsed at 17:41 local time resulting in the deaths of 54 people, including three rescue workers, and injuries to another 41 people.

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Zoni Weisz

Zoni Weisz (born Johan Weisz, 4 March 1937) is a Sinto Holocaust survivor from the Netherlands working in the Dutch floral industry.

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Zoran Jolevski

Zoran Jolevski (Зоран Јолевски) (born July 16, 1959) is a Macedonian diplomat and the former Minister of Defense of the Republic of Macedonia.

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Zweibrücken Airport

Zweibrücken Airport, or Flughafen Zweibrücken in German, is a regional airport and former minor international airport in Zweibrücken, Germany.

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.eu

.eu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the European Union (EU).

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1,000,000,000

1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or milliard, yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001.

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10th G7 summit

The 10th G7 Summit was held in London, England, United Kingdom from June 7 to June 9, 1984.

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112 (emergency telephone number)

112 is the common emergency telephone number that can be dialed free of charge from most mobile telephones and, in some countries, fixed telephones in order to reach emergency services (ambulance, fire and rescue, police).

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116 000

116 000 is the European missing children hotline number.

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1958 in Luxembourg

The following lists events that happened during 1958 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

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1977 New Year Honours

The New Year Honours 1977 are appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1977.

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1980

No description.

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1980 in the Irish Republican Army

No description.

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1980 in the United States

Events from the year 1980 in the United States.

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1981 Birthday Honours

The Queen's Birthday Honours 1981 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries.

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1986 Birthday Honours

Queen's Birthday Honours are announced on or around the date of the Queen's Official Birthday in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

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1988 New Year Honours

The New Year Honours 1988 were appointments by most of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries, and honorary ones to citizens of other countries.

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1989 in England

Events from 1989 in England.

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1989 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1989 in the United Kingdom.

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1992 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1992.

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1993 in the European Union

Events in the year 1993 in the European Union.

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1994 in the European Union

Events in the year 1994 in the European Union.

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1995 in the European Union

Events in the year 1995 in the European Union.

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1996 New Year Honours

The New Year Honours 1996 were appointments by most of the sixteen Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries, and honorary ones to citizens of other countries.

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1996 Oman cyclone

The 1996 Oman cyclone (also known as Cyclone 02A) was a tenacious and deadly system that caused historic flooding in the southern Arabian Peninsula.

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1998 in the European Union

Events from the year 1998 in the European Union.

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1999 in British television

This is a list of British television related events from 1999.

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1999 in the European Union

Events from the year 1999 in the European Union.

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1999 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1999 in the United Kingdom.

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1999 Odisha cyclone

The 1999 Odisha cyclone (IMD designation BOB 03, JTWC designation 05B) was the strongest recorded tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean and among the most destructive in the region.

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2 euro commemorative coins

2 commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the eurozone since 2004 as legal tender in all eurozone member states.

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2000 in the European Union

Events from the year 2000 in the European Union.

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2000 New Year Honours

The New Year Honours 2000 for the United Kingdom and New Zealand were announced on 31 December 1999, to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 2000.

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2000s European sovereign debt crisis timeline

From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis in some European states developed, with the situation becoming particularly tense in early 2010.

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2001 in the European Union

Events from the year 2001 in the European Union.

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2003 in rail transport

No description.

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2004 enlargement of the European Union

The 2004 enlargement of the European Union was the largest single expansion of the European Union (EU), in terms of territory, number of states, and population to date; however, it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product.

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2004 in Afghanistan

The following lists events that happened during 2004 in Afghanistan.

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2004 New Year Honours

The New Year Honours 2004 were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries.

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2005 New Year Honours

New Year Honours were granted in the United Kingdom and New Zealand at the start of 2005.

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2006 Formula One World Championship

The 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 60th season of FIA Formula One motor racing.

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2007 Africa–EU Summit

The Africa-EU Summit, which was held on 8 December – 9 December 2007 in Lisbon, Portugal, was the second summit between heads of state and government from EU and Africa (the first having been held in Cairo in 2000).

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2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak

The 2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak was an occurrence of avian influenza in England caused by the H5N1 subtype of Influenza virus A that began on 30 January 2007.

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2007 enlargement of the European Union

The 2007 enlargement of the European Union saw Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007.

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2007 RCTV protests

The RCTV protests were a series of protests in Venezuela that began in the middle of May 2007.

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2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute

The Russia–Belarus energy dispute began when Russian state-owned gas supplier Gazprom demanded an increase in gas prices paid by Belarus, a country which has been closely allied with Moscow and forms a loose union state with Russia.

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2008 BCI Irish music crisis

The 2008 BCI "Irish" music crisis erupted in Ireland in March 2008 when it emerged that certain bands and musicians who had recorded material in Ireland were classified by the BCI as "Irish" music for radio airplay.

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2008 Chinese milk scandal

The 2008 Chinese milk scandal was a widespread food safety incident in China.

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2008 Christmas massacres

The Christmas massacres took place on 24–27 December 2008, when the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a Ugandan rebel group, attacked several villages in Haut-Uele District, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad

The 2008 Danish embassy bombing was an attack on the Danish embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan on 2 June 2008.

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2008 East Timorese assassination attempts

Rebel East Timorese soldiers invaded the homes of the President and Prime Minister of East Timor on 11 February 2008, leading to the shooting and serious wounding of President José Ramos-Horta, the shooting up of the car of Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, and the fatal shooting of rebel leader Alfredo Reinado.

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2008 EU–Ukraine Summit

The Paris summit of September 2008 was a major event in the EU-Ukraine bilateral relations.

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2008 European Union stimulus plan

On 26 November 2008, the European Commission proposed a European stimulus plan (also referred to as the European Economic Recovery Plan) amounting to 200 billion euros to cope with the effects of the global financial crisis on the economies of the members countries.

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2008 G20 Washington summit

The 2008 G20 Washington Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy took place on November 14–15, 2008, in Washington, D.C., United States.

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2008 Irish pork crisis

The Irish pork crisis of 2008 was a dioxin contamination incident in Ireland that led to an international recall of pork products from Ireland produced between September and early December of that year.

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2008 Mauritanian coup d'état

A coup d'état took place in Mauritania on August 6, 2008 when Mauritanian President Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi was ousted from power by a group of high-ranking generals he had dismissed from office earlier that day.

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2008 Nord-Kivu campaign

The 2008 Nord-Kivu campaign was an armed conflict in the eastern Nord-Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq

The 2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq, code-named Operation Sun (Güneş Harekatı) by the Turkish Armed Forces, began on February 21, 2008, when the Turkish Army sent troops into northern Iraq to target the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

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2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak

The 2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak was an epidemic of cholera affecting much of Zimbabwe from August 2008 until June 2009.

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2008–09 Belgian financial crisis

The 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis is a major financial crisis that hit Belgium from mid-2008 onwards.

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2008–09 Keynesian resurgence

Following the global financial crisis of 2007–08, there was a worldwide resurgence of interest in Keynesian economics among prominent economists and policy makers.

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2008–present Spanish financial crisis

The 2008–present Spanish financial crisis, also known as the Great Recession in Spain or the Great Spanish Depression, began in 2008 during the world financial crisis of 2007–08.

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2009 flu pandemic

The 2009 flu pandemic or swine flu was an influenza pandemic, and the second of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus (the first of them being the 1918 flu pandemic), albeit in a new version.

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2009 G20 London summit

The 2009 G20 London Summit was the second meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state, which was held in London on 2 April 2009 at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre to discuss financial markets and the world economy.

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2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit

The 2009 G20 Pittsburgh Summit was the third meeting of the G20 heads of state/heads of government to discuss financial markets and the world economy.

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2009 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2009.

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2009 in Ireland

Events from the year 2009 in Ireland Taoiseach Brian Cowen described 2009 as the most challenging of his career in politics.

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2009 Malagasy political crisis

The 2009 Malagasy political crisis began on 26 January 2009 with the political opposition movement led by Antananarivo mayor Andry Rajoelina, which sought to oust President Marc Ravalomanana from the presidency.

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2009 Palma Nova bombing

The 2009 Palma Nova bombing occurred on July 30, 2009, when a limpet bomb went off outside a Civil Guard barracks in the town of Palma Nova, Majorca, Spain.

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2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute

The 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute was a pricing dispute between Russia and Ukraine that occurred when Russian natural gas company Gazprom refused to conclude a supply contract for 2009 unless Ukrainian gas company Naftogaz paid its accumulating debts for previous gas supplies.

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2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami

The 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami took place on 29 September 2009 in the southern Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone.

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2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference

The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 7 and 18 December.

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2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi

In late October 2010, Mount Merapi in Central Java, Indonesia began an increasingly violent series of eruptions that continued into November.

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2010 European Union bank stress test

A European Union-wide banking stress test exercise has been conducted by the Committee of European Banking Supervisors every year since 2009.

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2010 European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion

Almost 80 million people live below the poverty line in the European Union.

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2010 G20 Seoul summit

The 2010 G20 Seoul Summit was the fifth meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state, to discuss the global financial system and the world economy,Cho Jin-seo.

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2010 G20 Toronto summit

The 2010 G20 Toronto summit was the fourth meeting of the G20 heads of state/government, to discuss the global financial system and the world economy, which took place at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, during June 26–27, 2010.

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2010 in British television

This is a list of events that took place in 2010 related to British television.

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2010 in Ireland

This is a summary of 2010 in Ireland.

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2010 in rail transport

No description.

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2010 Pakistan floods

The floods in Pakistan began in late July 2010, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab and, Balochistan regions of Pakistan, which affected the Indus River basin.

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2010 Shanghai Expo opening ceremony

The 2010 Shanghai Expo opening ceremony (中国2010年上海世界博览会开幕式) occurred on April 30, 2010 at the Shanghai World Expo Cultural Center in Shanghai, People's Republic of China, a day before the opening of the Expo 2010.The opening ceremony was planned and designed by ECA2`s founder,Yves Pepin.

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2011 cash for influence scandal

In 2011, the European Commission’s Anti-fraud Office (OLAF) opened a formal investigation for corruption against four Members of European Parliament (MEPs)—Romanian Adrian Severin, Austrian Ernst Strasser, Spaniard Pablo Zalba Bidegain (who was cleared of wrongdoing as he had not accepted payment), and Slovenian Zoran Thaler—after an article in The Sunday Times claimed that they had tried to influence EU legislation in exchange for money.

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2011 Census of the Czech Republic

The 2011 Census of the Czech Republic was conducted by the Czech Statistical Office (CZSO) in 2011 in accordance with Regulation no.

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2011 G20 Cannes summit

The 2011 G20 Cannes Summit was the sixth meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state in a series of on-going discussions about financial markets and the world economy.

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2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

A novel strain of ''Escherichia coli'' O104:H4 bacteria caused a serious outbreak of foodborne illness focused in northern Germany in May through June 2011.

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2011 in Europe

This is a list of 2011 events that occurred in Europe.

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2011 in Germany

2011 in Germany are the events and situation of the Federal Republic of Germany in the year 2011, the state of its land and people in that year.

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2011 in science

The year 2011 involved many significant scientific events, including the first artificial organ transplant, the launch of China's first space station and the growth of the world population to seven billion.

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2011 Rome demonstration

On 15 October 2011 about 200,000 people gathered in Rome, Italy to protest against economic inequality and the influence of the European Commission, the European Central Bank, the International Monetary Fund on politics and also against the government of Silvio Berlusconi.

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2012 Catalan independence demonstration

The 2012 Catalan independence demonstration was a protest march which occurred in central Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain, on 11 September 2012 during the National Day of Catalonia.

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2012 G20 Los Cabos summit

The 2012 G20 Los Cabos Summit was the seventh meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state.

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2012 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2012.

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2012 in Hungary

The following lists events that happened during 2012 in Hungary.

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2012 in science

The year 2012 involved many significant scientific events and discoveries, including the first orbital rendezvous by a commercial spacecraft, the discovery of a particle highly similar to the long-sought Higgs boson, and the near-eradication of guinea worm disease.

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2012 in the European Union

Events from the year 2012 in the European Union.

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2012 Romanian constitutional crisis

The 2012 Romanian constitutional crisis was a major political and constitutional conflict between President Traian Băsescu and Prime Minister Victor Ponta of Romania.

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2012 Romanian protests

The 2012 Romanian protests were a series of protests and civil manifestations triggered by the introduction of new health reform legislation.

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2012 Sudan Antonov An-26 crash

The 2012 Sudan Antonov An-26 crash was the 19 August 2012 crash of an aircraft near the town of Talodi, Sudan, killing all 32 persons on board.

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2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis

The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis was an economic crisis in the Republic of Cyprus that involved the exposure of Cypriot banks to overleveraged local property companies, the Greek government-debt crisis, the downgrading of the Cypriot government's bond credit rating to junk status by international credit rating agencies, the consequential inability to refund its state expenses from the international markets and the reluctance of the government to restructure the troubled Cypriot financial sector.

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2012–15 unrest in Romania

The 2012–15 unrest in Romania refers to a prolonged period of civil unrest and political scandals in Romania, which took magnitude after the second half of the 2000s.

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2013 Bilderberg Conference

The 2013 Bilderberg Conference took place June 6–9, 2013, at The Grove hotel in Watford, Hertfordshire, England.

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2013 enlargement of the European Union

The 2013 enlargement of the European Union saw Croatia join the European Union as its 28th member state on 1 July 2013.

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2013 European floods

Extreme flooding in Central Europe began after several days of heavy rain in late May and early June 2013.

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2013 Goma Compagnie Africaine d'Aviation Fokker 50 crash

On 4 March 2013, a Compagnie Africaine d'Aviation Fokker 50 making a domestic cargo flight from Lodja Airport to Goma International Airport, Democratic Republic of the Congo crashed in poor weather on approach to Goma.

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2013 in France

Events from the year 2013 in France.

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2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project

The 2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project were a series of protests in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca and dozens of other cities in Romania and abroad against the Roșia Montană mining project.

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2013–14 Bulgarian protests against the Oresharski cabinet

The 2013–14 Bulgarian protests against the Oresharski cabinet are series of demonstrations that were held in Bulgaria, mainly in the capital Sofia, against the left-wing coalition cabinet of Oresharski (coalition between Bulgarian Socialist Party and Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS), supported by the ultra-nationalist party Ataka).

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2014 Bulgarian floods

On June 19, 2014, torrential rains caused severe flash flooding across northeastern Bulgaria leaving dozens of villages without electricity and submerging large parts of several cities in the region.

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2014 Conference of Western Balkan States, Berlin

Conference of Western Balkan States was a 28 August 2014 conference of heads of states and governments of Western Balkans region initiated by German chancellor Angela Merkel.

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2014 European Union bank stress test

The European Union-wide banking stress test 2014 was conducted by the European Banking Authority in order to assess the resilience of financial institutions in the European Union to a hypothetical adverse market scenario.

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2014 G20 Brisbane summit

The 2014 G20 Brisbane summit was the ninth meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state.

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2014 in Albania

The following lists events that happened during 2014 in the Republic of Albania.

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2014 in Ukraine

The following lists events that happened in the year 2014 in Ukraine.

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2014 Ukrainian revolution

The Ukrainian revolution of 2014 (also known as the Euromaidan Revolution or Revolution of Dignity; Революція гідності, Revoliutsiia hidnosti) took place in Ukraine in February 2014, when a series of violent events involving protesters, riot police, and unknown shooters in the capital, Kiev, culminated in the ousting of the democratically elected Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych, and the overthrow of the Ukrainian Government.

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2015 Copenhagen shootings

On 14–15 February 2015, three separate shootings occurred in Copenhagen, Denmark.

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2015 in Georgia (country)

The following lists events that happened during 2015 in Georgia.

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2015 in Latvia

Events in the year 2015 in Latvia.

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2015 in the European Union

Events in the year 2015 in the European Union.

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2015 in the Philippines

2015 in the Philippines details the important and significant events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 2015.

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2015 New Year Honours

The New Year Honours 2015 were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries.

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2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis

The Polish Constitutional Court crisis of 2015 is a political conflict which began in Poland in October 2015 with the appointment of five Constitutional Tribunal judges by the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO) party.

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2016 Brussels bombings

On the morning of 22 March 2016, three coordinated suicide bombings occurred in Belgium: two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem, and one at Maalbeek metro station in central Brussels.

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2016 European Union bank stress test

The European Union-wide banking stress test 2016 was conducted by the European Banking Authority (EBA) in order to assess the resilience of financial institutions in the European Union to a hypothetical adverse market scenario.

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2016 Macedonian protests

In April 2016, protests began in the Republic of Macedonia against the incumbent President Gjorgje Ivanov and the government led by the interim Prime Minister Emil Dimitriev from the ruling VMRO-DPMNE party.

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2016 Nice attack

On the evening of 14 July 2016, a 19 tonne cargo truck was deliberately driven into crowds of people celebrating Bastille Day on the Promenade des Anglais in Nice, France, resulting in the deaths of 86 people and the injury of 458 others.

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2017 Birthday Honours

The 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours are appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries.

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2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incident

In March 2017, the Netherlands and Turkey were involved in a diplomatic incident, triggered by Turkish efforts to hold political rallies on Dutch territory and subsequent travel restrictions placed by Dutch authorities on Turkish officials seeking to promote the campaign for a 'yes' vote in the upcoming Turkish constitutional referendum to Turkish citizens living in the Netherlands.

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2017 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2017.

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2017 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 2017 in the United Kingdom.

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2017 Western Balkans Summit, Trieste

The 2017 Western Balkans Summit in Trieste, Italy was the fourth annual summit within the Berlin Process initiative for European integration of Western Balkans states.

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2017 Westminster attack

On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack took place outside the Palace of Westminster in London, seat of the British Parliament.

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2050

No description.

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21st Century Fox

Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc. (stylized as 21st Century Fox) is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

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22nd G7 summit

The 22nd G7 Summit was held in Lyon, France, on June 27–29, 1996.

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29th G8 summit

The 29th G8 summit was held in Évian-les-Bains, France, on June 1–3, 2003.

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34th G8 summit

The 34th G8 summit was held in the town of Tōyako, Hokkaido, Japan, on July 7–9, 2008.

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3G

3G, short for third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology.

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50Hertz Transmission GmbH

50Hertz Transmission GmbH (former name: Vattenfall Europe Transmission) is one of the four transmission system operators for electricity in Germany.

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6th G7 summit

The 6th G7 Summit was held at Venice, Italy between June 22 and 23rd, 1980.

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7th G7 summit

The 7th G7 Summit was called the Ottawa Summit, and was held in Montebello, Quebec, Canada and nearby Ottawa between July 20 and 21, 1981.

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9th G7 summit

The 9th G7 Summit was held at Williamsburg, Virginia, United States during the 28th to 30 May 1983.

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Redirects here:

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission